Some Good Practices to Build

Robust DIGIMAT Constitutive

Models on Polyamide Matrixes
Gilles ROBERT/Olivier MOULINJEUNE
Gilles ROBERT
Rhodia : Who are we ?
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Engineering plastics
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Rhodia Polyamide
Engineering plastics
Rhodia group
Rhodia
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Rhodia Polyamide
Performance Materials
Intermediates &
Polymers
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in
Polyamide 6.6
Engineering
Plastics
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Polyamide: A sustainable pillar of Rhodia
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2007 data
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Rhodia Polyamide
Engineering plastics
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Leveraging our mastery of the PA 6.6 chain:
from intermediates to polymers and compounds
Polymers and compounds
with improved ageing
and high temperature
performances
Cost effective polymers
and compounds with improved
"Flowability" and surface aspects
Compounds with higher dimensional
stability
Application development
Design support
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the constitutive
model
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the constitutive
model
Gilles ROBERT
Matrix identification with Digimat : input data
The material : Polyamide 6.6 filled with glass fibres
The target : identify PA66 matrix mechanical properties
Glass properties necessary :
Modulus, density, Poissons ratio
No specific difficulty
Glass fibres properties :
Weight fraction
Measured after burning away the polymer
Simple and accurate, weak fluctuations
Aspect ratio
Measured by image processing
Accuracy can be sometimes be questioned
Orientation
Modelled
Or measured
Accuracy must be questioned
Gilles ROBERT
Quantification of orientation
Injection molding of short glass fibres
reinforced polymer generates orientation
Orientation of a fiber is described with
, Euler angles
Many ways to represent orientation of a
population :
(, ) distribution function
No information loss
Orientation tensors
Hand (62)
Tensors and orientation functions represent
only a part of total information available in
(, )
x
y
z
|
u
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
u
| u
| u
cos
sin sin
cos sin
3
2
1
p
p
p
Gilles ROBERT
Orientation tensor a
2
a
2
is the most common representation of fiber orientation
Used by Folgar and Tucker model
Essential in injection Molding
Used by Moldflow, Moldex, REM3D
a
2
must be used simultaneously with a
4
a
4
expressed as a function of a
2
thanks to closure approximations
(
(
(
(
(

u | u u | u u
| u u | u | | u
| u u | | u | u
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
cos sin cos sin cos cos sin
sin cos sin sin sin cos sin sin
cos cos sin cos sin sin cos sin
(
(

0 0
0 1
(
(

1 0
0 0
(
(

5 , 0 0
0 5 , 0
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the constitutive
model
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the constitutive
model
Gilles ROBERT
Approach followed
How to identify the impact of input data on matrix elastic modulus identification ?
Input mechanical data : modulus of a dumbbell
Study of changes
In orientation tensor used
on the matrix modulus identified
Then comparison with modulus measured for several orientations and those
modelled.
Gilles ROBERT
Impact of orientation tensors on identifications
Three tensors :
Measured
Modelled with Moldflow Mid Plane
Automatic choice of parameters
Modelled with Moldflow MidPlane,
Optimised parameters
Constant aspect ratio
Same composite modulus for
identification
Mistake quite important
360
100
50
100
2
Thickness=2,1mm
100
1
gate
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Position in thickness (m)
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n

a
1
1
Exprimental
Auto
Optimum
a
2
Moldflow auto E
matrix
=2715 MPa
a
2
Moldflow opt. E
matrix
=3460 MPa
a
2
tomo E
matrix
=3250 MPa
Gilles ROBERT
Impact of mistakes : general case
Use of Moldflow mid plane requires
precautions
With optimised parameters : good
predictions
Though not perfect
Auto modelling : 25% max. mistake
Best choice for identification :
measured tensors
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Angle between fibres and strain applied ()
M
o
d
u
l
u
s

(
M
P
a
)
Experimental values
Modelled values_a2_Moldflow_auto
Modelled values_a2_Moldflow_optim
Modelled values_a2_tomo
Gilles ROBERT
First conclusions
First good practises :
Be careful with Moldflow mid plane
Optimised parameters are compulsory for good data fitting
And experimental measurements of orientation are even better
Sensitivity to aspect ratio is lower, but only in the linear range!
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the constitutive
model
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the constitutive
model
Gilles ROBERT
0
50
100
150
200
250
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
Engineering Strain (%)
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
Engineering Strain (%)
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Bottom line
Minimal values necessary for matrix
identification :
Tensile curve ISO 527 as found in
Campus
Moldflow modelling of the dumbbell
Aspect ratio (nicely given in Moldflow)
Identification of elastoplastic behaviour of
the matrix
Modulus
Re
R

m
Use of spectral method for
homogenisation
E
matrix
3020 MPa
R
E
14,1 MPa
R

34,8 MPa
m 258,8
( R
E
+ R

) 48,9 MPa
Gilles ROBERT
Bottom line : comparison with tensile trials at several
angles
Constitutive model applied to tensile
specimens cut in plaques
Same aspect ratio
Structure modelled with MF
23C, dry, 10
-3
s
-1
Results are rather good
However
Between 5% and 25% mistake on
elastic modulus
Between 5% and 20% mistake on
stresses
Lines : experiments
Dots : Digimat
0
50
100
150
200
0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10
True strain
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
fibres 0
15
30
45
60
90
Gilles ROBERT
How to go further ? (1)
Always with a single tensile curve
Use optimised parameters in Moldflow
Use measured aspect ratios
Re quite sensitive to aspect ratio
Or use direct measured orientation tensors
Laws quite dissimilar. Which one is best ?
AR literature
a
2
MF auto
Measured AR
a
2
MF auto
Measured AR
a
2
MF optim
Measured AR
Measured a
2
E
matrix
3017 3080 2715 3406
R
E
14,1 15,2 20,3 20,7
R

34,8 36,2 27,5 36,7

m
258,8 270,9 234,6 248,3
( R
E
+ R

)
48,9 51,4 47,8 57,4
Gilles ROBERT
How to go further ? (2)
The only way to discriminate the
models :
Use at least 2 tensile curves.
With measured input data,
transverse behaviour is better
predicted
Which improvement to expect ?
0
50
100
0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10
True strain
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
fibres
90 exp
90 "bottom line"
90 one curve, measured structure
Gilles ROBERT
Matrix behaviour identification with two tensile curves
Choice of an identification based on two tension curves with varying angles
0 and 30
0 and 45
0 and 90
Experimental conditions
Room temperature
Strain rate 10-3s-1
Material : dry polyamide 66 filled with 30w% glass fibers
Gilles ROBERT
Results
Identifications quite OK
0-45fits slightly better
0-30
0-45
0-90
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Trac_Digi_0 (0-45)
Trac_Digi_45 (0-45)
Trac_exp_0
Trac_exp_45
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Trac_Digi_0 (0-90)
Trac_Digi_90 (0-90)
Trac_exp_0
Trac_exp_90
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Trac_Digi_0 (0-30)
Trac_Digi_30 (0-30)
Trac_exp_0
Trac_exp_30
Gilles ROBERT
Conclusions
Accuracy only slightly improved
0-90is not the best choice to build a matrix constitutive model
Main change : R
E
is much higher when two tensile curves are used
Matrix plasticization changes much, while tensile behaviour is quite constant
Optimal method to identify a constitutive model still not found
Identification
0-30
Identification
0-45
Identification
0-90
E
matrix
3050 3050 3050
R
E
(MPa) 36,8 39,5 39,8
R

(MPa) 12 14,8 22,9
m 241,2 96,8 54,6
(R
E+
R

) (MPa) 48,8 54,3 62,7

Gilles ROBERT
Matrix identification with six tensile curves
For some specific conditions
W% fibres
Temperature
Water content
Strain rate
Six different orientations have been
tested.
Optimal fit is performing
Except at 30
And 90
If two curves only are used : best
choice 0and 45
Constitutive models for 6 curves or
2 curves, 0and 45are close
Gilles ROBERT
Use of modified spectral
Modulus and Poisson ratio fixed
R
E
R

m
3/4 possible parameters
free variables
Residual mistake on stresses reduced
from 8% to 4,5%
Situation worse at 0
But much better on all other angles
Change of isotropisation method
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08
True strain
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
0_exp
15_exp
30_exp
45_exp
60_exp
90_exp
0 Digi
15_Digi
30_Digi
45_Digi
60_Digi
90_Digi
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08
True strain
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
0_exp
15_exp
30_exp
45_exp
60_exp
90_exp
0 Digi
15_Digi
30_Digi
45_Digi
60_Digi
90_Digi
Gilles ROBERT
Extension of constitutive models
Constitutive model of the matrix determined for
Several w% fibres
Several w% water
Several temperatures and strain rates
For many sets of parameters : three tensile curves measured
Main conclusions :
Parameters of modified spectral isotropisation methods are constant
18 sets of three tensile curves
Each time identification converges towards similar values
Aspect ratio and orientation have a big impact
Especially on R
E
87,5 72,6 62,3 51,9
(R
E
+R

) (MPa)
120,6 174,7 118,8 96,2
m (MPa)
52,1 37,1 26,4 14,1
R

(MPa)
36,4 35,5 35,9 37,8
R
E
(MPa)
3240 3050 3240 3050
E
matrix
(MPa)
6 curves
several w% fibres
optimal modified
spectral
6 curves
1w% fibres
optimal modified
spectral
6 curves
several w%
fibres
spectral
6 curves
1w% fibres
spectral
87,5 72,6 62,3 51,9
(R
E
+R

) (MPa)
120,6 174,7 118,8 96,2
m (MPa)
52,1 37,1 26,4 14,1
R

(MPa)
36,4 35,5 35,9 37,8
R
E
(MPa)
3240 3050 3240 3050
E
matrix
(MPa)
6 curves
several w% fibres
optimal modified
spectral
6 curves
1w% fibres
optimal modified
spectral
6 curves
several w%
fibres
spectral
6 curves
1w% fibres
spectral
Gilles ROBERT
Extension of constitutive models (2)
Comparison between experimental
matrix and real matrix
With spectral modified method, both
curves are very close
But of course, you have to choose
the right values for the four
parameters.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20
Dformation
C
o
n
t
r
a
i
n
t
e

(
M
P
a
)
10-4s-1
10-3s-1
10-2s-1
10-3s-1 exp
10-4s-1 exp
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
Gilles ROBERT
Conclusions
To develop good constitutive models :
Be careful about orientation modelling
Except if optimised parameters are available
Use at least two tensile curves
Or the yield wont be determined accurately
Choose the right angles
Avoid transverse tensile tests
Be very careful about the microstructure
Preferred measured characteristics
If you really want accuracy :
Work on isotropisation method
And take carefully into account the polymer behaviour!
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the constitutive
model
Gilles ROBERT
Summary
Data used for matrix behaviour identification
Impact of data quality on modeling : some examples
Building an elastoplastic model : impact of input data
What should be taken into account in the
constitutive model ?
Gilles ROBERT
Extension of constitutive models : whats next ?
Polyamide behaviour is not equal
in tension and compression.
Difference between both
solicitations depends on :
Temperature
W% of fibres
Constitutive models used should
be pressure sensitive.
Drcker-Prger ?
0
50
100
150
200
250
0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,16
True strain
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
0_tensile
15_tensile
45_tensile
60_tensile
0_compression
15_compression
45_compression
60_compression
Gilles ROBERT
Polymers close to glass transition are
not elastoviscoplastic
They are also viscoelastic
Models developed on purpose are a
necessity
Extension of constitutive models : whats next ?
Frequency(Hz)
M
o
d
u
l
u
s

(
M
P
a
)
23C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,14
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
100s
-1
10
-4
s
-1
Gilles ROBERT
DIGIMAT-MX release : Rhodia offer
Based on the identification work presented here
Accurate aspect ratio distribution measurement
Tomography for experimental fiber orientation tensors
Large experimental database in tension, compression and high speed
At various speed, temperature and humidity content
Accurate retro fitting of matrix properties
Global model identified : F ( T , W% , c , Moisture ) to generate a coherent database
RHODIA Polyamide offers two levels of availability for all TECHNYL PA66 grades from
15% to 50% :
Direct access to :
all elastic models, in temperature and humidity
elasto-plastic models, at 23and 60C dry and conditioned
On demand access to :
all temperature elasto-plastic models
all temperature elasto-visco plastic models
Thermo-elastic and dilatation models
All data are directly usable in Digimat as .mat file !
.
Gilles ROBERT
Thank you for your attention