CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

It is necessary for the readers to know what they are going to read. For the research paper, general background information concerning the topic, rationale for conducting the research, and scopes of the study are mentioned as basic information about the research.

General Background Information

Press is very important in every society as it is a means to convey the truths to the public. However, when talking about press, many people may think of newspaper alone while its reference is more than that. The press is known as the journalism business, the newspaper business, the news media, the Fourth Estate or the mass media (wikipedia.org; Nov 24, 2009). However, in this paper, the meaning of the press will focus on news media which refers to print, broadcast, and internet-based media aiming to present news story to the public. In democratic society, the press has freedom more than those in the socialistic and authoritarian society. It is believed that the

democratic press has freedom to expose the truths as it is free from any domination. However, it is noticed that, most of the time, press tends to be forced and dominated one way or another to cover or distort the truths. According to Freedom of Expression and the Media in Thailand, there are two types of media ownership which are state-owned and private-owned media. The former absolutely belong to the government while the latter belong to the private sector. However, even it is the private-owned media, it can still be bias. According to Media Bias on Wikipedia, government influence and financial force are causes of distortion of the truth. The government tends to use power over the press through the use of censorship and law while the financial need of the press tend to force it to be selective about the facts presented; not to affect its financial supporter. The result is the truths are covered and distorted and the public loss their right to know. Thus, many people who concern about problems of the press find the solution through what they call a free press.

Rationale
As a free press is the result of the effort of people of the press to be free from domination and the changes in the way of journalism, it is believed that a free press will act as a neutral media which presents

the truth to the public without covering or distorting it and helps expose all corruption in both politic and private sector. However, some people say that the emergence of a free press does not help change the situation of news media. The problems of a free press are not much different from those of the press as we can see the example from Thailands iTV and community radio stations which was established as a free press for the voice of people. It is still dominated or forced to close themselves down through both the use of power over and financial support. Also, sometimes, a free press itself has bias and distorts the truth as the result of domination.

Hypothesis
A free press cannot be independent in democratic society.

Research Question
Can a free press be independent in democratic society?

Sub-research Questions
What are the attitudes of people towards a free press? What are the problems of a free press? What are the roles of the government over a free press? What are the roles of the capitalists over a free press?

How can people of the press solve the problems of a free press? How can the government solve the problems of a free press? How can public solve the problems of a free press?

Purpose of the Study

To find out whether a free press can be independent from domination of the government, the capitalists and bias since there is lots of problems and argument about it To find out how the public can help solve the problems and bring about the change in journalism and a free press

Key Definition
A free press A press not restricted or controlled by the government censorship regarding politics or ideology.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature Review helps frame the idea of both the researcher and the readers what this research is going to study. It consists of background information, relevant theory, and previous study.

Background Information
A free press refers to a press that is free from any control, especially the government. Cambridge Dictionary Online has provides an understandable statement explaining a free press. It is stated that if a country has a free press, its newspaper, magazines, and television and radio stations are able to express any opinions they want, even if these criticize the government and other organizations. However, sometimes, a free press is called an independent press or independent media. In Wikipedia, it says, Independent Media refers to any form of media (radio, television, newspapers, Internet, etc.) that is free of influence by government or corporate interests.

A free press, in principle, does not only serve as a means to convey information, but also plays many crucial roles in the society. It is necessary to state about the role of a free press in principle in order to create a basic concept of what a free press really is and why it is very important to have a free press in a country. In democratic society, a free press also serves as an inspector and a means for people to express opinion and debate. In Principles of Democracy, it briefly mentions about roles and responsibility of free press. It is stated that a free press is acting as an informer, authority checker, and a place for public discussion. It must play important roles in watching over the governments operations and maintaining government accountability. This idea has been repeated many times, including in the article An Independent Press by Herbert L. Block; a part of the book named Press in Perspective. It says: It has been said by men who have spoken here in other years, but is can stand being said again, that the essential function of a free press is to provide a check on government -- to act as critic of government. This is why we have a free press. In a very real sense the press itself is a part of our system of checks and balances. Moreover, a free press must be responsible for its actions, including providing accurate information to the public and avoiding being influenced by public (U.S. Department of State).

In order to operate effectively, a free press should not be controlled or interfered by any organizations, especially the government which is the most powerful sector in the nation. The concern about the matter of press independence from the government is mentioned in the Principles of Democracy. It is said that the only way the government can involve in a free press operations is through the use of law in order to filter out some seriously inappropriate information. The government, besides the right to limit some information considered inappropriate, should support the existence of a free press legally (U.S. Department of State). Apart from the Principles of Democracy, the Charter for a Free Press has stated about the right and independence of a free press in detail. It is said that in every countries, a free news media must be able to set up and run freely. The journalists must be protected by law. The foreign journalists must be able to travel within the country, gather, and distribute any information from any news sources. The government has no right to intervene or restrict news media from gathering and distributing any information from both within the country and outside the country to the public. Any laws that are against the freedom of news media, including censorship law, must be cancelled.

Moreover, if there are both stated-owned media and independent media in the nation, the latter must be equal to the former in terms of necessary materials and facilities. Even the state-owned media should be free in terms of editorship, so the public can receive information from various points of view (World Press Freedom Committee). However, in reality, the status of a free press is different from the principles and the charter. A free press still has to encounter many forms of threats from the government. The problem does not occur only in two or three countries but it is like an epidemic which is spreading across the globe and the symptom in each part of the world is similar. In Latin America countries, there are laws that limit criticism of a Chilean free press about the government and its works and laws that restrict the accession to the information controlled by the government (Stotzky 125-127). In Middle East, the lawsuits were run against free news media in Iraq for exposing corruption of its government. Its TV station and newspapers were accused of defamation by its own government (ifex.org). In South Africa, Ethiopian independent media were suppressed after its government ran the new press law in order to stop the media to criticize the political sector. Many free media organizations were closed down and many journalists were forced to

flee from their motherland (ifex.org). In Asia, iTV (the first privately owned TV station of Thailand) was interfered by the government in form of financial support through private business related to the prime minister. In fact, it was the governments intentions to control iTV and obstruct it from criticize political organization (Bhumiprabha 90-92).

Relevant Theory
The idea of Libertarian theory which concerns about existence of freedom in the society supports a free press. It can be said that a free press is one of the products derived from this theory. Basically, the libertarian theory gives importance to the human as an individual and believes in his ability to reason, along with the idea of humans natural right which includes religion, speech and press freedom (Siebert and others 43-44). In libertarian idea, there are many roles of the press. In Four Theories of the Press, it is stated that mass media plays important roles in informing, entertaining, and improving its relation with others in order to maintain independence financially through advertising revenue. Moreover, it must act as a watchdog over the working of the government. A press is assumed to be political institution which, according to Thomas Jefferson, has a role on checking on the

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government since the basic purpose of mass media is to help exposing the truth and solving problems in both political and social aspects. Furthermore, according to the libertarian theory, a press must be free from the government control to be able to fulfill its purpose and function. Thus, the libertarians suggested that mass communication should be owned by the private sector and competed in an open market (Siebert and others 51). Anyone who has an ability to own mass media can operate it. They are against the ownership and involvement of the government. Moreover, libertarian theorists disagree with the financial support from the government as it will lead to domination. The only power of the government in controlling the press is through creating a framework for an individual to make a judgment about the information from mass media. Moreover, the government has no right in blocking any idea expressing through the press even if it is a false idea. In libertarian theory, the truth and untruth are to be judged through the selfrighting process. The libertarian theorist assumed that as there are various ideas in the press, public can receive false ideas. However, there is no right for the government to ban what it think is a false idea. It is better to let the whole information reach the public, since it is a responsibility of the public to decide which information they will accept as a fact according to the process of self-righting.

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Even though they argued that the press should be free, most libertarians agree that freedom of expression should be limited (Siebert and others 54-55). Actually, there was no principle for the limitation of freedom of the press but, through historical observation, there are several ways of limitations accepted to be related to the libertarian idea. For example, the use of defamation law on mass media to protect people from being defamed or the laws against obscenity and indecency.

Previous Studies
There are many people who concern about the important of a free press. They conducted a research on the role of a free press. First, Xiaowen Tian and Vai Io Lo, in the study comparing the role of a free press with the role of competitive election in corruption control, found that a free press is more effective than competitive election. In their studies, Conviction and Punishment: Free Press and Competitive Election as Deterrents to Corruption, they had demonstrated which one between a free press, acting as conviction-reinforcing democratic institution, and competitive election, acting as punishment-reinforcing democratic institution, will be the most effective means to control corruption rate. They found that a free press is more effective than competitive election in controlling corruption. Actually, both free press

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and competitive election help control corruption. However, the system of competitive election alone is not sufficient to control corruption. It must work together with a free press. Moreover, Pippa Norris had conducted the study demonstrating the role of free press and found that it plays important roles in promoting democratization, good governance, and human

development. According to the study, The Role of the Free Press in Promoting Democratization, Good Governance, and Human

Development, it is indicated that a free press plays important roles in creating democracy and good governance by acting as a watchdog, public forum, and agenda-setter. Also, it directly helps in developing peoples well-being since its role is to control and check the government, and encourage it to be responsible to its duty and for its action. Additionally, the study conducted by World Bank and the World Association of Newspapers shows that an independent press plays important roles in economic development. In The Right to Tell The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development, it is shown that a free press has a role on developing social and economic situation in the country as it helps reduce poverty. Also, it helps create public debate and free flow of information (ifex.org).

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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS

Research Methods informs the readers how the study is carried out. It is consists of three headings which are subject of study, research tools, and data sources.

Subjects of Study
The subjects of the study consisted of 10 journalists or people relating to the field of journalism and 10 people with different occupations aged between 18 to 60 years old. They were given questionnaire asking about their opinion and attitudes regarding a free press. There were two reasons for selecting the subjects of study. Firstly, as the topic of the study is in the field of journalism, it is important to know the attitudes of people from this field who are familiar to terms and events about a free press. Secondly, as the issue also relates to the public who are the receivers of information distributed from mass media, it is important to know their opinion and suggestions. Moreover, they must be from different occupations and ages in order to get various opinion and suggestion concerning a free press.

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Research Tools
A set of questionnaires was distributed to 10 journalists or people relating to the field of journalism and 10 people with different professions aged between 18 to 50 years old to find out their attitudes towards a free press. An interview was conducted with an expert, Ajarn Sunanta Yamtap, from the Faculty of Mass Communication to get information and opinion on a free press. Most of the information was gathered from written sources.

Data Analysis
There were three main data sources of the study which were a set of questionnaire, data from an interview, and information from written sources. The researcher tabulated collected data from a set of questionnaire which was distributed to the subjects of study. It was divided into two parts which were questions for personal information and questions for the respondents attitudes towards a free press. A set of questionnaire consisted of both closed-ended and opened-ended questions. The former was about the respondents opinion on the importance, roles, problems of a free press and attitudes towards a free

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press. The latter was for respondents suggestions concerning a free press. For a data from an interview, the researcher summarized the information after conducted an interview with the expert. The questions for an interview consisted of two parts as well. The first part was lead-up questions which asked about the definition, roles, and the beginning of a free press in democratic society. The second part was questions for findings which were about the problems a free press encounter and solutions to the problem. Finally, the researcher integrated sources into the paper. After collecting and taking note all relevant information from various kinds of written sources, the researcher synthesized all the information and systematically place sources to complete the paper.

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CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH FINDINGS

In order to answer to research questions, the researcher gathered lots of information from various sources to answer subresearch question. In this chapter, the answer to sub-research questions is clarified point to point. It is believed that a free press will help redeem image of mass media in terms of informer who present objectivity, accountability, and accuracy. It will help fulfill the role of watchdog which mainstream media has forgotten or intentionally ignored to do as its purpose has change into create large sum of profit. Nevertheless, a free pres, like mainstream media, still faces many problems which obstruct it from operating independently as it must be. From a survey, all of the respondents agreed that an independent media is very important in democratic society. Nearly all of them (90%) agreed that a strong, free country and a strong, free press are inseparable. One of them stated that a strong country is a result of high-quality people who receive balanced and accurate information from a strong and free press. However, nine out of ten

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(90%) thought that a free press does not really hold an independent status. Although the respondents gave many different reasons why they thought it is not really independent, from the respondent point of view, the main reason is that a free press is still influenced or dominated by the government, big business or capitalists, and even people of the press itself. One big problem obstructing a free press from operating independently is the governmental interference. As stated broadly in chapter 2, the authorities use many forms of harassment to suppress an independent media. This problem occurs in every country, even in democratic countries where people believe in freedom of expression and press. Furthermore, regarding the survey question, the respondents ranked the interference from the government as the most crucial problem a free press encounter. In many countries, the journalist were intimidated, attacked, and sued for reporting and criticizing the leader of the country or the government. In Central Asia: Governments Wary Of Independent Media, it stated independent journalists in Central Asia often face difficulties doing their jobs in checking governmental operations as the government intentionally blind and deafen the public from knowing about the government. The independent journalists can hardly get the information or reporting the truth, especially in time of election when

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the governments increase their control over the press. Moreover, after unrest situations, the governments in Central Asia also chastise a free press and independent journalists. In Tajikistan, even though a free press was not banned directly, it is difficult to distribute their news as the publishing house both stated-own and private-own ones refused to publish the news. Two of the independent newspapers were closed down unreasonably and the journalists were sentenced to jail. People of the country, especially the readers of those newspapers, expressed their concern about this problem as they said that independent press is important for democracy and the problem will negatively affect the country (Pannier). In Azerbaijan, like in other democratic countries, a free press was struggling from governmental threats. The Azerbaijani

government has suppressed its countrys free press many ways using its power. One of the independent newspaper journalist criticizing the president was charged and sentenced to jail for false accuse. Some of the journalists were physically attacked while one of them was shot dead. Besides those hard threats the government put on the independent press, there was a soft harassment but for the same purpose; to silent a free press. The government did not renew the

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license for ANS, the independent television and radio media organization of Azerbaijan. Other two independent newspapers were forced to move out of their office while the government claimed that they did not pay the rent (Fuller). Even in the country believed to represent a land of freedom, its government intending to cover its law-breaking activities still pushed the countrys independent media in trouble. In United States, according to Jerold Nadler, Bushs government decided to punish its countrys free press as they reported about its illegal activities. Jerold Nadler, a congressman, said that the decision was the government intention to silent a free speech and cover up the truth. Moreover, according to the article Secret Government or A Free Press?, there have been many attempts to squeeze a free press and block it from doing its job ethically. Many journalists were forced to reveal their confidential sources they promised to be covered. The authority has used many way to force them, including putting them in jail and confinement. The confidential sources are very important in exposing the truth as well as exposing the corruption of the government. However, if the journalists are continually forced to reveal those sources, who else would like to expose the truth.

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Besides the suppressions from the authorities, a free press is sometimes influenced by capitalists or big private sector which also affects their free operation. However, it is believed that the intention of private sectors to take over a free press is sometimes related to political reasons. From some of the respondents point of view, they thought a free press is not really independent because money is important in running media business, so a free press is usually dominated by capitalists. The interview with Ajarn Sunanta Yamtup from the Faculty of Mass communication also strengthened this point. According to the Ajarn Sunanta Yamtup, because a free press needs money to run, the capitalists finally rule over it. When an independent media in Russia just started to bloom, many giant corporations started to take over it by buying shares. This was the result of desire of a free press to be independent from the government but failed to create its own advertising revenue, instead it sold out their share. By controlling most of media in the country, those big businesses can also control peoples point of view (Neela). On the website of Free Speech TV, freespeech.org, there is a video stream and a short paragraph on the topic of Media Monsters Threaten Net Freedom which talks about plan of the countrys largest cable and broadband Internet, Comcast, to take over NBC Universal. It says:

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The result would be a new kind of media monster that would not only produce some of America's most popular entertainment but also control viewers' access to it. Comcast would control the joint venture's day-to-day operations but Pentagon contractor GE would retain a 49 percent stake. The likely impact on consumer choices? Well you tell me: the Washington Post reports that all in all, the joint venture would control more than one out of every five television-viewing hours. With almost one in four cable subscribers in the U.S. a Comcast customer and NBC Universal owning not only NBC but also dozens of cable channels, including Telemundo, MSNBC, CNBC and Bravo as well as theme parks, TV stations such as Washington's WRC (Channel 4), and Universal movie studios, the NBC Comcast deal is a biggie. In the meantime, it's time to cherish ever more all that remains in the way of independent media. And yes, that's our self interest speaking. Moreover, there was an attempt to take over two independent, printed media publisher of Thailand Mathichon and Post Publishing by GMM Grammy. However, as the owner of the business was known to be closed to the Prime minister at that time, many people regarded this attempt as political purpose (Bhumiprabha and others 92). Additionally, some free media organizations sometimes lack of responsibility distorting and covering facts, as well as presenting only what is not really vital for the public. Like state-owned media, a free press can also be bias. Innocent Chitosi, a journalist and NAMISA research officer, stated in POLITICS-MALAWI: Allegations of Media Bias Plague Election Campaign that an independent-claimed newspaper can also choose side. In Peter Brinstons paper on Reformulating News Media Bias: A New Theoretical and Methodological Approach, it says:

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Althaus (2003) finds that reporters do act as autonomous individuals seeking out oppositional viewpoints for the news, rather than merely parroting views they find from traditional sources, and while Althaus praises such a finding as evidence of an independent press unconstrained by the voices of power, Patterson (1997) worries that reporters are too freely allowed to let their own political agenda influence their work. Talking about media bias, independent or state-own media, one factor that results in bias is its organization. According to Delmer D. Dunn in his book named Public Officials and the Press, the news organization can lead its journalists to report selected news by three ways. First one is area interest which the journalists select the events interests its receivers. Second one is assignments which news organization directly selects a story for the journalist to work on, additionally, sometimes to respond a bigger organizations interest. The last one is policy which also affects one journalists choice of news. The reporter will automatically know his organizations policy from his colleagues, readings the papers, and editors reaction to his story. Besides the issue of bias, according to an interview, it is found that some irresponsible free media organizations enjoys to much freedom that they spent most of their show time on entertaining programs instead of the important information. This is because it has full control over itself so it can choose what they want to distribute. It

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can ignore all important information and present all programs it sees fit in its point of view some of which may not be appropriate.

According to the survey result, about a third of the respondents who disagreed with the statement, a free press means a free people, (35%) reasoned that frame and public participation in a free press operate is needed as some independent media will chase this opportunity and be over-independent. Since there are many problems, it seems that a free press will not be able to operate as free and independent anymore. The respondents believed that the idea of a free press is still idealistic and a true free press is still impossible in the society as a free press is still influenced and interfered by many power sectors. Also a free press itself is still bias. Moreover, people seem to be less important in democratic society of which they must be the most important part of the society, so a free press, believed to belong to people, is an impossible thing. Even if there really is a free press, it is not truly independent. According to the respondents opinion, it is a freedom in limited space. In this way, a free press is not different from a fish in a tank who think it can swim freely without noticing a glass of tank which cells it.

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However, the benefits of having a free press in the society is very, seriously significant as indicated in previous study that it can help create democracy and good governance, and develop social and economic situation in the country. Thus, many people and organizations have tried to solve the problems in order to preserve a free press. Moreover, according to the result of questionnaire, all of the respondents agreed that there should still be a free press in democratic society. Public is the most important part of the society in helping create and maintain a free press. It is importance that the public must be aware of the vital roles of a free press and helps create a free and independent media in their society. In Media Literacy: Educating the Public, is said that if the public do not really see its importance, it is hard for a free press to survive. It is important to educate people about the importance of a free press, especially the issue of media literacy (64). The journalist must also take part in informing people about the benefits of having a free press (Corey). From the survey, giving knowledge to people about the important of a free press is the most effective solution in respondents opinion. However, when asked to put order of priority of who should play the most significant role in solving problems, the public was ranked as the last choice out of four choices.

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The expert, Ajarn Sunanta Yamtup, also emphasized on the idea of peoples voices. She said that people, in form of civil society, must be courageous to claim their right and be against any inequality. The problem in some countries is that people are too afraid to make their voices heard which does help create a free press. In Citizens Must Constantly Push for a Free Press, it states: "In the case of a civil society, it is important that people know what their rights are and be prepared to exact those rights from their government," added Umoren, who is Nigerian by birth. "Very, very fundamental to this is the rule of law," she said. "Without the rule of law in any country, you cannot have press freedom...and nobody from outside can impose that rule of law. The civil society must demand it" from within (Corey). Furthermore, now, an individual can report news by himself and distribute his point of view easily. Ajarn Sunanta Yamtup pointed out that, at present, many media companies give opportunity to the individual to report information by themselves in form of citizen journalist. Also, with technology like internet, public create their own information outlet. Besides the public, people of the press and news organizations can also help foster an independent media. The journalists must be responsible and work hard to help create independence and accuracy. Regarding the survey question, people of the press is the most important people in solving a free press problems according to the respondents opinion. In running the business, news organizations also

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need trust from people. Thus, it is important that the journalists keep fairness and accuracy in their mind when presenting information to create credibility (Thompson). In Promoting Independent Media, in the past, many international media projects also provided journalists training program. Such training projects included consultant visits and publications of books on journalism. Donor governments have provided programmatic support to local media outlets to improve the quality of their news coverage and to increase audience share (Kuma 2). Large sum from donors went on the journalists training as it is believed that well-trained journalists with quality news distributing will better help foster an independent media. Strong professional associations can similarly help raise standards, while pushing for progressive media laws, such as decriminalized libel and freedom of information statutes. (36). Also, there are norms which guide the journalists behavior in going their job which consists of objectivity, accuracy, and skepticism. The journalists use two methods for remaining objective. First, they are aware of their own values which control the way they interpret the situation. By knowing their own values, they can balance them. Second, they try to present both side of situation. However, with this

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method, the journalists can not help put their own interpretation in the information. Moreover, to create trustable information, accuracy is needed. Besides for maintaining objectivity, the journalists try to be accurate in order to maintain their relationship with sources. Still, there can be mistake in news reporting though, as they must distribute news as quickly as possible. Also, there are other factors like noise which obstruct the journalists from getting accurate information. Finally, skepticism is last rule shape the behavior of the journalists. Journalists must be full of curiosity. They must not believe all the information they get at the first place. They must check it to create accuracy and remain objective (Dunn 19-21). Additionally, it is also important that a free press has its own ways in maintaining financial independence. Many international organization, especially the one belonging to the United States also emphasize on this point by include management training program in the media assistance projects. United States distributed a program which also educated independent media organization about business organizing. This includes giving knowledge about advertising revenue, business management (Shieck). Based on the assumption that commercial success is a necessary ingredient in forging independence from government

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or other vested interests, training initiatives have also imparted management and business skills to media managers (Kuma 2). Moreover, it is important that a free press and independent journalists be protected by special law as according to problems a free press and its journalists encounter. Benjamin L. Cardin, a United States senator, introduced Newspaper Revitalization Act which he claimed that will provide independent newspapers in the country freedom to operate, including tax-free for advertising revenue (Cardin). Many international organizations concerning about a free press, apart from training and educating program for journalists and media organization, also stress on the important of legal environment which support a free press. Frederick W. Shieck, Deputy Administrator of U.S. Agency for International Development, in the article

Independent Medias Role in Building Democracy says: The third aspect of U.S. media support is helping local groups of journalists, publishers, human rights advocates, or legislators draft laws that protect the presss ability to cover government and other topics without fear of harassment. U.S. funds also go to educate media lawyers and support legal defense of media outlets. (Shieck). Although there many solutions to the problem a free press faces, Ajarn Sunanta still pointed that a free press, in the end, would continually be influenced by people with power.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, a main research question is answered with supports from chapter 4. This chapter will includes discussion of findings and researchers recommendation concerning the topic.

Summary of Findings
It can be said that a free press can be independent in democratic society according to various ways to solve the problems. Moreover, the findings pointed out that the public is the most significant institution of the society in helping create and preserve a free press. A free press, as mentioned before, encounters many severe problems which force them not to be independent or operate freely. It confronts with various kinds of threats from the authorities who want to silent it from reporting any of their illegal or corrupted activities. Besides, some of the independent media organizations are dominated by big businesses through takeover bid which also believed to relate to political intention. Moreover, there are problems of bias and irresponsibility cause from a free press itself. In solving the problems, people must stand up and make their opinion heard. They must call for their right and stand up against any mistreat which danger to their right while people in journalism must

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hold on to the idea of responsibility and credibility. Furthermore, law specially enacting for protecting a free press can also support it to be independent.

Discussion of Findings
The findings point out that public is the vital part of the society in supporting a free press, but it was found that people still do not know their importance in solving the problems and support a free press. They think that it is a duty of people of the press while it is them who can significantly bring change into the society. They - accusing the authorities, the capitalists, and the press of irresponsibility - let those people violate their rights by not claiming for it. If people still connive and keep their mouth shut, how a free press which belongs to them can really emerge.

Recommendation(s)
The researcher recommends that the issue of the importance of publics force in depth must be taught as fundamental issue in school along with the issue of rights and a free press. Besides, children must be encouraged to express their opinion based on reasons and reality freely.

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Moreover, it is recommended that further study be conducted on negative effects of having a free press in the society in order to shape a free press that really responds the need of the public and brings good to the society.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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