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http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newton/node91.html
Hamilton's Equations
Consider a dynamical system with degrees of freedom which is described by the generalized coordinates , for . Suppose that neither the kinetic energy, , nor the potential energy, , depend explicitly on the time, . Now, in conventional dynamical systems, the potential energy is generally independent of the , whereas the kinetic energy takes the form of a homogeneous quadratic function of the . In other words, (744)
where the
depend on the
(745)
is the Lagrangian of the system, and we have made use of the fact that . Consider the function
is
(747)
If all of the conditions discussed above are satisfied then Equations (745) and (746) yield (748)
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Hamilton's Equations
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newton/node91.html
. We have
(749)
The first and third terms in the bracket cancel, because equation can be written (see Section 9.8), we obtain
(750)
Suppose, now, that we can express the total energy of the system, , with no explicit dependence on the
and the .
When the energy is written in this fashion it is generally termed the Hamiltonian of the system. The variation of the Hamiltonian function takes the form (751)
(753)
for . These first-order differential equations are known as Hamilton's equations. Hamilton's equations are often a useful alternative to Lagrange's equations, which take the form of second-order differential equations. Consider a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator. The kinetic and potential energies of the system are written and generalized momentum conjugate to is (754) , where is the displacement, the mass, and . The
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Hamilton's Equations
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newton/node91.html
(758)
Of course, the first equation is just a restatement of Equation (754), whereas the second is Newton's second law of motion for the system. Consider a particle of mass moving in the central potential . In this case,
(759)
where
and
are (760)
(761)
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Hamilton's Equations
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336k/Newton/node91.html
(763)
(765)
which are just restatements of Equations (760) and (761), respectively, as well as (766)
(767)
where
where
. Of course, Equations (768) and (769) are the conventional equations of motion for a
ext: Exercises Up: Hamiltonian Dynamics Previous: Constrained Lagrangian Dynamics Richard Fitzpatrick 2011-03-31
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