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Cellular Mobile Test Application Notes

2935 Series
GPRS Mobile Phones - An Overview For Test Professionals How Does the "Phase" of a Mobile Effect Its Testing Strategy Maximizing GSM Mobile Repair Center Throughput Testing GAIT Phase One Mobiles Testing GSM-R Terminals with the IFR 2935 Test Set Testing Mobiles Faster with the 2935

Using the IFR 2935 GSM Tester with GPRS Test Option 01 Why Does the 2935 Have Two Manual Modes

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Application Note
GPRS Mobile Phones - An Overview for Test Professionals

Understanding General Packet Radio Service mobile technology is critical for test professionals. The wireless data revolution has arrived. Are you ready for the next generation of data enabled GSM/GPRS phones?

I. Introduction
In this application note we will cover many aspects about GPRS. The objective is to provide you with a comprehensive view of how GPRS works, and what is required to test GPRS mobile devices. This application note is not designed to take the place of the standard, as there is much more to the operation of GPRS than can be covered in one application note.

Since GPRS is similar to GSM in many ways, much of this application note will focus on the differences between GPRS and GSM. It will also give you a good understanding of how GPRS operates and how Aeroflex has taken a lot of the mystery out of GPRS testing with the 2935 GPRS test option.

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II. What Is GPRS?


GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service. GPRS is a technology where mobile phone users can transfer data using "packets" of information rather than conventional "circuit switched" communications. Packet communication systems have an inherent advantage over circuit switched systems due to the fact that packet based wireless communications networks can provide data services "on demand" to the subscriber, without being tied down to a dedicated connection. Within cellular standards, the Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM family includes the GPRS standard and both are Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA technologies. Within TDMA technology, the user is allocated a particular radio channel and is then assigned to one particular timeslot within that channel. With GSM and GPRS, there are 8 users that are assigned time slots 0 through 7, on that particular radio channel. Until GPRS was introduced, voice and digital data were transferred over conventional GSM networks using "circuit switched" technology where the user was allocated a particular time slot whether data was present on the slot or not. With GPRS, however, that restriction is lifted and data is now "packet routed" and sent as system resources allow. This is a big improvement in efficiencies in the cellular network and a primary reason that operators are moving towards packet routed systems. As we look at the transmission of data within a cellular network, it is important to understand the relationship between information that is dependent upon a constant time interval, such as voice communications or live video data, and data transmissions that are not timing dependent. Digitized voice and real time digitized video data require a data connection that is based on a fixed rate of transmission that allows the transmission of voice or video data and the subsequent recovery of that data without significant delays or "latency". Any variation in the transmission of more than a few milliseconds would cause unacceptable information dropouts and time shifts of the information, making seamless communication difficult at best. Non-voice or non-real-time video data, on the other hand, does not care if the data received or transmitted is a few milliseconds late. This is where packet routed networks achieve a huge efficiency advantage over circuit switched networks. With packet data services, packets of information do not require a dedicated circuit path since they are sent as requirements and system capacity dictate. With packets, the transmitting and receiving entities are assigned IP addresses and the packet routing network figures out how to "route" packets to the appropriate device. Figure 1.0 shows how a circuit switched network operates. Within a circuit switched network, there is a physical requirement for a connection from Point "A" to Point "E" before information can flow between the two users. The switches at each switch point (B, C and D) must be connected to the next segment or the circuit is considered to be "open" and no information (voice or data) can flow.

Figure 1.0 Circuit Switched Network Figure 2.0, on the other hand, shows a simplified version of how a "packet routed" network operates. A packet network operates in a similar manner to the way that your "mail" or postal system operates. Just like a letter that you send in the "mail", information is placed into a packet (envelope) and then sent on its way. The packet of information then goes through a number of different routing centers (nodes) before being delivered to the final end user. Just like a letter sent through the postal system, "To:" is the address of the final destination of the letter, and "From:" indicates the origination point of the letter. Once placed into the "system" it is then left up to the "operations" department (the network) to decide what is the most efficient path to transmit that information from point "A" to point "E". Notice that the data in "information packet A" takes a different route than the data in "information packet B", however they both arrive at the same destination because the network determines the best route for the packet, based on capacity and utilization.

Figure 2.0 Packet Routed Network

III. Why Do Users Want Or Need GPRS?


The predominant use for GPRS services is for data services where users place a high value on the ability to transmit data in a mobile environment. This can be as diverse as a "chat session" for a teenager to "e-mail" and "stock quotes" for a businessman. Examples of data services that are available or that are being prepared for GPRS include: Text and visual information such as share prices, sports scores, weather, flight information, news headlines, prayer reminders, lottery results, jokes, horoscopes, traffic, location sensitive services and so on. This information need not necessarily be textual - it may be maps, graphs or other types of visual information. Still images such as photographs, pictures, postcards, greeting cards, presentations and static web pages can also be sent and received over the mobile network as they are across fixed telephone networks. Moving Images. For mobile communication to continue its aggressive growth, much of the content will be less textual and

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more visual. Moving images in a mobile environment have several applications including monitoring sites for intruders and remote monitoring of elderly or medical patients. Videoconferencing applications, in which sales people can have a regular sales meeting without having to go to a particular physical location, are another application for moving images. Other applications such as web browsing, document sharing and audio downloads show the diverse nature of the uses for GPRS.

its corresponding "address" through the use of the Temporary Logical Link Identifier or TLLI. After the GPRS attach is completed, the mobile can then send and receive packets. The TLLI serves as the mobile's identifier to route packets to and from the GPRS network. The GPRS network controls the flow of the packets to and from the mobile. This is accomplished by the use of the Packet Control Unit or PCU, the Serving GPRS Support Node or SGSN and the Gateway GPRS Support Node or GGSN. The PCU provides the interface between the Base Station Subsystem or BSS and the rest of the network by converting packet traffic to PCU frames that have the same configuration as the Transcoder Rate Adaptor Unit or TRAU frames used by GSM networks for transferring circuit switched data. Thus, the BSS can now route both traffic types, packet and circuit switched information. The PCU controls such things as cell change orders, paging the mobile, packet power control and timing advance, packet time slot configuration and frequency hopping parameters. The SGSN performs the mobility management function. It controls routing of the packets between the PCU and the GGSN and buffers many megabytes of packet data. It controls and routes unacknowledged packets to the SGSN during a cell change of the mobile station and provides session management between the mobile and the GGSN. Compression and charging information is also handled at the SGSN. The GGSN is the "Gateway" between the GPRS network and the Internet. While the mobile is roaming throughout the GPRS network, the GGSN is the fixed point for packet data transmission. By configuring the "packets" for the transmission to the Internet the GGSN acts as the interface between the GPRS network and the rest of the IP world using X.25, IP or PPP based networks. The GSM BSS comprising the Base Tranceiver Station or BTS and Base Station Control or BSC remains virtually unchanged when GPRS is added to the network. Since GPRS uses the same modulation scheme (GMSK) as GSM, there is little to change from a RF hardware perspective. Software needs to be updated to handle the packet data traffic and accompanying interfaces to the PCU, SGSN and GGSN. Figure 4.0 shows a typical GSM network with the GPRS packet control units and SGSN and GGSN added.

IV. By The Way - What Is WAP?


WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol. It is not specifically a GPRS function, and can be used by a number of wireless technologies as the intermediate layer between the application and the mobile device. Mobile devices do not enjoy the graphical display or memory overhead associated with conventional "fixed" computer resources or laptops. WAP was designed to provide a global standard for delivering Internet features to GPRS devices simply and efficiently.

V. When Will GPRS Happen?


As of 2002, 96 operators in 45 countries have operational GPRS networks. GPRS enabled handsets will grow from a scant 10 million in 2001 to over 280 million in 2005. Figure 3.0 shows the anticipated growth of GPRS enabled devices over the next three years.

Figure 3.0 Growth of GPRS Enabled Handsets

VI. GPRS Network Operation


GPRS deployment involves overlaying a packet-based air interface onto the existing circuit switched GSM network. This gives the user an option to use a packet-based data service or conventional voice services. To supplement a circuit switched network architecture with packet routing is a significant upgrade. Adding GPRS to an existing GSM network requires the network operator to add new infrastructure nodes and add software upgrades to existing network elements. A GPRS network operates in a mode called "Always On". This doesn't mean that the GPRS mobile is constantly transmitting to the network and is chewing up battery reserve along the way. The GPRS mobile device initiates a "GPRS attach sequence" upon power-up or GPRS mode operation. During the GPRS attach sequence, the mobile establishes its location to the network and

VII. How Does a GPRS Mobile Transfer Packet Data? 1. The GPRS Attach Sequence
The GPRS mobile establishes communication with the network through a process called a GPRS attach. The GPRS attach session includes a dialog of packets sent between the mobile and the base station. The mobile, upon power up or being placed into a GPRS mode, will automatically initiate an attach sequence. There are two different types of GPRS attach sequences that can occur. One is called simply, GPRS Attach. This applies to all classes of mobiles, either A, B or C. (See section VIII, 2. Mobile Station Class). The GPRS attach allows the mobile to attach to the network and then, if needed, begin packet data traffic.

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The other sequence is called a Combined Attach. This applies to Mobile Station Class A or B. (See also section VIII, 2. Mobile Station Class). In this instance the mobile informs the network that it wishes to be both IMSI-attached for circuit switched operation as well as GPRS-attached for packet data services. This is similar to a GSM registration process where the mobile has performed a location area update and IMSI attach, along with the GPRS attach. Now dealing with packets of data, the network controls when those packets are sent. It can also control the quantity of packets sent, depending on the capabilities of the mobile. It also allows for the GPRS mobile to continuously be "attached" to the network, although being "attached" doesn't mean that data is flowing. Figure 5.0 A GPRS Data Message Sequence Chart To attach to the network, the mobile starts with an "attach request" message to the network, which includes the mobiles International Mobile Subscriber Identifier or IMSI, which is then processed by the network into a Packet-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity or P-TMSI and resent back to the mobile. The PTMSI forms the basis of what is called a Temporary Logical Link Identifier orTLLI , used to track the mobile from the SGSN through the network. As part of the Combined Attach procedure, the mobile is authenticated with the mobile's Home Location Register or HLR. After authentication, the SGSN does an update of the GPRS location and sends an "Attach Accept" message to the mobile, and the mobile responds with an "Attach Complete". The mobile is now "attached" to the network, and due to the TLLI, packets can be routed to and from the network. Figure 5.0 shows the Mobility Management messaging between the mobile and the SGSN for a GPRS attach sequence.

2. Sending and Receiving Packets


Since the mobile has now been assigned a TLLI and is attached to the network, packet data can be sent. With a mobile originated data session, the mobile issues a channel request. The network sees the channel request and issues an immediate assignment. The immediate assignment points the mobile to a Packet Data Traffic Channel or PDTCH and data blocks are then sent to and from the mobile. The network, knowing the location and TLLI of the mobile can also initiate a data session by simply issuing an immediate assignment. This is part of the Radio Resource messaging sent between the BSS and the mobile.

VIII. Types of GPRS Mobiles 1. Type 1 MS versus Type 2 MS


The "Types" of MS are the same as in GSM. A Type 1 MS is not required to transmit and receive at the same time. Type 2 MS are required to be able to transmit and receive at the same time. Almost all GSM/GPRS mobiles are a type 1 MS. This means that, although they operate in a frequency offset mode, (45 MHz - GSM/GPRS 900 MHz Band, 95 MHz - GSM/GPRS 1800 MHz Band, 80 MHz - GSM/GPRS 1900 MHz Band) they are not technically in a true duplex mode. This is because they do not transmit and receive data at the same time. A good example of a type 2 MS is an analog phone, where the phone has a diplexer and is capable of transmitting and receiving concurrently.

2. Mobile Station Class


The GPRS mobile is going to fall into one of three categories called Mobile Station Class. As we go through these illustrations, we will refer to circuit switched operation as GSM and packet routed operation as GPRS.

Figure 4.0 A GPRS Network Overlay on a GSM Network

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Mobile Station Class A mobiles supports both GSM and GPRS operation and monitoring concurrently, allowing the user to be in a GSM call or GPRS data session and then monitor the applicable paging channel of the other service and be able to react upon it appropriately. Mobile Station Class B mobiles supports GSM or GPRS operation - but not concurrently. Once the user is in either mode, it is not required to monitor the paging channel for the other service and therefore, is not required to respond if a page is sent to that mobile from the network. Mobile Station Class C mobiles support only GPRS or GSM data. These types of mobiles are typically modems. No provision is made for the mobile to monitor or react to pages from either mode. By default, GSM circuit switched data mobiles are Mobile Station Class C mobiles.

GPRS channel coding schemes with their appropriate data rates are shown in table 1.0:
Channel Coding Scheme CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 1 Slot 9.2 kbps 13.55 kbps 15.75 kbps 21.55 kbps Slot Combinations 4 Slots 36.8 kbps 54.2 kbps 63 kbps 86.2 kbps 8 Slots 73.6 kbps 108.4 kbps 126 kbps 172.4 kbps

Table 1.0 GPRS Channel Coding Schemes and Associated Data Rates

X. Multi-Slot Classes
Recall from GSM that the mobile is sending uplink bursts to the base station during its allocated time slot every frame. Each frame contains 8 time slots, therefore allowing up to 8 users for that particular radio channel. The burst time is 577 microseconds, which equates to a frame length of 4.615 milliseconds (8 times 577 microseconds). These frames are part of a larger multi-frame, which in GSM is equal to 26 frames. Bursts are sent in a duplex mode where one burst position (time slot) is assigned for mobile communication in the downlink and uplink per frame. The uplink is offset from the downlink by 3 time slots. Only one time slot is used for voice communications, since the sampling rates are set to occur every 4.615 milliseconds. See figure 6.0 for an example of a GSM frame.

IX. Channel Coding Schemes


Channel coding schemes are an important part of GPRS operation. Channel coding in a wireless cellular network is how the digital data (either voice from the vocoder or data for non-voice applications) from the mobile or base station is formatted to deal with the inherent problem of transmitting information across a radio channel. Channel coding includes parity generation, convolutional coding, puncturing and interleaving. These processes are structured so that either the mobile or the base station can receive a stream of data bits with corrupted values and still have a high likelihood of decoding the bit stream correctly. A good analogy is packing a fragile gift prior to shipment in the post. You add layer upon layer of protective covering, paper, bubble wrap or whatever protective medium you choose to protect the integrity of the gift. Much as we would "protect" the gift and the recipient "unpacks" the gift, channel coding "protects" the data that is being transmitted to and from the mobile and base station where it is "unpacked". In GPRS we have four different channel coding schemes. The reason for having multiple schemes is to provide for varying degrees of data rates, dependent upon the Quality Of Service or QOS requirements. QOS takes into account the mobile user's required data rates (graphics or text) and the channel conditions to and from the mobile. The coding used can be extensive, (CS1) where we get the most protection for the data and correspondingly lower data rates - to very little (CS4) where the data rates are much higher, since fewer of the transmitted "bits" are used for error correction. Again, using our "fragile gift" analogy, the channel coding can vary from no packaging, because the delivery address is right next door to our home, to extensive packaging, since the package is going around the world to some exotic location located miles from any paved road.

Figure 6.0 A GSM Frame

1. Downlink and Uplink Slots


With GPRS no longer tied down to using only one slot, the GPRS mobile can handle both multiple downlink slots as well as send multiple uplink slots. The burst structure and frame structure remains the same as GSM, however the multiframe has been expanded to 52 frames. In GPRS mobile terminology, the term Multi-Slot Class refers to the number of downlink and uplink slots the mobile can appropriately handle. For example, Multi-Slot Class 1 means that the mobile can handle one slot on the downlink and transmit one slot on the uplink per frame. Multi-Slot Class 10, on the other hand, provides 4 slots on the downlink and 2 on the uplink. Table 2.0 shows the different Multi-Slot class configurations.

Where: Rx: Rx describes the maximum number of receive timeslots that the Multi-Slot or MS can use per GSM TDMA frame. Tx describes the maximum number of transmit timeslots that the MS can use per GSM TDMA frame.

Tx:

Sum: Sum is the total number of uplink and downlink TS that can actually be used by the MS per TDMA frame.

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Multi-Slot class

Maximum number of slots Rx Tx Sum 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5

Tta 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2

Minimum number of slots Ttb Tra 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2

Trb 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

receive TS and the next receive TS when measurement is to be performed between. Trb: Trb relates to the time needed for the MS to get ready to receive. This minimum requirement will only be used when adjacent cell power measurements are not required by the service selected. For type 1 MS it is the minimum number of timeslots that will be allowed between the previous transmit TS and the next receive TS or between the previous receive TS and the next receive TS when the frequency is changed in-between.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Table 2.0 Multi-Slot Class Configurations More information can be obtained by going to the standard 3GPP TS 05.02.

XI. Testing a GPRS Mobile 1. What is the Difference Between GSM and GPRS Tests?
GSM and GPRS utilize the same bandwidth, bit rates and modulation formats. The digital modulation format is called Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying or GMSK. The primary difference is that with GPRS, packet data is sent on multiple slots in either the uplink or downlink direction using different channel coding schemes as discussed earlier. Recall from past GSM experience that sensitivity was tested using Bit Error Rate or BER tests based on the class of bits (more on this later). GPRS does not assign weighting to those different classes of bits; rather it uses a similar method of checking sensitivity called block error rate or BLER.

2. Relationship of Downlink to Uplink Slots


When looking at table 2.0, under the heading "minimum number of slots" the terms Tta, Ttb, Tra and Trb are seen. These terms refer to timing relationship between the downlink and uplink slots. This is because the mobile is periodically required to monitor channel conditions and then report them back to the network to determine if a cell change is required, what channel coding scheme would be best utilized, power levels, etc. The mobile needs to perform channel quality measurements during an idle slot and the utilization of transmit to receive offsets allows the mobile sufficient time to accomplish this task.

Where: Tta: Tta relates to the time needed for the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level measurement and get ready to transmit. For type 1 MS it is the minimum number of timeslots that will be allowed between the end of the previous transmit or receive TS and the next transmit TS when adjacent cell signal level measurements are to be performed between. It should be noted that, in practice, the minimum time allowed may be reduced by amount of timing advance. Ttb: Ttb relates to the time needed for the MS to get ready to transmit. This minimum requirement will only be used when adjacent cell power measurements are not required by the service selected. For type 1 MS it is the minimum number of timeslots that will be allowed between the end of the last previous receive TS and the first next transmit TS or between the previous transmit TS and the next transmit TS when the frequency is changed in-between. It should be noted that, in practice, the minimum time allowed may be reduced by the amount of the timing advance. Tra: Tra relates to the time needed for the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level measurement and get ready to receive. For type 1 MS it is the minimum number of timeslots that will be allowed between the previous transmit or

2. Transmitter Tests
Transmitters are the most tested part of either a mobile or base station. This is due to the inherent inter-modulation products and the spectral efficiency issues that accompany modern digital modulation techniques and the corresponding requirement to "co-exist" with other mobile transmitters in a given spectrum. Here are the most common tests for a GSM digital mobile RF transmitter: Spurious Emissions and Spectral Measurements: Spurious signals can be defined as inter-modulation products in and out of channel or band, and are usually caused by non-linear amplifiers, I/Q mixer balance and spectral re-growth. These emissions can be tracked with a good quality spectrum analyzer by looking at inband and out-of-band emissions. Power versus Time - The GMSK Burst Structure: Recall from section IX that the GPRS mobile can send multiple bursts within one frame on the uplink depending on its multi-slot classification. If a mobile is capable of this, then the test equipment manufacturer can devise tests that allow for power profile analysis of the GMSK burst in each of the slots utilized by the mobile. Keep in mind that the mobile will only send multiple bursts per frame on a consecutive basis (i.e. slot 1, slot 2, slot 3, etc) and will not send them on an alternate slot basis (i.e. slot 1, slot 3, slot 7, etc). Begin by looking at a normal GMSK burst utilized in either a GSM or GPRS function. Figure 7.0 shows a Power versus Time template for a normal burst format.

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Compare this to a GPRS uplink that has two consecutive bursts side by side as shown in figure 8.0. This would be consistent with a mobile that conforms to Multi-Slot Classes 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 19, 24 per table 2.0. Notice that the time between the two bursts allows for variation in the power. The mobile can either power down, or continue transmitting random data. It is up to the designer to make this decision but it must conform to the power versus time template to ensure that it does not cause interfering emissions. Most mobiles today only support one slot uplink. RMS and Peak Phase Error: For GMSK modulation, this checks the modulation accuracy of the transmitter in the Mobile Under Test. It is made on the useful part (information or data) of the burst and is usually averaged over a predetermined number of bursts. Peak is the worst case measurement of the burst phase error. Frequency Error: A test of the stability of the mobile's transmitter to keep on frequency regardless of modulation format. Bit Timing: This test checks the accuracy of the mobile's transmission timing. To accommodate for near-far effect, the network can request that the mobile advance its burst by a predetermined number of bits. In GSM, this is accomplished by the BTS measuring the bit shift of the Training Sequence Code orTSC that is found on all uplink normal bursts from the mobile to the BTS. (Remember that with GSM, the mobile is always sending uplink bursts during a voice call). The BTS then sends timing adjustments back to the mobile on the Slow Associated Control Channel or SACCH message where the

mobile then adjusts the timing advance. Since the SACCH is mapped over 102 GSM TDMA frames, the mobile receives an update every 480 ms. With GPRS, this process will not work, since the continuous transmission of uplink bursts is no longer provided. GPRS uses a different method called the Continuous Timing Advance Update Procedure. The continuous timing update procedure relies on the Packet Timing Control Channel or PTCCH for both the uplink and downlink. Here, the mobile is assigned to one of 16 logical sub-channels that repeat every 416 frames on either the 12th or 38th burst. The mobile sends an access burst to the base station and the BTS can then estimate the distance to the respective mobile and then return the appropriate timing advance message. Optionally, the BTS may track the shift of the incoming access bursts and normal bursts on the PDTCH from the mobile and determine the distance to the mobile station. Using a method called polling, the PCU sends a polling message to the mobile and the mobile responds with four identically formatted access bursts during a particular uplink radio block (a block is equal to four bursts) assigned by the PCU. The BTS measures the timing advance and forwards this to the PCU, which responds with a corresponding message to the mobile.

3. Receiver Tests:
The receiver tests are used to determine the sensitivity of the receiver, or how low a signal the mobile can process before it causes excessive errors. In analog days, this was a Signal + Noise and Distortion test or SINAD. For digital modulation techniques, however, we need to look at an alternative method to test sensitivity. Recall from past GSM experience that the bits within the voice data are assigned different "class" codes to determine their relative importance in transmission and were afforded more extensive convolutional coding or "protection" based on their importance. In

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GSM, we therefore tested the various BER in each of those classes of bits. This gave us BER1, BER2, RBER1b and RBER2 bit error measurements. GSM also tracked Frame Erasure Rates or FER, where the whole frame was lost. These combined tests, along with a GSM Single-slot TCH loop (A) test allow test equipment manufacturers to accurately test the mobile's sensitivity. BER compares a known good data stream (bits) transmitted to the mobile from the test system. Typically, the mobile then "loops back" the data stream to the test system, where the data sent is compared to the data received. Those "bits" that do not come back correctly are flagged as errors, hence the name "Bit Error Rate". The measurement is expressed as a ratio of the received "error bits" to the known good bits transmitted. This test is used to determine the sensitivity of the mobile's receiver, where the sensitivity is determined by reducing the power of the received signal until a predetermined BER is reached. Faster tests will set a predetermined pass/fail limit BER and set a particular output level (typically around -104 dBm) and simply check the mobile against the pass/fail parameters. GPRS utilizes a different method to determine sensitivity of the mobile. This is called Block Error Rate or BLER. A block is defined as four consecutive bursts from the base station to the mobile. GPRS mobiles that support BLER support GPRS test modes A, B and C. BLER means the test system sends random RLC blocks of data to the mobile which replies with ACK/NACK (acknowledge/not acknowledge) responses to the test system. The ratio of NACKs to ACKs determines the block error rate. A GPRS BER test can also be performed if the GPRS mobile is capable of doing a GPRS Test Mode "B" Loopback test. If the mobile cannot support Test Mode "B", then it must be able to support GPRS Test Mode "A". Mobiles that support both modes are known as supporting GPRS Test Mode "C".

Conclusion - GPRS Now and In The Future


This application note has introduced information about GPRS operation. It has explained various differences between GSM circuit switched operation and GPRS packet operation. GPRS is a fundamentally different way of handling data communications over the air, and is the first step in packet data functionality that sets the basis for packet data operation for next generation technologies including EGPRS (EDGE) and 3G WCDMA. GPRS will continue to evolve. Currently manufacturers offer a limited range of mobile products that have been carefully matched to the networks that they operate. There are a number of issues that make GPRS mobile and network inter-operation challenging. This requires comprehensive solutions that take the guesswork out of GPRS mobile performance testing. As we gain experience, many of these issues will fade away. New and different problems will undoubtedly develop to challenge us as data rates and features expand. Aeroflex will continue to enhance product performance and will be releasing more application notes in the future as GPRS technology evolves. Please check our Website for additional information. www.aeroflex.com

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As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2005.

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Part No. 46891/907, Issue 2, 07/05

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Application Note
How does the Phase of a mobile effect its testing strategy

During the evolution of GSM mobile there have been 2 phases of implementation. The phase of the mobile defines the RF capability of the mobile and hence the way it is tested.

Introduction
During the evolution of GSM mobile there have been 2 phases of implementation Phase 1 and Phase 2. The phase of the mobile defines the RF capability of the mobile and hence the way it is tested. The phase of the mobile its transmitted to the network or test equipment as part of the class mark.

The class mark is the information that is passed from the mobile during the registration. This is used by the network (or test equipment) to identify the capability of the mobile. The rest of this article explains the differences in RF performance and features between the phases of mobiles. The following provides the details of this information covering the frequency allocations, power classes of mobiles, power levels.

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Frequency Allocations Phase 1


Phase 1 was the initial phase of mobile and supported P-GSM, GSM 1800 (often known as DSC) and GSM 1900 (often known as PCS). The following outlines the frequency plans for each of the bands
GSM Band Channel Number Range 1 to 124 Mobile transmit and in MHz Basestation Receive Frequency in MHz 890 + 0.2 x channel number Mobile Receive and Basestation transmit Frequency in MHz Mobile Tx + 45 MHz Mobile Tx + 95 Mobile Tx + 80

Power Levels
The base station controls the mobile output power level by sending a power level (as a number) which the mobile then transmits. This is used to ensure that the optimum power level is received by the base station and maximises the battery life. The following are the power levels for each of the GSM bands and the standard test specification for each of the power levels.
GSM 900 Power Level 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Nominal Output power 39 dBm 37 dBm 35 dBm 33 dBm 31 dBm 29 dBm 27 dBm 25 dBm 23 dBm 21 dBm 19 dBm 17 dBm 15 dBm 13 dBm 11 dBm 9 dBm 7 dBm 5 dBm Normal Specification 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 Phase 2 only 5 Phase 2 only 5 Phase 2 only 5 Phase 2 only

P-GSM 900 (Primary Band) GSM 1800 512 to 885 1710.2+0.2 x (channel number -512) (DCS) GSM 1900 512 to 810 1850.2+0.2 x (channel number -512) (PCS)

Phase 1 frequency Allocation

Phase 2
Phase 2 added the capability for additional channels in the GSM 900 band, known as E-GSM.
GSM Band E- GSM (Extended Band) Channel Number Range 0 to 124 Mobile transmit and in MHz Basestation Receive Frequency in MHz 890 + 0.2 x channel number Mobile Receive and Basestation transmit Frequency in MHz Mobile Tx + 45 MHz

975 to 1023 890 + 0.2 x channel number-1024)

Mobile Tx + 45 MHz

GSM 900 Power Levels


GSM 1800 Power Level 29 30 31 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Nominal Output power 36 dBm 34 dBm 32 dBm 30 dBm 28 dBm 26 dBm 24 dBm 22 dBm 20 dBm 18 dBm 16 dBm 14 dBm 12 dBm 10 dBm 8 dBm 6 dBm 4 dBm 2 dBm 0 dBm Normal Specification 2 Phase 2 Only 3 Phase 2 Only 3 Phase 2 Only 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 Phase 2 Only 5 Phase 2 Only

Additional Phase 2 - Frequency Allocation

Power Class
The power class of the mobile defines the maximum output power level for the mobile in each of the GSM bands are shown below :GSM 900 Power Class 1 2 3 4 5 Maximum Power Level ---PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 Maximum Output Power ---39 dBm, 8 W 37 dBm, 5 W 33 dBm, 2 W 29 dBm, 800 mW

GSM 900 Power Classes


GSM 1800 Power Class 1 2 3 Maximum Power Level PL0 PL3 PL29 Maximum Output Power 30 dBm, 1 W 24 dBm, 250 mW 36 dBm, 4 W

GSM 1800 Power Levels

GSM 1800 Power Classes


GSM 1900 Power Class 1 2 3 Maximum Power Level PL0 PL3 PL30 Maximum Output Power 30 dBm, 1 W 24 dBm, 250 mW 33 dBm, 2 W

GSM 1900 Power Classes

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GSM 1900 Power Level 30 31 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Nominal Output power 33 dBm 32 dBm 30 dBm 28 dBm 26 dBm 24 dBm 22 dBm 20 dBm 18 dBm 16 dBm 14 dBm 12 dBm 10 dBm 8 dBm 6 dBm 4 dBm 2 dBm 0 dBm Normal Specification 2 dB 2 dB 3 dB 3 dB 3 dB 3 dB 3 dB 3 dB 3 dB 3 dB 3 dB 4 dB 4 dB 4 dB 4 dB 4 dB 5 dB 5 dB

The impact of this is that the lower limit of the mask can change dependent upon the actual power measured . The following are 2 examples :

Example 1
A mobile is set to PL19 (5 dBm) and has no error, the absolute measured power will be +5 dBm hence the -30 dBc power level equivalent to an absolute power -25 dBm (+5 - 30), and the absolute value of -17 dBm would be equivalent to -22 dBc (+5 - 17). Therefore the as -22 dBc is greater than -30 dBc the absolute

GSM 1900 Power Levels

Burst Power Profile


The power profile test ensures that the GSM burst lies within a predefine power / time template. The power profile is not static with changes in power level. The following shows how the major points of the power profile changes for low power levels

GSM 900
Example of power burst calculation for power level 19 Power Level 19 with No error then the -17 dBm limit is used

Example 2
If the mobile is set to PL 16 (i.e. +11 dBm) and has a error of + 5 dB (ie transmitting +16 dBm), then the -30 dBc value would be equivalent to -14 dBm, and the -17 dBm value would be equivalent to -33 dBc. Therefore the -30 dBc limit will be used.

Power burst profile definition for low power levels

Power burst profile definition for low power levels Point A is defined as :-- 6 dBc for Power Levels 15 and higher -4 dBc for Power Level 16; -2 dBc for power level 17; -1 dBc for power level controls levels 18 and 19 Point B is defined as :-30 dBc (dB with respect to the carrier) or -17 dBm (an absolute value in dB with respect to 1 mW), whichever is the higher.

Example of power burst calculation for power level 16 Power Level 16 with a +5 dB error then the -30 dBc limit is used

GSM 1800/ 1900


The Power time template for GSM 1800 and 1900

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The Power time template for GSM 1800 and 1900

The specification for GSM 1800 and 1900 Point A is defined as :-4 dBc for power level 11, -2 dBc for power level 12, -1 dBc for power levels 13,14 and 15 Point B is defined as -30 dBc or -20 dBm, whichever is the higher.

CHINA Beijing Tel: [+86] (10) 6467 2716 Fax: [+86] (10) 6467 2821 CHINA Shanghai Tel: [+86] (21) 6282 8001 Fax: [+86] (21) 62828 8002 FINLAND Tel: [+358] (9) 2709 5541 Fax: [+358] (9) 804 2441 FRANCE Tel: [+33] 1 60 79 96 00 Fax: [+33] 1 60 77 69 22

GERMANY Tel: [+49] 8131 2926-0 Fax: [+49] 8131 2926-130 HONG KONG Tel: [+852] 2832 7988 Fax: [+852] 2834 5364 INDIA Tel: [+91] 80 5115 4501 Fax: [+91] 80 5115 4502 KOREA Tel: [+82] (2) 3424 2719 Fax: [+82] (2) 3424 8620

SCANDINAVIA Tel: [+45] 9614 0045 Fax: [+45] 9614 0047 SPAIN Tel: [+34] (91) 640 11 34 Fax: [+34] (91) 640 06 40 UK Burnham Tel: [+44] (0) 1628 604455 Fax: [+44] (0) 1628 662017

UK Stevenage Tel: [+44] (0) 1438 742200 Fax: [+44] (0) 1438 727601 Freephone: 0800 282388 USA Tel: [+1] (316) 522 4981 Fax: [+1] (316) 522 1360 Toll Free: 800 835 2352

As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2005.

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Our passion for performance is defined by three attributes represented by these three icons: solution-minded, performance-driven and customer-focused.

Part No. 46891/855, Issue 2, 07/05

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Application Note
Maximizing GSM Mobile Repair Centre Throughtput

Service center throughput is affected by more than just test times - it involves the entire workshop process. Administration, data management, de-skilling of repetitive tasks, test setup times, test equipment user interfaces, test software management as well as test times on equipment can all significantly affect workshop efficiency.
Maximizing GSM Mobile Repair Center throughput
Service center throughput is affected by more than just test times - it involves the entire workshop process. Administration, data management, de-skilling of repetitive tasks, test setup times, test equipment user interfaces, test software management as well as test times on equipment can all significantly affect workshop efficiency. This application note outlines and quantifies the impact of the IFR 2935 and PhoneTest system on the complete workshop.

Issues surrounding the repair center process


Let us briefly review the repair center process.

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Booking in

format, symptoms, faults found, action taken and components used. If a mobile's RF stages have been disturbed by the repair then it has to be re-aligned. During alignment, the mobile has an RF connection to the test set, but is usually under the control of the manufacturer's software. The problem is that each of the many types of mobile has a different 10 to 15 step procedure, with each step requiring the setting of 4 or 5 test set parameters. Although the process is straightforward, the settings - which have to be precise - are repetitive, error-prone, and slow, resulting in a typical alignment taking several minutes. Mistakes are inevitable but, as some mistakes will not necessarily be detected during alignment. This can allow the phone to be misaligned, a circumstance which, at best, will not be detected until final test.

At book-in, an operator enters any details associated with the job, such as Customer Name, IMEI, the customer-reported fault, and Warranty Status into the center's business system.

Pre-screen

Final test

At pre-screen, the operator sorts mobiles into those with and without electrical problems. In making the decision, the operator refers to the job ticket for the customer-reported faults. However, in a busy workshop, there is a time penalty associated with accessing any paper-based information. If the mobile has an electrical fault, then the pre-screen operator carries out an initial test run to assist in diagnosis. The mobile is connected to a test set either via a simple RF cable, coupler or dedicated jig. The operator selects the test program (usually a "brief" one), and specifies the allowance that the test set is to make for the RF loss within the connection mechanism. He then runs the test and waits for it to complete. If pre-screen and repair are carried out as separate functions, the operator waits for a results printout to send, with the mobile, to the technician who will diagnose the fault and implement the repair.

After the mobile has been repaired and aligned, most workshops subject it to a final test. As with the pre-screening test, the operator has to select the test program and RF insertion loss, start the test and wait for it to complete. Usually, final test differs from pre-screen in that the nature of the final test is often dictated by the customer - centers that have contracts with large retail organizations are familiar with this. Another difference is that a final test tends to be long. A third difference is that some repair centers are contracted to have an element of traceability. In this case, there is a need to have test results printed and filed.

Booking out

Repair & Alignment

To accelerate diagnosis, a technician makes use of every available piece of information. These include the customer-reported fault, the results of previous tests, past experience of similar symptoms on similar mobiles and any 'Top 10' fault checklist that the workshop has created for itself. It is simply not practical to present all this information to a technician - even if it could fit on a busy repair bench, gathering it together takes too long. Having made a diagnosis, the technician executes the repair. However, repair centers and/or mobile manufacturers require the repair to be documented. This involves noting, in a standardized

After the workshop stage, the mobile is booked out and shipped. The center's business system raises the warranty claim, for which it requires the 'documentation' that the repairer completed earlier on. If the documentation was done on paper, then the details need to be transcribed into the system.

The Aeroflex product


Aeroflex's solution to the issues discussed above lies not simply in a fast and stable GSM test set, but also in the software system that accompanies it. The 2935 test set is fast, stable and accurate

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but it is the PhoneTest software that gives the efficiency improvements that maximize throughput. The PhoneTest system combines:

The time taken to print pre-screen test results can be completely removed simply by logging them to PhoneTest-Manager instead.

Estimated time saving: 1 min.

Repair and alignment


There are many ways that PhoneTest can help in diagnosing the repair. The system can: Present the fault, as reported by the customer, direct from the business system. Access the results of the pre-screen test. Incidentally, the operator can also see the full test-and-repair results of any other visits that the mobile has made to the Repair Center. PhoneTest itself, in effect the user interface for the 2935, tailored to suit the role in hand. A workshop management option, comprising: PhoneTest-Manager, Aeroflex's system for recording and archiving the entire test and repair history of every mobile. PhoneTest-Exchange, providing configurable links into the user's own databases, whether for analyzing repairs, or for transferring commercial information. PhoneTest-Repair, which can be configured to simplify capture of repair data. Compare the pre-screen results with the knowledge base that PhoneTest creates of previous tests and repairs on mobiles of the same type, and then automatically present the technician with probable causes based, literally, on past experience. Display any product-dependent guidance checklist that the Repair Center, or the manufacturer, wishes the repairer to have access to. This may be as simple as displaying the manufacturer's "Top 10" fault list. At the other extreme, PhoneTest may display the manufacturer's repair documentation, circuits and parts lists.

Estimated time saving: 2 min.


To assist with post-repair 'paperwork', PhoneTest-Repair can be configured to allow the technician to pick, from simple productor manufacturer-dependent lists, details such as symptoms, fault, action taken and components replaced. Given this information, combined with the Job Details on the center's business system, PhoneTest can either create a warranty claim directly or, if preferred, it can pass the details up to the business system for it to process.

The impact of 2935 & PhoneTest on the repair center process


To best understand the effect of PhoneTest and the 2935, let us examine how it works in a repair center. As the discussion develops, an estimate is made of the amount of time that can be saved during each process.

Pre-screen
The classification into electrical and non-electrical faults (or, indeed no fault found) rests, in part, on knowing key information such as the customer-reported fault. Rather than the operator accessing information from job tickets, PhoneTest speeds-up the process by automatically accessing the fault information and warranty status, directly from the business system.

Estimated time saving: 30 sec.


At the alignment stage, PhoneTest has a special feature - 'TCH Test Mode stores' - that can be configured to reduce the literally hundreds of possible test set settings to a simple two-step process: first select the type of mobile in question, and then pick the next step in the manufacturer's process. Not only speedingup the process, it reduces the risk of errors (some of which would be uncovered later on at final test).

Estimated time saving: 15 sec.


Regarding initial test, the time taken by the operator to select the right test program and RF insertion loss can be removed by configuring PhoneTest to automate the process. This reduces operator involvement as its simple one-button operation.

Estimated time saving: 2 min 30 sec.

Final test.
To be effective, final test needs to be comprehensive, but to reduce costs, it also needs to be simple, fast and error-free. As at pre-screen, PhoneTest can be set to automatically load the correct test sequence and insertion losses for the mobile in question.

Estimated time saving: 30 sec.


The 2935 is arguably the fastest test set aimed at repair center use. Although test speed is significant, just as important to maximizing throughput is the ability to create and fully customize test sequences so that they test only the relevant parameters. This is particularly important since pre-screen testing needs to be kept very short.

Estimated time saving: 30 sec.


In addition to the 2935 being fast, users can configure tests to match their own, or their customers', requirements. With multiple 2935s at one final test workstation, users can increase throughput by testing two or more mobiles simultaneously from a single PC.

Estimated time saving: 15 sec.

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Estimated time saving: 1 min 50 sec.


Where traceability is required, as opposed to waiting for results to be printed (and then having to file them), users automatically log results centrally to the PhoneTest-Manager database.

stations can be networked with virtually any technology that the user wishes. In addition, if a center has multiple sites, and the sites are already networked, centralized distribution becomes even more cost effective. Incidentally, because 2935s are controlled from their PCs, central distribution of scripts, stores and settings is applicable even when a test set is away for calibration. When the 2935 returns, there is no risk of forgetting to update it. As the supervisor is treated as the all-round expert for every problem imaginable, he needs as much help as he can get. In addition to conventional training and telephone support, Aeroflex can, if required, provide dial-in support direct to a specific workstation. Conversely, the supervisor can make use of simple inter-PC networking to access workstations at remote sites.

Estimated time saving: 1 min.


In order to see a mobile's full test-and-repair history, it is only necessary to identify the mobile to PhoneTest. This can be done by registering it on a 2935, or by entering (through the PC keyboard or using a bar code reader) the mobile's IMEI. The latter does not require a 2935 to be present; it can be done on the supervisor's PC, the QC manager's PC or any PC anywhere on the center's network. In addition, when a mobile passes final test, PhoneTest can automatically print a customized certificate for returning to the enduser. This is seen as a way of building customer satisfaction.

Throughput implications
The above estimates yield a total savings of a little over 10 minutes per mobile. For a repair center with a throughput of 500 mobiles per day a 10 min saving per mobile is equivalent to over 400 operator hours per week, thus giving significant scope for increasing capacity. For a repair center with 20 test sets, whenever the supervisor updates (for example) a script, a saving of 5 min per test set means a saving on his time of 1.5 hours. There are additional benefits: Optimizing the use of skilled technicians. Reducing errors, thus increasing both throughput and customer satisfaction. Traceability, without the overheads. Extra customer satisfaction through automatically printing custom "Pass certificates". If required, dial-in support.

Book out
At booking out, the dispatch operator closes the job on the Center's business system. PhoneTest system can assist by already having: The business system that the mobile had already passed final test (and thus ensuring that mobiles cannot be dispatched inappropriately). Sent up the repair details (symptoms, faults, actions, parts, etc) so that the business system can make the warranty claim automatically.

Helping the workshop supervisor

Implementation scheme

The workshop test supervisor has a key role. Any problems, whatever the magnitude, with any mobiles, equipment or methods are referred to him for 'instant resolution'. Included in his responsibilities is the creation of tests. As well as PhoneTest being supplied with a range of ready-to-run sequences for various depths of test and band combinations, PhoneTest's script wizard guides you through the creation of custom sequences to meet particular needs. And, as the scripts are saved as simple text files, they can be further fine-tuned with any editor. Once scripts, stores, or any other aspect of a testset's settings are ready for release to the workshop, it wastes time to spend a typical 5 minutes per workstation in, waiting for the operator to finish their current job and installing the data. It is far quicker to simply put the information on a central server, and have every workstation access it from there. As PhoneTest is Windows based, work-

PhoneTest does far more than simply provide a user interface to the 2935 test set. However, it is unnecessary to implement all the features discussed above, nor is it necessary to implement the final system from "day one". Consider the following typical (but by no means mandatory) scenario, any stages of which can be implemented or omitted as appropriate: 1. Start with the 2935s controlled by PhoneTest. Immediately, the user gets the benefit of a fast, stable test solution, with a simple-to-use PC-based user interface, and full flexibility in the coverage and flow of test sequences.

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2. Progressively configure PhoneTest to yield the benefits of automatic test sequence and insertion loss selection, faster alignment throughput via the TCH Test Mode stores, and certificate printing. In addition, the PCs can be networked for immediate distribution of test sequences, stores and settings and, if required, use readily-available PC packages for remote access. 3. Use PhoneTest-Manager to give virtually cost-free traceability. 4. Configure PhoneTest-Exchange for accessing and, if required, updating information held on the center's business system. 5. Finally, configure PhoneTest-Repair to capture repair details (and virtually any other operator-entered information that the center requires). This information can, if necessary, be passed on via PhoneTest-Exchange to the business system for preparation of the warranty claim.

Appendix IT issues within a PhoneTest system


The main text of this application note describes how PhoneTest systems range in complexity from: one PC running PhoneTest simply as the user interface for a 2935 testset, through to: tens of workstations, across multiple sites, with central result logging, full traceability, and real-time access to the corporate business system, all managed by a single supervisor from a single desk. This appendix provides a brief overview of the IT (Information Technology) issues applicable to a PhoneTest system.

Stand-alone workstations Some real examples


1. A 2935 user with multiple repair centers in several countries, operating hundreds of 2935s. The main requirement from the 2935 is for a fast and reliable test set. However, most benefit comes from PhoneTest's unique TCH Test Mode stores facility which, he reports, "doubles alignment throughput". Workstations are networked for rapid distribution of stores and setups. 2. A repair center with one workshop, operating about fifty 2935s. Organized into separate repair/align and final test stages. Final test has 2 test sets per operator. If it passes, automatically prints a certificate for returning with the mobile to the end user. Workstations are networked for instant, centralized update of scripts, stores and settings. Uses PhoneTest-Manager to meet contractual commitment to a major retail chain to maintain traceability. Currently have three years of records on-line. If a mobile is returned, the complete history is retrieved automatically. 3. A repair center with several workshops, operating about twenty-five 2935s. Existing inter-site networking means that scripts, stores and settings are immediately available everywhere within the organization. All workstations log results to central PhoneTest-Manager database - provides full traceability. Have configured PhoneTest-Repair for their own particular repair detail entry requirements. Use PhoneTest-Exchange to automatically pass, on a selective basis, repair details and job status update to their business system database. A single workstation comprises a 2935, a PC, and PhoneTest software. The 2935 connects to one of the PC's COM ports, using the RS232 cable supplied with the testset. Multiple 2935s can be connected to the same PC, so long as the latter has sufficient COM ports with non-overlapping IRQs.

Interconnected workstations
Instant distribution of test sequences, stores, settings, etc, is gained simply by networking together the workstations PCs, the supervisor's PC and, optionally, a server. PhoneTest can use any networking scheme that is supported by the PC's WindowsTM operating system. PhoneTest accesses test sequences, stores, settings, etc as simple files, whose paths are configurable within PhoneTest. Therefore, it is necessary only to set-up a master directory structure physically on one PC (such as the supervisor's or, ideally, an "always on" server) and, on each workstation PC, create links to the structure via virtual drives.

Central result logging


Test and repair results can be logged either: to Aeroflex's unique PhoneTest-Manager system, or via PhoneTest-Exchange, to the user's own conventional relational database system, or to both. PhoneTest-Manager does not use a relational database. It is a hierarchical database, optimized for efficient storage and retrieval of multiple variable-length records indexed by a single key, as is required when dealing with test and repair histories of mobile phones (where the key is the mobile's IMEI). One distinct benefit of using PhoneTest-Manager is that, other than running a simple Windows-based server process on one of the PCs (preferably the database's own server), it requires no user configuration. Conversely, for PhoneTest to log results to the user's own relational database system, provision of the database, configuration of its tables, fields, reporting and data presentation facilities are all under the control of the user. Although requiring greater effort in terms of initial system set-up, as everything is under the user's direct control, maximum flexibility is gained in terms of report

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generation and data presentation.

Logging to PhoneTest-Manager
On the technical side, PhoneTest logs results to PhoneTestManager via a simple server process that, typically, runs on the central PC that hosts the database. The communication mechanism uses TCP/IP. In case of failure of either the central server or the network, PhoneTest workstations automatically buffer results locally and, when the system is re-established, log buffered results to the server.

Exchanging information with the user's own databases


Assuming that the user's own relational databases have 32-bit ODBC drivers, then PhoneTest can exchange information with them. The exchange of data (test and repair results, job details, etc) is controlled by a simple SQL (Structured Query Language) subset, using statements such as SELECT, UPDATE and INSERT. As the user will typically be using different databases for commercial and technical data, PhoneTest can use different DSNs (Data Source Names) for the various business system and results transactions. To help with getting a PhoneTest-Exchange system "up and running", PhoneTest includes: two sample Microsoft Access databases (one for results, one for job details, an Access 32-bit ODBC driver, and an SQL file all pre-configured for: retrieving job details (customer name, warranty status, customerreported fault, etc), and storing and retrieving full test-and-repair histories to and from a results database.

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CHINA Beijing Tel: [+86] (10) 6467 2716 Fax: [+86] (10) 6467 2821 CHINA Shanghai Tel: [+86] (21) 6282 8001 Fax: [+86] (21) 62828 8002 FINLAND Tel: [+358] (9) 2709 5541 Fax: [+358] (9) 804 2441 FRANCE Tel: [+33] 1 60 79 96 00 Fax: [+33] 1 60 77 69 22

GERMANY Tel: [+49] 8131 2926-0 Fax: [+49] 8131 2926-130 HONG KONG Tel: [+852] 2832 7988 Fax: [+852] 2834 5364 INDIA Tel: [+91] 80 5115 4501 Fax: [+91] 80 5115 4502 KOREA Tel: [+82] (2) 3424 2719 Fax: [+82] (2) 3424 8620

SCANDINAVIA Tel: [+45] 9614 0045 Fax: [+45] 9614 0047 SPAIN Tel: [+34] (91) 640 11 34 Fax: [+34] (91) 640 06 40 UK Burnham Tel: [+44] (0) 1628 604455 Fax: [+44] (0) 1628 662017

UK Stevenage Tel: [+44] (0) 1438 742200 Fax: [+44] (0) 1438 727601 Freephone: 0800 282388 USA Tel: [+1] (316) 522 4981 Fax: [+1] (316) 522 1360 Toll Free: 800 835 2352

As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2005.

w w w.aeroflex.com info-test@aeroflex.com

Our passion for performance is defined by three attributes represented by these three icons: solution-minded, performance-driven and customer-focused.

Part No. 46891/903, Issue 2, 07/05

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Application Note
Testing GAIT Phase One Mobiles

With the recent explosion of digital cellular service and the acquisitions and mergers of wireless cellular operators, there has been a sudden resurgence in the concept of the "world phone."

Nothing is ever static in the world of digital cellular and wireless communications. With the recent explosion of digital cellular service and the acquisitions and mergers of wireless cellular operators, there has been a sudden resurgence in the concept of the "world phone." Since 450 million subscribers worldwide are using GSM (Global System for Mobility) technology, you can count on GSM to be the cornerstone of any "world phone" development. Accordingly, the GAIT (GSM - ANSI-136 Interoperability

Team) phone features GSM as part of its core technology, along with ANSI-136 (American National Standards Institute) or TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) technology. In the US there are significant driving factors that are pushing the development of GAIT mobiles. Cingular, the company formed by the combination of the Southwestern Bell and Bell South wireless groups, and AT&T are the two

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predominant TDMA carriers in the US. These operators either own or are moving to GSM technology and want to promote the ability to use one mobile on both GSM and TDMA networks while also allowing for overseas roaming. Cingular's network features both GSM and TDMA technologies with the core technology being TDMA. They have also stated that they are going to deploy GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) data services. With the two operations coming together, there has been a driving force to combine the two technologies to allow the operator to provide "seamless" coverage for their customers without forcing them to a competitors network. AT&T Wireless has a similar, although slightly different situation. While Cingular is faced with the tasks of integrating existing systems and future GSM based data services, AT&T is developing an entirely new GSM network to support their new direction into GSM/GPRS/EDGE technologies. Their requirement is similar, however, in that they need to provide "seamless" coverage for their customer base as well. By capturing the customer on their networks, the operators retain customer revenue and boost customer satisfaction thereby reducing customer turn over.

RF Parametric Testing of GAIT Mobiles


As with any mobile phone, the requirements for testing the RF parametrics are still valid. However, with the GAIT phone, you are required to test for both the GSM and TDMA RF performance, depending on how in-depth your testing requirements are. For review, let's look at the two technologies and the typical associated RF performance test parameters.

GSM Mobile RF Test Parameters Transmitter Parameters:


Power Level: This test measures the mobile transmitter power output level while the mobile is in conversation on the TCH (Traffic Channel (GSM)). The pass limits are different for different power levels. The limits for each test are determined by the different power levels and classes for GSM 900, 1800 and 1900 performance. RMS Phase Error: This test checks the accuracy of the phase modulation of the transmitter in the Mobile Under Test. It is made on the useful part (information or data) of the burst and is usually averaged over a predetermined number of bursts. Peak Phase Error: This test again checks the modulation accuracy of the transmitter in the mobile under test. It is made on the useful part of the burst over a predetermined number of bursts. This is the worst case measurement of the phase error. Frequency Error: A test of the stability of the mobile's transmitter to keep on frequency. Bit Timing: This test checks the accuracy of the mobile's transmission timing. Power Profile Conformance: The ability of the mobile to control ramping power, power over time and shut down power within a defined power-time profile mask. See figure 1.0 for example.

What is GAIT Phase One?


GAIT Phase One is the integration of both TDMA and GSM voice and data technology into one handset with the ability to select and operate on either a TDMA or GSM network. TDMA capabilities offer the ability to roam on AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) networks, since this is an integral part of the ANSI-136 feature set. GAIT technology is being developed by the GSM ANSI-136 Interoperability Team headed by Cameron Coursey of Cingular. This group operates under the banner of the TDMA users group known as the Universal Wireless Communications Consortium and the GSM Alliance. The GAIT Phase One phone will provide the ability for the user to select and then use either a GSM orTDMA network as determined by the operator. In this first rendition, GAIT mobiles will also allow roaming on other networks as defined by agreements between the user's operator and other wireless service providers. GAIT mobiles will not allow intra-system hand-offs or hand-overs. Simply stated, the mobile will know who its primary operator is and based off an internal look up table, called the NSDB (Network Selection Database), the mobile will know whether to go to either a TDMA or GSM network. This will be based on a number of parameters programmed into the mobiles NSDB which resides on the revised SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card adopted for the GAIT mobile. An additional feature of GAIT mobiles will allow the user to send and receive SMS messages using a feature called GHOST (GSM Hosted SMS Teleservices). More on that feature later.

Figure 1.0 - GSM Power Burst Profile - Normal Burst

Receiver Parameters:
BER1 (Bit Error Rate): This test checks the mobile receiver's bit error rate for Class 1 bits (which are subject to error correction by the mobile). BER2: This test checks the mobile receiver's bit error rate for Class 2 bits (which are not error corrected).

So what do we test on a GAIT mobile?


Testing a GAIT mobile is really like testing separate GSM and TDMA handsets. There is some additional GAIT related testing that is required, but that is limited to just a few specific tests. Let's look at the RF (Radio Frequency) performance side first.

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RBER1b (Residual Bit Error Rate): This test checks the mobile receiver's residual bit error rate for Class 1b bits, that is, the bit error rate in those frames that have not been erased by the mobile. RBER2: This test checks the mobile receiver's residual bit error rate for Class 2 bits (which are not error corrected). FER (Frame Erasure Rate): This is the measurement of the percentage of speech frames that are so badly corrupted that they fail their Class 1 parity check and are erased.

ANSI-136 (TDMA) Mobile RF Test Parameters Transmitter Parameters:


Power Level: This test measures the mobile transmitter power output level while the mobile is in conversation on the DTC (Digital Traffic Channel). The pass limits are different for different power levels. The limits for each test are determined by the different power levels and classes for TDMA 800 and 1900 performance. Error Vector Magnitude: This test checks the modulation accuracy of the transmitter in the mobile under test. It is derived from the plot of the symbol on an I/Q quadrant map to determine the magnitude of the error vector. See figure 2.0. Figure 3.0 - Adjacent Channel Power Mask for TDMA ANSI-136 30 kHz channels for mobile phone digital modulation

Receiver Parameters:
BER: This test checks the mobile receiver's bit error rate using a pseudo-random bit stream looped back through the mobile's transceiver or, as an alternative method, using the actual reported BER from the phone at a low signal level, typically -110 dBm. Depending on the type of testing required the testing requirements and accuracy will vary. In an engineering operation, you will do both GSM and TDMA full RF parametric analysis. In a service environment, that could change to just a simplified test to troubleshoot the RF circuitry. The level of functionality and accuracy is dependent upon your specific need.

Protocol Testing - what's changed?


Protocol testing is an important part of the mobile phone test process, especially if you are in the verification and validation business for the testing of new mobile phone types. GSM and TDMA protocol test systems have been around for quite a while and for the purposes of this review, we won't go into the vast amounts of protocol testing required. Figure 2.0 - EVM (Error Vector Magnitude) where vector "A" is the optimal path and "B" is the actual path. The EVM (vector "C") is measured from the ideal point (1) to the actual landing point (2) of the symbol and is expressed as the ratio of C to A. Frequency Error: A test of the stability of the mobile's transmitter to keep on frequency. Adjacent Channel Power: This tests the mobile transmitters spectral performance by measuring transmitted power in the adjacent, alternate and second alternate channels (offset 30 kHz, 60 kHz and 90 kHz from the center frequency). See figure 3.0. But, what's changed for GAIT mobile testing? In testing a GAIT mobile you need to add two different tests to the conventional TDMA or GSM protocol tests. These tests are: 1. Test of the Network Selection Database or NSDB. The network selection algorithm determines the mobile's ability to locate and select the proper network for that phones primary operator. For example, if you are a Cingular customer, your GAIT phone would want to stay on a Cingular network. This is good for Cingular since they control the quality of the call and it is good for you since you won't have to pay additional roaming charges by using some other operators network. As a test professional, you will want to test the network selection algorithms for proper functioning. 2. GSM Hosted SMS Teleservice. Also known as GHOST. The GAIT mobiles use GSM SMS for messaging and over-the-air programming in both GSM and TDMA modes. In TDMA mode, the GSM SMS PDU (Protocol Data Unit) as defined in GSM 03.40 is tunneled across the ANSI-136 air interface. Therefore, the mobile has to be able to process a standard GSM SMS message while operating in both types of networks.

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GAIT Modes
Before going forward, let's define the different modes in which a GAIT mobile operates. These modes are simply operating states that the mobile may operate in, depending upon the type of home network. There are four different modes for the GAIT mobile as defined below: GSM Native Mode: This is where the mobile is homed to a GSM network and is operating on a GSM network. In this mode, the mobile is able to perform standard GSM type functions including SMS and Data services (circuit switched at 9600 or 14400 bps and packet switched service if it is offered). ANSI-136 Native Mode: This is where the mobile is homed to an ANSI-136 network and is operating on an ANSI-136 network. In this mode, the mobile is able to perform standard ANSI-136 functions including text messaging using GHOST SMS and Data services (circuit switched at 9600 bps). GSM Foreign Mode: This is where the mobile is homed to an ANSI-136 network but is operating on a GSM network. At this time, the GSM portion of the phone is operational and the network's Interworking and Interoperability Function (IIF) handles the call delivery and SMS routing from the ANSI-136 network to the serving GSM network. ANSI-136 Foreign Mode: This is where a GSM native subscriber is accessing an ANSI-136 network. Again, routing of calls and SMS is handled by the network's Interworking and Interoperability Function.

Service Provider Category Home ning Partner Favored Neutral Forbidden

Action Taken Select Immediately, no background triggered scanNo background triggered scanning Select Best Available, use background scanning for selection of better Service Provider Use background scanning for selection of a better Service Provider Emergency Calls only

Table 1 - ANSI-136 Intelligent Roaming Service Provider Categories

Service Provider Category Home Preferred Forbidden

Action Taken Select Immediately Select Best Available, use background scanning for selection of better Service Provider Emergency Calls only

Table 2 - GSM Network Selection Service Provider Categories Table 3 shows the priority used by the GAIT mobile station to obtain service on different networks, based on a PPI (Protocol Priority Indicator) setting. For example, if the PPI indicates ANSI136 Preferred then the mobile station follows the priority shown in the left-hand column when searching for service. Suppose that the GAIT mobile station scans for service and determines that there are two networks available for selection, an ANSI-136 Neutral system and a GSM Neutral system. If the PPI is set to ANSI-136 Preferred, then the mobile selects the ANSI-136 Neutral system. Conversely, if the PPI is set to GSM Preferred, then the mobile selects the GSM Neutral system.
ANSI-136/GSM (ANSI-136 Preferred) ANSI-136 Home ANSI-136 Partner GSM Home ANSI-136 Favored GSM Preferred ANSI-136 Neutral GSM Neutral ANSI-136 Forbidden GSM Forbidden GSM/ANSI-136 (GSM Preferred) GSM Home ANSI-136 Home ANSI-136 Partner GSM Preferred ANSI-136 Favored GSM Neutral ANSI-136 Neutral GSM Forbidden ANSI-136 Forbidden

Testing the NSDB - what's involved?


So what is involved in testing the Network Selection Database? Network selection is the mobile's ability to acquire the correct network and to obtain the best service in a given geographic area. The mobile looks at the stored information on the SIM card, as defined by the home service provider, for the information to determine which networks the phone can access. This can include GSM, ANSI-136 and AMPS networks. For GAIT mobiles, the network selection algorithm is a combination of the ANSI-136 Intelligent Roaming Algorithm and GSM's network selection algorithm. Tables 1 and 2 show the service provider categories for ANSI136/AMPS and GSM networks, respectively. In ANSI-136, the Home service provider is defined by the Home SID (System Identity) or SOC (System Operator Code). Partner, Favored and Forbidden service providers are defined by SID and SOC lists that are part of the Intelligent Roaming Database. If the SID or SOC of a network is not included in any of these databases, then it is considered a Neutral service provider. In GSM, the Home service provider is defined by the MCC (Mobile Country Code) and MNC (Mobile Network Code) that are part of the mobile station's IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). A Preferred GSM service provider is defined as one whose MCC/MNC combinations are stored in a Preferred PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) List. Similarly, a Forbidden GSM service provider is defined as one whose MCC/MNC combinations are stored in a Forbidden PLMN List. A Neutral GSM service provider is one whose MCC/MNC is not part of the mobile's IMSI or one of the PLMN Lists.

Table 3 - Combined GAIT Network Selection Process For AMPS and ANSI-136 operation, the mobile looks at the SID and the SOC broadcast on the network's DCCH (Digital Control Channel) (Analog Control Channel (ACC) for AMPS networks). For GSM operation, the mobile looks at the MCC and MNC found on the GSM network's BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel). Depending on how the NSDB is configured and the corresponding signal quality of the base station's DCCH or BCCH, the mobile will determine what is the best network to access. A test solution for GAIT should offer 800 MHz and 1900 MHz operation for ANSI-136 and 800 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHZ GSM operation. (800 MHz will be required with the upcoming GSM deployments in the US.) It should offer the ability to select all channels within these bands and set the channel at a particular power level. It should also provide the ability to select and set SID and SOC information for ANSI-136 operation and MCC and MNC (3 digit for North American operation) for GSM.

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Putting together the Test System


The test system will require the use of the IFR 2935 GSM Test Head and the IFR 1900-5 CSA TDMA test system along with a computer system. The computer system will require two com ports, one to control each of the instruments. In addition, the system will need to be running Windows 98, 2000 or NT 4.0. Connect the 2935 using a RS-232 Null Modem cable and the 1900-5 using a standard RS-232 cable.

Figure 4.0 - GSM Parametric Test Setup

Figure 3.1 shows the system configuration

Setting Up a GSM Test Process


Figures 4.0 through 4.3 show how the IFR 2935 GSM test system can be set up to test the various parameters we've discussed so far. Figure 4.0 shows the initial setups for power measurements, frequency error, timing error and phase error measurements. Figure 4.1 shows band selection, control and traffic channel setup, timeslot designation, power level settings, timing advanced settings and RF generator level. In addition, the ability to set RF Cable Gain and Loss is very important for accurate power measurements. Additional test parameters are shown for registration time out and protocol time out (loss of communications).

Figure 4.1 - Additional GSM Test Setup

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MNC that is used on the North American GSM networks, not just the two digit MNC used in the rest of the world. This capability is critical to testing GAIT mobiles.

Figure 4.4 - GSM Full Power Profile Figure 4.4 shows the burst profile for measuring the GSM power burst to ensure that it meets the specification. Markers are nice to allow for timing measurements within the burst profile. Figure 4.5 shows how these capabilities are displayed for easy reference of the mobiles performance.

Figure 4.2 - GSM Receiver BER/FER Test SetUp

Figure 4.5 - IFR 2935 GSM Test Display

Setting Up an ANSI-136 Test Process


Setting up an ANSI-136 test is very similar to the GSM test for parametric tests. Figure 5.0 shows the GAIT Phone Test parametric display for ANSI-136 phones. As you can see, you can test EVM, Power, Frequency Error and Origin Offset, along with different time slots, power levels and timing advance. You also have the ability to perform multiple hand-off tests, both in band and across band. Figure 5.1 shows the Adjacent Channel Power Mask for ANSI-136 digital power measurements.

Figure 4.3 - GSM Network Selection SetUp using MCC and MNC Figure 4.2 shows the setup limits and samples for the various BER tests for GSM testing, along with the FER test parameters. The RxLEV is the mobile's measurement of signal level it is receiving and RxQUAL is the phones evaluation of the signal received expressed in a numeric response that gives a relative indication of the quality of the signal. Figure 4.3 shows the network setup parameters for the mobile country code, the mobile network code and additional network parameters. Also, the MNC should be able to handle the 3 digit

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Figure 5.0 - Digital ANSI-136 parametric measurements

Figure 5.2 - Analog Set Up Configuration

Figure 5.1 - Adjacent Channel Power Measurements (ACPM)

Figures 5.2 and 5.3 show the setup parameters for both the analog and digital settings. The SID and SOC parameters are what the NSDB uses for selection of the proper network. In addition, you have the ability to select Analog Control Channel number (ACC) and Digital Control Channel number (DCCH). In the digital mode, you have the ability to select either the 800 MHz cellular band or the 1900 MHz PCS band. RF levels can also be set.

Figure 5.3 - ANSI-136 Digital SetUp Configuration

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Testing GHOST
Testing GHOST functionality in a mobile requires the ability to simulate network functions. The GSM Hosted SMS Teleservice function is standardized on the GSM SMS Protocol Data Unit (PDU) as specified in GSM 03.40. Handling this PDU is the primary concern of testing the SMS functionality of the mobile. Figure 6.0 shows how a mobile terminated GHOST message is generated from the network IIF through the ANSI-41D network (the mobile network that supports TDMA) and onto the ANSI-136 air interface for delivery from the base station to the GAIT mobile. Of course, this is for a mobile that is operating in an ANSI-136 Native Mode or ANSI-136 Foreign Mode. A mobile operating in a GSM Native Mode or GSM Foreign Mode would just use the standard GSM SMS delivery procedures. As you can see, the network has built a SMDPP (Short Message Delivery Point to Point) message that incorporates the GSM SMS PDU in the form of SMS Bearer Data. The source of this bearer data can be another GAIT mobile, a GSM mobile or an ANSI-136 mobile.

This information is mapped onto a R-Data (Relay Data) message where the mandatory (M) information elements are set and optional (O) information elements are enabled as the network operator chooses. The mandatory information elements are required for minimum functionality to deliver the R-Data Unit. Optional information elements can be enabled that allow for additional information to be presented such as the originating user's address. The R-Data message payload is the R-Data Unit, which includes the higher-layer-protocol identifier (HLPI) and the HLPDU (Higherlayer-protocol data unit) which is the GMS SMS PDU. The higher layer protocol identifier contains information about the R-Data Unit, in this case showing that the Teleservice Type Indicator is set to one designating it as a carrier specific teleservice (versus a standardized teleservice). The TSAR (Teleservice Segmentation and Reassembly) bit is enabled for either a single RData message or multiple R-Data messages (0 or 1). In addition, the message is indicated as a GHOST message through the use of the Teleservice Protocol Identifier Subfield which is set to 00 0011.

Figure 6.0 - GHOST Message Mapping for a Mobile Terminated GHOST SMS message (courtesy of the GAIT Standards Group)

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For mobile terminated GAIT GHOST testing, a comprehensive test system should allow you to select the ANSI-136 R-Data message information elements and set them to the proper values for GAIT support. It should also allow you to monitor a mobile originated call and log the information coming from the mobile. Figure 7.0 shows a test system screen for handling GAIT GHOST SMS messaging. The system allows the ability to receive and send GHOST messages through the R-Data message on both the DCCH and DTC. The system will automatically determine if the mobile is camped on a DCCH or on a DTC and handle the messages appropriately. Interoperability with the 2935 Phone Test system allows the user to send and capture GSM messages easily from the 2935. Figure 7.1 - Setting the GHOST HLPI and R-Data Message Parameters

Creating a new GSM SMS PDU


To create a new GSM SMS PDU, select the "Create New PDU" button (See Figure 7.2). The next screen that comes up is the screen used in formatting the SMS PDU. Formatting the GSM SMS PDU is important in that the GAIT test specification requires the testing of different PDU contents. For more information, see the GAIT document, GAIT-T-H-1-1-4-0.doc. The GSM SMS PDU is formatted according to GSM 03.40. The main parameters of the PDU are as follows:

Figure 7.0 - GAIT GHOST Testing Example Figure 7.1 shows some of the advanced features for GAIT testing. To properly set the various information elements and parameters associated with a GHOST message, the user needs to be able to select and manipulate each of the Higher Layer Protocol Identifiers and the GSM SMS PDU. The R-Data Unit contains the HLP Identifier data from the HPLI (Higher Layer Protocol Identifier) elements and has a specific length in octets that is automatically calculated. This system then builds the R-Data Unit based on the selected parameters. The message-type mandatory information element is definable as are the Optional R-Data elements that can be configured directly by selecting a pop-up window that allows additional parameters to be set. After the GSM SMS PDU, HLPI and R-Data mandatory and optional information elements are defined, the system then builds an entire R-Data message for transport to the phone. Conversely, the system will also decode an R-Data message and display the appropriate parameters. This particular test system offers the user three ways to build a HLPDU (GSM SMS PDU). 1. By loading a predetermined GSM SMS PDU formatted file. 2. By using a default PDU based on a SMS message received from the 2935. 3. By creating a new PDU based on your input.

SMS PDU Information Element TP-MTI TP-MMS TP-RP TP-UDHI

Value

Description

User Defined User Defined User Defined User Defined

TP-SRI TP-OA TP-PID

User Defined User Defined User Defined

TP-DCS 240 241 242 TP-SCTS TP-UDL TP-UD

User Defined

Message Type Indicator - SMS Deliver "00" is default for GAIT. More Messages to Send - GAIT Default is "0" More messages are waiting. "1" means no more messages are waiting. Reply Path - GAIT Default is "0" - Parameter is not set in this SMS Deliver. "1" means the return path parameter is set in this SMS Deliver. User Data Header Indicator - GAIT Default is "0". The TP-UD field contains only the short message. "1" means the beginning of the TP-UD field contains a header in addition to the short message. Status Report Indicator - "0" means a status report will not be returned to the SME. "1" means a status report will be returned to the SME. Originating Address, International Number, E.164 format. Protocol Identifier - "0000 0000" Default. Using the PID of "0111 1111" enables sim data download, in conjunction with the DCS being set to 8 bit data. Data Coding Scheme: a. Default Alphabet, Class 0 (1111 0000) or b. Default Alphabet, Class 1 (1111 0001) or c. Default Alphabet, Class 2 (1111 0010) or d. 8 Bit Data, Class 2 (1111 0110) or 246 Service Center Time Stamp. User Data Length - Auto Calculated based on message length. User Data .

User Defined Auto Calculation User Defined

Defining a GSM SMS PDU The GAIT Phone Test Suite will map this file into a HLPDU data field and then send it out as a GHOST message to a mobile operating in the ANSI-136 Native or Foreign mode when the Send GHOST button is selected on the main GAIT Phone Test tab.

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Figure 7.2 - Setting the GSM SMS PDU Parameters

Other GAIT Tests, emergency calls


Other tests associated with the GAIT mobile should include the ability to make an emergency call internationally without requiring registration of the mobile on the network, especially when the phone is on a forbidden network.

Opening the GATE to the future of GAIT - Phase One + and beyond
Since the world of wireless communication continues to turn, there will undoubtedly be more features added to the GAIT mobile. Phase One + will add GPRS capability to the mobile for faster data rates. Cameron Coursey, head of the GAIT Standards Group says it well, "The TDMA and GSM networks offer complimentary performance features that will play an important part in the delivery of quality wireless services to our customers. The GAIT mobile will act as a bridge to bring these two world class technologies together to provide true international world phone capabilities and its benefits to operators and users alike." Where we go from here is only limited to our imagination as we take another step closer to a true "world phone."

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As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2005.

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Application Note
Testing GSM-R terminals with the IFR 2935 test set

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The IFR 2935 test set software has been enhanced to cover the GSM-R frequency bands, therefore giving service companies an economical way of testing the new digital radio system for European Railways. The "Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer" (UIC) has developed the Project EIRENE, that specifies the functional requirements for a digital radio standard for the European railways. This standard must satisfy the mobile communications needs of the European railways. It encompasses ground-train voice and data communications, together with the ground-based mobile communications needs of trackside workers, station and depot staff and railway administrative and managerial personnel. This project must provide interoperability for trains and staff crossing national or other borders and offer an appropriate standard for future replacement of national radio systems operating on both important internal routes and low to medium traffic rural areas. To meet the functionality and performance requirements of EIRENE, the following system services are required: Voice services Point-to-point voice calls Public emergency calls Broadcast voice calls Group voice calls Multi-party voice calls Data Services Text message bearer service Bearer service for general applications Bearer service for automatic fax Bearer service for train control applications

IFR 2935 test set description


The IFR 2935 test set is a PC based system that is both easy to use and flexible. The product core is a GSM test head (2935) driven by dedicated software (Phonetest) through an RS232 interface. This system is "Windows" based and accesses all modern PC resources. It has several measurement modes, and can be used as a network simulator to test the mobile in its usual environment, or as a simple test instrument to align mobiles without any protocol emulation.

When used as a network simulator, the "Manual Mode" allows for a mobile to register on a control channel , therefore measuring the access burst parameters to establish a call initiated either from the mobile or from the simulator. The test set displays the standard transmitter measurements ( power level, modulation accuracy, etc.) and receiver measurements (sensitivity, etc.). It is also possible to check the capacity of changing the traffic channel while in conversation (handover), the terminal's response to simulator's instructions and the quality of the voice path. SMS transmission and reception capacity can be tested as well. In automatic mode, the same measurements can be performed under the control of test routines or "Scripts". A script is dedicated to test on several channels and several power levels and to generate a test report, the evidence that the terminal is working well. Therefore a terminal can be checked quickly and returned back to users or routed for repair in case of problems. The test report is useful for the repair shop. Building a new test script is possible starting from an existing script edited as a text file. A script wizard is also provided with the system, allowing for fast and easy generation of new scripts. The basic way of using the 2935 and Phonetest as a simple terminal test system can be extended as the PC offers storage and communication facilities when used with the Phonetest Manager software option. This is a comprehensive database storing all test results and providing a data analysis facility for better quality management.

Direct mode for local set-to-set operation without network infrastructure


Railway specific applications Three distinct mobile radio types are required, based on the type of role they will perform and the environment in which they will operate: Cab radio - for use by the driver of the train General purpose radio - for general use by railway personnel Operational radio - for use by railway personnel involved in train operations such as shunting and trackside maintenance. To reduce the development and deployment costs of such a system, UIC has based its standard on GSM technology , 900 MHz band and modified it to satisfy the railways requirements while keeping the capacity of connection to GSM public networks. Therefore the radios will be allowed to use channels 1 to 124 and 955 to 1023 of the GSM 900 MHz frequency plan, as well as channels 512 to 885 of the GSM 1800 MHz frequency plan. This capacity to connect to public networks makes testing EIRENE radio sets using an IFR 2935 test set possible.

Operation
A. Manual Testing The terminal to test is fitted with a dedicated test SIM card allowing the terminal to register within the test network whose parameters are: Mobile Country Code MCC 001

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Mobile Network Code MNC 01 Also configure the different test set parameters (menu Test/*Settings/Test Settings).

a) Transmitter measurements Power profile : Checking the burst shape Power level : The value must match the level requested for the mobile and display this on the screen (PL9) RMS phase error : Modulation measurement quantified in RMS Peak phase error : Modulation measurement quantified in Peak Frequency error: Instantaneous value of the frequency difference between the transmitter frequency and the expected value. This result can change but must remain within limits. Timing advance:The result should equate to the timing advance requested to the phone. This value (TA) is shown at the bottom left of the Phonetest window under the settings information being displayed.

9 Select the frequency band (900 or 900/1800), the traffic channel within the GSM-R specific band, cable gains or losses according to the frequency range and the connection type (direct connection or antenna coupler). Connect the terminal to the test set and M run "Manual Mode". The lower part of the screen displays the controls, test parameters and test results.

T The "Trace" window allows for graphical measurements:

Full power profile: Graphical display of the burst profile, useful to check former faulty bursts Useful part/Ramps : Extends the profile analysis capability Phase profile : Displays how phase varies during the bursts Then proceed as follows: 1. Switch the terminal "On". After a few seconds, the terminal registers and terminal information is displayed in a separate window. Please notice that the test set is able to capture and measure the access burst (short burst) of the terminal. 2. Make a call from the terminal or from the test set using the key " Page Mobile". 3. As soon as the call is complete, the screen displays repetitive measurements. In-channel spectrum: Displays the RF spectrum generated by the mobile IQ adjustment: Displays the lines relevant for IQ modulator adjustment b) Receiver measurements Rx LEV : Displays the RF level measured by the receiver. The value must match the RF generator level, taking into account the connection losses. RxQUAL : Displays the quality of reception measured by the receiver. This value is calculated by the phone against known bits within the received frames. Measuring receiver sensitivity requires other measurement techniques : BER measurement is performed by the test initiating RF loopback within the mobile, i.e. the bits received by the mobiles are transmitted back to the test set and the BER measurement is performed on these. This measurement requires the mobile to be fitted with a test SIM. To select these test functions, click on the U M "Update" key. This opens a window named "Manual Mode Settings". Within this window, it is possible to re-configure all the For the very latest specifications visit

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test parameters, introduce cable compensations and select the different test modes for the receiver. - Talkback : The user speaks into the mobile's microphone and this speech is then transmitted to the test set by the mobile . The test set re-transmits the speech to the mobile with a slight delay, providing a simple way of testing both microphone and earphone. If the speech check is unsuccessful then to aid diagnosis "Test tone" can be selected. The test set will send a continuous tone to the earphone only. - BER : The test set puts the mobile into RF loopback and performs the BER measurement on class 1 & class 2 bits (BER1 & BER2). - RBER : The test set puts the mobile into RF loopback and performs the Residual BER measurement on class 1b & class 2 bits F (RBER1b & RBER2) together with the frame erasure rate (FER). RBER2 is the most sensitive measurement and is used as the reference measurement mode for sensitivity.

routine. Other operations will be fully automatic. To run an automatic test, select the relevant script using F R "File/Load Script". Then start using "Run Script"and follow the instructions appearing on the screen.

D At the end of the script, close the session using the "Done" key. This opens a window allowing for data recording (if data base options like Phonetest Manager or Phonetest Exchange are available) or/and printing. It is also possible to come back to manual test or re-run the script or another one before closing the session. The 2935 test set is delivered with a wizard helping to easily create new test scripts. Scripts can be edited and modified, adding, changing or deleting lines and values in order to obtain a test routine perfectly suited for the terminal. Other tests GSM-R terminals may also have GPRS packet data transmission mode. The 2935 test set allows to check this mode if fitted with the GPRS test option. SMS transmitted and received can also be tested. Conclusion Thanks to the frequency range used by the GSM-R standard, the 2935 test set is perfectly suited for testing GSM-R terminals to ensure terminal operation. Its capability in both manual and automatic test modes gives service centers a solution with adaptability, a simple man/machine interface and good communication capacity with data bases. Therefore the 2935 Phonetest is the perfect tool for GSM-R terminals servicing.

It is therefore possible to check that the terminal sensitivity is better than the minimum required, while setting the RF generator level at the reference value. The bit error rate should be below the specified limit. Note : Test limits and test conditions are defined inside the T "Test/* Settings/Test Limits(Tx),Test Limits(Rx)" menus. Automatic testing The 2935 test set is fitted with an automatic system able to run complex routines (scripts) including some manual operations.The test engineer will have to switch the terminal on, make or answer a call, check the audio quality or clear the call, following the test

CHINA Beijing Tel: [+86] (10) 6539 1 166 Fax: [+86] (10) 6539 1778 CHINA Shanghai Tel: [+86] (21) 5109 5128 Fax: [+86] (21) 5150 6112 FINLAND Tel: [+358] (9) 2709 5541 Fax: [+358] (9) 804 2441 FRANCE Tel: [+33] 1 60 79 96 00 Fax: [+33] 1 60 77 69 22

GERMANY Tel: [+49] 8131 2926-0 Fax: [+49] 8131 2926-130 HONG KONG Tel: [+852] 2832 7988 Fax: [+852] 2834 5364 INDIA Tel: [+91] 80 5115 4501 Fax: [+91] 80 5115 4502 KOREA Tel: [+82] (2) 3424 2719 Fax: [+82] (2) 3424 8620

SCANDINAVIA Tel: [+45] 9614 0045 Fax: [+45] 9614 0047 SPAIN Tel: [+34] (91) 640 11 34 Fax: [+34] (91) 640 06 40 UK Burnham Tel: [+44] (0) 1628 604455 Fax: [+44] (0) 1628 662017 UK Cambridge Tel: [+44] (0) 1763 262277 Fax: [+44] (0) 1763 285353

UK Stevenage Tel: [+44] (0) 1438 742200 Fax: [+44] (0) 1438 727601 Freephone: 0800 282388 USA Tel: [+1] (316) 522 4981 Fax: [+1] (316) 522 1360 Toll Free: 800 835 2352

As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2005.

w w w.aeroflex.com info-test@aeroflex.com
Part No. 46891/948, Issue 1, 12/05

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Application Note
Testing mobiles faster with the 2935
by Peter Jennings

For the very latest specifications visit

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In the GSM repair field, there is an ever-present need to improve efficiency. This is not just so as to improve the turn-around of mobiles, but also to be able to maximize the return on capital equipment. One way in which efficiency can be improved is to minimize the time taken in testing a mobile phone. There are three ways in which the user of an Aeroflex 2935 GSM test set can achieve faster test times, with no degradation in test accuracy: 1. Use test scripts that have been optimized for speed. 2. Use the new High Speed Test option, 02. 3. Use both. This Application Note concentrates on the first of these. It provides simple guidelines on how best to optimize test sequences for speed. It shows typical time savings that can be made by following the guidelines, and also the additional improvements that can be made through using the High Speed Test option, 02.

Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0
: Page_Mobile 1 1 Set_MS_Power Highest Test_Speech_Quality Set_TCH_Mode RBER

Measure_RxLev
Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_Timing HS Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_RxLev Measure_Tx_Freq called long after Set_MS_Power Middle Measure_Power RF Gen Level Set_MS_Power Lowest change. Measure_Power Hardware already Measure_Rx_RBER2 Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 settled, so result Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack available :

immediately.

2. Minimizing the effect of changing test settings


Non-optimized scripts, including the standard ones that have traditionally been included with PhoneTest (e.g. 'GSM 900+1800 Brief test.seq'), tend to be structured as a simple sequence of tests, repeated several times over as the traffic channel changes. Clearly, it would be preferable to start the next sequence of tests using the settings that were inherited at the end of the previous sequence. For example, if the mobile's power level is progressively decreased during the first test sequence, then it should be progressively increased during the next sequence, and so-on, with the sequences alternating:
: Place_Call 1 1 Clear_From_MS Page_Mobile 1 1

Guidelines for speed-optimized scripts


The guidelines for increasing test speed do not involve changing the accuracy (and hence the validity) of the test; they simply involve re-ordering the sequence.

1. Minimizing the effect of changing RF generator level


Changes to the 2935's RF generator level have a delaying effect on the results of some tests, proportional to the magnitude of the level change. The implications of this are: (a) If testing the mobile over a range of RF generator levels, then minimize the size of each level change. This can be done by increasing (or decreasing) the level progressively, as opposed to arbitrarily jumping from a low level to a high one and back again. (b) Assuming that the effective running of the script is unaffected, a change in RF generator level should be followed by setup statements or protocol changes, rather than parametric tests. In particular, if using the High Speed Test option, then RxLEV and RxQUAL tests should be left as long as possible after a change of generator level. The following segments from 'standard' and speed-optimized ('HS') scripts illustrate the latter point:
: Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 : Page_Mobile 1 1 Set_MS_Power Highest Test_Speech_Quality Set_TCH_Mode RBER Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_Timing Measure_Tx_Freq Standard Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_RxLev Set_MS_Power Middle called Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Lowest immediately after Measure_Power RF Gen Level Measure_Rx_RBER2

Set_MS_Power Highest
: Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_Timing Measure_Tx_Freq Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase

Standard Tests on each traffic channel carried out in the same order. In this code there is a total of nine settings of mobile power, with two relatively long delays as it changes all the way from Lowest to Highest.

Set_MS_Power Middle
Measure_Power

Set_MS_Power Lowest
Measure_Power : HandOff 63 1

Set_MS_Power Highest
: Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_Tx_Freq Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase

Set_MS_Power Middle
Measure_Power

Set_MS_Power Lowest
Measure_Power : HandOff 124 1

Set_MS_Power Highest
: Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_Tx_Freq Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase

Set_MS_Power Middle
Measure_Power

Set_MS_Power Lowest
Measure_Power :

Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Measure_RxLev


Set_MS_Power 9 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack :

change. Test has to wait for hardware to settle.

BACK

: Place_Call 1 1 Clear_From_MS Page_Mobile 1 1

Set_MS_Power Highest
: Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_Timing Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq

HS Tests on one traffic channel mirror the order that they were done on the preceding channel. In this code there are only seven settings of mobile power, with each change reflecting only half of the mobiles range. Note that, although tests are carried out in a slightly different order, the coverage is identical.

Typical Nokia Final Test

Dual band Tri band

Time saved by using: HS script, HS script, Opt 2 disabled Opt 2 enabled 5 sec (6%) 25 sec (27%) 11 sec (10%) 39 sec (34%)

Reducing burst counts


Although the above tests were all carried out on a "like-for-like" basis, with no change to any test parameters, we have also investigated the effect of reducing the number of bursts used by certain tests, and have found that further time savings can be made with minimal effect on accuracy. By modifying the following setup statements at the start of the scripts such that: Set_RmsPhase_Bursts 20 Set_RmsPhase_Bursts 2 Set_PeakPhase_Bursts 20 Set_PeakPhase_Bursts 4 Set_TxFreq_Bursts 20 Set_TxFreq_Bursts 6 becomes: becomes: becomes:

Set_MS_Power Middle
Measure_Power

Set_MS_Power Lowest
Measure_Power : HandOff 63 1 : Measure_Power

Set_MS_Power Middle
Measure_Power

Set_MS_Power Highest
Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase :

HandOff 124 1 : Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq

Set_MS_Power Middle
Measure_Power

Set_MS_Power Lowest
Measure_Power :

a further reduction in test time can be gained. See right-hand column below:
HS script, Opt 2 disabled 5 sec (6%) 11 sec (8%) 8 sec (6%) 8 sec (3%) 5 sec (6%) 11 sec (9%) Time saved by using: HS script, HS, Optim Bursts, Opt 2 enabled Opt 2 enabled 22 sec (27%) 29 sec (35%) 40 sec (29%) 55 sec (40%) 30 sec (21%) 38 sec (27%) 51 sec (20%) 67 sec (27%) 25 sec (30%) 30 sec (36%) 39 sec (30%) 46 sec (36%)

Brief

PhoneTest V2.2-onwards includes, for continuity, the traditional scripts such as 'GSM 900+1800 Brief test.seq' and, in addition, an 'HS' version of the 'Brief' and 'Comprehensive' scripts that have been speed-optimized using the guidelines above. The very simple nature of the 'Call + RF test' and 'Call Processing only' scripts means that no significant gain can be made from an 'HS' version.

Comprehensive Typical Nokia Final Test

Single band Dual band Single band Dual band Dual band Tri band

Savings in test time


The savings in test time that can be gained through script optimization and using the High Speed Test option, depends upon the nature of the test sequence being run. To indicate the typical spread, the table below lists the savings made on the four test categories supplied as standard with PhoneTest:
Time saved by using: HS script, HS script, Opt 2 disabled Opt 2 enabled 5 sec (6%) 22 sec (27%) 11 sec (8%) 40 sec (29%) 8 sec (6%) 30 sec (21%) 8 sec (3%) 51 sec (20%) N/A 4 sec (8%) N/A 8 sec (11%) N/A N/A

Note: All the above tests include a number of factors that are beyond the control of the test set, i.e. the time taken for a mobile to register, for the user to answer a call, close a call, and conduct a speech quality test. The percentage gains shown above include the following allowances for these activities: Brief, Comprehensive, Call + RF Test, Call Processing only: 30 sec. Typical Nokia Final Test (dual band): 25 sec. Typical Nokia Final Test (tri band): 40 sec.

All tests, both Normal and HS were run using a 38400 Baud rate between the PC and the 2935 Test head.

'HS' dual band script


All the standard and 'HS' PhoneTest scripts are supplied with PhoneTest, the latest version of which can be found in the 2935 downloads section at www.aeroflex.com. So that they correctly reflect the tests in the standard version, the supplied 'HS' do not include any burst count reduction. To summarize all the points in this application note, here is the full listing of the 'HS Optim bursts' version of the standard GSM 900+1800 Brief test.seq:

Brief Comprehensive Call + RF test Call Processing only

Single band Dual band Single band Dual band Single band Dual band N/A

As an example of optimizing a custom script, one large 2935 user has developed a final test script for use with Nokia mobiles. The savings that could be made on that test were:

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Print_Header Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Reset System_Type GSM900/1800 Set_BCCH_Arfcn 62 Set_MS_Power 9 Set_MS_Timing 0 Set_Authentication_Check ON Set_IMSI_Attach Allowed Set_Registration_TimeOut 30 Set_Protocol_TimeOut 20 Set_TxPower_Limits HIGH -2.0 2.0 Set_TxPower_Limits NORMAL -3.0 3.0 Set_TxPower_Limits MID -4.0 4.0 Set_TxPower_Limits LOW -5.0 5.0 Set_TxTiming_limit 1.000000 Set_TxFreq_Limit 0.100000 Set_RMSPhase_Limit 5.000000 Set_PeakPhase_Limit 20.000000 Set_TxFreq_Bursts 6 Set_RmsPhase_Bursts 2 Set_PeakPhase_Bursts 4 Set_TxMeasure_Mode Average Set_RxLev_Limits 4 6 Set_RxQual_Limit 4 Set_RxBER1_Samples 45500 Set_Ber1_Limit 0.410000 Set_RxBER2_Samples 8200 Set_Ber2_Limit 2.439000 Set_RxRBER1b_Samples 33000 Set_RBer1b_Limit 0.410000 Set_RxRBER2_Samples 8200 Set_RBer2_Limit 2.439000 Set_RxFer_Samples 500 Set_Fer_Limit 0.200000 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack Registration Place_Call 62 1 Clear_From_MS Page_Mobile 1 1 Set_MS_Power Highest Test_Speech_Quality Set_TCH_Mode RBER Measure_RxLev Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_Timing Measure_RMS_Phase

Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq Set_MS_Power Middle Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Lowest Measure_Power Measure_Rx_RBER2 Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack HandOff 63 1 Set_TCH_Mode RBER Measure_RxLev Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Middle Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Highest Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq Measure_Rx_RBER2 Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack HandOff 124 1 Set_TCH_Mode RBER Measure_RxLev Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq Set_MS_Power Middle Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Lowest Measure_Power Measure_Rx_RBER2 Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack HandOff 512 1 Set_BCCH_Arfcn 699 Set_TCH_Mode RBER Measure_RxLev Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Set_MS_Power Lowest

Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Middle Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Highest Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq Measure_Rx_RBER2 Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack HandOff 699 1 Set_TCH_Mode RBER Measure_RxLev Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq Set_MS_Power Middle Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Lowest Measure_Power Measure_Rx_RBER2 Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack HandOff 885 1 Set_TCH_Mode RBER Measure_RxLev Set_RF_Gen_Level_By_Class -104.0 -102.0 Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Middle Measure_Power Set_MS_Power Highest Measure_Power Measure_Power_Profile Measure_RMS_Phase Measure_Peak_Phase Measure_Tx_Freq Measure_Rx_RBER2 Set_RF_Gen_Level -80.0 Set_TCH_Mode TalkBack Clear_From_BS Print_Summary

CHINA
Tel: [+86] (21) 6282 8001 Fax: [+86] (21) 6282 8002

HONG KONG
Tel: [+852] 2832 7988 Fax: [+852] 2834 5364

UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: [+44] (0) 1438 742200 Toll Free: [+44] (0800) 282 388 (UK only) Fax: [+44] (0) 1438 727601

EUROPE
Tel: [+44] (0) 1438 742200 Fax: [+44] (0) 1438 727601

SCANDINAVIA
Tel: [+45] 9614 0045 Fax: [+45] 9614 0047

USA
Tel: [+1] (316) 522 4981 Toll Free: [+1] (800) 835 2352 (US only) Fax: [+1] (316) 522 1360

FRANCE
Tel: [+33] 1 60 79 96 00 Fax: [+33] 1 60 77 69 22

SPAIN
Tel: [+34] (91) 640 11 34 Fax: [+34] (91) 640 06 40

As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2003.

w w w.aeroflex.com info-test@aeroflex.com
Part No. 46891/922, Issue 1, 10/03

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Application Note
Using the IFR 2935 GSM Tester with GPRS Option 01

The GPRS Option 01 for the 2935 provides new features that allow efficient and flexible testing of GPRS capable mobiles.

Introduction
Circulation of GPRS capable phones is now widespread and growing. All major phone manufacturers have introduced GPRS capability to their latest designs. Tools in support of GPRS phone testing have emerged to satisfy the needs of design, manufacturing and service. This application note provides an overview of IFR 2935 GPRS Test option 01 which has been designed to meet the essential testing needs of engineers and technicians alike.

Testing a GPRS capable terminal


2935 GPRS Test option 01 can be requested either as an upgrade to existing installed 2935's or as a factory fitted option with new equipment. The option makes it possible to test the functional capabilities of GPRS phones in both voice call mode using circuit switched connection or in data call using packet mode connection. Measurement of transmitter and receiver performance can be performed in either mode, especially important as some

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measurement parameters such as Tx power profile, power control, Tx Timing and Rx sensitivity are defined or determined differently for GPRS. In test environments where time is an important consideration, utilising the GPRS capabilities of phones as an alternative to normal voice call testing can offer savings. Using the GPRS mode of operation can also help to simplify testing. The text that follows describes the implementation for GPRS testing offered in the IFR 2935 with option 01. Screen 1 shows the revised PhoneTest set-up screen including GPRS configuration controls. All control parameters are contained in a single screen to simplify set-up. Screen 2 Manual Mode Operation showing additional GPRS features In manual test mode GPRS testing is initiated by first selecting the GPRS mode key. Before a GPRS attach can be performed the terminal must first be registered. When the GPRS attach is completed, GPRS class mark information is updated in the terminal information window as shown in screen 3 and the manual mode display title bar is updated to indicate GPRS Attached. Once attached, the terminal remains so until switched off or until registration is repeated. Under normal circumstances registration and attach both occur automatically simply by turning the phone on. Test parameters associated with the GPRS attach access burst are frozen and displayed until Test Mode is activated.

Screen 1 GPRS test setting screen Screen 2 shows PhoneTest operated in manual mode and illustrates the addition of GPRS test mode and call processing features together with GPRS specific receiver BER / BLER test parameters. Those familiar with 2935 PhoneTest will recognize that little has apparently changed to the general presentation of measurement information thus making the transition to GPRS testing painless for the technician. Test progress bars associated with receiver BER & BLER tests inform the user when the measurement is complete. The measurement time is determined by the number of samples specified in the GPRS test setting screen 1, e.g. using a sample length of 400 results in a BLER measurement time of 8 seconds. Test time can be further reduced by lowering the sample length but at the expense of degrading measurement uncertainty.

Screen 3 The terminal information screen with GPRS information The terminal is now ready to receive or send packet data. The operator commands the terminal into a Test Mode operation (GPRS Option 01 supports both Test Modes A and B). In either Test Mode, the terminal receives and sends data from which the tester measures the transmitter and receiver performance. Unlike GSM voice mode testing, it is not necessary to dial a number or receive a call using the terminal keypad, connection is completed automatically. As well as being simpler, this also helps to make testing faster. Further speed improvements are provided through the specific use of the more efficient BER Test Mode B. To establish with confidence the receiver's sensitivity performance, GPRS

BACK

terminals that are able to operate in Test Mode B require fewer frames than would be the case in a corresponding GSM voice call. From the manual mode screen, the user can easily initiate handoff commands that tell the terminal to switch to a different PDTCH (Packet Data Traffic Channel) and different TN, (time slot number). Alternatively the same action can be achieved by selecting the Update key in which case the user can also control PL (Power Level) and TA (Timing Advance) parameters too. Screen 4 shows the both the handoff and the Update windows.

nel combinations to those used for voice call mode. In this way very efficient test sequences can be designed that avoid repeating tests unnecessarily. Screen 6 shows the Tx testing setup screen. The transmit parameters are common to those measured in voice call mode however, there are some subtle differences in the way GPRS power control and timing are defined and therefore they can merit measurement in both modes.

Screen 4 Initiating a Handoff

Screen 6 GPRS Tx test setup Screen 7 shows the Tx test limit setup screen. Different limits can be set for different power level test cases as well as the number of measurement averages that are used.

Using The 2935 Script Wizard to Build GPRS Test Cases


2935 with GPRS Option 01 supports expanded script wizard functions that provide the user the added flexibility to easily define a range of simple or comprehensive test sequences that will exercise a phone in GSM or GPRS or both modes of operation. Aeroflex supplies a variety of standard test scripts incorporating GPRS test cases that make it possible to commence testing immediately. Screen 5 shows the initial setup for defining a GSM or GPRS test script. Selecting Registration with GPRS attach causes the presentation of additional GPRS pages as the wizard progresses.

Screen 7 GPRS Tx test limit setup

Screen 5 GPRS PhoneTest script wizard As the user progresses through the script wizard, they can set up the test parameter and test limits independently for each of GSM and GPRS modes. Any voice call mode tests specified are performed first, followed by any defined GPRS tests. The power levels and traffic channel numbers are common to both modes although in later screens the user can further refine the selection making it possible to test GPRS on different power level and chanFor the very latest specifications visit

Screen 8 GPRS Rx test setup

www.aeroflex.com

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Screen 8 shows the Rx testing setup for BER or BLER. Tx and Rx test parameter control is provided independently to permit greater flexibility in designing scripts. BER measurement requires the mobile to support Test Mode B, whereas BLER measurement is common to Test Modes A and B. Either measurement can be specified for coding schemes CS1 or CS4 independently. However, RxQual measurements are only relevant when using coding scheme CS1. Full flexibility in configuring the Rx test pass/fail limits allows the user to define as comprehensive or as quick a test as required. Screen 9 shows the Rx Limits setup through the script wizard.

Conclusion
Currently phone manufacturers offer a limited range of GPRS capability. In time, the range of specified GPRS classes available will lead to a ever wider variety of different phone types and levels of capability. This evolution will increasingly mean that flexible GPRS modes of testing will take precedence over standard voice call testing. This application note has introduced GPRS option 01 for IFR 2935 and considered the various benefits of using the GPRS mode of operation. Aeroflex will continue to enhance product performance in line with the advances in phone capability to ensure affordable and competent test capability exists. Visit the Aeroflex website at http://www.aeroflex.com/products/commtest/cellparametric/2935.cfm to keep up to date on Aeroflex GPRS test capabilities.

Screen 9 Rx Limits setup screen

CHINA Beijing Tel: [+86] (10) 6467 2716 Fax: [+86] (10) 6467 2821 CHINA Shanghai Tel: [+86] (21) 6282 8001 Fax: [+86] (21) 62828 8002 FINLAND Tel: [+358] (9) 2709 5541 Fax: [+358] (9) 804 2441 FRANCE Tel: [+33] 1 60 79 96 00 Fax: [+33] 1 60 77 69 22

GERMANY Tel: [+49] 8131 2926-0 Fax: [+49] 8131 2926-130 HONG KONG Tel: [+852] 2832 7988 Fax: [+852] 2834 5364 INDIA Tel: [+91] 80 5115 4501 Fax: [+91] 80 5115 4502 KOREA Tel: [+82] (2) 3424 2719 Fax: [+82] (2) 3424 8620

SCANDINAVIA Tel: [+45] 9614 0045 Fax: [+45] 9614 0047 SPAIN Tel: [+34] (91) 640 11 34 Fax: [+34] (91) 640 06 40 UK Burnham Tel: [+44] (0) 1628 604455 Fax: [+44] (0) 1628 662017

UK Stevenage Tel: [+44] (0) 1438 742200 Fax: [+44] (0) 1438 727601 Freephone: 0800 282388 USA Tel: [+1] (316) 522 4981 Fax: [+1] (316) 522 1360 Toll Free: 800 835 2352

As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2005.

w w w.aeroflex.com info-test@aeroflex.com

Our passion for performance is defined by three attributes represented by these three icons: solution-minded, performance-driven and customer-focused.

Part No. 46891/906, Issue 2, 07/05

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Application Note
Why does the 2935 have 2 Manual Modes?

Within the 2935 and PhoneTest there are 2 manual modes of operation, designed to simplify the test, repair and alignment of GSM Mobiles.

Introduction Why are there 2 different manual modes in PhoneTest?


Within the 2935 and PhoneTest there are 2 manual modes of operation, designed to simplify the test and

repair of a mobile. Firstly there is a synchronous mode called BCCH mode (in call testing) and a unsynchronised mode called TCH mode (used for alignment).

BCCH Manual Mode


This mode controls the mobile as if it were operating on

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a network and is used to verify autotest failures and assist in the repair of the mobile. BCCH (Broadcast Control CHannel) Manual mode gives the user control over the important network functions of the mobile such as:

Registration Placing a call to the mobile Placing a call from the mobile Clear down from the mobile Clear down from the basestation Handoffs between traffic channels Handoffs between frequency bands Setting of control channel, traffic channel, time slot, power level, timing advance and signal generator level In addition a wide range of parametric functions are measured to the ETSI 300 607-1 specification. These are measured for both normal conversation bursts and also the access burst (RACH burst).
Figure 1: BCCH Manual Mode

The flexibility and ease of use of the 2935 allows the user to quickly assess the operation of a mobile under a wide range of operating conditions.

TCH Test Mode


TCH test mode is used in the alignment and fault finding of a mobile when the mobile have been placed in a test mode by either the use of external propriety software or by a sequence of "hidden" key presses.

The transmitter measurements are :Mobile power, Power ramp profile, Frequency error, Peak and RMS phase and Timing advance. Graphical displays of:Full Power Profile, Useful Part, Ramps, and In-channel spectrum. The receiver can be evaluated by measuring bit error rates and residual bits error rates on class 1b and class 2 bits, as well as the frame erasure rate (FER). Information reported to the network is also displayed such as the RSSI (RX LEV and RX QUAL) and the reported timing advance and power level. Figure 2: TCH Manual Mode TCH mode provides an unsynchronised mode where the transmitter parameter can be measured without the need for a call to be established. The measurements available are mobile power, power ramp profile, frequency error, peak and RMS phase, timing advance and output spectrum. As the training sequence is used as a reference for frequency, phase and timing measurements, if a training sequence is not present then only the transmit power and output spectrum can be measured. In addition to the transmitter measurements an unbursted GMSK signal or a fixed carrier signal can be generated at any frequency in the 900, 1800 and 1900 bands. The output level can be set within the range -40 to -120 dBm in steps of 0.1 dB. The graphical TCH mode display of the mobile is simple and efficient. With the TCH mode the user has the ability to save the test configurations for allowing routine calibration steps to be easily recalled.

Types of alignment
Each manufacturer has a different method of mobile alignment. The following identifies the parts of the mobile that can be aligned and how the alignment is carried out.

BACK

Automatic testing
IQ Alignment
BW = 200kHz 90

TX power Alignment
890 915MHz

TX I

PA

TX Q Dividers
XTAL 13MHz

Phase Detect

VCO
Loop Filter Fast Switching

Duplex Filter ANT

When the mobile has been repaired and aligned a sequence of predefined test are carried out. To verify the mobile is suitable to be used on the GSM network. The 2935 and PhoneTest provide a highly flexible and high speed approach to GSM mobile repair and test.

RX I
90

AGC
BW = 200kHz 935 960MHz

RX Q

Receiver Alignment

Figure 3: A very simplistic block diagram of a 900 MHz GSM Mobile. The grey areas represent the areas of primary alignment.

Mobiles transmit power alignment


The mobile is placed in a test mode, where it is set up to transmit a signal of predefined frequency and power. The test equipment is set up to measure the transmitted power from the mobile and the transmitted power is adjusted for a desired level.

RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator)


The test equipment is set up to generate a signal of a known level and frequency which is injected into the mobile. The signal strength measured via the test mode on the mobile. Then a second signal generator level is then measured, from this the absolute RSSI and the RSSI linearity is determined.

AFC (Automatic Frequency Control)


A signal is injected into the mobile at a known offset from the channel and the mobile then measures the frequency to identify if it within its AFC capture range.

IQ alignment
The separate gains of the IQ channels in the mobile are adjusted until they are balanced. This is usually carried out with the mobile generating a GMSK (Gausian Minimum Shift Keying) signal carrying all 1s or all 0s data. This produces a characteristic spectrum where the maximum signal is offset by 67.71 kHz from the nominal carrier and distinctive spurs are produced as shown below.

For the very latest specifications visit

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CHINA Beijing Tel: [+86] (10) 6539 1 166 Fax: [+86] (10) 6539 1778 CHINA Shanghai Tel: [+86] (21) 5109 5128 Fax: [+86] (21) 5150 6112 FINLAND Tel: [+358] (9) 2709 5541 Fax: [+358] (9) 804 2441 FRANCE Tel: [+33] 1 60 79 96 00 Fax: [+33] 1 60 77 69 22

GERMANY Tel: [+49] 8131 2926-0 Fax: [+49] 8131 2926-130 HONG KONG Tel: [+852] 2832 7988 Fax: [+852] 2834 5364 INDIA Tel: [+91] 80 5115 4501 Fax: [+91] 80 5115 4502 KOREA Tel: [+82] (2) 3424 2719 Fax: [+82] (2) 3424 8620

SCANDINAVIA Tel: [+45] 9614 0045 Fax: [+45] 9614 0047 SPAIN Tel: [+34] (91) 640 11 34 Fax: [+34] (91) 640 06 40 UK Burnham Tel: [+44] (0) 1628 604455 Fax: [+44] (0) 1628 662017 UK Cambridge Tel: [+44] (0) 1763 262277 Fax: [+44] (0) 1763 285353

UK Stevenage Tel: [+44] (0) 1438 742200 Fax: [+44] (0) 1438 727601 Freephone: 0800 282388 USA Tel: [+1] (316) 522 4981 Fax: [+1] (316) 522 1360 Toll Free: 800 835 2352

As we are always seeking to improve our products, the information in this document gives only a general indication of the product capacity, performance and suitability, none of which shall form part of any contract. We reserve the right to make design changes without notice. All trademarks are acknowledged. Parent company Aeroflex, Inc. Aeroflex 2005.

w w w.aeroflex.com info-test@aeroflex.com
Part No. 46891/856, Issue 2, 12/05

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Racal 6103
Digital Radio Test Set Battery Life Testing Application Notes rev. 1.1
For use in conjunction with software release version 3.03.

Equipment set up
1. Connect the printer to the 6103 via the parallel printer port. Ensure that the Parallel port is selected under the Results menu. Fully charge the mobile battery. Install test SIM. 2. Connect the mobile under test to the 6103 using a suitable RF lead. (an electrical connection is preferable to an inductive). 3. If required enter the offset for the RF cable.

Introduction:

These notes are provided to enable the user to become familiar with the Battery Life Test Sequences. These Test Sequences follow a procedure proposed by The European Manufacturers Association - Task Group for Mobile Stations (ECTEL-TWG). The Battery Life Test procedure is designed to provide manufacturers with a consistent and accurate method to measure both the Standby and Talk times of a mobile handset. The Battery Life Test Sequences are available from Racal Instruments as part of the RIBASIC Example Sequence Library, Part number 64-0047. Note: The Battery Life Test procedure is under continuous improvement to enhance product performance. The method detailed in this application note follows the current recommendations. Please check with Racal Instruments to ascertain if any enhancements have been made to the recommended test method.

RIBASIC Sequence Library


The example sequence library disk contains a set of 15 RIBASIC example program files designed for use with the Racal Instruments 6103 Digital Radio Test Set. RIBASIC is a simple programming language, based on BASIC, a tool which can be used to control the range of test functions available on the 6103 and manipulate the results. Only the Battery Life Test Sequences STANDBY and TALK.SEQ are considered in this document. To obtain more details regarding the Test Sequences and RIBASIC please refer to the WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION section at the end of this document. How to load the test sequence files Copy sequence files to a PCMCIA memory card Insert the card into a slot in the 6103 Test Set Select "Test Sequences" from the main menu Select "Run File" Select required file i.e. STANDBY.SEQ Note: These files can be used to test GSM900, DCS1800 and PCS1900 phones. Different parameter lists for all 3 systems are built into the sequences. The appropriate parameters are loaded automatically by selecting the appropriate radio system.

Equipment required:
Racal Instruments 6103 with firmware version 3.03 or higher (check this by selecting "Self tests/System" from the main menu) Example Sequence Library P/N (64-0047) RF test lead Racal Instruments Test SIM GSM, DCS or PCS Compatible phone and battery Epson-compatible printer.

RACAL INSTRUMENTS
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Battery life testing sequences


Measurement of Standby Time
Description: Measures a mobile's battery life in idle mode by repeatedly running the Synchronization/ Registration test until the mobile fails to perform location updating. The periodic update interval is selectable as a number of minutes from 1 to 1530. The selected value is rounded up to the nearest 6 minutes, the default is 30. Note: The Standby Time test is performed with the paging multi-frames parameter set to 5. Standby battery life test procedure: Run the test sequence: select "Test Sequences" in main menu select "Run File" select the file STANDBY.SEQ from the PCMCIA card and press Accept Choose either to keep the default parameter settings (shown in Table 1.0) or to enter your own values. The default values are as per the ECTEL- TWG recommendations, which are selected to give accurate, repeatable and representative results. If you choose to set your own parameters, the test set will ask for the following: Current band, select 0, 2 or 3 (GSM, DCS OR PCS) Value of paging multi-frames (2-9) Discontinuous Transmission DTX 0,1, 2 Periodic Update Interval Time (0-1530 minutes, each value is rounded up to the nearest 6 minutes, i.e. 1=6 etc) Value of page mode (0-3) The Periodic Update Interval Time (PUIT) specifies how often the mobile will perform location updating. The recommended standard setting is 30 minutes, but any value down to a minimum of 6 can be used. The test will run until the 6103 set does not receive a location update from the mobile when expected (i.e. the battery has run down), A results sheet showing start time, stop time and total standby time (shown in Figure 1.0) will then be printed. Standby battery life test sequence details Automatic results printing is turned off, and printing is directed to the printer, via the parallel port.

The recommended ECTEL values (shown in Table 1.0) can be selected, or user can enter own values. The DSINF parameter is used to set the cell allocation table and the neighbor cell table (see "GSM Parameter Configuration commands", Section 6, Volume 2 of the 6103 operator's manual). The test time out is set so it is slightly longer than the Periodic Update Interval The Start time is recorded and then the Synchronization/Registration test is run repeatedly until the mobile fails to respond. The stop time and stop date is then recorded. Finally the total Standby time is calculated, and the result printed. Table 1.0 Standby Mode Parameter Settings
Parameters SIM Rx Level Cell re-selection T3212 (PUIT) BA list Settings: GSM / DCS Phase 2 with clock stop -82 dBm No 30 mins (5 deci hours) 16 frequencies as follows GSM:1,9,17,26,34,42,50,58,6 7,75,83,91,99,108,116,124 DCS:512,530,560,580,610,640, 670, 700, 720, 740, 760, 790, 810, 840, 860, 885 OFF 5 multi frames (2 9) OFF (2) ARFCN 62 / 70 0 (0 3) No

SMS CB BS_PA_Mfrms (DRX) DTX Discontinuous Transmission. Control Chan. Freq. Page_Mode Handover

Figure 1.0 Sample Standby test results sheet.


+-------------------------------------------+ | 6103 Test Set (GSM) Mobile Battery Life | in idle mode (standby time) +-------------------------------------------+ | Mobile Details | IMSI: ************ IMEI: *********** | Revision: Phase 2 Power class: 4 | Encryption: A5/1 A5/2 +-------------------------------------------+ | Test Results | | | Parameters used: | Periodic update interval: 30 mins | Page Mode: 0 | Paging Multiframes: 5 | Discontinuous Transmission: 2 | | | Test started at 09:30:36 on 20 APR 1998 | Communication lost 19:11:38 on 20 APR 1998 | Total standby time 9 Hours, 41 minutes +-------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

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Measurement of Talk Time


Description: Measures a mobile's battery life in dedicated mode (i.e. talk time) by continuously running the voice loopback test until the mobile fails to respond. The power level and channel are selectable at the start of the sequence and these parameters are then used when the voice loopback test is run. Note: The Talk time test is performed with discontinuous transmission (DTX) switched off. DTX may be enabled by the addition of the CONIFG DTX to the Battery Life test Sequences or by directly editing the value of the DTX parameter in a parameter file. For more details regarding DTX, please refer to the WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION section at the end of this document. Talk time battery life test procedure: Run the Talk test sequence as per Standby test, but choose TALK.SEQ instead Choose whether to keep the default parameter settings (shown in Table 2.0) or enter your own values. The default values are as per the ECTEL-TWG recommendations, and have been selected to give accurate, repeatable and representative results. If you choose to set your own parameters, the test set will ask for the following: Current band select 0, 2, or 3 (GSM, DCS or PCS) Value of paging multi-frames (2-9) Discontinuous Transmission DTX 0, 1, 2 Periodic Update Interval Time (0-1530) Value of page mode (0-3) Select whether to hop on a pre-defined series of channels (-shown in table 1.0-) or run the test on one particular channel. If you choose to run the test on one channel, enter the channel number in the text box. The mobile is put into voice loopback mode until the call is lost, indicating the battery is discharged. A results sheet (shown in Figure 2.0) is then printed showing the start time, stop time and total Talk Time. Talk time Battery Life Test Sequence The recommended ECTEL values (shown in Table 2.0) can be selected, or user may enter their own values.

It is recommended to run the test with channel hopping on, as defined in Table 2.0. If it is set to off the user must choose a channel to run the test on. The start time of the battery test is then recorded. The DSINF parameter is the same as that used in the standby time test The Start time is recorded, the Voice Loopback test is then run repeatedly until the mobile fails to respond. The stop time and stop date is then recorded. Finally the total Talk time is calculated, and the results printed. Note: Both the standby and talk time test sequences are limited to testing an assumed maximum battery life of one year. Table 2.0 Dedicated Mode Parameter Settings
Parameter Rx Level Hopping Settings -82 dBm ON, 5 frequencies GSM: 1, 30 ,62, 93,124 DCS: 512, 600, 690, 780, 885 No 5 (29 dBm) GSM 1 (28 dBm) DCS 16 frequencies as follows GSM:19,17,26,34,42,50,58,6,7.75,83, 91,99,108,116,124 DCS:512,530,560,580,610,640,670,70 0,720,740,760,790,8 1 0,840,860,885 2 (OFF) Continuous

Handover MS-Tx-Lev (Power) BA List

Uplink DTX Call

Figure 2.0 Sample Talk time test results sheet.


+---------------------------------------------+ | 6103 Test Set (GSM) Mobile Battery Life | in dedicated mode (Talk Time) +---------------------------------------------+ | Mobile Details | IMSI: ************ IMEI: *********** | Revision: ** Power class: 4 Encryption: On +---------------------------------------------+ | Test Results | | | Parameters used | TCH ARFCN: (hopping) | Mobile power level: 7 | Periodic U/date interval: 30 mins | Page Mode: 0 | Paging Multiframes: 5 | Discontinuous Transmission: 2 | | Test started at 09:34:54 on 21 APR 1998 | Communication lost at 11:48:52, 21 APR 1998 | Total talk time: 2 Hours 14 minutes +---------------------------------------------+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

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WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION


How to obtain the sequence library and the Battery life test procedure To obtain a copy of the RIBASIC sequence library and the Battery Life test procedure please contact your local Racal Representative or the Customer Help Desk on +44 (0)1753 741010. About these sequences See explanatory comments built into the sequences: view them using any standard text editor program such as Microsoft Notepad About running sequences See the 6103 Operator's Manual Volume 2, "Test Sequences" (Section 4) and "Test Sequences Menu" (Section 5) About programming in RIBASIC See the 6103 Operator's Manual Volume 2, "Programming Test Sequences" (Section 5 Annex A) About parameters to use when running tests with RIBASIC For running tests with the RIBASIC "TEST" command, see the 6103 Operator's Manual Volume 2, "Single Test Commands" (Section 6) For defining parameters with the RIBASIC "CONFIG" command, see the 6103 Operator's Manual Volume 2, "GSM Parameter Configuration Commands" (Section 6) About the Debug facility. The debug facility is an engineering feature of the 6103 designed for use by Racal engineers. This port can provide access to additional information and parameters not normally accessible via the instruments front panel. Further information may be obtained by contacting Racal Instruments.

Parameter Settings for Battery life testing The sequence file can be edited and saved to memory card to control the discontinuous transmission parameter DTX. This is different to the previous Battery Life Test sequnces for version 2.02B, where it was necessary to use the Debug facility to enable DTX. The setting for the DTX parameter are 0, 1 and 2. The values have the following meaning: 0 : MS may use DTX if possible 1 : MS is commanded to use DTX (DTX On) 2 : MS is commanded Not to use DTX (DTX Off) Troubleshooting NOTE: when using these files, you may occasionally get the error message "RIBASIC Error: Range of values for ......." - this is not an error in the sequence files, but is caused by the following: 1. If you have enabled offsets under the "Offsets" menu, then some of the parameters used in the tests may be out of range. Either alter the offset or modify the values used in the sequence. Disclaimer: The RIBASIC Battery Life testing sequence files have been tested on a Racal Instruments 6103 Digital Radio Test Set with a limited selection of mobile handsets. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the suitability of all commands and parameters used in this sequence for their equipment. Racal Instruments Limited take no responsibility for any damage caused by the use/misuse of this sequence. In case of problems please contact your local Racal Representative or the Customer Help Desk on +44 (0)1753 741010.

Copyright Racal Instruments Limited 1998

RACAL INSTRUMENTS
Racal Instruments Inc. 4 Goodyear Street, Irvine CA 92618, USA. Tel: +1 714 859 8999 Fax: +1 714 859 7139 Racal Instruments Ltd. 480 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 6BE, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 (0) 1628 604455 Fax: +44 (0) 1628 662017 Racal Systems Electronique S.A. 18 Avenue Dutartre, 78150 Le Chesnay, France. Tel: +33 (1) 3955 8888 Telex: 697215 Fax: +33 (1) 3955 6735 Racal Systems Elettronica srl Strada 2 - Palazzo C4, 20090 Milanofiori Assago MI, Italy. Tel: + 39 (2) 5750 1796 Fax: + 39 (2) 5750 1828 Racal Elektronik System Gmbh Frankenforster Strasse 21, 51427 Bergisch Gladbach , Germany. Tel: + 49 2204 9222-0 Fax: + 49 2204 21491 Racal Australia Pty. Ltd. 3 Powells Road, Brookvale, NSW 2100, Australia. Tel: + 61 2 9936 7000 Fax: + 61 2 9936 7036 Racal Electronics Pte. Ltd. 26 Ayer Rajah Crescent, 04-06/07, Ayer Rajah Industrial Estate, Singapore 0513 Tel: + 65 7792200 Fax: + 65 7785400 Racal Instruments Ltd. Sun House 13th Floor, 181 Des Voeux Road, Central, Hong Kong. Tel: + 852 281 58633 Fax: + 852 281 58141

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GSM Base Stations


The correct title for a GSM/personal communications service (PCS) base station is a base transceiver station (BTS). It has evolved into a sophisticated assembly with embedded supplierspecific software used to control the functions of the base station. The software has a fundamental impact on testing because the tester cannot directly control the BTS to carry out tests; the BTS must be controlled through embedded software interfaces.

Testing a Remote BTS

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WIRELESS TEST

Automated Testing of GSM Base Stations


by Steve Gledhill, Racal Instruments
he growing population of cell phonestoday estimated at nearly 300,000,000 in service worldwidehas increased the focus on mobile-phone base stations. Without efficiently functioning stations, nobody talks. To avoid such problems, testing these stations is increasingly important. Essentially, a mobile-phone cellular radio base station is a sophisticated transmitter and receiver that communicate with all of the subscribers mobile phones in close proximity. The area that the base station covers is referred to as the cell. Signals to and from the base station communicate with the fixed telephone network through T1 24-channel links. Testing such a base station should be a straightforCell phones rely on ward job of applying a set of RF parametric measurements, for example, measuring output frequency, power, remote base stations, and modulation from the transwhich need mitter and determining sensitivity, tuned frequency, and sophisticated test distortion on the receiver. In equipment and reality, the testing is significantly more complex. Many procedures for transmitter and receiver chanproper installation nels and associated antennas on a base station and in digital and maintenance. systems, such as a global system for mobiles (GSM), code division multiple access (CDMA), digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS), and parameters such as bit error rate (BER), must be measured as well as handover procedures and other housekeeping matters. Numerous vital tests are carried out, especially during installation and commissioning, and they must be accurate and repeatable. The quality and scope of the tests performed at this stage determine the efficiency and, ultimately, the revenue earned from a base station.

The BTS is controlled by the BSC through a 1.5-Mbit/s interface, known as the A-bis interface. A 1.5-Mbit/s link consists of 24 64-kbit/s time slots. In the A-bis interface, each of the 64-kbit/s slots is subdivided MSC into four 16-kbit/s speech subslots. Each GSM carrier BSC BSC accommodates eight speech channels. As a result, two 64-kbit/s time slots are needed for A Interface each carrier, meaning that, in theory, 12 carriers can be controlled and duplex speech connected for each 1.5-Mbit/s link. In practice, some time slots are needed BSC BTS BTS for signaling, so only about 10 carriers can be serviced by one link. A-bis Interface BTS Antennas Although the system from the BSC outward to the Figure 1. GSM/ network is standardized, the A-bis interface differs for PCS Mobile each manufacturer. This is a major challenge for the BTS Phone Network test-equipment supplier. Not only must vendor-specific Conceptual Block Diagram software be developed for each manufacturers equipment, but ongoing development also is required A BTS should not be considered in GSM/PCS Base Station to keep up with software enhanceisolation to the other components that ments. make up a network. Figure 1 shows a RF In A-bis In As a result, it is necessary simplified GSM/PCS mobile phone netRF Out A-bis Out for the tester to interface work block diagram that focuses on with the A-bis connections to three important functional blocks: the control it and carry out automobile switching center (MSC), the base mated testing. The interface station controller (BSC), and the BTS. must communicate in both The MSC is closest to the core directions to read the mesnetwork infrastructure and responsible sages returned from the for switching and routing the traffic. A-bis In RF In base station. Interfaces Each MSC interfaces to a number of also are required at the BSCs in the network over a 1.5-Mbit/s A-bis Out RF Out antenna connection ports link using the A interface. The BSCs of the BTS. are themselves interconnected to a number Figure 2. Test Set Connected to the A-bis and RF Ports of a GSM/PCS Base Station Figure 2 shows how of different BTSs that they control. the test set connects to the A-bis and RF ports BTS Testing of a BTS. With this arrangement, the tester can switch Testing is an essential part of a base stations the BTS to different RF channels and check the control installation and commissioning process. Even though the signals sent to the mobiles. The tester also should constituent parts of a BTS will have been thoroughly feature programmable go, no-go test limits to minimize tested by the manufacturer, they are disassembled for operator errors, printing capabilities to support future transport and reassembled on site. trend analysis and maintenance tracking, embedded This can give rise to some faults. More significantly, control software to eliminate the need for a PC, and a other faults inevitably will arise during the complex design conducive to portable applications. installation process. For example, wiring errors will occur even in the best-managed working environment, About the Author connectors will not always be correctly crimped, backplane Steve Gledhill is the marketing manager for radio comswitches can be incorrectly set, and RF connectors and munications test at Racal Instruments. He has nearly 30 cables can easily introduce faults. years of experience in RF test and measurement, initially When contemplating test strategies for cellular radio with Marconi Instruments and more recently with IFR. testing and maintenance, consider the time taken for testing Racal Instruments Ltd., 480 Bath Rd., Slough, Berkshire as time that could be used to generate revenue. Even one SL1 6BE, United Kingdom, 011 44 1628 604455, e-mail: bad voice channel can affect numerous connections during steve.gledhill@racalinst.co.uk. the course of a day and produce large numbers of fault reports. A rapid, automated, high-integrity tester that is easy to operate could increase revenue significantly.
Reprinted from EE-Evaluation Engineering, April 2001 Copyright 2001 by Nelson Publishing Inc. www.evaluationengineering.com

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WIRELESS TEST

Portable, Automated BTS Tester


BSC

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