Describe, in one sentence, why fluid motion results in the air above a hot surface A change in density results

as the air is heated and imparts a buoyant force on the fluid Compared to the diffusivity of gas molecules in the bulk, the effective diffusivity of gases through a porous material (i.e. in the Knudsen diffusion regime) is LOWER The "exact analysis" of a thermal boundary layer for cold air moving at Vx passing over a hot flat plate is NUL 0.664 Pr1/3 1/2 ReL . In order to double the heat transfer from the hot plate, by what factor should the fluid velocity be increased? FALSE A polished metal should have higher emissivity than rough brick? FALSE In its simplest form, the Kinetic Theory of Gases regards molecules as spheres that exert Lennard Jones attractive interaction. 2 TRUE The molar binary diffusion coefficient DAB [m /s] is identical in its value to the mass binary diffusion coefficient DAB' [m2/s] TRUE If the Prandlt number is 1.5, the momentum boundary layer is thicker than the thermal boundary layer Consider a cube (object I) with dimension d that is centered inside of a sphere (object #2) with a radius r=2d. Derive expressions for FI2 and F2I.

Small droplets lead shot (initially 200C) are quenched using an oil bath at 30C. The average droplet diameter is D, and they fall at a velocity v. Considering Ranz & Marshall's 1/2 1/3 correlation NUD =2 + 0.6 ReD Pr , write a symbolic equation for the convective heat transfer coefficient in terms of the properties above.

Using h to describe the coefficient determined above, write down a differential equation (with appropriate boundary condition) that could be solved to determine the droplets temperature after falling over a length L. at a velocity v

The mass transfer diffusion coefficient of oxygen into air at 273 K and at 105Pa is 1.77 x 10-5m2I s. Estimate the diffusion coefficient at T = 400 K, and at P 2 x 105 Pa Hot oil (cp = 2 kJ/kg K) is cooled by exchanging with cold water in a heat exchanger. The oil enters the exchanger at 400 K and leaves at 375 K, at a mass flowrate of 1.0 kg/so Water (cp =4.2 kJ/kg K) at 280 K is available at 0.2 kg/so The overalI heat
2

transfer coefficient is 250 WI m K. Determine the required heat transfer area for counter-flow operation.

Two gray body (=0.8), parallel, aligned disks, with 1 m radii, separated by 1 m, are located in a room whose walls (black) are maintained at 300 K. The view factor between the two disks is 0.4. One disk is maintained at 500 K while the backside of the second disk is well insulated. Calculate the temperature of the reradiating disk. [= 5.676 x 10-8W/m2K4]

TRUE Thermal conductivity varies significantly with temperature because the mechanism of heat conduction involves molecular interactions. FALSE Forced convection supplies the energy used to turn windmills TRUE When a fluid flows past a surface, the fluid particles next to the solid boundary are at rest TRUE Prandtl and Nusselt numbers both express properties of fluids and can be a function of temperature Draw the steady-state, one dimensional temperature distribution (A) Planar, solid heat generating wall (const K) in contact w fluid (const h, t at ends)
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The crme brulee has the following properties: D= 10cm, Cp= 3.5 3 kJ/kgK, = 100 kg/m , k =0.5 w/mL Initial room temp (25C) cooked in an oven with bulk temp of 150C, 2 surface coefficient of 15W/m K, until center temp is 75C. If the temp exceeds 85C, the recipe will fail. Prove it. (long cylinder, neglect edges)

The base of a frying pan is maintained at To=200C. The pan's stainless steel handle (k = 20 W/m K) is a cylinder with a 2 radius of 0.5 cm and a heat transfer coefficient of 20 W/m K. The surrounding temperature (Tsur) is 25C. Assume the handle is long and the temperature decays as T= To +(To -mx -l Tsur)e where m =(hP / kA)= 20 m . Calculate the total heat loss through the handle.

Consider a rod of length L, radius R, and conductivity k. The outside of the rod is insulated, and the ends are maintained at the temperature To. Electrical current passes through the rod and generates a volumetric heating rate q. Assume st-st conditions. Derive an expression for temperature as a function of x (the distance down the rod).

If the handle is 20 cm long, what is the fin efficiency of this handle? Write an expression for heat flow through one end. A layer of insulation is added, covering the handle up to 4 cm from its base. No convection occurs within the insulated section. Calculate the temperature of the handle at x = 8 A 3.0 cm thick sheet of plastic (kp 2.4 W/mK) is to be bonded to a cm. 5-cm-thick aluminum plate (ka= 230 W/m K). The interface Two rectangular blocks, identical in size, mass &heat capacity, are between the two materials is to be held at 325 K. One surface is pressed together &vigorously rubbed together. One is metal &one is heated by pressing against a hot plate, i.e. no convection from wooden. the metal block is warmer, due to friction. this surface. The other surface will be exposed to air at 295 K a 40 W heater cartridge to heat up an aluminum cylinder TRUE the convective heat transfer coefficient depends on the fluids (length = 10 cm, radius 2 cm). If the cylinder is contacting air (assume a convective heat transfer coefficient of 12 W/m2K). conductivity Assuming a negligible contact resistance, what is the minimum (Too 25C), and the corresponding surface coefficient is 10 TURE kinetic theory of gasses can be used to estimate the amount of heating power per m2 required (at steady state) to W/m2 K, how long will it take the cylinder to reach within conductivity of a gas. achieve the bond? 10C of its steady-state value? Properties of aluminum: -2 2 -4 3 FALSE conductivity of a gas in typically higher than that of a liquid. surface area: A = 1.508 X 10 m ; Volume =1.26 X 10 m ; 2 2 A freezer can be modeled as a rectangular cavity 0.3 m high, 0.3 m k=229W/mK ; cp= 9.383 x 10 J/kg K ; p= 2700 kglm ; a= 9.16 deep, &0.5 m wide. Determine the thickness of foam insulation (k x 10-5m2 /s 0.05 WI m K) needed to limit the heat flow into the freezer to 100 W What is the hottest temperature in the composite film? if the inner &outer surface temperatures are -10 &30C. Take the 2 2 surface coefficients to be 20 W/m K &30 W/m K, respectively, & neglect edge & corner effects. What is the overall heat transfer coefficient of the composite sheet? convectively cool his coffee as fast as possible in exactly two minutes. How long should the student wait before mixing in Consider a small sphere of radius R suspended in a medium with a milk? q=hAT. bulk temperature Tb and a thermal conductivity k. The sphere is Exactly 2 minutes to maximize T over the time interval; radioactive and generates thermal energy at a rate ofq. Assuming To further cool the coffee, so a spoon was inserted &the that the only mode of heat transfer is thermal conduction through coffee was stirred. Upon stirring, the ceramic coffee mug the surrounding medium, write down an expression for the surface immediately felt warmer. Explain why. temperature of the sphere. Stirring increases convective heat transfer coefficient or decrease the convective resistance. Consider a wall that is semi-infinite in the x-direction &is initially at a temperature To. At t = 0 the surface If the sphere in the prior problem has a uniform volumetric rate of temperature changes to (&remains at)Ts. Write down the energy generation q write governing differential equation to solve for T(x, t) &write down the governing differential equation and boundary conditions down all boundary conditions that should be solved to determine the temperature T(r) inside of the sphere.

(B) Planar solid wall (const k) in contact w fluid (const h, t) at one end & in contact w insulting boundary at the other end (C) B, w heat generation in the wall.

Closed plastic container filled with hot coffee place in a room whose air and walls are at a fixed temperature. Identify all heat transfer processes Convective: -Coffee to plastic, coffee to air in container, air in container to plastic, plastic to air outside container Conductive: within the plastic, plastic to the floor, within the floor Radiated: plastic to wall of room. Heat flux to the left face of a plane wall is 20 W/m2. Right face has a surface temperature of 50 C and is exposed to air at 30C w a convective heat transfer coeff of 20 W/m2. Is the wall steady state?

A rectangular fin (conductivity k) connects a surface held at base temperature To to an opposing insulating surface. The fin has a thickness w, it runs long in the z-direction (out of the page), and it separates two fluids at THx and Tcx The fin undergoes heat exchange with both fluids using the same convective coefficients, h. Obtain a differential equation that could be solved to determine T(x) under steady-state conditions. Write down boundary conditions and, in a single plot, sketch and label important points on resulting temperature profiles if THx > Tcx and To = THx

To enhance heat transfer from a flat, horizontal wall, straight, rectangular fins will be added vertically to its surface. The fins are of constant thickness, the with following dimensions and properties: k= 20W/mk, h=50 W/m2k Tb= 150C T =20C, fin thickness =5mm, fin length=50mm, fin spacing =5mm Determine the fin efficiency & total heat loss per unit area of the finned surface in W/m2. *fin efficiency: use chart R1

4 cm-thick rectangular slab of butter at 5C is removed from the fridge. The sides and bottom of the butter container are insulated by the container. The flat top surface is exposed to a new temperature of 25 DC, and the convective coefficient is 1 0 W/m2K. For butter: k= 0.20 W/m K cp = 2300 J/kgK = 1000 kg/m3 =k/ cp = 8.69 . 10-8 m2 / s After 4 hours, what is the temperature exactly 1.6 cm below the surface

At the same time, what is the temperature at the bottom of the butter slab