Experiment 2 Post Lab: Recrystallization and Melting Point Determination of Benzoic Acid 1.

Flow rate in filtration is increased when using fluted filter paper because surface area is incr3eased. This therefore hastening the process. Having wire between the mouth of the flask and funnel may allow heat to conduct through it, therefore helping to keep the solution in its liquid face during transfer to avoid premature crystallization. Wire will also allow liquid solution to pass through more quickly from the funnel to the flask. 2. a. Use of fluted filter paper and a short stemmed funnel in the gravity filtration set- up.- Surface area increases, making the filtration more efficient. This will prevent solution from cooling even before everything is poured to the filter paper. Short stemmed funnel will also give the solution a shorter path to travel through to get to the bottom of the flask. b. Heating the funnel and receiving flask to be used in before allowing the hot solution to pass through.- Solution is kept hot and liquid because its contact with the hot filter paper does not allow quick cooling and recrystallization. Premature recrystallization would mean that the compound you would want to purify by dissolving with the proper solvent will solidify with the impurities because you are not able to separate the dissolved component quickly. 2010-07892 Experiment 3 postlab 1. The two phase changes which can be observed during the purification of benzoic acid would be sublimation and deposition. Sublimation occurs when the high temperature changes the solid benzoic acid into its gaseous state. As the gaseous benzoic acid interacts with the cooler surface of the Petri dishes, the substance cools depositing itself across the dishes surface. The melting point obtained from sublimation is lower than the melting point obtained from recrystallization. Sublimation would be more advantageous than recrystallization when the vapor pressures of the substances are significantly different. It is also usually faster than recrystallizing a substance. Sublimation also removes occluded material and no solvent needs to be used. One limitation would be the fact that it cannot separate substances with similar vapor pressures since both would sublime making separation extremely difficult. Another disadvantage would be that not all substances sublime at norm atmospheric pressure.

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Fractional sublimation can be used with substances with similar sublimation points since it uses an extremely accurate method of controlling temperature Experiment 4 Post Lab: Liquid Phase Chromatography 1. The chromatogram is developed in a closed system to ensure that the solvent concentration will remain constant throughout the process of developing. Since the solvent is volatile, keeping it in a closed system will maintain the solvent level. Contaminants will also be prevented from entering the developing chamber. 2. 2- dimensional paper chromatography will better show the separation of the components (compounds) present in the extracts compared to what 1- dimensional paper can do. 3. The developing solvent should be nonpolar (petroleum ether has only a weakly polar part in ether). This makes sure that the color molecules travel at different distances as the solvent moves up the paper. (Higher solubility = Longer distance travaled). 4. In normal phase chromatography, a polar substance is used to selectively retain the polar substances in the mixture for the stationary phase. The mobile phase is nonpolar and moves nonpolar compounds through the system. For the mobile phase, the stationary phase is nonpolar and its mobile phase is polar.