The Present Simple Tense Usage of the Present Simple Tense: 1.

When we talk about things that happen repeatedly or habitually Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning. 2. When we talk about permanent or long-lasting situations I work in a bank. 3. When we talk about people or things in general People make choices because they can't have everything they want. 4. To indicate general truths, facts and scientific laws The Earth is spherical. 5. When we talk about travel plans and timetables (mainly with verbs such as go, leave, arrive, start, come, return etc.) We arrive in Rome at 6 p.m. 6. With state (or stative) verbs such as like, dislike, love, think, seem, look, know, feel, understand, want, need, hate, remember, forget, prefer, believe, mean, taste, hear, see, have (when the meaning is "possess"), own, belong, etc. These verbs are not normally used in the Continuous Tense (but there are exceptions). She loves jazz music. 7. To give instructions/directions Pour all ingredients into a mixing bowl and mix until smooth. 8. It is used for headlines Ship sinks in midnight collision. 9. Summaries of events are written in Present Simple 10. To tell jocks 11. To make declaration ****If the verb ends in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o, add -es to the base form: kiss - kisses, finish - finishes, watch - watches, mix - mixes, go goes **** If the verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -es: study - studies, copy - copies, try - tries, carry - carries ****To form the Present Simple Tense we use the verb's base form (go, work, speak, study). In 3rd person singular (he, she, it), the base form of the verb takes -s/es.

(Auxiliary verbs "be," "do," "have", which can also be used as main verbs, are exceptions.) Affirmative form I you we they work

he/she/it works /-s/ Interrogative form DO I you we they WORK?

DOES he/she/it Negative form I you we they

WORK?

DO NOT /don't/ WORK DOES NOT /doesn't / WORK

he/she/it

The Present Continuous Tense Usage of the Present Continuous Tense: 1. We most often use the Present Continuous when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking (now, at the moment): Pamela is sleeping in the bedroom. 2. It is also used when we talk about something which is happening at present, but not necessarily at the moment of speaking: We are studying English and Spanish. 3.We can use the Present Continuous when we talk about temporary actions taking place only for a period of time (today, this week, this semester, this year): I'm living with my parents at the moment but soon I'll buy my own house. 4. Present Continuous is also used to express current trends: Fuel prices are rising constantly because of strong demand. 5. We can use the Present Continuous when we talk about repeated actions which are irritating to the speaker (always, constantly): My son is always getting into trouble in school. 6. Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to describe a planned action in the near future: We are having lunch at 12.30 o'clock. **** The Present Continuous is made with the present form of the verb "to be" (I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are) + the '-ing' form of the main verb. The 'ing' form of the verb is called the Present Participle. Affirmative (Positive) Form I You He She It We You They am are is is is are are are reading reading reading reading reading reading reading reading I You He She It We You They Negative Form am are is is is are are are not not not not not not not not reading reading reading reading reading reading reading reading Am Are Is Is Is Are Are Are Question Form I you he she it we you they reading? reading? reading? reading? reading? reading? reading? reading?

The Present Perfect Tense Usage of Present Perfect Tense: 1. The present perfect is used when the time period has not finished I have seen three movies this week. 2. The present perfect is often used when the time is not mentioned Gerry has failed his exam again. 3. The present perfect is often used when the time is recent Ben has just arrived in Victoria. 4. The present perfect is often used with for and since *for: duration of a period of time *since: to talk about when a period started Greg has lived here for 20 years. Greg has lived here since 1978. 5. To talk about general life experience Have you ever worked abroad? 6. An action that has already taken place earlier than expected or action which will happen if it has not happened yet. She has already printed this page. 7. Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present I have twisted my ankle. 8. A habitual action in a period of time up to the present I have been jogging every morning for the last month. 9. To describe an action that had begun in the past and lasted up to now I haave known about the plans to spin off this service from the company. **** The Present Simple Tense is formed from subject + auxiliary verb have + Past Participle ( III) Affirmative Negative I have left I haven't left You have left You haven't left He, she, it has left He, she, it hasn't left We have left We haven't left You have left You haven't left They have left They haven't left The Present Perfect Continuous Tense Interrogative Have I left? Have you left? Has he,she,it left? Have we left? Have you left? Have they left?

Usage of Present Perfect Continuous Tense: 1. We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now. I'm tired because I've been running. 2. We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since. I have been reading for 2 hours. 3. An incomplete activity I have been cleaning the house but I still havent finished. 4. To emphasize duration I have been writing letters all morning. 5. A recently finished activity I have been running, thats why I look hot. **** The present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been) + the present participle of the main verb. Positive I have been working You have been working He, she, it has been living working We have been living working You have been working They have been working Negative I haven't been working You haven't been working He hasn't been working We haven't been working You haven't been working They haven't been working Interrogative Have I been working? Have you been working? Has she been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?

The Past Simple Tense Usage of Past Simple Tense: 1. To describe actions and situations that happened in the past. These actions and situations were started and finished in the past. We arrived at 9:00 o'clock. ****The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of time, such as yesterday, the other day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few minutes ago, in (year), from (year) to (year), etc. 2. To talk about habitual or repeated actions that took place in the past When she was young, she danced beautifully. 3. To tell a story and to express actions which follow each other in a story It happened one night in the winter. 4. To refer to the historical past or to events that have happened in the distant past relative to the speaker Romans built strong bridges. 5. For reporting what someone said (converting from direct to reported speech) David said that he was tired. 6. To talk about action in the past that take place in the middle of another action When Peter arrived, I was reading a book. **** if a regular verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -ed: carry - carried, study - studied, fry - fried, try tried **** if a one syllable regular verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant double the final consonant and add -ed -- > stop - stopped, plan - planned, rob - robbed, beg begged **** if a regular verb has more than one syllable and ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant only if the final syllable is stressed -> preFER - preferred, regRET regretted ****The past simple tense of the most english verbs (regular verbs) is formed by adding "-ed"/"-d" to their base form. (If the verb ends in "-e", we add "-d" to form the past simple.) Affirmative form Regular verbs:

base form + "-ed" or "-d": work + "-ed" = worked live + "-d" = lived I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked I/you/he/she/it/we/they lived Irregular verbs: past form only I/you/he/she/it/we/they saw Negative form I you he/she/it we they DID + NOT /DIDN'T/ + WORK

He didn't work yesterday. She didn't see him last night. Interrogative form I you he/she/it we they

DID

WORK?

Did he work yesterday? Did she see him last night?

The Past Continuous Tense Usage of Past Continuous Tense:

1. Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. 2. You can also use a specific time as an interruption. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. 3. When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. I was studying while he was making dinner. 4. In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service. 5. The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." She was always coming to class late. 6. Repetition and irritation in the past, criticism She was always coming to the class late. 7. Usually with wonder I was wondering. ****Formation: subject + was/were + present participle

Positive I / he / she / it I was speaking.

Negative I was not speaking. You were not speaking.

Question Was I speaking? Were you speaking?

you / we / they You were speaking.

The Past Perfect Tense

Usage of Past Perfect Tense: 1. The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. 2. With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. 3. Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. 4. If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. ****Formation had + Past Participle Positive I had asked/gone You had asked/gone He, she, it had asked/gone We had asked/gone You had asked/gone They had asked/gone Negative I had not asked/gone You had not asked/gone He, she, it had not asked/ gone We had not asked/gone You had not asked gone They had not asked/gone Interrogative Had I asked/gone? Had you asked/gone? Had he, she, it asked/gone? Had we asked/ gone? Had you asked/gone? Had they asked/gone?

The Past Perfect Continuous Usage of Past Perfect Continuous:

1. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. 2. Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Jason was tired because he had been jogging. **** Formation: had been + present participle

to work

I / he / she / it / you / we / they He had not (hadn't) been working. Had she been working? Had they been working? Yes, she had. No, they hadn't.

Affirmative I had been working. Negative Question Short answers

The Future Simple Tense 1. "Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to

someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something. I will send you the information when I get it. 2. "Will" is usually used in promises. I will call you when I arrive. 3. To express spontaneous decisions I shall close the window. 4. To predict future events. I think it will rain. ****Formation: subject + will/shall + base verb Affirmative I shall You will He, she, it will We shall You will Interrogative Shall I? Will you? Will he, she, it? Shall we? Will they? Negative I shall not. You will not. He, she, it will not We shall not. They will not.

The Future Continuous

1. Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. 2. In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. 3. When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. 4. To make polite enquiries Will you be coming with me to the concert tonight? **** Formation: subject + will/shall + be + present participle

I you we they he she it

POSITIVE Shall be Will be Shall be Will be will be will be will be

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

I you we they he she it

NEGATIVE will not be will not be will not be will not be will not be will not be will not be

writing writing writing writing writing writing writing

will will will will will will will

QUESTION I be writing you be writing we be writing they be writing he be writing she be writing it be writing

The Future Perfect Tense

1. The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. By next November, I will have received my promotion. 2. With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future. I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.

**** Formation: subject + will/shall + have

subject

auxiliary verb will will will will you they not not

auxiliary verb have have have have have have

main verb finished forgotten gone left. arrived? received it? by 10am. me by then. to school.

+ + ? ?

I You She We Will Will

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense 1. We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future. They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. 2. Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect. Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour. ****Formation: subject+ will/shall + have been +present participle subject auxiliary verb will will will will you they not not auxiliary verb have have have have have have been been been been been been talking talking talking talking talking talking

+ + ? ?

I You She We Will Will