Action Potential chapter 3

How can we picture Action potential:- idea about A.P #We are talking about stages polarization, depolarization , repolarization. we have to know the differences between them and between hyper polarization, overshoot:Becomes positive inside as predicted by the Ena & undershoot:- Return to membrane potential to a more negative potential than at rest #ions exchange through the cell membrane or in another word diffusion of ions diffusion either intracellular from inside to the outside or extracellular from outside to the inside # movement mainly either Na or k extracellular / intracellular respectively other ions create a minor role in Action Potential :- Ca involved in slow Ca/Na channel. when we are talking about Na fast Na channel >>>>>><<<<<<< After few lecture were gonna talk about A.P in the heart which is self-excited which means A.P is initiated spontaneously in the node, not stimulated by electrical, chemical, mechanical stimulate -nervous ,muscle stimulate excited by electrical, chemical, mechanical stimulate -heart self excited Is the heart under control of the brain? no, as an evidence in case of brain death the heart will continue beating or working but, is the heart affected by the brain death? we talked about nervous system autonomic nervous system divide into sympathetic & parasympathetic

brainsympathetic spinal cord parasympathetic so in the brain death case, sympathetic nervous will be effected, the pressure will decrease/increase not our subject:- the doctor talked about medulla oblongata which located beneath the brain Helps control bodys autonomic function, It is responsible for maintaining vital body functions, such as breathing and heart rate, group of nuclei control blood pressure >>>>>>>>><<<<<<<<< Were going to start with:*Resting membrane potential:- -90 mv ions diffusion by these Mechanisms:- 3 ways:1-Na/ k pump:-when we talk about pump that means it needs energy, 3 Na ions are pumped to outside against concentration gradient, 2 K ions are pumped to inside against concentration gradient 2-Na/k leak channel:- it leaks sodium and potassium down their concentration gradient, BUT its leakage or permeability to k is 100X more than its leakage to Na; so.. more of negativity is obtained inside by this way, and negative high molecular ions remain inside <inside is more negative than outside> KEEP IT IN MIND 3- Na/k gated-vaulted channel:- once A.P been initiated this channel is open Na channel and high amount of sodium diffuse to the inside why does not Na channel allow K to transfer or to pass through it? because Na channel is bigger, and Na negativity is more than K >>>>>>><<<<<<<

NOTE:- ATP is not needed in Na/K leak channel and Na/K Ca channelrole in A.P in smooth muscle / heart where is theres no fast Na channel Causes transient change in membrane potential Changes in ion permeability is bigger by transient depolarization of the membrane We said that we have extractable tissue ***Extractable tissue in the body: 1. The nervous system 2. Muscular Action potential in deferent variable: transmission of impulse Anything that Im doing is action potential... ***its response to sensory ((sterilite)) by ((moto)) is action potential If you are exposed to any alarm or harmful thing you will move your hand away or whatever this is sensory... Sensory impulse is action potential and this action potential is being transmitted from one nerve cell to another This is the pathway to integrated center and the to the (( etherant )) pathway ((moto )) action potential transmitted from the nerves to the muscles Impulse : action potential *** There is a question that i cant hear it *** *** The doctor answered that it pump the sodium and then it goes out *** Nerve fibber either be: myelinated (myelin sheath) big nerve fibbers We have the axon inside and we have the node of ranvier Action potential in nerve fibber are created to be node of ranvier

And the saltatory transmitted from one node to another inside the axon The creation of action potential in the node and the saltatory (jumping) inside the axon

Action potential has been created in the node and jumping inside the axon from one node to another So its created in the node of ranvier The state of action potential is -60 its the start of reaction potential Action potential have threshold () For everything in this life we have threshold (level at which action potential is starting) Membrane potential: electronegativity inside the cell is -90 When action potential starts it becomes 15 to 30 MV and more in the 65-60 the initiation of action potential starts (threshold of action potential) Below action potential will not be initiated which means the rule of ALL OR NONE Either action potential is be initiated or not If the stimulate is enough there is action potential If the stimulate is NOT enough no action potential Question: you said that action potential related to the brain the brain send the signals?? Answer: Its not the brain, (Its sensory) Source of harm

Motor order comes from the brain the impulse is action potential If something harmful touches you it may just receive to the spinal cord not the brain and its action potential

Conductance how many charges (ions) enters or leaves cell (inverse of resistance)

Conductance: Controlled by: 1. 2. Number of channels Ion concentration

...sodium and potassium voltage channels from outside there is activation agates.. There is two gates (activation and inactivation) Activation gate from outside Inactivation gate from inside

When action potential is started at the end of depolarization sodium voltage gate channels are close (inactivation gate/inside) At the beginning of the opening activation gate channels are open (outer) Outer and the inner gates are opened during the action potential but at the end of action potential the inner gate close

sodium potassium pump is not involved during the action potential, during action potential the sodium potassium voltage gated channel.

Now there is a subject in action potential called Nernst equation , it talks about diffusion potential and concentration gradient but what is the relationship between the diffusion potential and concentration gradient ? ans : as the diffusion potential decreases the concentration gradient What is the main role in diffusion ? ans : concentration Nernst equation = +_ log ( inside / outside) but I will not ask you to calculate , just I want you to know the principle Now characteristics of an action potential , first triggered by depolarization , a less negative membrane potential that occurs transiently . and as we mentioned before about the threshold depolarization , it is needed to trigger the action potential . Numbers are not important .* All or none : either to be or not to be , also the muscles either being contracted or relaxed So we talked about action potential , depolarization , hyperpolarization and repolarization In repolarization there is a closure of sodium channels at the end of depolarization and opening of potassium voltage gated channels , so potassium is going outside and storing the electro negativity of the membrane . Refractory period : is the period during which it is impossible to initiate another action potential , once an action potential is created it is impossible to create another action potential at the same time . The repolarization results of potassium going outside but if excessive potassium is pumped outside it is called hyperrepolarization .

Sodium voltage gated channels are sensitive to sodium , and potassium voltage gated channels are sensitive to potassium , it means that sodium voltage gated channels don't permit potassium to enter and vice versa , but calcium voltage gated channels permit sodium to enter so we have calcium pump and it pumps calcium outside the cell and helps in the electro negativity , and calcium voltage gated channels which permit sodium to enter , but the difference between calcium channels and sodium channels that sodium channels are fast and that's why we called it fast sodium channels , and calcium channels are slow and that's why we called it slow calcium channels or slow calcium-sodium channels ( in the heart ) . In the intestine the main factor that makes the action potential is the slow calcium channels or calcium-sodium channels . In the heart also ( cardiac muscle ) we have two kinds of channels , we have the fast sodium channels and the slow calcium-sodium channels , later on we will talk about the depolarization in the heart and the action potential there . M gates are the activation gates and it is the outer , H gates are inactivation gates and it is the inner . Channel density : how many channels in a unit area of plasma membrane .

Forgive us if there is any mistake

Done by :

Nour Hejazin Araam Odeibat Elias Abu rahmoun