Table of Contents

Technical Article from The Strem Chemiker Vol. XXI No. 1 on Nanostructured Transition Metals ................................................................................1-18 Nanomaterials Sorted by Major Element ..........................................................................19-29

Strem Chemicals, Inc., established in 1964, manufactures and markets a wide range of metals, inorganics and organometallics for research and development in the pharmaceutical, microelectronics, chemical and petrochemical industries as well as for academic and government institutions. Since 2004, Strem has manufactured a number of nanomaterials including clusters, colloids, particles, powders and magnetic fluids of a range of metals. These are produced by a variety of wet chemical means under patented processes. High purity precursors for nanomaterial synthesis are also available. In 2008, Strem expanded its US-based nanomaterials initiative and established a Nanochemistry Laboratory in Europe at the Institut de Science et dIngenierie Supramoleculaires (ISIS) of the University of Strasbourg, France. It is headed by Dr. Nina Matoussevitch, an experienced Nanochemist. Dr. Matoussevitchs lab works closely with Strems US facility and Prof. Dr. Helmut Bnnemann, Strems nanoconsultant. The goal of the European facility is to serve R&D groups worldwide with custom-made nanostructured materials. Strem also offers many proprietary and non-proprietary catalysts and ligands for organic synthesis through its Catalog of Chemicals for Research. Custom synthesis services are also provided, on a contract basis, from research to commercial scale quantities. Due to Strems focus on quality, most of its products are of high purity, typically 99%, with some at 99.9999% metals purity. Strem also manufactures pharmaceuticals and intermediates under cGMP in FDA inspected kilolab suites. Complete documentation is available, including validation and stability studies. Active Drug Master Files (DMFs), European DMFs and Certificates of Suitability are also maintained. More information is available at www.strem.com. Strem Chemicals Nanomaterials Highlights 2004 Strem introduces Nanomaterial products, manufactured in USA - 1st nanoproduct Co (10nm) made from Co2(CO)8 (Strems first product in 1964) 2008 Strem opens Nanochemistry Laboratory in Europe for tailor-made nanoproducts - offers custom-made nanostructured products for R&D groups worldwide

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NANO 04/09 2009 Strem Chemicals, Inc.

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The Bnnemann Nanochemistry Research Group

Prof. Dr. Helmut Bnnemann Born in Essen, Germany Studied chemistry at the RWTH Aachen. Began his graduate work in Mlheim in 1964 under the supervision of Nobel Laureate Prof. Karl Ziegler. Obtained his doctorate in 1967 with G. Wilke and in 1976 received his Habilitation in Industrial Chemistry. Worked for two years, 1978/9, in the central research laboratories of Degussa and in 1981 was appointed Professor for Industrial Chemistry at the RWTH Aachen. Position: Leader of a research group at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in the Dept. of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Mlheim an der Ruhr, Germany. At the same time he is Scientific Member of the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany, where his research group will be shifted by January 2005. Research Fields: Development and application of novel Nanostructured Materials, e.g. Fuel Cell Catalysts, Magnetic Nanomaterials and Fluids, and Dye Solar Cell Electrodes. Functions: Materials Section Editor of Applied Organometallic Chemistry. GDCh representative in the Organometallic Division of FECHEM. *E-mails: boennemann@mpi-muelheim.mpg.de helmut.boennemann@itc-cpv.fzk.de *Website: www.mpi-muelheim.mpg.de/kofo/english/mpikofo_home_e.html Dr. Werner Brijoux Physicist Born in Oberhausen / Germany Since 1974 member of the Bnnemann Group Dr. Nina Matoussevitch Chemist Magnetic Fluids Born in Minsk / Belarus Since 2001 member of the Bnnemann Group

Dipl. Ing. Rainer Brinkmann Laboratory Manager Born in Mlheim / Germany Since 1973 Member of the Bnnemann Group

Dr. Kyatanahalli S. Nagabhushana Chemist Fuel Cell Catalysts Born in Bangalore / India Since 2002 member of the Bnnemann Group Dr. Guram Khelashvili Chemist Dye Solar Cells Born in Tbilissi / Georgia Joined the group in 2003

Werner Hofstadt Laboratory Technician Born in Mlheim / Germany Since 1969 Member of the Bnnemann Group

Marco Feyer Laboratory Assistant Born in Herne / Germany Joined the Group in 2004

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Nanostructured Transition Metals

By H. Bnnemann*, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, M. Feyer, W. Hofstadt, G. Khelashvili, N. Matoussevitch and K. Nagabhushana Max-Planck-Institut fr Kohlenforschung P.O. Box 10 13 53 45466 Mlheim, Germany *E-mails: boennemann@mpi-muelheim.mpg.de helmut.boennemann@itc-cpv.fzk.de

1.

A Brief Introduction

Nanoparticulate transition metals are generally defined as isolable particles between l and 50 nm in size. As it is obvious from Fig. 1., the main interest for potential applications of these materials stems from their huge surface areas. It has been calculated that e.g. an iron cube of 10nm size exhibits 10% of the atoms at the surface whereas downsizing these particles to 2.5nm exposes 60% of the atoms at the surface [1].

Fig. 1: Nanoparticulate Platinum in High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy This article will cover the following scope of subjects: Metal Nanopowders, Metal Nanoparticles, Nanoparticulate Metal Colloids, Magnetic Fluids, Metallic Nanoclusters, and Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts.

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Nanoparticulate transition metal materials can be obtained in the form of metal nanopowders, where the grain size ranges between 5 50 nm and metal nanoparticles of 1 10 nm size having a relatively narrow size distribution. Nanoparticulate metal colloids are isolable particles with sizes between l and 15nm where the metal cores are prevented from agglomeration by colloidal protecting shells. Metal colloids can be redispersed in organic solvents (organosols) or water (hydrosols). A special form of colloidal metals are magnetic fluids where magnetic metal particle cores such as Fe, Fe/Co alloys or Co are covered by mono- or bilayers of special peptisation agents to give stable dispersions (fluids) in a variety of organic media (e.g. kerosene, silicon oil) or water. In contrast to nanoparticles which are characterized only by their size and elemental composition, metallic nanoclusters contain a defined number of metal atoms, e.g. Ti13 or Au55. In a number of cases nanoclusters can even be described as normal chemical compounds having defined chemical formulae such as [Ti13 x 6THF] [2] or Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 [3]. Nanostructured metal particles have been obtained either by so called top down methods, i.e. by the mechanical grinding of bulk metals, or via bottom-up methods which rely on the wet chemical reduction of metal salts or, alternatively, the controlled decomposition of metastable organometallic compounds such as metal carbonyls. For the production of nanoparticulate metal colloids a large variety of stabilizers, e.g. donor ligands, polymers, and surfactants, are used to control the growth of the initially formed nanoclusters and to prevent them from agglomeration. The chemical reduction of transition metal salts in the presence of stabilizing agents to generate zerovalent metal colloids in aqueous or organic media was first published in 1857 by M. Faraday [4] and this approach has become one of the most common and powerful synthetic methods in this field [5 7]. The first reproducible standard protocols for the preparation of metal colloids (e.g. for 20nm gold by reduction with sodium citrate) were established by J. Turkevich [8 10]. He also proposed a mechanism for the stepwise formation of nanoparticles based on nucleation, growth, and agglomeration, which in essence is still valid. Data from modern analytical techniques and more recent thermodynamic and kinetic results have been used to refine this model as illustrated in Fig. 2.

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Fig. 2: Formation of nanostructured metal colloids by the salt reduction method In the embryonic stage of the nucleation, the metal salt is reduced to give zerovalent metal atoms. These can collide in solution with further metal ions, metal atoms, or clusters to form an irreversible seed of stable metal nuclei. The diameter of the seed nuclei can be well below l nm depending on the strength of the metal-metal bonds and the difference between the redox potentials of the metal salt and the reducing agent applied. The formation of nanoparticulate metal colloids via reductive stabilisation using organo aluminum reagents follows a different mechanism which has been recently elucidated in detail [11]. During the last few decades a considerable body of knowledge has been accumulated on these materials (see the reading list). Highly dispersed mono- and bimetallic colloids can be used as precursors for a new type of catalyst that is applicable both in the homogeneous and heterogeneous phases [12]. Besides the obvious applications in powder technology, material science and chemical catalysis, recent studies have examined the great potential of nanostructured metal colloids as advantageous fuel cell catalysts [13].

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2. Metal Nanopowders Nanostructured metal and alloy powders may be produced either via the reduction or co-reduction of metal salts using alkaline-triorganohydroborates [6] or using the polyol- [14 16] or the alcohol-reduction [17 19] pathways. The triorganohydroborate reduction of e.g. Pt-salts yields Pt nanopowders of ca. 3 4nm size with purities of > 95% . The size distribution, however, is relatively broad and the product is contaminated with small residues of alkaline halides. Via the Polyol Method (see equation below) relatively large Pt nanopowders (e.g. 5 13nm) are obtained in > 99% purity. The reduction is based on the decomposition of the ethylene glycol and its conversion to diacetyl.

N. Toshima from the Science University of Tokyo in Yamaguchi has introduced the alcohol reduction method in the field of nanopowder synthesis [17 19]. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or propanol work simultaneously as solvents and as reducing agents, being oxidized to aldehydes or ketones. Refluxing metal salts or complexes (such as H2PtCl6, HAuCl4, PdCl2, RhCl3 in an alcohol/water solution (1/1, v/v) yields nanocrystalline metal powders in the absence of stabilizers. In the case of Pt, the alcohol reduction of H2PtCl6 gives Pt(0) particles of 3nm size, however with a broad size distribution, and moderate purity (80 90%). It should be mentioned here that in the presence of protective polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), homogeneous colloidal dispersions, e.g. nanometal Pt colloids of 2.7nm size are obtained. Metal nanopowders are of considerable interest in industrial powder technology, metallurgy [20], and in catalysis [21]. 3. Metal Nanoparticles In contrast to Metal Nanopowders which tend to agglomerate to larger grains and where Electron Microscopy shows large particle sizes with a relatively broad size distribution, Metal Nanoparticles generally exhibit small sizes, well defined and regular shapes and have histograms with a narrow size distribution curve (i.e. a good monodispersity). In case of Platinum, spherical nanoparticles of 4nm 0.5nm size are available from pre-prepared 4nm Pt-NR4Cl Organosols (see below) by removing the colloidal stabilizer (i.e. the NR4Cl) from the particle surface via repeated washing [6, 22]. Recently, a novel, size-selective preparation route was found for the manufacture of air stable monodispersed colloidal cobalt nanoparticles via the thermolysis of Co2(CO)8 in the presence of aluminum alkyls [23]. X-ray absorption near edge structure measurements have proven that subsequent smooth air-oxidation provides long term air-stable zerovalent magnetic cobalt particles of c.a. 10nm 0.5nm size (see Fig. 3). A similar procedure leads to zerovalent, air-stable nanoparticles of Ni, Fe, and to Fe/Co alloys.

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Fig. 3: TEM micrograph of air-stable 10 nm cobalt particles Some interesting applications of these materials may soon develop in metallurgy and special fields of powder technology. In wet form these monodisperse Fe-, Co-, Niand Fe/Co alloy particles may be transformed into powerful magnetic fluids (see below). 4. Nanoparticulate Metal Colloids 4.1 Organosols The reduction of metal salts using tetraalkylammonium-hydrotriorganoborates in organic solvents yields metal colloids stabilized by NR4+. The metal particles are well protected by long chain alkyl groups, which make the colloid very soluble in lipophilic organic phases giving up to one molar solutions of zerovalent metals:

MXv + v NR4(BEt3H)

Mcolloid + v NR4X + v BEt3 + v/2 H2

M = metals of the Group 6 11 of the Periodic Table; X = Cl, Br; v = 1, 2, 3; R = alkyl, C6 C20 This very versatile classic method [24] yields generally monodisperse nanoparticulate organosols of 2 3nm size, e.g. Cr (2 3nm), Mo (2.5nm), Fe (3nm), Co (2.8nm), Ni (2.8nm), Rh (2.1nm), Pd (2.5nm), and Pt (2.8nm). Relatively small particles are found in case of Ru (1.3nm) and Ir (1.5nm). In the coin metal series larger

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particle sizes are produced with this procedure, e.g. Cu (8.3nm), Ag (8 13nm), and Au (10nm). Typically the organosols are isolated as viscous, waxy materials which contain ca. 4 10 wt-% of metal. The protecting shell can, however, be washed away to increase the metal content of the sol. For example, a raw Pt organosol containing 4 6 wt.-% of Pt can be purified by redispersion in ether and subsequent precipitation with ethanol. After drying a greyish-black Nano-Pt-colloid is obtained (size: 2.8nm 0.5nm) which contains 70 90 wt-% of Pt depending on the degree of washing. Similarly, a N(Octyl)4Cl-stabilised rhodium organosol (size: 2.1nm 0.5nm) may be purified to give a greyish-black nano-Rh-colloid containing 73 wt.-% of Rh. Via co-reduction of the corresponding metal salts, a 1.7nm 0.5nm bimetallic N(Octyl)4Cl-stabilised Pt/Ru colloid ( 6.9 wt.-% Pt; 3.6 wt.-% Ru) is formed which serves as a valuable precursor to fuel cell anode catalysts [25, 26]. A small sized N(Octyl)4Br-stabilised gold colloid (2.6nm 1.1nm) is available from the thermal decomposition of HAu(NO3)4 x 3 H2O in the presence of N(Octyl)4Br. This material is a good precursor to nanostructured gold and alloy catalysts [27] and electrocatalysts [28]. The controlled decomposition of low valent complexes, preferably in the presence of stabilizers, yields very clean nanoparticulate precursors for fuel cell catalysts and may be applied also for the decoration or coating of preformed metal cores [29]. It is, however, restricted to the availability of appropriate starting complexes (see Fig. 4).

Fig. 4: Organosols via hydrogenolysis and thermolysis of organometallic complexes A special case of organosol preparation via controlled complex decomposition is the recently found decomposition of (CH3)2PtCOD in the presence of trialkylaluminum [30]. As shown in Fig. 5, extremely small Pt particles (size 0.8nm) are formed which represent the first full shell cluster of Pt having 13 Pt atoms. Remarkably, the protecting shell of these organosol type consists exclusively of alkylaluminum which can be easily removed by washing. On the exposure to air the alkylaluminum shell is oxidized to give a Al2O3 matrix where the small Pt particles are regularly distributed as shown in the High Resolution TEM Micrograph (Fig. 5).

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Fig. 5: Formation of 0.8nm Pt stabilized by trialkylaluminum Organoaluminum compounds have been used for the reductive stabilization of mono- and bimetallic nanoparticles [7, 11] to give organometallic organosols as shown in Fig. 6.

or [R2X]

Fig. 6: Reductive stabilization of organosols (e.g. 1 2 nm Pt) with trialkylaluminum According to Fig. 6, colloids of zerovalent elements of Groups 6 11 of the Periodic Table, and also of tin, may be prepared in the form of stable, isolable organosols. Available analytical data suggest that a layer of condensed organoaluminum species protects the transition metal core against aggregation, as depicted in Fig. 6. However, the exact backbone of the colloidal organoaluminum protecting agent has not yet been completely established.

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Unreacted organoaluminum groups (e.g. A1-CH3, Al-C2H5) from the starting material are still present in the stabilizer and have been detected by quantitative protonolysis experiments. 4.2 Hydrosols via Reductive Stabilisation and subsequent Modification The active Al-C bonds have been used for a controlled protonolysis by long-chain alcohols or organic acids (modifiers) to give Al-alkoxide groups in the stabilizer (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7: Hydrosols via modification of the Al-organic protective shell This modification (Fig. 7) of the organoaluminum protecting shell can be used to tailor the dispersion characteristics of the original organosols. A vast spectrum of solubilities of the colloidal metals in hydrophilic media (including water) has been achieved in this way. Inorganic surfaces bearing OH groups can react with the active Al-C bonds in the colloidal protecting shell, opening new possibilities for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. The modification process does not substantially alter the particle size of the metal core (Fig. 8).

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Fig. 8: Size conservation of colloidal Pt/Ru particles under the hydrophilic modification of the (CH3)2Al-acac protecting shell using polyethylene glycol/dodecyl ether Hydrosols are also available through the Polyol- [14 16] or the Alcohol Reduction Method [17 19] as mentioned above. 5. Magnetic Fluids Magnetic fluids (MFs) with narrow size distributions exhibit useful properties for a number of technical and biomedical applications. The magnetic properties of MFs depend strongly on the size of the particles and the concentration of the magnetic material in dispersion. The well known magnetite MFs have a good stability. However, the magnetic properties of these materials are not sufficient for a number of purposes. Consequently, stable MFs on the basis of nanosized metallic Fe-, Co- or Fe/Co alloy colloids are very interesting materials. Air-stable, colloidal, metallic particles (Fe, Co, Ni, and Fe/Co) with a narrow size distribution are accessible via the thermolysis of metal carbonyls in the presence of aluminum alkyls. Subsequent Smooth Air Oxidation leads to long term stable metallic magnetic nanoparticles, as was evidenced by XANES and other physical methods [23, 31, 32]. The isolated particles can be dried for powders or peptised with the help of surfactants resulting in remarkably stable metallic magnetic fluids (MF) applicable for a number of practical purposes. The influence of the aluminum alkyls during the decomposition of Co2(CO)8 in toluene was studied by IR spectroscopy. It was found that the aluminum alkyls act as catalysts for the thermal decomposition of the metal carbonyl via Co4(CO)12 and higher Co carbonyls to give monodisperse Co nanoparticles. Via peptisation of the obtained metallic or bimetallic magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic fluids in different carrier liquids, such as water, hydrocarbons, kerosene, mineral and
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vacuum oils, and silicones, are obtained by using suitable surfactants for each carrier liquid. Suitable surfactants combine strong adsorption properties on the particle surface, good protecting abilities to prevent the particles from oxidation, and good solubility in carrier liquids. The optimal quantity of the surfactants and the best conditions of stabilization have to be elaborated individually. Water based magnetic fluids are also accessible via mono-, bi- or polylayers formed around the particles when ionic, non-ionic, or double surfactants are applied. These air stable magnetic fluids have a high potential for a number of technical and biomedical applications. The magnetic fluids were investigated for their magnetic properties by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), by Moessbauer spectroscopy, by DRIFTS (Diffuse Reflection Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscoy), UPS (Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy), and MIES (Metastable Impact Electron Spectroscopy). The resulting magnetic fluids exhibit extraordinary magnetic properties at low concentrations of the magnetic material (see Fig. 9) and show unusual high magneto-viscous effects.

Fig. 9: High saturation magnetisation (120.1 kA/m = 151mT = 1510G) of a 8.21 Vol-% Co-Kerosene fluid (particle size 11nm)

By TEM it was confirmed that the particle size was not altered during the peptisation process. Moessbauer investigations of Fe and Fe/Co magnetic fluids in kerosene revealed that the particles consist of a metallic or bimetallic core which is protected against air-oxidation by a shell of Fe3+ ions (probably Fe carboxylates and/or Fe oxides). The resulting Moessbauer spectra show a superimposition of the spectra of Fe or the Fe/Co alloy (major component) and Fe3+ as the minor component. In the case of the Co(O) fluid, according to DRIFTS, UPS, and MIES, the anticorrosive shell consists of Co carboxylates and Co oxides.

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6. Metallic Nanoclusters The regular Ti13 cluster of the formula [Ti13 x 6 THF] stands at the very beginning of the row of the so-called full shell clusters. The metal nuclei consist of a number of atoms that follow hexagonal or cubic close packing. The THF ligands were found via XANES / EXAFS techniques to form an octylahedral configuration [2] (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10: A regular Ti(0)13 cluster having 6 THF-O atoms in an octahedral configuration Since no particles are detectable in TEM, the size of the cluster must be <0.8nm. XPS/XANES have revealed that Ti is present in metallic form. EXAFS shows signals at 1.6 and 2.4 , but no signals from backscatterers >3 which confirms the small size of the Ti cluster. Ti-Ti distances were found to be 2.804 and the Ti-O distance is 1.964 . The elemental analysis of the as prepared Ti13-THF cluster samples show ca. 20 wt-% of metal indicating some residues of KBr resulting from the metathesis reaction of TiBr4 x 2 THF and K[B(ethyl)3]H. Via further purification, the Ti content can be increased up to 43.5% Ti indicating a very low KBr contamination of ca. 1 wt.-%. The Ti13-THF cluster has been found to be one of the best catalysts available for the reversible hydrogen storage in alanates [33, 34]. For this purpose it can be used regardless of the KBr content without further purification. Also, it is a good catalyst for the hydrogenation of Ti- and Zr- sponges and has been used as a powerful activator for heterogeneous noble metal hydrogenation catalysis [6, 7]. The two-shell Au55 core of G. Schmids Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 nanocluster exhibits the same cubic close-packed (ccp) structure as is found in bulk gold [3]. Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 is probably the most frequently investigated full-shell cluster. Since its size definitely represents the transition from bulk to molecule, this cluster is regarded as the prototype of quantum dots [36]. Numerous derivatives of the PPh3-stabilized Au55 cluster are available by ligand exchange reactions [37]. Ph2PC6H4SO3Na removes PPh3 quantitatively from Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 to yield a completely water soluble compound [38]. Further, the formation of two- and three- dimensionally organized ligandprotected Au55 has been described [39]. Techniques for the generation of ordered monolayers and artificial patterns of quantum dots are currently developed. The expanding role of gold nanoclusters in inorganic biochemistry has been shown e.g. in the recently reported formation of nanowires via the combination of 8-DNA12
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sequences with Au13 clusters yielded during the interaction of Au55[P(C6H5)3]12Cl6 with DNA via the degradation. These systems are regarded as promising for tumor treatment [40]. 7. Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts [12] In catalysis, nanostructured metal colloids are often considered as dissolved surfaces having highly unsaturated atoms. The incentives for the application of these materials as precursors for the manufacture of metal-colloid catalysts [22] emerge from the enhanced activity, good selectivity (controllable via the colloidal modifiers), synergistic effects in bimetallic particles, and a remarkable long-time stability. An additional potential for catalytic applications exists when these colloidal metals are dispersed in zeolites, mesoporous environments, micelles, and biomembranes. Another field of application for these colloidal metals is electrocatalysis applied to fuel cells. From recent papers on fuel cell technology [13] it may be deduced that the commercialization of CO-tolerant, high-performance electrocatalysts based on colloidal bimetallic particles, sized below 2nm, may be significantly accelerated especially in the automotive sector. A great deal of industrial interest has been attracted by the potential for the manufacture of heterogeneous catalysts using pre-prepared nanometal colloids as precursors using the so-called precursor concept [22]. An obvious advantage of the new preparation mode compared with the conventional salt-impregnation method is that both the size and the composition of the colloidal metal precursors may be tailored for special applications independently of the support. In addition, the metal particle surface may be modified by lipophilic or hydrophilic protective shells, and covered by intermediate layers, e.g., of oxide. The addition of dopants to the precursor is also possible. The second step of the catalyst manufacture consists of the simple adsorption of the pre-prepared particles by dipping the supports into organic or aqueous precursor solutions at ambient temperature. This was demonstrated, e.g., for charcoal, various oxidic support materials, and even low-surface materials such as quartz, sapphire, and highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG). A subsequent calcination step is not required (see Fig. 11).

Fig. 11: The precursor concept

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7.1 Hydrogenation In the butyronitrile hydrogenation standard test [41], the activity of surfactantstabilized colloidal rhodium (5 wt-% on charcoal) was found to surpass that of conventional salt impregnation catalysts of the same metal loading. The addition of 0.2 wt-% of the Ti13 cluster (Fig. 10) to the carbon-supported Rh colloid as a dopant resulted again in a significant enhancement of the hydrogenation activity. An example of the application of supported, nanostructured metal colloids in fine chemical catalysis is the cis-selective partial hydrogenation of 3-hexyn-l-ol to give leaf alcohol, a valuable fragrance, produced in 1996 to the amount of 400 t including esters (see Figure 12) [42, 43].
H2 Pd

HO

HO

HO

HO

Fig. 12: Regioselective hydrogenation The performance of heterogeneous catalysts based on surfactant-stabilized palladium colloids was compared with conventional Pd/C and Lindlar catalysts in the partial hydrogenation of 3-hexyn-l-ol under optimized reaction conditions. It was found that the selectivity can be influenced by the protective shell as well as by the support and various promoters. The zwitterionic surfactant sulfobetaine-12 (N,Ndimethyldodecylammoniopropane sulfonate) appears to be best suited as a protective shell for highly selective palladium-colloid catalysts. The preferred support is CaCO3. The Pd(SB12) colloids supported on CaCO3 show the highest selectivities and activities of all tested catalysts. The best selectivity (98.1%) towards the desired cis-3-hexen-l-ol (leaf alcohol) is obtained with a lead acetate-promoted palladium-colloid supported on CaCO3. This catalyst was shown to be slightly (0.5%) better in selectivity, but twice as active as a conventional Lindlar catalyst. 7.2 Oxidation Bimetallic, even multimetallic precursors on various supports, whether or not promoted by dopants, have successfully been tested to be highly active, selective oxidation catalysts of remarkable durability. For example, surfactant-stabilized Pd-Pt-charcoal catalysts, promoted by bismuth were proved to be superior catalysts for the carbohydrate oxidation reaction shown in Fig. 13.

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Fig. 13: Carbohydrate oxidation reaction Charcoal-supported Pd88/Pt12-N(Octyl)4Cl alloy particles show an excellent activity combined with high selectivity in the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid when compared to industrial heterogeneous Pd/Pt catalysts. An increased durability of the colloidal catalysts was also observed. Much greater retention of the catalytic activity was found for such a system as compared to a conventionally manufactured Pd/C catalyst after recycling both catalysts 25 times under similar conditions. Obviously, the lipophilic (Octyl)4NCl surfactant layer prevents the colloid particles from coagulating and being poisoned in the alkaline aqueous reaction medium. According to TEM, XRD/DFA, XPS, XANES, and EXAFS analysis the chemical coreduction of PdCl2 and PtCl2 in the appropriate ratio with N(Octyl)4B(Ethyl)3H yielded the alloyed Pd/Pt colloids in organic solvents. They are effectively screened by the lipophilic N(Octyl)4Cl surfactant layer from coagulation and poisoning. TEM showed particle sizes in the range from l .5nm to 3nm. 7.3 Fuel Cell Catalysts [13] Fuel cell technology attracts a great deal of interest because it allows the direct conversion of chemical energy into electricity. The catalyst systems are an integral part of the electrochemical reactor utilized in fuel cells. Among the wide-ranging applications of fuel cells are low-emission transport systems, stationary power stations, and combined heat and power sources. Classical studies were carried out in the early 1900s and major innovations and improvements have been achieved over the last few years. The first new electric cars are expected to be on the market around 2005, but further developments are still needed, most notably in the area of catalysts. Hydrogen fuel cell catalysts rely on pure Pt, whereas Pt alloy electrocatalysts are employed for the conversion of reformer gas or methanol into electricity. The active components in the latter cases are small, Pt-containing bi- or trimetallic particles, 1 3nm in size, which scatter X-rays as nearly perfect single crystals. These systems offer improved efficiency and tolerance towards certain contaminants, especially CO, in the anode feed. It was clear from patents filed in the early 1970s that finely particulate colloidal platinum sols should be the ideal precursors for the manufacture of fuel cell electrodes.

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This section focuses on recent developments in catalysts for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). PEM fuel cells use a solid proton-conducting polymer as the electrolyte at 50 125C. The cathode catalyst is based on Pt alone, but because of the required tolerance to CO a combination of Pt and Ru is preferred for the anode. Colloidal Pt/Ru catalysts, as shown in Fig. 14, are currently under widespread investigation for low-temperature (80C) polymer membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). They have also been proposed for use in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) or in PEMFCs, which are fed with CO-contaminated hydrogen produced in on-board methanol reformers. The ultimate dispersion state of the metals is essential for CO-tolerant PEMFCs, and truly alloyed Pt/Ru colloid particles, less than 2nm in size, seem to fulfill these requirements. Alternatively, bimetallic Pt/Ru PEM catalysts have been developed for the same purpose, where non-alloyed Pt nanoparticles of <2nm and Ru particles of <1nm are dispersed on a carbon support. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that a Pt/Ru interface is essential for the CO tolerance of the catalyst, irrespective of whether the precious metals are alloyed. Particle sizes of 1 2nm are accessible via coreduction using either triethylhydroborate or trialkylaluminum as reducing agents. Synthesis of the metallic colloid precursors, followed by supporting of the precursors on a commercial carrier (e.g. Vulcan XC 72), and removal of the stabilizing shell of the colloidal particles through thermal conditioning, results in highly active fuel cell catalysts. The precursor concept provides (Fig. 11) an excellent tool for the preparation of polymetallic PEM and DMFC catalysts of a wide range of Pt/M bimetallic mixtures. In addition, surface doping with a third metal is also possible as indicated in Fig. 14 a+b.

b
Fig. 14a+b: Preparation of plurimetallic fuel cell catalyst

Glassy carbon supported Pt50/Ru50(Octyl)4NCl colloids were examined by COstripping voltammetry and the data were found to be essentially identical to those found in well-characterized bulk-alloy electrodes. The activity of the colloid in the continuous oxidation of 2% CO in H2 at a rotating disk electrode was determined at 25C in 0.5 M H2SO4. The results led to the conclusion that these Pt/Ru colloids are very suitable precursors for high-surface-area fuel cell catalysts. XANES data were supportive of the bimetallic character of the particles. In addition, in situ XRD (by Debye function analysis) has revealed the catalytic function of the alloyed Ru in the CO oxidation: Oxide species are formed on the Ru surface at 280C, which slowly coalesce to form RuO2 particles. After re-reduction, the catalyst shows a pure hcp ruthenium phase and
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larger platinum-enriched alloy particles. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has been applied in order to characterize the real-space morphology of the electrode surfaces of supported nanostructured metal colloids on the nanometer scale. Colloidal Pt50/Ru50 precursors (<2nm) raise the tolerance to CO, allowing higher CO concentrations in the H2 feed of a PEMFC without a significant drop in performance. The colloid method was found to offer a highly suitable exploratory approach to finding improved formulations for binary and ternary anode electrocatalysts. The metals used include Pt, Ru, W, Mo, and Co. The combinatorial screening method has been successfully applied to electrocatalysts, [44, 45] and it is an obvious step to include colloids in these experiments. Nanostructured metal colloids are very promising precursors for manufacturing multimetallic fuel cell catalysts that are truly nanosized (i.e. <3nm) and have high metal loadings (30 wt-% of metal).
References: [1] J. S. Bradley, in: Clusters and Colloids (Ed.: G. Schmid), VCH, Weinheim, 1994 p. 477. [2] R. Franke, J. Rothe, J. Pollmann, J. Hormes, H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, Th. Hindenburg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 12090 12097. [3] G. Schmid, Inorg. Synth. 1990, 7, 214. [4] M. Faraday, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 1857, 147, 145 153. [5] G. Schmid (Ed.), Clusters and Colloids, VCH, Weinheim, 1994. [6] H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, R. Fretzen, Th. Joussen, R. Kppler, B. Korall, P. Neiteler, J. Richter, J. Mol. Catal. 86, 129, 1994. [7] H. Bnnemann, R. Richards, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2455 2480. [8] J. Turkevich, P. C. Stevenson, J. Hillier, Disc. Faraday Soc. 1951, 11, 55 75. [9] J. Turkevich, G. Kim, Science 1970, 169, 873. [10] J. Turkevich, Gold Bull. 1985, 18, 86-91. [11] H. Bnnemann, H.-G. Haubold , J. Hormes, H. Modrow et al. , Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 4041 - 4044; J. Phys. Chem. B. 107, 7507 , 2003. [12] H. Bnnemann and R. Richards in: Herrmann / Brauer (W. Herrmann ed.), Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 10, Chapter 20, pp. 209 223, Thieme Verlag, New York 2002. [13] H. Bnnemann and R. Richards in: A. Wieckowski, E. Savinova, C. Vayenas (eds). Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticles Surfaces, Chapter 10, pp. 343 377, Marcel Dekker New York, 2003. [14] M. Figlarz, F. Fivet , J.P. Lagier , French patent No. 8221483, 1985. [15] F. Fivet , J.P. Lagier , B. Blin , B. Beaudoin , M. Figlarz , Solid State Ionics 32/33), 1989, 198 [16] F. Fivet, Polyol Process, in: T. Sugimoto (Ed.), Fine Particles, Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanisms of Growth, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, 460 496. [17] H. Harai, Y. Nakao, N. Toshima, K. Adachi. Chem. Letters, 1976, 905. [18] N. Toshima, T. Yonezawa, New. J. Chem. 1998, 1179. [19] N. Toshima, Y. Shiraishi, A. Shiotsuki, D. Ikenaga, Y. Wang. Eur. Phys. J. D, 2001, 16, 209 212. [20] K.H. Roll, Kirk-Othmer, Encycl. Chem. Tech. , 3. Aufl., Vol. 13, 28 f., 1982. [21] R. Krabetz and W.D. Mross, Ullmanns Encycl. Techn. Chem. 4. Aufl., Vol. 13, 517. [22] H. Bnnemann and W. Brijoux in: (W. Moser ed.) Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials, Chapter 7, Academic Press, San Diego, 1996, 165 196. [23] H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, N. Matoussevitch, N. Waldfner N. Palina, H. Modrow, Inorganica Chimica Acta 350, 2003, 617 624.
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[24] H. Bnnemann, U. Kreibig, and J. Hormes in: (H.S. Nalwa ed.) Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials, Vol. 3 pp. 1 85 , Academic Press, 2001. [25] H. Bnnemann, R. Behm et al. Langmuir 13, 2592 2595, 1997. [26] T. J. Schmidt, M. Noeske, H. A. Gasteiger, R. J. Behm, P. Britz, and H. Bnnemann, J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, 1998, 925 931. [27] G. Schmid and G. Corain, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 3093 3096. [28] H. Bnnemann, K.S. Nagabhushana in: B. Zhou, S. Hermans, G. Somorjai (eds.), Nanotechnology in Catalysis, Vol. I, Chapters 6 & 11, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004. [29] C. Amiens, D. de Caro, B. Chaudret, J.S. Bradley, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11638. [30] H. Bnnemann and Fei Wen, submitted for publication. [31] H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, N. Matoussevitch, N. Waldfner, DE 10227779.6 [32] H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, N. Matoussevitch, N. Waldfner, Magnetohydrodynamics, 39, 2003, 29 33. [33] M. Fichtner, J. Engel, O. Fuhr, A. Glss, O. Rubner, R. Ahlrichs, Inorg. Chem 42, 2003, 7060. [34] B. Bogdanovic et al., Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1012. [35] M. Fichtner et al., Nanotechnology, 2003, 14, 778. [36] J.S. Bradley and G. Schmid in: G. Schmid (ed.) Nanoparticles , Chapter 3.2.1 pp. 186 199 Wiley-VCH 2004 [37] G. Schmid (ed..) Nanoparticles , Chapters 4 and 5, Wiley-VCH, 2004. [38] G. Schmid, N. Klein, L. Korste, U. Kreibig, D. Schnauer, Polyhedron, 1988, 7, 605. [39] G. Schmid, B. Corain, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 3081 3098. [40] G. Schmid et al., Angew. Chem. 115, 2959 2963, 2003. [41] H.Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, E. Dinjus, T. Joussen, B. Korall, A Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1991, 30, 1344 1346. [42] H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, A. Schulze Tilling, K. Siepen, Topics in Catalysis, 4, 217 227, 1997. [43] H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, K. Siepen, J. Hormes, R. Franke, J. Pollmann, J. Rothe, Appl. Organomet. Chem. 11, 783 796, 1997. [44] G. T. Burstein, C.J. Barnett, A.R. Kucernak, K.R. Williams, Catal. Today, 1197, 38, 425 437. [45] Reddington, A. Sapienza, B. Gurau, R. Viswanathan, S. Sarangapani, L. S. Smotkin, T. E. Mallouk, Science 1998, 280, 1735 1737. Reading List 1. H. Bnnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, R. Fretzen, Th. Joussen, R. Kppler, B. Korall, P. Neiteler, J. Richter, J. Mol. Catal. 86, 129 (1994). 2. H. Bnnemann, R. Richards, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2455 2480. 3. H. Bnnemann, U. Kreibig, and J. Hormes in: (H.S. Nalwa ed.) Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials, Vol. 3 pp. 1 85 , Academic Press, 2001. 4. H. Bnnemann, K.S. Nagabhushana in: B. Zhou, S. Hermans, G. Somorjai, Nanotechnology in Catalysis, Vol. 1, Chapter 4, Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers, 2004. 5. H. Bnnemann and R. Richards in: A. Wieckowski, E. Savinova, C. Vayenas (eds). Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticles Surfaces, Chapter 10, pp. 343 377, Marcel Dekker New York, 2003. 6. H. Bnnemann and R. Richards in: Herrmann / Brauer (W. Herrmann ed.), Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 10, Chapter 20, pp. 209 - 223, Thieme Verlag, New York, 2002. 7. G. Schmid (ed.) Clusters and Colloids, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1994. 8. G. Schmid (ed.) Nanoparticles - From Theory to Application, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004.

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ALUMINUM Nanomaterials
13-1400 Aluminum oxide nanopowder [1344-28-1] Al2O3; FW: 101.96; white pwdr. 3.9 g/cc 1.5 m 2.1% >99.8% 5g 25g 2.9 g/cc 5 m 13% 12% >99.2% 50g 250g 0.5 g/cc 3.3 g/cc 4 m >99.8% 1g 5g 0.6 g/cc 3.1 g/cc 4 m >99.4% 1g 5g 50g 250g Specific Surface Area (BET): 275 m2/g True Density: Crystallite Size: Amorphous Mean Aggregate Size: Average Pore Diameter: 28 Loss on Ignition: Total Pore Volume: 0.15 cc/g Al Content (Based on Metal): Bulk Density: 0.5 g/cc 13-1402 Aluminum oxide nanopowder (high surface area) [1344-28-1] Al2O3; FW: 101.96; white pwdr. Specific Surface Area (BET): Crystallite Size: Average Pore Diameter: Total Pore Volume: Bulk Density: 550 m2/g Amorphous 110 1.5 cc/g 0.20 g/cc True Density: Mean Aggregate Size: Loss on Ignition: Moisture Content: Al Content (Based on Metal):

CALCIUM Nanomaterials
20-1400 Calcium oxide nanopowder [1305-78-8] CaO; FW: 56.08; white pwdr. HAZ Specific Surface Area (BET): 20 m2/g Bulk Density: Crystallite Size: 40 nm True Density: Average Pore Diameter: 165 Mean Aggregate Size: Total Pore Volume: 0.1 cc/g Ca Content (Based on Metal): 20-1402 Calcium oxide nanopowder (high surface area) [1305-78-8] CaO; FW: 56.08; white pwdr. HAZ Specific Surface Area (BET): 90 m2/g Bulk Density: Crystallite Size: 20 nm True Density: Average Pore Diameter: 110 Mean Aggregate Size: Total Pore Volume: 0.2 cc/g Ca Content (Based on Metal):

CARBON Nanomaterials
06-0470 Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled (diameter = ~140nm, length = ~7 microns) (>90% nanotubes) [1333-86-4] black pwdr. Technical Note: 1. Produced by chemical vapor deposition. Typical metal content is <0.1%. Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled (diameter = ~35nm, length = ~30 microns) (>90% nanotubes) [1333-86-4] black pwdr. Technical Note: 1. Produced by chemical vapor deposition. Typical metal content is <0.1%. Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled, ground core material [1333-86-4] -270 mesh pwder. (20-40%nanotubes) Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled, as produced cathode deposit [1333-86-4] pieces Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled, core material [1333-86-4] pieces (20-40% nanotubes) Carbon nanotubes, single-walled [308068-56-6] pwdr.

06-0475

250mg 1g

06-0506 06-0504 06-0505 06-0508

250mg 1g 5g 1g 5g 1g 5g 250mg 1g

Technical Note: 1. This product is >90wt% single-walled nanotubes. The tubes are 1-2nm in diameter with lengths of 5-30 microns. Ash is <1.5wt%. 06-0172 Carbon, Stacked graphene platelet nanochips (SGNF heat treated) black pwdr. Note: Sold in collaboration with Catalyx Nanotech for research purposes only. Mean width: 40-50 nm Range of length: 0.1-10 microns Density: 0.3 g/cm3 Surface Area: 120 m2 Electrical Resistivity: 55 Wcm Note: See web for more technical details. info@strem.com technical@strem.com quotation@strem.com order@strem.com

1g 5g 25g

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CARBON Nanomaterials
06-0170 Carbon, Stacked Graphene platelet nanofibers (acid washed) SGNF black pwdr. Note: Sold in collaboration with Catalyx Nanotech for research purposes only. Mean width: 40-50 nm Range of length: 0.1-10 microns Density: 0.3 g/cm3 Surface Area: 120 m2 Electrical Resistivity: 120 Wcm 1g 5g 25g

Note: See web for more technical details.

CERIUM Nanomaterials
58-1400 Cerium (IV) oxide nanopowder [1306-38-3] CeO2; FW: 172.12; yellow pwdr. 50 m2/g 7 nm 70 0.1 cc/g 2.2 g/cc True Density: Mean Aggregate Size: Loss on Ignition: Moisture Content: Ce Content (Based on Metal): 6.0 g/cc 9.5 m (wet) 5% 3% >99.7% 25g 100g

Specific Surface Area (BET): Crystallite Size: Average Pore Diameter: Total Pore Volume: Bulk Density:

COBALT Nanomaterials
1ml Cobalt magnetic fluid in kerosene with AOT [sodium dioctyl5ml sulfosuccinate] and LP4 [a fatty acid condensation polymer] (8.2 vol%) 25ml ca. 10 nm (mean particle size); black fluid Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. 1. We use toluene and light mineral oils as the solvent base. 2. Our products are stable dispersions of mono-dispersed metallic cobalt and iron particles. 3. Our products have particle concentrations of less than 9 vol%, magnetizations up to 150 millitesla, and low viscosities. Technical Note: 1. Carrier liquid is kerosene. Miscible with mineral oils. Magnetization 119 kA/m (150 mT) 10%. References: 1. Inorganica Chimica Acta., 2003, 350, 617. 2. H. Bnnemann, et. al., DE 10227779.6 3. Magnetohydrodynamics, 2003, 39, 29. 27-0020 Cobalt nanoparticles 1g HAZ 10-12 nm; black pwdr. 5g Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. Used for powder metallurgy. References: 1. Inorganica Chimica Acta., 2003, 350, 617. 2. H. Bnnemann, et. al., DE 10227779.6. 3. Magnetohydrodynamics, 2003, 39, 29. 1g 27-0023 Cobalt nanoparticles coated with AOT [sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate] 5g 10-12 nm; black waxy material Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. Dispersed in toluene, kerosene, mineral oil. Precursor for magnetic fluids. References: 1. See 27-0020 (page 20). 250mg 27-0028 Cobalt nanoparticles (surfaced modified with L-cysteine ethyl ester), 1g ethanol wet ~10nm; black pwdr. (wet with ethanol) HAZ Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Notes: 1. This product is a suspension in ethanol. The material can easily be transferred into stable water suspensions. 2. In view of biomedical applications, this product is a starting material for further surface modifications such a dextran-coating, or formation of magnetic polymer microspheres. 27-0001 HAZ

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COBALT Nanomaterials
27-0026 HAZ Cobalt nanoparticles, toluene wet 10-12 nm; black suspension Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. 1g 5g

Technical Note: 1. Suspension in toluene. Precursor for magnetic fluids. References: 1. See 27-0020 (page 20).

GOLD AUROlite Nanomaterials

Gold 1% on aluminum oxide extrudates (AUROlite Au/Al2O3) dark purple extrudates ~1.2mm dia. x 5mm (avg) (store cold) Note: Sold in collaboration with Project AuTEK for research purposes. Reverse engineering and product modification prohibited. Only open before use, store cold in dark. See web for more details. Analysis: Au 1 wt% 0.1% Al2O3 98 wt% Na+, Cl- <1500ppm Bulk density: 0.60.8 g/ml Specific surface area: 280-320 m2/g 79-0160 Technical Note: 1. Useful product for the catalytic oxidation of a variety of substrates including carbon monoxide, aldehydes, alkenes and methane. Gold crystallites are ~2nm. References: 1. J.Catal., 2007, 252, 119. 2. J.Catal., 2008, 260, 86. 3. Green Chem., 2008, 10, 168. 4. Gold Bulletin, 2008, 41, 296. Gold 1% on titanium dioxide extrudates (AUROlite Au/TiO2) 79-0165 dark purple/gray extrudates 1.5mm dia. x 5mm (avg) (store cold) Note: Sold in collaboration with Project AuTEK for research purposes. Reverse engineering and product modification prohibited. Only open before use, store cold in dark. See web for more details. Analysis: Au 1 wt% 0.1% TiO2 98 wt% + Na , Cl- <1500ppm Bulk density: 0.850.95 g/ml BET surface area: 40-50 m2/g Technical Note: 1. Useful product for the catalytic oxidation of a variety of substrates including carbon monoxide, aldehydes, alkenes and methane. Gold crystallites are ~2nm. References: 1. J.Catal., 2007, 252, 119. 2. J.Catal., 2008, 260, 86. 3. Green Chem., 2008, 10, 168. 4. Gold Bulletin, 2008, 41, 296. Gold 1% on zinc oxide granulate (AUROlite Au/ZnO) 79-0170 dark purple granulate 1-2mm dia. (store cold) Note: Sold in collaboration with Project AuTEK for research purposes. Reverse engineering and product modification prohibited. Only open before use, store cold in dark. See web for more details. PCT WO2005115612. Analysis: Au 1 wt% 0.1% ZnO 88 wt% (contains Al2O3) Na+, Cl- <1500ppm Bulk density: 1-1.2 g/ml BET: 40-50 m2/g Technical Note: 1. Useful product for the catalytic oxidation of a variety of substrates including carbon monoxide, aldehydes, alkenes and methane. Gold crystallites are ~2nm. References: 1. J.Catal., 2007, 252, 119. 2. J.Catal., 2008, 260, 86. 3. Green Chem., 2008, 10, 168. 4. Gold Bulletin, 2008, 41, 296. info@strem.com technical@strem.com quotation@strem.com order@strem.com 21 10g 50g

10g 50g

10g 50g

GOLD Nanomaterials
Gold Nanochain 25ml 79-0134 AuNP Chain: 1-2 m (Gum Arabic) Properties: Water soluble, stable at pH 7.0 Color: Maroon-Red Chain length: 1-2 m Shape: Chain UV-Vis (nm): 760 nm Stability: Stable for 90 days Size: 7 3mm Ordering Specifications : Minimum 2 weeks required to process the order. Supplied in aqueous solutions. Contains gum arabic stabilizer. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Sensor design, nanoelectronics and MEMS applications. Nanoparticle Embedded Sheets 1x5 pcs 79-0146 AuNP Embedded in Agarose Sheets (2 x 2cm) Properties: Water soluble, stable at pH 7.0 Color: Maroon-Red Ratio: 12 nm Shape: Sphere UV-Vis (nm): 540 nm Ordering Specifications: Minimum 2 weeks required to process the order. Supplied in sheets. Contains Agarose stabilizer. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Sensor design, nanoelectronics and MEMS applications. Spherical Gold Nanoparticles 5ml 79-6040 Spherical Gold Nanoparticles (30nm) 25ml Note: Spherical Gold Nanoparticles Kit component - (See 96-1540 page 21). Color and Form: violet liq. Concentration: 0.03mg/ml ( 10%) Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months Spherical Gold Nanoparticles (50nm) 5ml 79-6045 Note: Spherical Gold Nanoparticles Kit component - (See 96-1540 page 21). 25ml Color and Form: red liq. Concentration: 0.03mg/ml ( 10%) Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months Spherical Gold nanoparticles (70nm) 5ml 79-6050 Note: Spherical Gold Nanoparticles Kit component - (See 96-1540 page 21). 25ml Color and Form: red liq. Concentration: 0.03mg/ml ( 10%) Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months Spherical Gold Nanoparticles (90nm) 5ml 79-6055 Note: Spherical Gold Nanoparticles Kit component - (See 96-1540 page 21). 25ml Color and Form: pink liq. Concentration: 0.03mg/ml ( 10%) Storage Conditions: ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months 1 kit 96-1540 Spherical Gold Nanoparticles Kit (30-90nm) Contains 25ml of the following: 79-6040 Spherical Gold Nanoparticles (30 nm) 79-6045 Spherical Gold Nanoparticles (50 nm) 79-6050 Spherical Gold nanoparticles (70 nm) 79-6055 Spherical Gold Nanoparticles (90 nm) Sticky-Gold Nanoparticles 79-0150 AuNP: 30-35 nm 5ml Properties: Water soluble Size: 30-35nm Color: Maroon-Red UV-Vis (nm): 535 nm Shape: Sphere Stability: Stable for 60 days in aqueous media. One-step direct labeling of gold nanoparticles with proteins, peptides or various biomarkers. Supplied in aqueous solutions . Readily reacts with disulfide group in biomolecules. In vitro diagnostics.

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GOLD Nanomaterials
Sugar Coated Gold-Nanoparticles
The following products are supplied as kits. The active nanoparticles are generated as needed, and are stable for one day.

AuNP: 22-38 nm (Glucose) AuNP: 4-16 nm (Sucrose) AuNP: 6-10 nm (Maltose) AuNP: 1-2 nm (Lactose) Properties: Water soluble Color: Maroon-Red Size: 22-38, 4-16, 6-10 or 1-2 nm Shape: Sphere UV-Vis (nm): 535, 535, 540 or 540 nm Stability: Stable for 1 day Supplied as kit. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Gold Nanorods 79-0136 AuNP Rod: Aspect Ratio: 3-3.5 (CTAB) Properties: Water soluble Color: Maroon-Red Aspect Ratio: 3-3.5 Shape: Rod UV-Vis (nm): 680 nm Stability: Stable for 14 days Supplied in aqueous solutions. Contains CTAB stabilizer. Ready for biomolecule conjugation. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. 79-6000 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 550nm) Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1530 page 22). Color and Form: red liq. Axial Diameter (nm): 25 ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 34 ( 10%) Concentration: 171 ug/ml ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 550 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 530 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 600nm) 79-6005 Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1530 page 22). Color and Form: blue liq. Axial Diameter (nm): 25 ( 10%) Concentration: 235 ug/ml ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 47 ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 600 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 530 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months 79-6010 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 650nm) Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1530 page 22). Color and Form: blue liq. Axial Diameter (nm): 25 ( 10%) Concentration: 150 ug/ml ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 60 ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 650 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 530 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months 79-6015 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 700nm) Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1530 page 22). Color and Form: pale red liq. Axial Diameter (nm): 25 ( 10%) Concentration: 91 ug/ml ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 73 ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 700 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 530 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months Gold Nanorods Kit (Axial Diameter - 25nm, wavelength 550-700nm) 96-1530 Contains 25ml of the following: 79-6000 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 550nm) 79-6005 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 600nm) 79-6010 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 650nm) 79-6015 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 25nm) (Wavelength 700nm) 79-0118 79-0120 79-0122 79-0124

5ml 5ml 5ml 5ml

5ml

5ml 25ml

5ml 25ml

5ml 25ml

5ml 25ml

1 kit

info@strem.com technical@strem.com quotation@strem.com order@strem.com

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GOLD Nanomaterials
Gold Nanorods 79-6020 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 700nm) Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1535 page 23). Color and Form: pale red-brown liq. Axial Diameter (nm): 10 ( 10%) Concentration: 30 ug/ml ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 29 ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 700 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 512 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months 79-6025 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 750nm) Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1535 page 23). Color and Form: pale red liq. Axial Diameter (nm): 10 ( 10%) Concentration: 34 ug/ml ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 35 ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 750 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 512 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 780nm) 79-6030 Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1535 page 23). Color and Form: pale red solution Axial Diameter (nm): 10 ( 10%) Concentration: 35 ug/ml ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 38 ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 780 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 512 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months 79-6035 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 808nm) Note: Gold Nanorods Kit - (See 96-1535 page 23). Color and Form: pale red liq. Axial Diameter (nm): 10 ( 10%) Concentration: 36 ug/ml ( 10%) Longitudinal Size (nm): 41 ( 10%) Peak Longitudinal Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 808 Peak Axial Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength (nm): 512 Storage Conditions: store at ~4C (do not freeze) Shelf Life: 6 months Gold Nanorods Kit (Axial Diameter - 10 nm, wavelength 700-808 nm) 96-1535 Contains 25ml of the following: 79-6020 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 700nm) 79-6025 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 750nm) 79-6030 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 780nm) 79-6035 Gold Nanorods (Axial Diameter - 10nm) (Wavelength 808nm) Gold Nanotriangles, nanohexagons, nanopolygons and nanorods
The following products are supplied as kits. The active nanoparticles are generated as needed, and are stable for one day.

5ml 25ml

5ml 25ml

5ml 25ml

5ml 25ml

1 kit

79-0144 79-0142 79-0138

AuNP- Triangles, hexagons, polygons, rods (Glucose) AuNP- Triangles, hexagons, polygons, rods (Maltose) AuNP- Triangles, hexagons, polygons, rods (Sucrose) Properties: Water soluble Color: Maroon-Red Ratio: Triangles: Hexagons: Polygons: Rod = 12:22:11:1 (see below) Shape: Mixture of triangles, hexagons, polygons, and rods UV-Vis (nm): 535-545 nm Ordering Specifications: Supplied as kit; For best results, use within 24 hours of generation. Supplied as kit, contains sugars as stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Sensor design, nanoelectronics and MEMS applications.

5ml 5ml 5ml

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GOLD Nanomaterials
Water Soluble Gold Nanoparticles 79-0102 AuNP: 4-12 nm (gum Arabic) 79-0104 79-0106 AuNP: 6-30 nm (gum Arabic) AuNP: 16-20 nm (gum Arabic) Properties: Water soluble, stable at pH 7.0 4-12 nm, 6-30 or 16-20 nm Size: Color: Maroon-Red UV-Vis (nm): 530 nm to 540 nm Shape: Sphere Stability: Stable for 90 days in aqueous media. Supplied in aqueous solutions . Contains gum arabic stabilizer. Stable towards cysteine, Bovine serum albumin or Human serum albumin. No agglomeration in 25 % NaCl solution. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Ref.: Small, 2007, 2, 333; Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88, 153114; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 11342. AuNP; 30-40 nm (Starch) Properties: Water soluble, stable at pH 7.0 Color: Maroon-Red Size: 30-40 nm Shape: Sphere UV-Vis (nm): 535 nm Stability: Stable for 30 days in aqueous media. Supplied in aqueous solutions. Contains starch stabilizer. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Ref.: Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006, 88, 153114; J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 11342. AuNP: 3 nm (Citrate) AuNP: 5 nm (Citrate) AuNP: 10 nm (Citrate) AuNP: 15 nm (Citrate) Properties: Water soluble Color: Wine-Red Size: 3 nm, 5 nm, 10 or 15 nm Shape: Sphere UV-Vis (nm): 520, 525, 520 or 525 nm Stability: Stable for 90 days in aqueous media. Supplied in aqueous solutions. Contains citrate stabilizer. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. AuNP: 11-20 nm (Gelatin) Properties: Water soluble Color: Wine-Red Size: 11-20 nm Shape: Sphere UV-Vis (nm): 540 nm Stability: Stable for 90 days in aqueous media. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Diphenyl(m-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine-gold nanocluster (water soluble) (1-3 nm) dark red solid; particle size: 1-3 nm Note: Made to order. Long term shelf life not established. Gold/tetra-n-octylammonium chloride colloid 2.6 nm 1.1 nm; brown-orange solid (store cold) Note: Made to order. Long term shelf life not established. 25ml 100ml 25ml 25ml 100ml

79-0108

25ml 100ml

79-0110 79-0112 79-0114 79-0116

25ml 100ml 25ml 100ml 25ml 100ml 25ml 100ml

79-0126

25ml 100ml

79-2015

100mg 500mg 250mg 1g

79-0080

Technical Note: 1. Soluble in toluene. Precursor for CO-oxidation catalysts.

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IRON Nanomaterials
1ml Iron-cobalt magnetic fluid in toluene stabilized with cashew nut shell 5ml liquid (CNSL) (0.19 vol%) 25ml ca. 7 nm (mean particle size); black fluid Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. 1. We use toluene and light mineral oils as the solvent base. 2. Our products are stable dispersions of mono-dispersed metallic cobalt and iron particles. 3. Our products have particle concentrations of less than 9 vol%, magnetizations up to 150 millitesla, and low viscosities. Technical Note: 1. Carrier liquid is toluene. Magnetization 4.7 kA/m (5.9mT) 10%. 26-0011 Iron-cobalt nanoparticles 250mg HAZ 1g 5-8 nm; black pwdr. Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. For powder metallurgy purposes. Iron-cobalt nanoparticles (surfaced modified with L-cysteine ethyl ester), 26-0020 250mg ethanol wet 1g ~10nm; black pwdr. (wet with ethanol) HAZ Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Notes: 1. This product is a suspension in ethanol. The material can easily be transferred into stable water suspensions. 2. In view of biomedical applications, this product is a starting material for further surface modifications such a dextran-coating, or formation of magnetic polymer microspheres. 26-0017 HAZ

MAGNESIUM Nanomaterials
12-1400 Magnesium oxide nanpowder [1309-48-4] MgO; FW: 40.31; white pwdr. 3.2 g/cc 3.3 m 8% 1% 95% 5g 25g 2.4 g/cc 12 m 15% 3% 99.2% 250mg 1g 50g 250g Specific Surface Area (BET): 230 m2/g True Density: Crystallite Size: 8 nm Mean Aggregate Size: Average Pore Diameter: 50 Loss on Ignition: Total Pore Volume: 0.2 cc/g Moisture Content: Bulk Density: 0.6 g/cc Mg Content (Based on Metal): Magnesium oxide nanopowder (high surface area) [1309-48-4] 12-1402 MgO; FW: 40.31; white pwdr. Specific Surface Area (BET): Crystallite Size: Average Pore Diameter: Total Pore Volume: Bulk Density: 600 m2/g 4 nm 30 0.4 cc/g 0.4 g/cc True Density: Mean Aggregate Size: Loss on Ignition: Moisture Content: Mg Content (Based on Metal):

NICKEL Nanomaterials
28-0008 HAZ Nickel/tetra-n-octylammonium chloride colloid, purified (65-70% Ni) 2.8 nm (average); black pwdr. pyrophoric Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established.

Technical Note: 1. Soluble in THF, toluene, acetone and methylene chloride. Insoluble in ethanol, ether and pentane. References: 1. See 45-1660 (page 27).

PALLADIUM Nanomaterials
Palladium Nanoparticles PdNP: 1-5 nm (Starch) 46-0405 Properties: Water soluble Color: Yellowish-Brown Size: 1-5 nm Shape: Sphere Specification: Stable for 60 days Supplied in aqueous media, contains starch stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Potential new Catalysts. 26
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25ml 100ml

PALLADIUM Nanomaterials
Palladium Nanoparticles 25ml PdNP: 2-3 nm (Gelatin) 46-0409 100ml Properties: Water soluble Color: Yellowish-Brown Size: 2-3 nm Shape: Sphere Specification: Stable for 60 days Supplied in aqueous media, contains gelatin stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Potential new Catalysts. 25ml PdNP: 2-4 nm (Gum Arabic) 46-0407 100ml Properties: Water soluble Color: Yellowish-Brown Size: 2-4 nm Shape: Sphere Specification: Stable for 60 days Supplied in aqueous media, contains gum arabix stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Potential new Catalysts. Palladium NanoSelect Palladium, 0.6% on activated carbon, 50% water-wet paste 46-1710 5g (NanoSelect LF 100) [7440-05-3] 25g black pwdr. (d50=25 m) Note: Sold in collaboration with BASF for research purposes only. Technical Note: 1. NanoSelect LF 100 is a lead-free, water-wet, catalyst containing metal crystallites sizes of around 7 nm, and a mean particle size of 25 microns. The metal crystallites are supported on a carbon powder. The presence of nanometer-sized metal particles greatly increases the metal surface area available per gram of catalyst, and boosts catalytic activity. The catalyst is recommended for use in hydrogenation reactions leading to the partial reduction of functional groups. It is specifically suited for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes, with a high selectivity for cis-alkenes. Palladium, 0.5% on titanium silicate, 50% water-wet paste 5g 46-1711 (NanoSelect LF 200) [7440-05-3] 25g black pwdr. (d50=25 m) Note: Sold in collaboration with BASF for research purposes only. Technical Note: 1. NanoSelect LF 200 is a lead-free, water-wet, catalyst containing metal crystallites sizes of around 7 nm, and a mean particle size of 25 microns. The metal crystallites are supported on titanium silicate powder. The presence of nanometer-sized metal particles greatly increases the metal surface area available per gram of catalyst, and boosts catalytic activity. The catalyst is recommended for use in hydrogenation reactions leading to the partial reduction of functional groups. It is specifically suited for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes, with a high selectivity for cis-alkenes.

PLATINUM Nanomaterials
78-0007 HAZ Platinum, 97% (2-5 nanometers) black pwdr. pyrophoric Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. 250mg 1g

Reference: 1. J. Mol. Catal., 1994, 86, 129. 78-0009 250mg Platinum, min. 90% (5-13 nanometers) HAZ 1g black pwdr. Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. References: 1. French Patent #8221483, 1985. 2. Solid State Ionics, 1989, 32/33, 198. 3. Fine Particles, Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanisms of Growth, Marcel Dekker, NY, 2000, 460 496. 78-0011 1g Platinum colloid (polyethyleneglycol-dodecylether hydrosol) (~10 wt% Pt) 5g 1.2 nm 0.3; brown-black viscous substance Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. Soluble in ether, alcohol, water and aqueous solutions. Reference: 1. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2455. info@strem.com technical@strem.com quotation@strem.com order@strem.com 27

PLATINUM Nanomaterials
Platinum Nanoparticles 78-0405 PtNP: 2-3 nm (Gum Arabic) 25ml Properties: Water soluble 100ml Color: Yellowish-Brown Size: 2-3 nm Shape: Sphere UV Vis (nm): 405-410 nm Specification: Stable for 60 days Supplied in aqueous media, contains gum arabic stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Suitable for spin coating, self-assembly and monolayer formation. Potential new Catalysts. Platinum-ruthenium Colloids 78-0060 Platinum-ruthenium colloid (polyethyleneglycol-dodecylether hydrosol) 1g 1.3 nm (average); brown-black substance 5g Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. Soluble in toluene, ether, THF, ethanol, acetone and water. References: 1. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2455. 2. Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticles Surfaces, Chapter 10, p. 343-377, Marcel Dekker, NY, 2003. 250mg 78-0062 Platinum-ruthenium/tetra-n-octylammonium chloride colloid 1g (~7 wt% Pt, ~3.5% wt% Ru) 1.7 nm 0.5nm; waxy, black residue Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. Very soluble in THF. Soluble in toluene. Precursor for fuel cell catalysts. References:
1. 2. J. Mol. Catal., 1994, 86, 129. Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 10, Chapter 20, p. 209-223, Theime Verlag, NY, 2002. Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticles Surfaces, Chapter 10, p. 343-377, Marcel Dekker, NY, 2003.

3.

78-0055 HAZ

Platinum/tetra-n-octylammonium chloride colloid, purified (70-85% Pt) 2.8 nm 0.5nm; grayish-black pwdr. pyrophoric Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established.

250mg 1g

Technical Note: 1. Soluble in THF. Insoluble in toluene, acetone, ether and ethanol. References:
1. 2. 3. J. Mol. Catal., 1994, 86, 129. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2455. Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 10, Chapter 20, p. 209-223, Theime Verlag, NY, 2002. Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticles Surfaces, Chapter 10, p. 343-377, Marcel Dekker, NY, 2003.

4.

RHODIUM Nanomaterials
45-1550 Rhodium colloid (polyethyleneglycol-dodecylether hydrosol) (~9 wt% Rh) ~2 nm; brown-black viscous substance Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. 1g 5g

Technical Note: 1. Soluble in ether, alcohol, and water. Reference: 1. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2455. 45-1660 Rhodium/tetra-n-octylammonium chloride colloid, purified (70-75% Rh) HAZ 2.0 nm 0.5 nm; gray pwdr. pyrophoric Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. Very soluble in THF, soluble in acetone, slightly soluble in toluene, insoluble in ether.

250mg 1g

References: 1. J. Mol. Catal., 1994, 86, 129. 2. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2001, 2455. 3. Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticles Surfaces, Chapter 10, p. 343-377, Marcel Dekker, NY, 2003. 4. Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructured Materials, Chapter 7, Academic Press, San Diego,1996, 165-196.

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SILVER Nanomaterials
Silver Nanoparticles 47-0600 AgNP: 10-15 nm (Starch) Properties: Water soluble Ratio: 10-15 nm Color: Yellowish-Brown UV-Vis (nm): 405-410 nm Specification: Stable for 60 days Supplied in aqueous media, contains starch stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Antimicrobial, antifungal applications. AgNP: 5-10 nm (Gum Arabic) 47-0602 Properties: Water soluble Color: Yellowish-Brown Ratio: 5-10 nm Shape: Sphere UV-Vis (nm): 405-410 nm Specification: Stable for 60 days Supplied in aqueous media, contains gum arabic stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Antimicrobial, antifungal applications. AgNP: 5-10 nm (Gelatin) 47-0604 Properties: Water soluble Color: Yellowish-Brown Ratio: 5-10 nm Shape: Sphere UV-Vis (nm): 405-410 nm Specification: Stable for 60 days Supplied in aqueous media, contains gelatin stabilizer. Suitable for in vitro use and sensor design applications. Antimicrobial, antifungal applications. 25ml 100ml

25ml 100ml

25ml 100ml

TITANIUM Nanomaterials
22-0095 HAZ Titanium cluster, tetrahydrofuran adduct (30-35% Ti) >0.8 nm; dark brown solid pyrophoric Note: Made to order. Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. 250mg 1g

Technical Note: 1. Soluble in THF and ether. Insoluble in pentane and aromatics. Hydrogen storage catalyst. References: 1. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 12090. 2. Adv. Materials, 2003, 15, 1012. 22-0090 Titanium cluster, tetrahydrofuran adduct (20-25% Ti) HAZ >0.8 nm; dark brown solid pyrophoric Note: Made to order, Suggest use within 3 months of receipt. Long term shelf life not established. Technical Note: 1. See 22-0095 (page 28). Titanium (IV) oxide nanopowder [1317-80-2] 22-1400 TiO2; FW: 79.90; white pwdr. Specific Surface Area (BET): Crystallite Size: Average Pore Diameter: Total Pore Volume: Bulk Density: 500 m2/g Amorphous 32 0.4 cc/g 0.6 g/cc True Density: Mean Aggregate Size: Loss on Ignition: Moisture Content: Ti Content (Based on Metal): 3.7 g/cc 5 m 12% 4% >99.999%

250mg 1g

5g 25g

ZINC Nanomaterials
30-1400 Zinc oxide nanopowder [1314-13-2] ZnO; FW: 81.37; off-white pwdr. 5.6 g/cc 4 m 4% 2% 99% 1g 5g 50g 250g

Specific Surface Area (BET): 70 m2/g True Density: Crystallite Size: 10 nm Mean Aggregate Size: Average Pore Diameter: 170 Loss on Ignition: Total Pore Volume: 0.2 cc/g Moisture Content: Bulk Density: 0.6 g/cc Zn Content (Based on Metal): Nano Zinc Metallic Powder [7440-66-6] 30-1500 gray pwdr.; Average particle size: 75-125 nm; Morphology: spherical

HAZ Technical Note: 1. Nano zinc powder is a highly reactive metal with a small particle size and high surface area. The product is exceptionally reactive with organic halides forming organozinc compounds, and in azo-coupling reactions. The nano zinc can be deagglomerized into primary nanoparticles of 35nm by sonication.

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