NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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Chapter 3

Change of State

Checkpoint (p.64) 1. castor oil : liquid state oxygen : gaseous state iron : solid state (a) condensation (b) evaporation (c) solidification/freezing (d) fusion/melting

2.

Checkpoint (p.70) 1. (a) When water reaches its boiling point, it absorbs latent heat from the stove to change its state from liquid to gas . (b) When snow melts, it absorbs latent heat of fusion from the surroundings. Hence, the surrounding area becomes particularly cold. B (a), (b), (d) (a) (i) remain unchanged (ii) increase (iii) increase (b) (i) increase (ii) remain unchanged (iii) increase (c) (i) remain unchanged (ii) increase (iii) increase

2. 3. 4.

Exercise (p.71) 1. C Since the melting point of octadecan-1-ol is 59C, the temperature of octadecan1-ol should remain unchanged at 59C for a period of time. Moreover, the rate of heat loss of a body decreases with the temperature difference between the body and the surroundings. Thus, the answer should be C. A C
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4.

5.

(a) 52C (b) 25 40 min (c) 0 10 min Karen is correct while Jenny is incorrect. The temperature of water and hence the average kinetic energy of the water molecules remain unchanged when water changes to steam. Thus, the water molecules will not move faster when it changes to steam. The latent heat absorbed by molecules is used to overcome the attractive forces between the molecules when water changes into steam. In the process, the energy absorbed transforms into the potential energy of the molecules.

Checkpoint (p.80) 1. (a) (i) Y (ii) X (iii) X (b) The potential energy of the molecules in a substance increases with the separation between the molecules. In general, the change in the mean separation between molecules in the liquid state and the gaseous state is larger than that between the solid state and the liquid state. Thus, the change in potential energy is larger when it changes from the liquid state to the gaseous state. It requires more energy to overcome the attractive forces between the molecules. Therefore, the specific latent heat of vaporization is larger than the specific latent heat of fusion for most substances.

2. C Exercise (p.81) 1. 2. 3. 4. A A C The energy Q released by the water

= mc T + ml
f

= ( 0.5) ( 4200 ) ( 25 0 ) + ( 0.5) 3.34 10 5 = 52 500 +167 000 = 219 500 J

Applying P =

E , the average rate of energy released by the water is t

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P=

219 500 8 60 457 W

5.

(a) The heating element of the iron changes 5 10 4 kg of water at 100C to steam at 100C per second. Applying Q = ml v , the energy supplied by the heating element per second
= (5 10 4 ) (2.26 10 6 ) = 1130 J

Therefore, the power P of the heating element is 1130 W. (b) The energy Q absorbed by 10 g of water at 25C to change to steam at 100C
= mc T + ml v = 25 750 J = ( 0.01 ) ( 4200 ) (100 25 ) + ( 0.01 ) 2.26 10 6

Applying P =
t=

E , the time t taken for the water to change to steam is t

E 25 750 = 22 .8 s P 1130

6.

Applying Q = ml f , the energy Q required to melt the ice completely

= ( 0.8) (3.34 10 5 ) = 267 200 J

Applying P =
t=

E , the time t taken for the ice to melt completely is t

E 267 200 = 445 s P 600

7.

In the calculation, it is assumed that there is no heat lost to the surroundings. The energy Q absorbed by 0.1 kg of water at 25C to change to steam at 100C
= mc T + ml v = 257 500 = 2.575 10 5 J = ( 0.1) ( 4200 ) (100 25 ) + ( 0.1) 2.26 10 6

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8.

Applying =

m , the mass of the can of cola V

= V = (1) ( 350 ) = 350 g = 0.35 kg

The minimum energy Q1 released by the can of cola to cool down to 4C

= mc T = ( 0.35 ) ( 3800 ) ( 25 4 ) = 27 930 J

Let n be the least number of ice cubes needed to cool down the can of cola to 4C. The energy Q2 absorbed by the ice cubes
= mc T + ml f = n ( 3508 J )
Q1 = Q2 27 930 = 3508 n n 7.96

= ( 0.01 n ) ( 4200 ) ( 4 0 ) + ( 0.01 n ) 3.34 10 5

By the law of conservation of energy, we have

9.

Therefore, at least 8 ice cubes are needed to cool down the can of cola to 4C. The energy Q1 absorbed by the ice to change to 0C water
= mc ice T + ml f = ( 2.5) ( 2050 ) [ 0 ( 20 ) ] + ( 2.5) (3.34 10 5 ) = 937 500 J

Let T be the final temperature of the mixture. The energy Q2 absorbed by the 0C water to reach the final temperature T
= mc water T = 10 500 T = ( 2.5) ( 4200 ) (T 0 )

The energy Q3 released by the bowl of punch to cool down to temperature T

= mc bowl T + mc punch T = ( 7 ) ( 840 ) ( 25 T ) + (16 ) ( 4100 ) ( 25 T ) = 1 787 000 71 480 T

By the law of conservation of energy, we have

Q1 + Q2 = Q3 937 500 +10 500 T =1 787 000 71 480 T T 10 .4C

Therefore, the final temperature of the mixture is 10.4C.

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10. (a) From Figure Q10, the melting point of X is 145C. (b) In region B, X exists in both the solid and the liquid states. (c) Applying E = Pt , the energy E supplied by the heater when X melts
= (100 ) (100 30 ) = 7000 J

Applying Q = ml f , the specific latent heat of fusion lf of X

Q m 7000 = 0.05 =1.4 10 5 J kg 1 =

(d) Applying E = Pt , the energy E supplied by the heater when X is in the solid state
= (100 ) ( 30 0 ) = 3000 J

Applying Q = mc T , the specific heat capacity c of X when it is in the solid state

= = Q mT 3000 ( 0.05 ) (145 25 )

= 500 J kg 1 C 1

11. (a) From Figure Q11, the melting point of lead is 330C. (b) From Figure Q11, the liquid lead takes (15 5) = 10 minutes for it to solidify completely. (c) Let P be the rate of heat loss to the surroundings when the lead solidifies. Applying Q = ml f and P =
P= mlf t ( 0.075) ( 23 000) = 10 60 = 2.875 W
E , we have t

Therefore, the rate of heat loss to the surroundings is 2.875 W when the lead solidifies.

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12. (a) (i)

When water changes from the gaseous state to the liquid state, energy is released. Applying Q = ml v , the energy Q released
= ( 0.1) (2.26 10 6 ) = 2.26 10 5 J

(ii) When 100C water in the liquid state cools down to 0C water in the liquid state, energy is released. Applying Q = mc T , the energy Q released
= ( 0.1) ( 4200 ) (100 0 ) = 4.2 10 4 J

(iii) When water changes from the solid state to the liquid state, energy is absorbed. Applying Q = ml f , the energy Q absorbed
= ( 0.6 ) (3.34 10 5 ) = 2.004 10 5 J

(b) The energy Q1 released by 0.1 kg of steam at 100C when it changes to water at 0C = 2.26 10 5 + 4.2 10 4 = 2.68 10 5 J . The energy Q2 absorbed by 0.6 kg of ice at 0C when it changes to water at 0C = 2.004 10 5 J . Since Q1 > Q2, all the ice will melt if 0.1 kg of steam at 100C is mixed with 0.6 kg of ice at 0C. 13. (a) In the microscopic view, the average separation between water molecules in the liquid state is much smaller than that in the gaseous state. Also, the intermolecular forces between molecules in the liquid state are much stronger than that in the gaseous state. (b) The average separation between water molecules in the liquid state is small and the attractive intermolecular forces between the molecules are large. When water changes from the liquid state to the gaseous state, water molecules are moving apart from each other. They have to absorb energy, the latent heat of vaporization, to overcome the attractive forces between them. Checkpoint (p.89) 1. 2. A (a) Yes. It can blow away the water vapour evaporated from the hot tea surface and enhances evaporation. (b) Yes. This enhances evaporation by increasing the surface area of the tea

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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exposed to air. (c) No. A humid environment does not favour evaporation. Exercise (p.89) 1. 2. C Evaporation takes place at any temperature while boiling takes place at the boiling point. Evaporation takes place only on the surface of a liquid while boiling takes place throughout the liquid. (a) When sweat evaporates from the skin of the runner, it takes away latent heat from the runners body. (b) The cold water carries heat away from the runners body through conduction. When the water evaporates from the skin, it also takes away latent heat from the runners body. (c) Sweat can evaporate more readily from quick-dry sportswear than common sportswear. (a) condensation (b) The water droplets evaporate from the glasses. (a) Applying Q = ml v and P = P
ml v t ( 0.8) ( 2.43 10 6 ) = 60 60 = 540 W =
E , the average rate of heat lost by evaporation t

3.

4.

5.

6.

(b) The warm and humid air around Paulines body due to the evaporation of sweat is blown away by the wind. Evaporation of sweat and hence the cooling effect are enhanced. (a) Water molecules are moving randomly with different speeds. When they collide with each other, some of them gain kinetic energy while some lose kinetic energy. If the molecules on the surface of the water gain enough energy, they can escape into the air. This results in evaporation. (b) Since the molecules with higher kinetic energy have escaped, the average kinetic energy of the remaining molecules in the water will be lowered. As the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the water is related to its temperature, the water is cooled down.

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Chapter Exercise (p.92) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. B C A C D C A B C C C A B D (a) (i)

(1A) alcohol: liquid (1A) mercury: solid (1A) (ii) alcohol: gas (1A) mercury: liquid (b) Alcohol has a lower freezing point than mercury (1A). An alcohol-in-glass thermometer still works properly at temperatures as low as 100C. However, mercury has already solidified at 39C. 16. (a) (i) Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes its state (1A) from solid to liquid. (1A) (ii) From Figure Q16, the melting point of the metal is 650C.

(iii)

(1A for the melting point + 1A for correct time intervals)

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(b) Let mice be the minimum mass of ice at 0C required. Energy Q1 absorbed by the melted ice = ml f = mice ( 2.26 10 6 )
(1M)

Energy Q2 released by the molten metal when it cools down from 650C to 0C
= ml f + mc T = (1) 3.49 10 5 + (1) (1020 ) ( 650 0 ) = 1.012 10 J
6

(1M)

By the law of conservation of energy, we have

mice ( 2.26 10 6 ) = 1.012 10 6 mice 0.448 kg
(1M + 1A)

Therefore, the minimum mass of ice at 0C required is 0.448 kg. 17. (a) (i) Crushed ice is used to ensure a good thermal contact between the heater and the ice. (ii) This ensures the ice in the two funnels is melting at 0C due to the transfer of heat from the surroundings. (b) Applying Q = ml f , the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is
lf = Q m 36 510 20 310 = 0.315 0.265 = 3.24 10 5 J kg 1

(1A)

(1A)

(1M + 1A)

(c) (i)

Jackys explanation is incorrect. The experiment starts after the ice in the two funnels drips. Thus, the ice should be at 0C when the (1A) experiment is carried out. (ii) Michaels explanation is a possible reason. If the heat supplied by the heater is not totally used to melt the ice, the energy gained by the ice is overestimated. By l f =
Q , the experimental value of the specific m

latent heat of fusion of ice will be higher than the standard value. (1A) (iii) Cindys explanation is a possible reason. If the ice is not crushed fine enough, heat cannot be transferred to the ice efficiently and may be lost to the surroundings. The energy gained by the ice is overestimated. By l f =
Q , the experimental value of the specific latent heat of fusion m
(1A)

of ice will be higher than the standard value. 18. (a) Applying Q = ml v and P =

E , the average power in producing the steam t

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is
P= ml v t ( 0.05) 2.26 10 6 = 1 60 = 1883 .3 1880 W

(1M + 1A)

(b) The heat is transferred to the fish by condensation of steam (1A) and only 30% of the steam produced condenses on the dish (1A). Applying P =
t=

E , the time t for cooking the fish is given by t

E P 2.10 10 5 = 1883 .3 0.3 = 371 .68 s 6.19 min

(1M + 1A)

The time for cooking the fish is 6.19 minutes. 19. The energy Q1 released when 0.2 kg of water cools from 25C to 0C
=m c T = ( 0.2 ) ( 4200 ) ( 25 ) = 21 000 J
(1M)

The energy Q2 absorbed by the ice cubes when their temperature rises from 15C to 0C
= mc T = ( 0.05 + 0.05 ) ( 2050 ) (15 ) = 3075 J
(1M)

The energy Q3 absorbed by the ice cubes at 0C if they change completely to water at 0C
= ml f = ( 0.05 + 0.05 ) 3.34 10 5 = 33 400 J

(1M)

Since Q2 + Q3 > Q1 (1M ), the ice cubes at 0C will not change completely to water at 0C (1A). Thus, a mixture of water and ice at 0C is obtained (1A).

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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20. (a) This increases the surface area of the ether exposed to air (1A). Thus, the rate of evaporation increases greatly (1A). (b) When the ether evaporates, some ether molecules on the liquid surface gain kinetic energy from others through collisions (1A). They will escape from the surface to the air if they gain enough energy (1A). At the same time, energy is transferred from the water in the dish to the ether through conduction which is due to the collisions of the molecules in the water and in the beaker (1A). As the ether keeps evaporating, energy is taken away from the water continuously. The average kinetic energy of the water molecules decreases and the water temperature is lowered. The water turns to ice when the water temperature reaches the freezing point of 0C (1A). 21. (a) In solid, molecules are closely packed and arranged in a regular pattern. They vibrate about fixed positions (1A). In liquid, molecules are close to each other and they can move around freely (1A). (b) When the metal changes from a solid to liquid, the particles will have more freedom to move around. The particles absorb latent energy of fusion from the heat source (1A) and overcome the attractive forces between them. This increases the average distance between the particles and hence increases the potential energy of the particles. Thus, the internal energy of the metal block increases during this period (1A). (c) The student is incorrect. From Figure Q21, the slope of the graph when the metal block is in the solid state is larger than that in the liquid state (1A). Thus, the specific heat capacity of the metal in the solid state is smaller than that in the liquid state (1A). 22. A human body loses heat efficicently in a cool and well-ventilated place because the temperature difference between the body and the surroundings is large (1A) and the air current enhances evaporation of sweat by removing warm and humid air around the body due to the evaporated sweat (1A). The cool wet towel carries heat away from the victims body through conduction (1A). When water evaporates from the wet towel on the victims body, it takes away latent heat from the body, which helps cool the victim down (1A). 23. (UC-IGCSE Oct 2005 P3 Q4) 24. (HKCEE 2002 P1 Q9) 25. (HKCEE 2005 P1 Q3) 26. (HKCEE 2007 P1 Q4)

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NSS Physics in Life (Heat and Gases)

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27. (a) (1) In rural areas, temperature is lowered by evaporation and transpiration of plants. (2) In urban areas, pavements and buildings are composed of asphalt and concrete. These materials mainly absorb radiation from the Sun and cause the rise of temperature in the areas. (3) In summer, the extensive use of air-conditioning systems produces extra heat in urban areas. (2A) (Any two of the reasonable answers) (b) (1) Water has a high specific heat capacity. It absorbs a large amount of energy with only a small temperature change. (2) The cooling effect brought by the evaporation of water is significant because the specific latent heat of vaporization of water is large. (3) Water in the pavement can be refilled easily by collecting rain water. (2A) (Any two of the reasonable answers) (c) In evaporation, some water molecules on the water surface gain kinetic energy from others through collisions (1A). They will escape from the surface to the air if they gain enough energy (1A). Since the molecules with higher kinetic energy have escaped, the average kinetic energy of the remaining molecules in the water is lowered (1A). Thus the water temperature lowered.

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