Report

Name: Areeg Adel Essmat Sec: 1 Subject: Image Processing Supervision: Eng. Dina Mahmoud

Sheet 2:
5- The source of the illumination required to see an object must have wave length the same size or smaller than the object. Because interest lies only on the boundary shape and not on other spectral characteristics of the specimens, a single illumination source in the far ultraviolet (wavelength of .001 microns or less) will be able to detect all objects. A farultraviolet camera sensor would be needed to image the specimens. 8- We know that x = 80 / z where x is the side dimension of the image (assumed square because the viewing screen is square) impinging on the image plane, and the 80 mm refers to the size of the viewing screen, as described in the problem statement. The most inexpensive solution will result from using a camera of resolution 512512. A CCD chip with this resolution will be of size (16) (512)=8 mm on each side. Substituting x = 8mminthe above equation gives z = 9 as the relationship between the distance z and the focal length of the lens, where a minus sign was ignored because it is just a coordinate inversion. If a 25 mm lens is used, the front of the lens will have to be located at approximately 225 mm from the viewing screen so that the size of the image of the screen projected onto the CCD image plane does not exceed the 8 mm size of the CCD chip for the 512512 camera. This value of z is reasonable, but any other given lens sizes would be also; the camera would just have to be positioned further away. Assuming a 25 mm lens, the next issue is to determine if the smallest defect will be imaged on, at least, a 2 2 pixel area, as required by the specication. It is given that the defects are circular, with the smallest defect having a diameter of 0.8 mm. So, all that needs to be done is to determine if the image of a circle of diameter 0.8 mm or greater will, at least, be of size 22 pixels on the CCD imaging plane. This can be determined with the 80 mm replaced by 0.8 mm. Using = 25 mm and z = 225 mm in the above equation yields x = 100 . In other words, a circular defect of diameter 0.8 mm will be imaged as a circle with a diameter of 100 on the CCD chip of a 512 512 camera equipped with a 25 mm lens and which views the defect at a distance of 225 mm. If, in order for a CCD receptor to be activated, its area has to be excited in its entirety, then, it can be seen that a 2 2 array of such receptors will be activated, a circular area of diameter no less than (6)(8)=48 has to be imaged onto the CCD chip. The smallest defect is imaged as a circle with diameter of 100 , which is well above the 48 minimum requirement. Therefore, we conclude that a CCD camera of resolution 512 512 pixels, using a 25 mm lens and imaging the viewing screen at a distance of 225 mm, is sufcient to solve the problem posed by the plant manager.

Sheet 4:
Pixels are integer values, and 8 bits allow representation of 256 contiguous integer values. In our work, the range of intensity values for 8-bit images is [0, 255]. The subtraction of values in this range cover the range [255, 255]. This range of values cannot be covered by 8 bits, but it is given in the problem statement that the result of subtraction has to be represented in 8 bits also, and, consistent with the range of values used for 8-bit images throughout the book, we assume that values of the 8-bit difference images are in the range [0, 255].

What this means is that any subtraction of 2 pixels that yields a negative quantity will be clipped at 0. The process of repeated subtractions of an image b (x , y ) from an image a (x , y ) can be expressed as

where d K (x , y ) is the difference image resulting after K subtractions. Because image subtraction is an array operation (see Section 2.6.1), we can focus attention on the subtraction of any corresponding pair of pixels in the images. We have already stated that negative results are clipped at 0. Once a 0 result is obtained, it will remain so because subtraction of any nonnegative value from 0 is a negative quantity which, again, is clipped at 0. Similarly, any location x 0 , y0 for which b x 0 , y0 = 0, will produce the result d K x 0 , y0 = a x 0 , y0 .

That is, repeatedly subtracting 0 from any value results in that value. The locations in b (x , y ) that are not 0 will eventually decrease the corresponding values in d K (x , y ) until they are 0. The maximum number of subtractions in which this takes place in the context of the present problem is 255, which corresponds to the condition at a location in which a (x , y ) is 255 and b (x , y ) is 1. Thus, we conclude from the preceding discussion that repeatedly subtracting an image from another will result in a difference image whose components are 0 in the locations in b (x , y) that are not zero and equal to the original values of a (x , y ) at the locations in b (x , y ) that are 0. This result will be achieved in, at most, 255 subtractions.

Sheet 5:
6- Image Registration: is the process of aligning input images to a master image so that comparison and measurements could be done across all images.