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The anelasticnature of earth material arises because it remember its past. It means stress-strain relation in case of earth materials also depend on time. The most widely used rheological model for anelastic material is a linear viscoelastic body. The behaviour of viscoelastic body is equivalent to the combined behaviour of both the linear elastic body and linear viscous body. 2. Rheological elements: 2.1 Linear Elastic Body: The linear elastic body (Hooke body) represents the behaviour of a perfectly elastic solid material. Stress is proportional to strain only in case of linear elastic body. ( ) ( ) ( )
where ( ) is the stress applied as a function of timet, ( ) is the strain developed in the linear elastic body and is the time independent modulus of elasticity. In case of linear elastic body,
the strain immediately develops in the body when a stress is applied and comes to its rest position suddenly after removal of stress. It means linear elastic body does not have a memory.Hooke Body is shown in figure (1).
Fig.(1) Hooke Body Here we will use * ( )+ () for the direct and ( ) , for the inverse fourier transforms ( ) ( ) .
* ( )+
s the angular frequency. An application of the fourier transform toequation (1) gives ( ) ( ) ( )
2.2 Linear Viscous Body:The behaviour of linear viscous body(Stokes body) is that of viscous fluid and stress is proportional to time derivative of strain.
()
( )
( )
where is the time-independent viscosity. In case of linear viscous body the strain candoes not immediately develop when stress is applied but it linearly increase with time and there is permanent deformation in the body after removal of stress. Stokes Body has extreme memory. Stokes Body is shown in figure (2).
3. Stress-Strain Relation in Viscoelastic Medium: The stress-strain relation for a linear isotropic viscoelastic material is given by Boltzmann superposition and causality principle. ( ) Where ( ) ( ) ( )
( )is the stress relaxation function, which is defined as a stress response to Heaviside
unit step function in strain equation (5) reveals that the entire history of the strain until timet is used to compute the stress at given timet. The integral in equation (5) depicts a time convolution of the stress relaxation function and strain rate. Equation (5) can also be written as using properties of convolution. () Due to properties of convolution, () ( ) () ( ) () ( ) ( )
the time derivative of stress relaxation function is the stress response to the Dirac -function in strain. Therefore equation (7) can be written as () () () ( )
where,
()
( ).
A comparison of equation (1) and equation (8) reveals that the form of stress-strain relation for viscoelastic bodyis convoluting in nature and modulus The fourier transform of equation (8) gives ( ) is time dependent.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) is complex frequency dependent viscoelastic modulus. An application of the inverse fourier transform to equation (8) gives () * ( )+ ( )
Similarly using equation (7) and equation (8), fourier transform of time derivative of stress can be obtained. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
As pointed out earlier viscoelastic materials remember that past so an instantaneous elastic response of the viscoelastic material can be defined as unrelaxed modulus ( term equilibirium response can be defined as relaxed modulus( () In the frequency domain, ( ) ( ) ( ) () ). ( ) ) and a long
viscoelastic body and it is nearly constant over the seismic frequency range. 3.1Conversion of the convolutory stress-strain relation into a differential form: Consider ( ) as a rational function ( ) With, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( )
( )+
( )
( )
The nth-order differential equation for more easily than the convolution integral. 4. Viscoelastic Rheological Models:
Various rheological models like Maxwell body,Kelvin-vigit body and Zener body are connected of Hooke and Stokes rheological elements to approximate the rheological properties and behaviour of the real earth material.The time-domain and frequency-domain form of Hooke and Stokes rheological elements are given in equations (1),(2),(3) and (4). These rheological models can be represented in time or frequency domain using Hooke and Stokes elements and simple rules. If these rheological elements are connected in series, stress is equal and strain becomes additive. On the other hand, if these rheological elements are connected in parallel, stress becomes additive and strain is equal for both the elements (Moczo et al, 2004). 4.1 Maxwell Body: The Maxwell body is obtained by connecting the Hooke and Stokes elements in series. The Hooke and Stokes rheological elements in frequency domain form are given below ( ) ( ) ( )
And, ( ) ( ) ( )
Using the rule for connection in series (Moczo et al, 2004), we have ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )
( ) ( ) Where ( )
[ ( )
] ( ) ( )
( (
) )
is stress relaxation frequency and the inverse of relaxation frequency are is stress
relaxation time. ( )
Fig.(4) Rheological Models of viscoelastic materials The relaxed moduli ( ) and unrelaxed moduli ( ) can be obtained using frequency-
dependent modulus( ( )). ( ) It means Maxwell Body relaxes from a stress value of strain is applied. The stress relaxation function for Maxwell body can be written as using equation (11) and equation (29). ( ) ( )
()
( )
()
()
()
The integral can be evaluated using contour integral method. We recall Jordans leema. If ( ) converges unifomly to zero as , then Where 0 and ( ) ( ) ( )
is the upper half of the circle |z| = R 0 but one does the contour in the lower half plane.
According to Jordans leema , we need to endoes the contour with a semi circle in the upper half plane for 0 and in the lower half plane for () ( ) 0, as ( )
()
()
()
Where H(t) is heaviside unit step function and defind as given below ( ) 2 ( )
4.2 GMB-EK Model: Rheological models which quite approximate the rheological properties and behaviour of the real earths material can be developed by connecting the rheological elements. The generalisedmaxwell body (GMB) in the literature on rheology is constructed by connecting various Maxwell bodies in paralled. But, the model used by Emmerich and Korn (1987) is construted by connecting a single Hooke element in paralled with various Maxwell bodies. So the model used by Emmerich and korn (1987) is denoted by GMB-EK. ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
] ( )
Fig.(5)Rheological model of generalized Maxwell body (GMB-EK) defined by Emmerich and Korn (1987). MH and Mw denotes elastic moduli.
l
viscosity
If there are n Maxwell body connected in parallel with a single Hooke body. So, the complex and frequency dependent visco-elastic modulus for GMB-EK rheological model is ( )
Finally, complex frequency dependent visco-elastic modulus for GMB-EK model can be written as ( )
}]
()
()
)]
()
Where H(t) is heaviside unit step function and defind as given below ( ) 2 ( )
This equation (54) was used by Emmerich and Korn (1987). The complex modulus ( ) for GMB-EK model can also be written as
( )
( )
( )
So, the another relaxation function for GMB-EK model can be written as
()
]}]
()
{ (
)[
]}
Comparing both sides, we get A+B=0 and A = 1, when A = 1 put in A + B = 0, we get B = -1.
These value put in equation (60), we get . / Using equation (59) and (62) we get () ( )
)}
()
)+
()
)+]
()
Where H(t) is heaviside unit step function and defind as given below ( ) 2 ( )
Equation (63) was used by Kristek and Moczo (2003). 5 .Stress Strain relation for GMB-EK rheological models: The time derivative of relaxation function can be written as using equation (63) () ( ) ( ) ( ) * ( )+] ()
))}
) ( )
( )
( )
( )
))
5.1 Anelastic function: Kristek and Moczo (2003) defined anelastic function, independent of material properties, in order to replace the convolution integral by an addition function. In contrast of this Day and Minster (1984), Emmerich and Korn (1987) and Carcione et al.(1988) used an addition function dependent on material properties. The anelastic function proposed by Kristek and Moczo (2003) is given by () ( ) ( ( )) ( )
GMB-EK model can be written as using equation (67) and equation (68). ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, ()
()
( )( )
( (
) )
The time derivative of stress, which is required for staggered grid velocity-stress finite difference scheme can be obtained using the time derivative of equation (69) and equation(71) by replacing anelastic function proposed by Kristek and Moczo (2003) is given by ( ) ( ) ( )
Where, () And, ( ) () ( ) ( ) , ( )( )
5.2 Anelastic coefficient: Kristek and Moczo (2003) anelastic function as given below ( )
Now, the stress-strain relation for GMB-EK model in case of staggered grid velocity-stress finite difference scheme can be written as ( ) ( ) ( )
Equation (76) reveals that in order to compute the time derivative of stress, unrelaxed modulus ( ) and anelastic coefficient ( ) will be required.
5.3 Determination of Anelastic- coefficient : The anelastic coefficient can be determined using any Q( ) law. The visco-elastic modulus for GMB-EK model can be written as given below using equation (57) and equation (75). ( )
The quality factor Q( ) can be obtained using the real and imaginary part of equation (77). Q( ) = From above relation, we find out Real part of
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ( ( ( ( )( ) ] ) ) ]
] )
And, ( )
( )
nearly constant.
Emmerich and korn (1987) and Graves and Day (2003) concluded that an accurate approximation to nearly constant Q( ) is obtained if the relaxation frequency is logrithmically equidistant and covers the entire frequency of interest. Equation (58) was solved using least square method for determination of anelastic coefficient . ): can be obtained from the field
measurement. For example SASW method (Kramer, 1996), Moczo et al (1997) has given the details for computations of phase velocity using real part of complex and frequency dependent visco-elastic modulus ( ( )) and density ( ). ( ) } ]
[{
( ) is given as ( )
} }
){
6.FD approximation of Anelastic function : ( ) ( ) can be approximated using a simple arithmetic averaging in time and central
Where,
denotes the nth time level. Using equation (88) and equation (89) anelastic function
can be solved 0 1
\ ( )
[ 0 0 1 1
Let,
Let
Then, we have
7. F. D. Approximation of Visco-elastic SH-wave equation: SH-wave equation is given as ( Using equation (94), we have )
Where superscript (
) and (
( Where,
And,
Where, And and are obtained harmonic mean of at the node points.
Anelastic coefficient
is relaxation frequency which is logarithmically distributed. Q ( ) values at known frequencies , =1, 22n-1. = . = .
(2,4) finite- difference scheme have been used for the approximation of the equation (95) to equation (99).
[ {( [ {( )
) ) }]
( (
) )
} }
{(
}]
) (
[ {
}]
[.
[ {
}]
[.
[ {
}]
[ {
}]