CAPACITY ESTIMATION FOR SIR-BASED POWER CONTROLLED

CDMA SYSTEM WITH MIXED CELL SIZES

Sami A. El-Dolil
Dept. of Electronic and Electrical Comm. Eng., Faculty of Electronic Eng, Menoufya Univ.
Msel_dolil@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
In heavily populated areas, cell splitting used to increase the capacity
of the cellular system. Cell splitting produces a cellular system with
mixed cell sizes. Many previous studies assumed strength-based
power control, which maintains received power at a desired level
regardless of changes in the number of active users and in the
amount of total other cells interference. However, with signal-to-
interference ratio (SIR)-based power control systems, that maintain
the received SIR at a desired level, the power level is a function of
the above two variables. This study calculates the reverse link
capacity of SIR-based power control system with mixed cell sizes.
Keywords: CDMA system capacity, power control, and cell splitting.

1 INTRODUCTION Then the cellular system is configured with cells of

Capacity estimation in Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) systems is an important issue which
is closely related to power control, cell sizes, and
other factors. Power control is needed to minimize
each user’s interference on the reverse link in
varying radio environments and traffic conditions
[1]. Previous studies [2]- [4] considered power
control systems in which each user’s signal arrives at
the home base station (BS) with the same signal
strength. The BS measures the received power level
and compares it with a desired level and then
transmits power control bit(s). This system is
referred to as a strength-based power control system.
The signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is more
important than signal strength in determining
channel characteristics (e.g., bit error probability ),
where SIR- based power control determining the
value of the power control bit by comparing the
received SIR with the desired SIR threshold.
The received signal power level varies according
to the number of active home-cell users and the
amount of other cells interference. Thus, the analysis
of an SIR-based power control system is
significantly different from the analysis of strength-
based power control systems.
On the other hand the cell size is determined based
on the traffic load and population density of the
service area. In heavily populated areas, cell splits
are used to increase the capacity of the cellular
system. After cell splitting, macro cells are split into
small micro cells. The split cells have different cell
sizes from those of the other cells surrounding them.
mixed sizes. In a uniform cell size environment, all
the cells are in the identical condition and the
interferences received by individual cells are equal.
Therefore, every cell has the same reverse link
capacity. In a mixed cell size environment, however,
cells are different from each other. Thus, each cell
will have a different reverse link capacity [3].
In this paper the reverse link capacity of SIR-based
power control system with mixed cell sizes is
calculated. Consider a macro cell is split into three
micro cells, as an example, and the reverse link
capacities for the three micro cells and the
neighboring macro cells are calculate.
The reminder of this paper is organized as follows.
In section II, the reverse link capacity of an SIR-
based power control system with uniform cell size is
calculated. In section III, the reverse link capacity of
SIR-based power control system with mixed cell
sizes is obtained. In Section IV, conclusion is
presented.
2 REVERSE LINK CAPACITY OF SIR-BASED
POWER CONTROL SYSTEM WITH
UNIFORM CELL SIZE
In a multiple-cell CDMA system, a MS is
power-controlled by the BS that sending the highest
strength pilot signal to the MS. This BS is called the
home BS of the given MS. The path loss L between
the MS and the BS is described as,
−µ ζ / 10
L ∝ r 10 (1)
where,

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 1

r distance from a MS to a BS; difference has zero mean and a variance of 2σ2 .
µ path loss exponent; Assuming a uniform density of users and
ζ attenuation in dB due to shadowing, which is a normalizing the hexagonal cell radius to unity, the
Gaussian random variable with standard deviation σ user density is given by,
of 8 dB and zero mean. 2 (3)
ρ = N
3 3
2.1 Calculation of Total Other Cell Interference where N is the number of users per cell. Then the
First, the reverse link interference from each tier to total other cell interference can be expressed as [4],
the center cell is calculated separately. Then, we can [5],
obtain the total other cell interference which is the µ
interference produced by all users who are power- ⎛r ⎞ r
Io = ∫∫ S ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟ 10(ξo −ξm ) / 10 Q(ξ o − ξ m , o ) ρdA (4)
controlled by other BS’s. If the interfering subscriber
⎝ ro ⎠ rm
in another cell is located at a distance rm from its BS
where m is the cell site index and is given by,
and ro from the BS of the desired user, as shown in
Fig. 1, the other user when active, produces an rmµ 10 −ξ m = min rkµ 10 −ξ k , k ≠ 0 (5)
interference to the desired user’s BS given by [4], and
µ
⎛10(ζ0 / 10) ⎞ ⎛ rµ ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎧ ⎛ rm ⎞
µ

I(ro, rm) = S⎜⎜ µ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ (ζmm / 10) ⎟⎟ = S⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟ 10(ζ0 −ζ m ) / 10 ≤ 1 ro ⎪⎪1, if ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 10 ( ξ o − ξ m ) / 10

≤1
⎝ r0 ⎠ ⎝10 ⎠ ⎝ r0 ⎠ Q (ξ o −ξm,
rm
) = ⎨ ⎝ ro ⎠
(2) ⎪ 0, otherwise
⎪⎩
where S is the received power at the home BS, the
first term is due to the attenuation caused by distance (6)
and blockage to the given BS, while the second term For simplicity the smallest distance rm is used rather
is the effect of power control to compensate for the than the smallest attenuation described in (6)
corresponding attenuation to the BS of the out-of-cell
interferer. For all values of the above parameters, the rm = min rk , k ≠ 0 (7)
expression is less than unity, otherwise the subscriber A Gaussian model is considered for I0. Assuming
would switch to the BS that makes it less than unity. that the received power S, the distances, and the
shadowing are mutually independent, the mean of I0,
can be expressed as,
µ
7 ⎡ ⎛ rm ⎞
E ( I 0 ) = E ⎢ ∫∫ S ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 10 ( ξ o − ξ m ) / 10
18 8 ⎢⎣ ⎝ ro ⎠ (8)
17 1 9 ro ⎤
.Q ( ξ o − ξ m , ) ρ dA ⎥
rm rm ⎦
6 2
µ
{σ ln( 10 ) / 10 }2 ⎛ rm ⎞
16 r0 10 = E [ S ]e ∫∫ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Q ( x ) ρ dA (9)
0
⎝ ro ⎠
5 3
where,
15 4 11 ⎛ 10 µ ln( 10 ) ⎞
x = ⎜⎜ log 10 ( ro / rm ) − 2σ 2
⎟ ,
⎝ 2σ
2 10 ⎟⎠
14 12
and
13 ∞
1
∫e
(− y2 / 2)
Q ( x) = dy
2π x

Figure 1: A hexagonal cellular The variance of Io can be expressed as,

⎧ 2 {σ ln(10 ) / 5}2 ⎫
2µ E [ s ]e
In a strength-based power control system [3], S is ⎛ rm ⎞ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
Var ( I 0 ) = ∫∫ ⎜⎜⎝ r ⎟⎟ ⎨.Q ( M ) − E [ S ] ⎬ ρ dA
2
constant regardless of changes in the number of
active users and in the total other cell interference. In o ⎠ ⎪ {σ ln(10 ) / 10 }2 2 ⎪
SIR-based power control system, however, S is a ⎪⎩.e Q ( x ) ⎪⎭
function of the number of active home users and
(10)
total other cell interference. If it is assumed that
where,
maximum received power is limited to hmax, then S is
a random variable in the range of [0, hmax]. Since ζo
and ζm are assumed to be mutually independent, the

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 2

 ⎛ 10 µ ln(10) ⎞⎟
M = ⎜⎜ log 10 (ro / rm ) − 2σ 2 Then the pdf fH(h) can be obtained as,
⎝ 2σ
2 5 ⎟⎠ N −1

The integrals in (9),and (10) can be numerically fH (h ) = ∑

i= 0
FH K =i
( h )π i
(14)
obtained. Thus the mean and variance of I0 can be
N −1
obtained by calculating E[S] and E[S2].
2
where πi = Pr{K= i}, and ∑π
0
i =1
2.2 Calculation of E[S] and E[S ]
The received power from a user at the home BS is Now we can define E[S] and E[S2] as follow,
h max N −1 h max
assumed to be a random variable H with a probability
density function (pdf) of fH(h) when the MS is active.
E[S] = P ∫ hf H ( h )dh = P ∑ π i
0 i=0
∫ hF
0
H K =i
( h ) dh
Eb/Io is given by [1],
⎛ Eb ⎞ (15)
h/R (11)
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = hmax N −1 hmax
⎝ Io ⎠ 3
( HK + I o ) / W + η o E[S 2 ] = P ∫ h 2 f H (h)dh = P∑ π i ∫h
2
FH K =i (h)dh
2 0 i =0 0
where,
(16)
R data rate;
where P is the voice activity factor.
W chip rate;
ηo background noise;
2.3 System Capacity
H received power of an active user;
In the SIR-based power control system, Pout can be
K number of active users among (N-1) users.
defined as [1],
When MS’s are power controlled to maintain the
minimum power satisfying the required Eb/Io (i.e., γ)
Pout = Pr{The required power is higher than
the power level H is given by [1],
3
W η o + I
hmax K ≤ α }+Pr{K>α} (17)
2
o (12)
H = ⎧η + Y ⎫
3 G
− K
Pout = Pr ⎨ f h max K ≤ α ⎬. Pr {K ≤ α } + Pr{ K > α }
2 γ ⎩α − K ⎭
where G =W/R is the processing gain. H in (12) is the (18)
required MS power to satisfy Eb/Io = γ. If K exceeds ⎣α ⎦ ⎛ α h max − kh max − η − E ( I o ) ⎞ N −1

(3/2)(G/ γ), the required power become negative Pout = ∑ π k Q⎜ ⎟ + ∑πk

⎜ Var ( I o ) ⎟ k = ⎣α ⎦+1
value and system enters an outage state. With a
k =0 ⎝ ⎠
power limit of hmax, the system is also in an outage (19)
state when the required power exceeds hmax. Thus where ⎣ X ⎦ is the greatest integer which is less than or
outage occurs when the required power is higher than equal to x.
hmax, or less than 0 in a power limited system. The
following variables are defined for simplicity η = 2.4 Comparison Between Strength-Based Power
(3/2)Wηo, α = (3/2)G/γ, and Y=Io Control and SIR-Based Power Control
The cumulative distribution function (cdf) of H under In this section, system capacities based on two
a condition of K=i, is expressed as [1], different power control schemes are compared. It is
⎧ 0, h<0
interesting to note that system capacities based on
⎪ two different power control schemes are identical in a
⎪ h single cell environment because of no other cell
⎪⎪ Ao + A max + ∫ α − i . f y ( x (α − i ) interference.
FH K =i ( h ) = ⎨ 0
In the signal strength-based power control system, S
⎪ − η ) dx , 0 ≤ h ≤ h max is a constant [4]. Pout is given by,
⎪
⎪ 1, Pout = Pr {Eb / I 0 < γ } (20)
⎪⎩ h > h max
Fig. 2 shows Pout versus the number of users for two
(13) different power control schemes. By considering the
where Ao and Amax denote the probabilities that H is first and second tiers for µ = 4, σ = 8dB, W = 1.2288
below zero and exceeds hmax, respectively. These Mcps, R = 9.6Kbps, ηo = 1.3x10-20 W/Hz, hmax =
probabilities are given by [6], 2x10-14 W, γ = 7dB, P = 3/8 [1]. The values of E(I0)
0 and Var(I0) are numerically obtained as 0.06175×N
Ao = ∫α −i f
−∞
y ( x (α − i ) − η ) dx and 0.004875×N respectively.
The reverse link capacity N is defined as the
∞ maximum integer N satisfying the outage probability
A max = ∫α −i f
h max
y ( x (α − i ) − η ) dx Pout less than or equal to the threshold. For Pout =0.01,
an SIR-based power control system can support

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 3

approximately 30% more users than a strength-based
power control system according to Fig. 2.
Figure 2: Outage probability of strength-based and
SIR-based power control systems.
Fig. 3 shows the effect of activity factor P, where as
P decreases, more users can be accommodated by
SIR-based power control system. As an example, the
capacity of SIR-based power control system for Pout
=0.01, is 36 and 66 users for P = 1 and P = 3/8,
respectively.
3 REVERSE LINK CAPACITY OF SIR-BASED
POWER CONTROL SYSTEM WITH MIXED
CELL SIZE
In a uniform cell environment, individual cell has
identical E(I0) and Var(I0) since every cell is in the
same condition. In a mixed cell environment,
however, the individual cell does not have the same
cell size and outside environment and receives a
distinct amount of interference from outer cells.
Furthermore, due to different cell sizes, each cell has
a different received signal power . Thus, each cell
will have different values of E(I0) and Var(I0) from
the other cells. Each cell will have a different reverse
link capacity. In order to calculate the reverse link
capacity for each cell, we should know E(I0) and
Var(I0) for each cell.
Let Si denote the received signal power at the cell
site of cell i. We calculate Si for a given cell size,
after that, calculate Io/Si, mean, and variance. Finally,
obtain the reverse link capacity for the given cell. A
cell size in a CDMA cellular system is mainly
determined by the path loss and the pilot signal
power transmitted at the cell site.
When a mobile user transmits a signal at a cell
boundary, the received signal power at the cell site
depends mainly on the cell size is shown in Fig. 4 [7].
If a mobile user belonging to cell j is located at the
cell boundary, the received signal power S can be
expressed as [3],
1 −ξ / 10
S = St 10 j
(21)
R µj
dB

St

Si

Sj

Rj Ri distance
BSj Cell boundary BSi
(a)
dB
Pj
Figure 3: Outage probability versus the
number of users for various values of P. Pi

Prx

Rj Ri distance
BSj Cell boundary BSi
(b)
Fig.4. Cell boundary condition (a) Reverse link
(b) Forward Link.
Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 4
where St is the transmitted signal power of the mobile µ
Sj ⎛R ⎞
user, which has a range from zero to Smax, and Rj and =⎜ i ⎟ (29)
ζj are the radius of cell j and the corresponding S i ⎜⎝ R j ⎟
⎠
shadowing factor (zero mean and σj dB standard
When a mobile user is located at the cell boundary
deviation), respectively. From (19), we have;
between cell i and cell j, the average received pilot
10 log St = 10µ log Rj +10 log S + ζj (22) signal power from the cell site of cell i is equal to that
from the cell site of cell j, which is
Since the received power S varies according to the 1 1
number of active home cell users and the amount of µ
Pi = µ P j (30)
other cell interference in SIR-based power control Ri Rj
system, with mean E[S] and mean square E[S2] as in where Pj and Pi are the pilot signal power transmitted
(15) and (16) respectively. Then the standard by cell site of cell j and cell i, respectively. From
deviation of S can be expressed as, (30), Pi can be expressed as,
σs = E[S 2 ] − E 2 [S ] (23) ⎛ R ⎞
µ

It is clear that 10 log St is a Gaussian random Pi = ⎜ i ⎟ P j (31)

⎜R ⎟
variable with a mean of (10µ log Rj +10 log E[S]) ⎝ j ⎠
and a standard deviation of 10 log σs + σj dB. In If a mobile user is located at a distance of ri from the
CDMA cellular systems, the interference received at cell site of cell i and rj from the cell site of cell j.
a cell site is proportional to the number of other From (21) and (31) the mobile user will select cell j
users. Therefore, as the number of other users as the serving cell if,
increases, S should be increased so that 10 log St µ
10 −ξ i / 10 ⎛ Ri ⎞ − ξ / 10
10 j
will be increased. Pj ⎜ ⎟ < Pj (32)
An outage occurs when 10 log Smax < 10 log St. If the ri µ ⎜R ⎟ r jµ
system requires that the outage probability Pout be ⎝ j ⎠ i≠ j
less than or equal 0.01, then, Since the received power at cell j is Sj , the signal
power transmitted by the mobile user can be
Pr (10 log S max < 10 log S t ) = expressed as,
ξ j / 10
⎛ 10 log S max − (10 µ log R j + 10 log E[ S ]) ⎞ S t = S j r jµ 10 (33)
Q⎜ ⎟ ≤ 0.01
Then the interference produced by the mobile user to
⎜ 10 log σ + σ ⎟
⎝ s j ⎠ the cell site i, when active is,
(24)
⎛ 10 ξ j / 10 ⎞ ⎛ r jµ ⎞
The received signal power at the cell site of cell j, Sj, I ( ri , r j ) = S j ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ξ / 10 ⎟ (34)
µ ⎟ ⎜ 10 i ⎟
can be defined as the maximum S satisfying Pout ≤ ⎝ ri ⎠⎝ ⎠
0.01. The cell site of cell j will require Sj when the From (29) I(ri ,rj), can be expressed as,
cell is in fully loaded state. It is important to note that µ
if cell j requires S larger than Sj due to the increase of ⎛ 10 ξ j / 10 ⎞ ⎛ r jµ ⎞⎛ R i ⎞
I ( ri , r j ) = S i ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ξ / 10 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ≤1
the number of other users, the call of the mobile user µ ⎟ ⎜ 10 i ⎟⎜ R j ⎟
will be forced terminated. The Sj (in dB) is given as
⎝ ri ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
[3], (35)
If a CDMA system consists of M non-uniform cells
10logS j = −σ j Q (0.01) +10logSmax −10µ logRj
−1
and there are Nj users for cell j, then the total other
(25) user interference-to-signal ratio at the cell site of cell
In a similar manner, the received signal power at cell i is,
i, Si can be expressed as, µ
M Nj
x k , j I k , j ( ri , r j ) ⎛ Ri ⎞
10logSi = −σ i Q−1 (0.01) + 10logSmax − 10µ log Ri
Io = Si ∑ ∑ Sj
⎜
⎜R
⎟
⎟
(36)
j =1, j ≠ i k =1 ⎝ j ⎠
(26) where xk,j is a random variable to represent voice
The logarithmic ratio of Sj to Si is activity for the user x =1 with probability α and x = 0,
Sj R with probability 1-α, and Ik,j(ri,rj) denotes the
10 log = (σ i − σ j ) Q −1 ( 0 . 01 ) + 10 µ log i interference produced by the kth user in cell j. E(Io)
Si Rj
and Var(Io) for cell i can be evaluated by using (36),
(27) (9), and (10). Then the reverse link capacity of cell i
µ can be calculated by using (19).
Sj ⎛ R ⎞ ((( σ − σ ) Q − 1 ( 0 . 01 )) / 10 )
= ⎜ i ⎟ 10 i j (28) As an example for mixed cell sizes, we assume that
Si ⎜R ⎟ the center macro cell BS0 in Fig. 1 is split into three
⎝ j⎠
micro cells (BS0(1), BS0(2), and BS0(3)) and the new
If ζj and ζi are assumed to have an equal probability
cell sites are located at the center of the split cells as
distribution, then Sj / Si can be simplified to,

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 5

shown in Fig. 5.
BS1
BS2 BS6
Rmacro BS0(1)
Rmicro BS0
(3)
BS0(2)
BS5
BS3
BS4
Fig. 5. A cellular system with mixed cell sizes.
The reverse link capacity of the first tiered macro
cell is heavily affected and is likely to be reduced by
the new micro cells. However, that of the second
tiered macro cell is affected very little because of the
enough distance between the second tiered macro
cells and the micro cells. Now the reverse link
capacity of the micro cell (i.e.Io1) will be calculated
first. After that, the reverse link capacity of the first
tiered macro cell (i.e.Io2) will be calculated.
As shown in Fig. 5, micro cell BS0(1) receive
interference not only from the 18 outer macro cells
but also from two neighboring micro cells BS0(2) and
BS0(3). If an interfering user is located at distance rm
from its cell site and distance ro from micro cell
BS0(1), the total interference received at BS0(1) from
other cells is expressed as [3],
⎛ 18 N c xi , BSj I i , BSj (ro , rm ) ⎛ R
⎜
⎜ ∑∑
⎜⎜
j =7 i =1 S macro
⎜ cellular systems, channel capacity is simply increased
⎜ 6 N macro xi , BSj I i , BSj (ro , rm ) ⎛ Rmicro ⎞ µ
I o1 = S micro ⎜ + ∑ ∑
S macro
⎜ j =1 i =1
⎜ 3 N micro
⎜+ xi , BSj I i , BS 0( k ) (ro , rm ) ⎞
∑
⎜ k =2 i =1 ∑ S micro
⎝ ⎠
(37)
where Nc is reverse link capacity before cell split,
Nmacro and Nmicro are the reverse link capacity for the
first tiered macro cells and the micro cells after cell
split, and Rmacro and Rmicro are the radius of the macro
cell and the micro cell, respectively.
Similarly, if an interfering user is located at distance
rm from its cell site and distance ro from macro cell
BS1, which is one of the first tiered cells, the total
interference received at BS1 from the other cells is
Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal
expressed as,
⎛
⎜ 18 N c x I (r , r )
⎜ ∑∑ i , BSj i , BSj o m +
⎜ j =7 i =1 S macro
⎜ 6 N
macro x
i , BSj I i , BSj ( ro , rm )
I o 2 = S macro ⎜⎜ ∑ ∑
S macro
⎜ j = 2 i =1
⎜ 3 N micro −µ
⎜+ xi , BSj I i , BS 0( k ) (ro , rm ) ⎛ Rmicro ⎞ ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ∑ ∑
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
k =1 i =1 S micro ⎝ Rmacro ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝
(38)
From Fig. 5, Rmicro/ Rmacro = 3 / 2 and from Fig. 2
for Pout = 0.01, Nc = 66. E(Io1) and Var(Io1) for the
micro cell and E(Io2) and Var(Io2) for the macro cell
can be numerically obtained by using (9) and (10).
As shown in table 1, the values of E(Io1), Var(Io1),
E(Io2) and Var(Io2) are functions of Nc, Nmicro, and
Nmacro. The reverse link capacities are obtained by
substituting the values of E(Io1), Var(Io1), E(Io2) and
Var(Io2) into (19), under the same condition used in
section II.
The reverse link capacities (RLC) for cell BS1 and
BS0(1) are the maximum Nmacro and Nmicro satisfying
Pr(BER > 10-3) < 0.01 at BS1 and BS0(1) respectively.
The reverse link capacities are given in Table 1, with
that when Rmicro/ Rmacro equals 3 / 4 . From the
results, we can see that, cell radius is one of the
factors affecting the reverse link capacity of the cell.
Note that the reverse link capacity of the micro cell
increases as Rmicro/ Rmacro decreases. On the other
hand, the reverse link capacity of the first tiered
macro cell significantly decreases as Rmicro/ Rmacro
decreases. As Rmicro decreases, Smicro increases, as
shown in Fig. 4 (a). Then the reverse link capacity
increases since I01/ Smicro decreases. The results show
that the reverse link capacity of the first tiered macro
µ
micro ⎞
cells is decreased by cell split. This is due to the
⎟⎟ increased interference resulted from the increased
⎝ Rmacro ⎠ number of users in the split cell area. In FDMA
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ as much as frequency reuse by cell split. Also in
CDMA cellular systems, reverse link capacity in a
⎝ Rmacro ⎠ service area can be increased by cell split. When
Rmicro/ Rmacro = 3 / 2 after the cell split, the reverse
⎟⎟
link capacity in the split cell area is undoubtedly
increased from 66 channels to 65×3 = 195 channels.
However, the capacity increase is obtained at the
expense of the reverse link capacity decrease at the
first tiered macro cells surrounding the split cells.
That is, the reverse link capacity in the first tiered
cells decreases from 66 to 54 channels.
6
 Table 1. a Mean and Variance for Io1 and Reverse link capacity for micro cell.
Rmicro/ Rmacro E(Io1) Var(Io1) RLC for micro cell

3/2 0.01238×Nc + 0.000675×Nc + 65

0.02868×Nmacro + 0.00249× Nmacro +
0.03053× Nmicro) 0.0035× Nmicro
3/4 0.1132×Nc + 0.01238×Nc + 80
0.03807×Nmacro + 0.00360×Nmacro +
0.04405× Nmicro 0.00540× Nmicro
Table 1. b Mean and Variance for Io2 and Reverse link capacity for macro cell.
Rmicro/ Rmacro E(Io2) Var(Io2) RLC for macro cell

3/2 0.00394×Nc + 0.000102×Nc + 54

0.0487×Nmacro + 0.00447× Nmacro +
0.03053× Nmicro 0.00413× Nmicro
3/4 0.00035×Nc + 0.000038×Nc + 40
0.0124×Nmacro + 0.00123×Nmacro +
0.0289× Nmicro 0.0040× Nmicro

4 CONCLUSION
[4] K. S. Gilhousen, I. M. Jacobs, R. Padovani, A. J.
From the above analysis it is clear that; in a
Viterbi, L. A. WeaverJr.,and C.E.Wheatley III,
uniform cell size environment, all cells are in
“On the capacity of a cellular CDMA system,”
identical conditions and the interferences received by
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 40, pp. 303–312,
individual cells are equal. Therefore, every cell has
May 1991.
the same reverse link capacity. The results show that,
[5] K. I. Kim, “CDMA cellular engineering issues,”
with Pout = 0.01, an SIR-based power control system
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 42, pp. 345-349,
can support approximately 30% more users than a
Aug. 1993.
strength-based power control system in a uniform cell
[6] S. J. Lee, H. W. Lee, and D. K. Sung,
size environment.
“Capacities of single-code and multi-code DS-
Also, calculating the reverse link capacity of SIR-
CDMA systems accommodating multimedia
based power control system with mixed cell sizes
services,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 48,
when splitting a macro cell into three micro cells, as
pp. 376-384, Mar. 1999.
an example, and calculate the reverse link capacities
[7] J. Shapira, “Micro cell engineering in CDMA
for the three micro cells and the neighboring macro
cellular networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.,
cells. The results show that, the radius of the cell is
vol. 43, pp. 3817-3825, Nov. 1994.
one of the factors that affecting the reverse link
capacity of the cell, where, the reverse link capacity
of the micro cell increases as Rmicro/ Rmacro decreases.
On the other hand, the reverse link capacity of the
first tiered macro cell significantly decreases as
Rmicro/ Rmacro decreases.

5 REFERENCES
[1] D. K. Kim and D. K. Sung, “Capacity estimation
for an SIR-based power-controlled CDMA
system supporting on-off traffic,” IEEE Trans.
Veh. Technol., vol. 49, pp. 1094–1101, July 2000.
[2] W. C. Lee, “Overview of cellular CDMA,” IEEE
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[3] H. G. Jeon, S. M. Shin, T. Hwang, and C. E.
Kang “Reverse link capacity analysis of a
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2163, Nov. 2000.

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 7

Ubiquitous Computing and Communication Journal 8