Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
IN THE BRITISH
MUSEUM
A CATALOGUE
OF
ENGLISH COINS
IX
THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
B.A.
TWO VOLUMES
62
PLATES
VOLUME
(INTRODUCTION, TABLES
AND
PLATES)
LONDON FEINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND BY
LoNGMAKS & Co., 39 Paternoster Row Bernard Quaritch, 11 Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. AsHER & Co., 13 Bedford Street, Covent Garden
Press,
Amen
Corner, E.C.
Rue de
Louvois, Paris
1916
[_All
rights reservedl
PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
6J'
PREFACE
The
British
V.
Series,
was pubservice of
lished in 1893.
the Trustees,
of the Collection, explain the delay of twenty-three years between that publication and the appearance of the present two volumes.
These are entirely the work of Mr. George Cyril Brooke, B.A.,
Assistant in the
Department.
They cover
the
period of the
Norman
Kings.
earlier
Comparison with
made
describing the
coins.
Special
upon a glance
which
Descriptions and
of important
coins
have been
from other
collections,
public or private,
making the
volume
for practical
on Anglo-Norman
descriptions
all
coins.
an arrangement which
is
justified
by
made
Press,
and the
have read the proofs of the whole, and compared the descriptions
PREFACE
Cotton and Sir Hans Sloane, which formed the nucleus of the
British
little
Museum
made
to the collection.
The
coins from the Tyssen collection purchased in 1802 did not include
his
way
into the
Earrd Charles
Roberts.
The
No
other acquisition
made
for
The
collection of
King George
III,
Norman
coins,
and purchases
to
Duke
Pembroke
(1896-7),
Hyman Montagu
P.
E.
W.
(1900),
it
and P. W.
Carlyon-Britton (1913).
At the
in
Sir
moment
an Appendix
fifty-six
of
the
late
As
these
to
mention here
the hoard of
many thousand
will, it is
G.
F.
HILL,
Kee'per of Coins
and Medals.
COIN TENTS
VOLUME
Peeface
.
PAGE
V
IX
List of Plates
Eeeata
X
:-
INTRODUCTION
The coinage at the time of the Conquest Types of coins and their periodical change
Finds of coins
Overstruck coins
XI
xii
Mules Epigraphy
Order of types
XTi
xxxii
xxxvi
xlii
IxTi
Ixvii
Llewellyn, sou of
Cadwgan
:
Ixxii
Ixxvi
Ixxxii
II.
III.
attribution
Ixxxix
:
A. Midland Counties
B. Eastern Counties
C. Scottish or
XCY
xcvi
xcviii
cvi
title
Border Counties
.
:
cxi
Eustace FitzJohn
Robert de Stuteville
Henry, Bishop of \\"inchester
cxvi
cxvii
cxviii
cxxi
VUl
CONTENTS
PAGE
exxix cxxix cxxxi
cxxxii
Engraving of dies
at
...... ....
Mint
:
cxxxiii
London
ex XXV
cxxxix
&c.
cxli
Forgery by moneyers
Weight
Table
Moneyers' names
Moneys of Account
Mints
cxlix
cli
of coins
showing
comparative weights of
coins
of
cliii
different types
clv
clix
clx
Table of Finds
.........
.
cj^uoted,
&c.
clxxxix
cxcvi
.
ccliii
ccliv
facing p. cclvi
VOLUME
CATALOGUE OF COINS:
William I William II
II
Henry
.
Stephen
.........
:
Irregular issues
I.
II.
III. Issues
attribution
379
CONTENTS
PAGE
IV. Varieties grouiDed geographically
:-
A. Midland Counties
B. Eastern Counties
C. Scottish or
383
384
385
Border Counties
.
386
title
:-
389
Kobert de Stuteville
390
391
391
392
y)
?)
395 395
39(5
(of Gloucester
?
Brian FitzCount
397
398
Appendix
400
INDEXES :
I.
Mints
413
429 453
II.
Moneyers
General
III.
LIST OF PLATES
I_XXVIL
XXVIII XXXVII. XXXVIII XLVIII.
William
I.
William
II.
Henry
I.
XLIX LVI.
LVII.
LVIII, LIX.
,
Stephen.
Perekic.
Irregular Issues bearing Stephen's name.
LX.
LXI.
LXII.
Robert de
Empress Matilda; Henry of Anjou. Henry of Anjou Robert (of Gloucester?) William (of Gloucester?); Brian Fitzcount? and uncertain
; ;
Baronial coins.
ERRATA
p. 22, no.
coll.)
;
114
p. 36, no.
;
1S7
p. 41, no.
219
*
p. 67, no.
359
{not Sir
Hans Sloane
p. 86,
no. 464
Collection,
1758'.
moneyer's name Godvvi '. moneyer's name Saewi (Sfewine p. 59, no. 307, for Druman read Dirman'. pp. 64, 65, nos. 340-2, for moneyer's name read Eadwi p. 66, no. 349, insert as moneyer's name Godwi'.
p. 38, no. 200, insert as
p. 52, no. 274, insert as
'
'
?)
'.
'
'
'.
'
'(^lfh[en?)' read
'
(^lfh[eli]
(cf.
?)'.
on
vp-hich
coin from
?)
same
read Ssewi (Ssewine Ciwincc read Cipincc '. 162, no. 868, for '^Ifhen' read '^Ifheh'.
S8ewi[ne]
' '
'.
'
'
'
'
read '^Ifeh'.
'
l""^
'
MTk
',
and
for
'
.^Ifhen' read
'^Ifheh'.
p. 228,
name
read
'
'Ji;[l]fsi'.
'
'XDRII:!
read
'
IDKII
'
(cf. p.
p.
provenance W. Allen sale, 1S98, lot 821 \ 233, no. Ill, for 'Edwine' read 'Edwi'. 235, no. 125, insert in ^jrovenance W. Allen sale, 1898, lot 327'. 237, no. 138, insert as moneyer's name Sewi (Sewine ?) '.
' '
'
?)
'.
Swerlig?' read
'
Sperlig'.
'
t^
DB
'
read
t^\/'DB
'
'.
'
read
'
',
and
dele
'
(?)
'.
INTEODUCTION
The
is
coinage of the
Norman kings
of
England
follows
in
no change
in
even
who
in
the
mints
of
the
Confessor
In
by
which accrued
were a
of the coinage
own
his
dukedom
in
serious that
Finding
England
and well
accepted,
he had
this,
as
he did most
-
Anglo-Saxon
for currency
institutions.
still
struck
of
the
standard of 11
2 dw^t. of fine
18 dwt. of
alloy,"
and fractions
of this
were
still
method
and quarters.
The type
first
Henry
II, if
is
seems that Stephen's name continued in use on the coins until the reforms of the year 1156 (or 8 ?). ^ For other monetary denominations in use as moneys of account see below,
included, as
^
p. clix.
some doubt about the standard weight and fineness of the penny Mr. H. Symonds kindly see belovr, pp. cli informs me that a double assay of a penny of William I (from same dies as no. 815 below) has produced the results (1) 10 oz. 19 dwt. 18grs., and (2) 10 oz. 18 dwt. 22 grs. For this double result from the same coin cf. Num. Chron.,
There
is
fi".
XH
types, with his
INTRODUCTION
name and
to
title
round
it
the
many
feature,
which seem
to
meaning and
the
ononetarius or 'moneyer',^
coin,
{i. e.
for the
the two
designs
that
is
form
together
what
is
known
is
as a
'
type
;
'
form
not only from the evidence of finds of the coins, but also
by moneyers on
quando
known.
r}iOiieta
reaovcdur or moneta
types were
is
successively issued.
The
not
From
the passages in
know
to the
to suppose that a
of type
is
to confound cause
and
effect.
in
order to
the purchase-money of
new
dies
and
'
129
tf.
p. 131, is
form of
worth mentioning as it involves a very common and very misleading error. Packe there says, The argument for a successive issue of
'
each type requires that those similar to each other should be near together in point of time '. As changes of type are quite clearly due not, as in Continental coinages, to mere development or degradation of design, but to intentional changes for some specific purpose, it is quite evident that the contrary is the
case
the intention being to distinguish one type from another, we must expect closely similar designs to be separate in point of time. This error is pointed out in yum. Chron., 1901, p. 35, but on a theory of legal tender.
;
Domesday,
I, ff.
COIN-TYPES
tax-collecting, nor could there be
XUl
for
any necessity
;
changing the
type in order to
mark a
period of taxation
new
dies
It
seems
of
marking periods
and
is
to
sa^y,
to find a parallel
to
mint-marks of a
to
later date,
assume a
periodical
not a complete
the coins they assayed were those of the latest issue and not of an
issue already tested.
The date
-
of the
Pyx
is
recorded
trial,
trial
being of the
fifth
year of Edward I
a similar
described
is
Henry
III,
was
in existence, while
it
was
still
the practice to
trial
Some such
seems to
The
issue
of false inscriptions
Cf.,
ii,
p.
Edward IV showing'
stops, a barred or
coinage of Edward III (see Kuin. Cliron., 1911, pp. 313-9) annulet or saltire unbarred A and similar small differences were evidently
used as definite marks to distinguish issues of different periods, and may perhaps have had the same significance as the types of the Norman period and the mint-marks of the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries similarly in the short-cross coinage of King John Mr. Lawrence has shown, in a paper to be
;
letter
evidently with some deliberate j)urpose on the part of the mint authorities.
SjC,
p. 209.
of James I (Brit. Num. Journ., vol. ix), ^ See below, pp. cxlix ff.
XIV
INTRODUCTION
of the reverse die
must have
Legislation
town
The supposition
of
but this
is
see in the
It
would only be
mark
But
legal tender if
this
was
numbers
:
of coins of
in
the
Tamworth
number
and 164
respectively, that
is
by keeping
tender.
If
in his possession
a definite
number
types,
more than
one,
were
issued.^
Similarly, the
Num.
and
Bn't.
Num.
viii,
pp. 113-4.
Mr. Andrew's showing the Shillington find would prove that the tender, having been limited by the first type of William II and again by the second of Henry I, was later thrown open, and types as far back as the last of William I types, that is, which had already been withdrawn and had therefore, presumably, ceased to exist- were restored to circulation. The fact that no
On
two
finds
Norman coins may be explained by the which finds are common (e. g. William I), of periods in which profile types are common (e. g.
I
types V,
VI, VII and VIII of his reign were legal tender, then the
receiving a penny of type
to
man
in the street
IV would have
to
know by
is
instinct that it
was
struck before the last four types of the reign, for there
show
it.
COIN-TYPES
XV
marked
profile
is
untenable for
Henry
a
I,
type
on the issue
would be no longer
man
know
whether
after type II
its issue,
there
is
nothing
fifth
types of Stephen.
Finds of coins
seem
or, if
to
the St.
Mary
Hill
Church
find, for
Nor could
when
but
the purity and good weight of the coinage was maintained, unless
it
these
would probably
if
find their
way
pot even
get
may have
been, to
them returned.
At
periods
when we know
'
were abandoned
thus,
short-cross
'
coinage
by Henry
this
'
short- cross
was
'
in its turn
'
put
long-cross
type by
Henry
III.
which
possible
by means
'
of the
combined evidence to
'
Overstruck
coins,
'
Mules
',
and
&c.)
and by
descriptive
names
Profile
Cross fleury
'
type, &c.).
XVI
INTRODUCTION
Finds of Coins.
(See Table of Finds.)
The importance
primary value
which
number
of coins
and
discovery.
find of
1828
is
an example
we do
not
know
is
of
how many
which
coins
it
similar
the Shillington
we have
contrast
seen in
is
finds, in
all,
which
there
of the coins
in
these
examples,
of types
which they
afford,
Again,
if
of coins,
and
is
known
is
to
have been
described,
the evidence,
not absolutely
;
a stray coin
is
quite likely to be
which
Henry
Henry
III); but
The more
is
is
fortunately rare,
a hoard
later
:
which has
period.
lain
dormant
for a time
why
may
be made
away
or on
add to
it
and bury
again on leaving
home
a second time
or a portion
FINDS OF COINS
of a
XVII
additions
years,
when
An
Henry
I's
;
intervening tj'pes
Though
from them
is
as
many
as
two dozen
finds
Norman
This
chiefly
are
very unevenly
distributed
of the types
fourteenth of Henrj- I there have been very few coins found and
and of the
two types
of
Henry
thus
and the
first
two
of Stephen
Some
finds
coins,
and
in
many
consequently incomplete.
The recorded
finds
Whitchurch (Oxfordshire
St.
?),
date uncertain
;
Mary
Hill Church,
London, 1774
259 coins
in a vessel of
Wickham
Lodge, Soberton.
The
coins were
Xum.
Museum
an account of the
wrong
and
all
INTRODUCTION
Edward
VI
Hks. 223, P.
Harold, Hks. 230
C. B.
XI
77
152
Hks. 231
I,
William
Hks. 233,
'
'
type
22
Total
259
to
About 600
;
these were
Edward
William
...
.
.
Hks. 234,
'
Bonnet
'
'
type
....
.
1G5
1
Total
167
He
says that there was one penny of William with a profile head,
it
its
type
coins of
may
was
'
Profile
Cross
at
Fleury' type.
York Find
the time of
(1882).^
No
was made
its
discovery.
Edward
the types of
Profile
'
Cross
Fleury' type, and 234, 'Bonnet' type, and the mule of these two
types, Hks. 235.
The bulk
the
'
Bonnet type.
'
Edward
some
^
of Harold,
I,
'
Profile
Cross Fleury
ft'.
',
Major Carlyon-Britton's
Num.
2 ^
Num. Num.
Chron., 1846, pp. 123-5. Brit. Num. Journ., vol. ii, p. 115.
Chron., 1902, p. 219,
and
Brit.
Num.
Journ., vol,
ii,
pp. 115-6.
FINDS OF COINS
'
XIX
:
Bonnet', and
'
236 predominating.
>S'^.
Mary
Hill Church
Find
(1774).
of St.
Mary
below
Hill,
fifteen feet
smaller one of
crucible
shape
of the
which
The number
not
known
VI
to
XI
inclusive
and a mule
of
VII x VIII)
of
Harold II
of William I the
'
'
Profile
'
Cross
Fleury
',
'
Bonnet
'
',
Canopy
'
and
Two
'
Sceptres
t^^pes
(Hks. 233, 234, 236, 237) were present, and also a curious mule
Canopy
'
type and
cut half-
Two
Sceptres
'
type
there were
many
London Find'^
in
(1872).
H. Willett
Num.
Cliron., 1876,
later in
Num.
Gliron., 1885,
II,
and Harthacnut; a
Willett's
were
of
Edward
Confessor,
so-called
including
'
Harthacnut
type
two foreign
coins,
both figured
Num.
8,
9,
of
Magnus, which should be attributed to Svend Estridsen (1047an uncertain eleventh-century German
coin,
^
"^
Archaeologia, vol.
iv,
^ *
323
ff.,
and
See below, pp. xxxix, 43, and op. cit., 1885, pp. 254 ff.
PL
VIII. 11.
1.
i
Danmarl-,
PI. VIII. 6.
'
XX
INTRODUCTION
identified as a coin of Celle of Heinrich III
:
The
'
Profile
Cross
and
Two
Sceptres'
237).
Two
may
York in 1704 and Dyns Marsh in 1739. The former- contained 250 coins, of which Thoresby saw fifty or sixty, and describes
them
as
mostly,
if
not
all,
:
of
William
of the
'
fifteen
of
these,
in
two
Profile
Cross
Fleur}^^
type (Hks. 233), and thirteen of the 'Bonnet' type (Hks. 234).
The
find in 1739 at
and William.
the coins were
find, of
which
'
Profile
Cross
I,
Fleury
this
type of William
all
and
is
*
The York
finds
Bonnet
From
'
the St.
Maiy
Church
find
it
is
'
Canopy
and
'Two
the
of
'
Bonnet
'
London
the
earlier of these
two
types,
finds is very
scanty.
MalTYiesbury
of which
is
Find^
(1828)
uncertain.
Cf.
Thoresby,
Dumtus
Leodiensis, p. 349.
iv.
'
ArchoeoJogia, vol.
p. 358.
Described as
'
Dymchurch
'
in Brit.
Num.
Joum., vol. ii, p. 97. * Except the York find, 1845, in which, however, a have been seen but not described.
^
vol.
ii,
i,
p. 189.
FINDS OF COINS
of the chapel built at Malinesbury
XXI
'
Two
'
Sceptres
'
Bonnet
states that
many
pennies
find useless
In the York
Museum
'
are
eleven coins
in
'
York
type
of
these
coins
six
belong to the
Two
Stars
Though
the coins are too few to supply any definite conclusion, this find
creates a probability of these
consecutive.
wagon
land
attached
to
the
Manor House,
Beaworth
(Hampshire).
all,
Hawkins,
later
withdraws
the statement.
many were
:
returned, a large
number seem
to
'Two
'
....
'
31 pennies
34
11
....
Total
'
6,439
6,521
'
Hawkins
^
number
Num.
of coins
which he examined
p. 115.
in Brit.
Jourii., vol.
ii,
The informavol.
i,
was given me at the York Museum. Archaeologia, vol. xxvi, pp. 1-25, Reprinted in Ruding, Annals,
is
pp. 151-61.
^
The box
illustrated in Brit.
Num.
Journ., vol.
ii,
p. 102.
Xxii
INTRODUCTION
'
of the
Paxs
'
type only
which
it
the
is
number
of coins
was about
Major Carlyon-Britton's
box contained
this
from 8,000
to
from
and other
marks
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
tells
us,
William II
soul.
The condition
of coins of the latest of the types (the type at the date of the burial of the hoard)
seem
hoard came
But Hawkins,
way
and
London and were examined by him and he there estimates the total number
to
of the loss of
any one
necting this
of
no reason
to suppose the
it
sum
so
being amassed.
Four or
five
(Ilks.
241)
30 coins
97
3
Profile
'
,,
164
Total
294
^ ^
Brit.
Num.
Joitni., vol.
i,
pp. 26
ft'.
A mark
Num.
of gold
.6
six
FINDS OF COINS
XXIU
Henry
Shillington
FiiuP
(ISri).
Discovered
by workmen
in
the
Probably upwards
bone ornament.
the
Paxs
'
'
voided' (Hks. 250), and 'Crosses Patt^e and Fleury' (Hks. 247)
and of Henry
'
'
type undescribed.
Bennondsey Fiud^
(c.
1820).
men
William,
Cross in Quatrefoil
'
3 coins 5
5
and 249).
Henry
I,
13
This set of
finds,
two
'
Paxs
'
type,
which
As
latest
and the
two
finds, it
of the
Tamworth
'
'
Chron., 1871, pp. 227-8. See above, p. xvii, and below, pp. xxiv, Hi. Not described in Num. Chron., 1871, but this type is represented among the coins of this find -which were presented to the Library of Trinity College,
^
"^
Num.
Cambridge.
^
pp. 108-9.
INTRODUCTION
'
XXiv
tlierefore precede the
York
Profile
type
Tamworth
'
Find,
'
Profile
'
Cross
this conclusion
is
Bermondsey
finds,
coins of Henry.
With regard
to these
two
finds
it is
necessary to
anticipate evidence
Henry
is
untrustworthy
as
is
of a complicated
In further anticipation,
find,
it
may
last
mondsey
of
which
all
have been
II,
must be
Bari
coins
(Italy)
Find
(c.
1891).
Henry
I.
twenty-seven coins
are described
'Annulets and Piles' type (Hks. 257)
.
3 coins
24
27
Total
total find numbers over 6,500 and that therefore thirty coins must, equally with ten, be treated as stray specimens. Hawkins, in his account of the find, shows reason for supposing that it came straight from the mint, owing to the fact that in so large a hoard almost all the coins are of one type only.
coins,
See pp.
lii, liii.
if.
Num.
FINDS OF COINS
XXV
This seems to show that these two types were issued consecutively,
by no means
coins.
Canterbury Find ^
published
;
(c.
1901
?).
No
but there
is
Bournemouth before
impossible to say
distribution.
Many
of the coins
were seen by
it
is
have been of
'
how many coins were in the hoard all seem Henry I, and the following have been noted
'
to
Full
iv)
3 coins
1
,,
Mule
'
353 358
Total
Lmuestoft
Find ^
a
(1905).
carried
down by
is
fall of
the
clilF.
whole hoard
not known.
They
two types
. .
6 coins
6
'
Total
12
Battle (Sussex)
Find ^ (1860
1).
I,
found
iv)
.1
.
coin
Double Inscription
,,
'
10
12
Total
am
on this find
3
indebted to Major Carlyon-Britton for the loan of his private notes also to Mr. Baldwin for further information of the provenance.
;
Num.
XXVI
INTRODUCTION
coins
of*
Henry
and Stephen
Some
was
Num.
number
of coins
owner
Rashleigh,
who wrote
number
is
He
says that he
thinks this
nearly
all
The
following,,
Ilalf-
Pennies William,
'Two
'
Henry
I,
'
Pellets in Quatrefoil
type
(Hks. 255)
Steplien,
.,
'
Watford
II,
'
Variety
(PI.
....
.
PER ERIE
?)....
Total
1,094
33
I's
remarkable.
vol. xxi, pp.
539 ff.,
is
an account
in
by Taylor Combe,
January
labourers hoeing in
site of
;
Oxhey
Watford
ff.
FINDS OF COINS
vessel in
which
the}'
Clutterbuck,
sented by the coins are the same three as were found in the Watford
hoard above described, Hks. 262, 255, and 270, with the addition
of the coin described below as variety III 6, p. xci,
PL LVIII.
(Hks. 273),
Whether
it is
impossible to say.
vessel,
The discovery
of these
which
But, on the other hand, were this find later than the larger one,
it
when he made
nor do w^e
know
same
field,
and
in the
same neighbourhood,
for the
Find
'
and
'
'.
Nottimjhain
Jan.
5,
This
hoard
was discovered on
Nottingham,
The
coins
were
three hundred
:
they consist of
'Annulets
'
Henry
I,
'Full face
....
iv)
,
, .
1 1
coin
upwards
of 150
Variety
I,
pp. Ixxvi
....
ff.
uncertain
number
Num.
I
am
indebted to Mr.
Andrew
FINDS OF COINS
XXIX
Half-
Pennies
Steplien,
i^ennies
Variety
I,
die^
{ibid.,
GO
ff.,
nos.
84-95, 98)
{ibid.,
.11
1
Variety
PERERIE-
,,
{ibid., p.
75)
.
Scottish,
David
72)
.2
number
of coins in
''
(1883).
The
;
total
earthen jar, about fifteen inches below the surface of the ground;
nearly a hundred of the coins are described
Halfpennies pennies Farthings
Henry
I,
'
'
type
6
1
(Hks. 255)
4
1
32
'Cross
Voided
and
Mullets'
type
(Hks. 269)
Vai'iety II,
24
14
with inscription
ff.)
PERERIE
.
2 4
ff.)
Total described
68
I are
21
Of these
finds, in
may
Henry
and the
first
of Stephen.
The Nottingham
The Watford
finds
two
The
^ ^
ff.
*
ff.
fF.
Num.
XXX
Linton find
is
INTRODUCTION
the latest of this group of finds, and gives us as the
is
confirmed in
by the two
various
contemporary
These
finds
forgeries, or
whatever they
importance
may
as
are
of
further
containing
PERERIE,
and other
varieties
all of
fi").
Bute
Fiiid'^
(1863).
of
the
island,
about
of Saint Blane,
were found
bar.
The
following
coins
are
described
Stephen, 'Watford' type (Hks. 270)
Scottish,
.
David
....
In Gentleman's Magazine, vol.lxxiv
'
Winterslovj
{1804), p. 15,
FinrP
is
(c.
1804).
lately
In the
MS. Catalogue
many
The
coins so
are
'
216
ibid.,
1865, pp. 57
Sir
ff.
In his Introduction to
Domesday Book,
Henry
Ellis
as containing 'a large assemblage of pennies from the Saxon times to the
may be partly explained by the Henry of Anjou to Henry I, and of coins of William (of Gloucester?) to William I and William II. ^ Catalogue of T. Dimsdale sale, 1824, lot 228. Hawkins {SiJrer Coins, p. 185) also mentions the find without giving any additional information.
reign of Stephen
'
this
improbable statement
FINDS OF COINS
Ilalf-
Pennies
Stephen, 'Watford' type (Hks. 270)
'
jiennies
Cross Voided
2
1 1
'
Cross
,,
IV
D (6)
Henry
,,
type
I (c) (see
below,
p. cxxii)
f.)
.3
,,
(see below, p.
cxxxii)
1
1
Total
1-1
At
Catal,^
IV
D {d)
below,
(see
cxiv),
one of
of
{c.
1902).
About 180
coins of Stephen
and
all
Henry
The
II
close together at
Stephen,
Awbridge
Tealby
'
31 coins
3
Henry
'
110
H4
This find shows Hks. 2C8 to have been the last type issued by
Stephen. The finds give no evidence of the order, or even existence
as definite types, of
this reign
;
last of
find,
Num.
if.
XXXii
INTRODUCTION
first
two types
of the reign
and several
To summarize the evidence obtained from finds, the following groups may be made with some probability (the numbers of
Hawkins's figures are here used alone to denote the types)
William
233
(first
and
II.
type)
234 (second
type)
I'^^j
Heney
251 or 252
(first
I.
type)
(257 1267
262
255
(first
(last type).
Stephen.
270 268
type)
(last type).
OVEESTRUCK COINS.
Coins are commonly found in
this,
superimposed upon an
;
that
is
to say,
return to the mint and are re-struck without the previous impression having been removed.
coin
may
;
in
to the
easily
Overstrikes
'
'
OVERSTRUCK COINS
XXXlll
it
in fact, in
some
cases,
e.
g.
10 on
p.
'
Overstrikes
^
;
but
is
clear
this is
On
the
these coins
original
it
high
relief
in
of the
original coin that has failed to rise into the later dies,
its
owing to
effect
protection
by the
it
this
tiie flat
The reason
It
way
quite uncertain.
cannot
have been done with the object of restoring to currency coins that
Nor,
eflfaced
by
circulation
in
some
of the
it is
much worn.
It is possible,
though there
officials
is
no
the
of
it
Num.
Jouni., vol.
iii,
pp. 282
ff.).
Xum.
p. siv.
^
^
'
XXXIV
INTRODUCTION
in,
or
came into, the mint or exchange after the issue of a new type. The following are the overstrikes that have been noted in
coinage of this period
(1)
:
the
A
'
coin
of
Huntingdon
in
P.
W.
'
P,
Carlyon-Britton
collection.
(2) William,
J3onnet
'
Mule (Hks. 237 X 238) over Two Sceptres' type (Hks. 237).
'
Coin of Hereford in
below, p. 56).
(4) William,
P.
W.
P. Carlyon-Britton collection
(see
'Two
'Two
Sceptres' type
(Hks. 237).
one of same
another
of
mint (Carlyon-Britton
Winchester in P.
(5) William,
1913,
lot
706)
and
W.
P. Carlyon-Britton collection.
'Sword' type
237).
(Hks.
of
243)
over
'Two
Sceptres'
sale,
type
1913,
(Hks.
lot
Coin
London
(Carlyon-Britton
712).
'
(6) William,
1913,
(7) William,
lot 717).
'
Coin of Southampton in P.
W.
P. Carlyon-
Coin of
'
'Cross
in
Coins of Hereford,
be intended to prevent the moneyers from evading the cost of new dies by continuing to use dies of an old type. Perhaps such an evasion is meant by the Jorisfactuvde, reterifi monetae charged to Gilpatric in the Pipe Roll (see below,
p. cxlvi)
OVERSTRUCK COINS
p.
XXXV
also of
Oxford
in P.
W.
P.
Carlyon-Britton
collection.
(12) William, 'Crosses Patt^e and Fleury' type (FTks. 247) over 'Cross
in
(^uatrefoil
'
type
(Ilks.
246).
no. 247.
(13) William,
'
Crosses Pattee
and Fleury
'
Voided
'
Coin of Tlietford,
No
overstrikes are
known
this is perhaps
so that
is
more thoroughly
obliterated.^
afforded
by the
overstrikes towards
much
evidence
after
is
examining the
Profile
Cross
Fleury
'
type before
Bonnet
'
tyjDe.
is
Nos. 4 and 5
later
correctly placed
No. 6 places 239 later than 243, and thus, combined with the evidence
of the
York
INIinster
find,
in
together,
Paxs
'
type (241).
vol. viii, pp. 125-6, too much stress is laid on the rarity and mules of these two later reigns. Overstrikes are of course most common in periods of which the coins are most frequent for example, Hks. 284, 244, and 246 but it must also be remembered that overstruck coins have an unpleasing appearance, and therefore used not to be preserved by collectors, which perhaps accounts for the rarity of overstrikes of the Paxs type (type Vlll) of William in spite of the Beaworth hoard having made this issue so common in the present day. They have probably frequently been thrown out among the refuse of a find, which was certainly in some cases (e.g. the Watford find) consigned to the melting-pot. Mules, too, are naturallj' most common of the types of Hks. 240 and 245, owing to the Beaworth and Tamworth finds. Rarity of coins at the present day is not a safe reason for assuming few to have been in currency it is usually due to scarcity of finds of certain periods the Paxs type of William, for example, was, before the Beaworth find, the rarest of his types.
'
of both overstrikes
'
'
'
'
c 2
XXXVl
Nos. 7
in
INTRODUCTION
of the Bea-svorth
finds
'
earliest
of the
Tamworth
Tamworth
types.
last of
the
241
246.
244
The groups
the following
of types of William I
and
II on page xxxii
may
;3
246 250247.
But the position of Hks. 248
is still left in
The groups
of the
two
later reigns
remain as before.
Mules.
The term
'
Mule
'
is
which are
to say,
when
all
an obverse die
made, or
is
it
was not
originally
vice versa
1107-13 are
may
as
'
But
mules
'
common and
of
minor importance,
the term
it is
'
mule
'
is
commonly used
on
and a reverse
of another.
issues of the
Crown introducing
'
possible.
The
so-called
tyj)es
artificial
mule
'
two
of his reign, is
mule
issue.
But the
was the practice so early as this to issue two reverse which case five of these coins are mules 2 Num. Chron., 1905, PI. VIII. 24; and B.M. Catalogue, Ang.-Sax. Series, vol. ii, p. 352, no. 157, and PL XXIII. 8.
^
it
'
'.
is, I
think, incorrect
the reverse
indeed identical with the reverse of the later type, but the
obverse differs very widely from that of the earlier type (the ends
of the
side of
is
the head,
added, the
bust
is
omitted).
'
mule
'
bears
the obverse originally designed for the last type of the reign, and
that
to its
its superficial
obverse
the comparative
frequency of this
'
mule
'
(see
2imn.
The improbability
a coinage of mules
is
Crown confusing
its
issues
by such
found
know
sale, sale,
1913,
part
I,
lot 850.
If
period prior to the introduction of the new" type^ they, like the
of
bullion
may
that
may
perhaps
worn
new
'
mule as an irregular
'
issue, of
new
dies,
substantiated
as
nos. 3
and 4
(p.
'
'
XXXviii
INTRODUCTION
in
die
worked over
on the
such a
way
as to
make
it
approximately-
type
'
Bonnet obverse
'
'
pillars
type,
'
obverse an inner circle has been drawn, cutting through the bust,
and the
pillars
Two
Sceptres
The
with
The
issue of
mules
the risk of the fraud being exposed would in any case be slight, as
the two sides of a coin cannot be seen at the same time and the
inconsistency of obverse and reverse, either of which
is
with
its
is
Mules are usually, as one would expect, made from dies of two
consecutive types, but occasional examples occur (see no.
of a
1,
below)
period.
in the
As
mule
two
types.-
But
this is not
an absolute rule
I's
two
'Full face
It is natural, therefore, to
Hks. iv
is
and
by an examination
is
of the later of
Major Carlyon-Britton's
is,
Tliat the
mule
is
I think, almost certain, for the roughness in the field of the reverse
XLII.
5) is
not corrosion,
^ Using mule here and throughout in the strictly limited sense of a coin combining two types. - Because the obverse, or standard, die naturally outlives the reverse, or trussel, and is therefore the more likely to be left in good condition at the change of type.
' '
'
MULES
XXXIX
and
was therefore
we may conclude
than Hks.
iv.
mule belongs
to a type later
at present
known
of the
Norman
(1)
Ohv.
Jiev.
Edward
Confessor, type
XI [Num.
Chron., 1905).
Coin of Sliaftesbury
in
p. 13, no. 71
York Museum.
'
Lincoln
(P.
'W.
P.
M. Reynolds
collection).
Wells
collection),
and
Taunton
Lockett
William,
'
Hev.
Coin of Ipswich,
this coin has
The obverse
die from
which
been struck
'
view to
making
it
resemble the
Canopy
obverse
;
also intentional.
Eev.
'Two
The obverse
die of this
resemble the
Two
Sceptres
'
obverse
Canopy
later type,
though an
This coin
came from
xxxviii.
(5)
Mary
Hill
Church
find.
VIII.
11.
'Two
'
Two
Xl
IKTRODUCTION
Coin of Hereford in P.
W.
P. Carlyon-Britton collection
also been
two
published.^
PI. XI.
(6) Ohv.
liev.
1.
'
William,
'
Winchester.
PI.
XVII.
11-16.
'
Cross in Quatrefoil
'
also of
65 a, 67
a),
Reynolds
collection).
PL XXX.
13-15.
247).
Eev.
'
Coin of Canterbury
E.
Bruun
collection.
PL XXXVI. 15.
In Whitbourn
sale,
1.,
is
may
possibly
Num.
is
A coin
it is
described in
is
Num.
59-60, as a mule of
and
is
Fig.
a,nd
on
p.
60
(o2). cit.)
I,
'
coin.
(9) Ohv.
'
Rev.
'
PL XL. 5.
Full face
Cross Fleury
'
type (Hks.
iv).
PL XLI.
iv).
9.
Henry
I,
Full face
Cross Fleury
'
type (Hks.
PL XLII.
5.
Brit.
I
Num.
Journ., vol.
ii,
p. 151.
am
me
the coin.
MULES
Xli
This coin
(Hks.
iv)
is
in
Rust-marks
in the
.258
field of
the
mule show
Hks.
may
two
types.
(12) Ohv.
Henry
of
I,
Rev.
Pellets in Quatrefoil
in
P.
'
Coin
PI.
'
W.
P.
Eev.
'
(?)
Num.
Journ., vol.
LIII.
1, 2.
These mules not only confirm the evidence obtained from finds
the
two Williams
the
2-5,
Hks. 233 X 234, 234 x 236, 236 x 237, 237 x 238, forms a convincing
proof that these five types, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, form in that
the sequence 239
order the
first five
is
241244246
246
(nos.
6 and
7).
William
series.
Of Henry
263
mule
9,
267 266
mules 10 and 11
is
form another
series
iv 258, and
first
The mule
of
Stephen only
two types.
William
and
IT.
233234-230237238-243239241244-24625024 7
248.
xlii
INTRODUCTION
Heney
251 01-252
(first
I.
type)
(last type).
Stephen.
270
268
(first
type)
(last type).
Epigraphy.
(See Epigraphical Table.)
The form
of the obverse
and reverse
inscriptions,
which was
in
throughout the
Norman
period
title,^ on the reverse the names of the moneyer and the mint connected by the word ON ^ nor is there any reason to believe that any change took place in the means by which the inscriptions were cut on the dies. In B. M. Catalogue,
; '
Anglo-Saxon Coins
',
vol.
ii,
p. xcix, it is
are not cut with a graving tool, but punclied into the die with
tools of different shapes, a
punch
forming
tail of
R,
size
forming
The
them (notably
and C
^),
^ Exception must be made of the irregular issues (see below, pp. IxxifF.). The varieties of obverse inscription used on the diiferent types of the reigns of William I may be seen in Major Carlyon-Britton's description of the types in B)-it. Num. Journ., vol. ii, pp. 130 and those of the reign of Henry I in Mr. Andrew's description of the types of that reign in Num. Chron., 1901,
ft'.,
pp. 38
^
ff.
coins of the fifth type of William I, described on p. 62, (regularly on Norwich coins), omit the moneyer's name. N (p. 17, no. 81), and ONN (on Oxford and Thetford coins of William 1, type II, in York Museum) occur for ON; on p. 75, no. 402, OF is used probably in error. ^ See Epigraphical Table, Series I.
nos.
The Launceston
325-6,
EPIGRAPHY
the close resemblance
of
xliih
the uprij^ht
^
strokes
seem
punch-work
of this nature
investigation as
the
later
Society
subject.
has
by Mr. Hocking before the Royal Numismatic made it necessar}^ to inquire more critically into the This explanation of the engraving of dies by means of
Norman
and
of the great
ends, that
is
facts
close
were
means
of punches
(2)
described, were
most cases
narrower and
less blunt,
that
the
is
had
hammered
the punch
into
die,
it
incision thus
made and
finished
tool
;
off
by means
of a tool, pre-
(3)
by the
lettering
but
partly also
by unsuccessful striking
metal in
many
of the die.
I,
letters
(2),
(2),
(2),
(6),
and
TH
^ "
Num.
and
filed
down
but this does not prove that the after they were engraved.
Xliv
(1)
INTBODUCTION
same position
itself
flaw.
many
letters the
M has
may
a small
a small semicircular piece being broken off the corner of the punch
be seen,
on most,
if
not
all,
the
n
(b)
similar,
slightly
smaller,
flaw appears
in
the same
II,
strokes of the
obverse of William
(PL XXXI.
7).
MRE
104
(d)
(PI.
XXXI.
16).
L-EX-M and
7).
on the
obverse of
William
(e)
II, no.
155
(PI.
XXXIII.
strokes of
no. 160 (PI.
/\
in the
9);
of William II,
is
XXXIII.
flaw
noticeable
On
above the
serif,
of the
of the
of
ON
and
of the
mint-name.
((j)
small hole in the centre of the top edge, just below the
serif, of
on the obverse of
EPIGRAPHY
[li)
xlv
of a coin of
William
II,
Hks. 250,
of Salisbury (P. C. B.
and
of one of the
(H.
W. M.
coll.),
Worcester
(P. C. B.
:
show
\ertical strokes
it
to side,
and slopes
downwards from
is
left to right
on the
sometimes inverted, on
This grouj)
NE,
is
for example, at
the end
of
the mint-name.
London
(see
below,
cxxxv ff.).
The
room
all
made with
On
II,
no. 16 (PI.
XXVIII.
12),
the
tail
F
one
in the mint-name,
:
show two
holes,
it
may
is
punched and on
bars,
the
punch from
which
(/t)
all
On
II,
no.
94
(PI.
XXXI.
11),
there
is
and
in the
mint-name
An
and breadth
in the strokes
;
for example,
7)
XXXIII.
the
Xlvi
INTRODUCTION
first I,
being
letters
they
these
As
3)unch,
show the same flaw and are therefore made with the same we must conclude that, after hammering the punch into
the engraver broadened the incision and finished
tool.
off"
the
die,
the
ends
with a
is
better
shown by
letter
instances
being double-
On
its
I,
no.
292
(PI.
X.
16),
the
letter
| in the moneyer's
name shows
beyond
in
shape but
fish-tail
much
smaller in size
also,
protrudes
(h)
On
II,
may
letter.
be seen
fish-tail
above
the vertical of \}
left side
These show clearly that the punch has been struck twice into the
die
the narrower
pro-
Many
instances
;
may
below the
R, and on William
is
above
in these
and similar
it
cannot
An
262
(PI.
EPIGRAPHY
fceyoucl its
Xlvii
broad end.
I'liere
more than
tliree
JE,
on William
83
(PI.
XXXI.
8),
the
second
punched
no fewer than
name has
crescent-shaped punch-marks
other letters, seems to imply that the usual practice was to broaden
the letters after they were punched.
That a
cuttino- tool
is
was used
after punching
first
also
shown by William
no. 1029,
on which the
on the
stroke of
^\
in the
fish-tail
left
letter
this
The
William
name
present a
The upper
ofi"
sloped sharply
the engraver, after punching the strokes of the letters, cut the
down
down
perpendicularly
and
vertical
of the
strokes
of
these
letters
*-, instead
thus:
in this
ofi'
way,
untouched punch-work.
on which the horizontal bar
letter T,
Cf.
William
I,
no. 84
(PI.
IV.
where, however,
it
may be
clue
to faulty striking;
see below,
p. xlviii.
Xlviii
INTRODUCTION
it,
above
show
See
(2).
"We
may
than the lettering seen on the coins, but probably of the same
length,^
made and
finished
uprights.
(3)
is
lettering
which
is
it
is
some-
times due to faulty striking of the coins, the flan failing to take
the full impression of the die.^
It is not, therefore^ possible to
conclude with certainty that the thin lettering gives us the un-
How
when
serifs are
it is
impossible to say
added with
Two
no.
coins,
(PI.
William
I,
no. 329
(PI.
XII. 5) and
WiUiam
II,
184
XXXIV.
coin,
4),
on the former
between
consists of
initial cross
and
inscription
being
On
way
as to leave
room
for the
that,
first
to
show
making
these
two
punched
^ ^
I,
the
J^
See Henry
I,
no. 58
(PL XLI.
11),
EPIGRAPHY
xlix
the uprights and finished them off with the graving tool before
It
it
practice, as
would be quicker
in
working
punch
Having arrived
were used in
making the
of lettering
which
may
shown on
Henry
have concave
;
and more or
so, too,
on
Henry
I.
and those
of
added by means of
C, E,
&c.
improved
less
and
also
a type which
may therefore
between
two
classes,
Series
earlier class,
and
See
'
Num.
ft'.
type of Henry
(Hks. 257).
INTRODUCTION
Series
V-IX
the
later.
The nine
series into
reflect
the use
forms of
the normal
of
Henry
I,
new
Series
IV
found on coins of
Henry
and
have
*
I.
Series I covers
all
of the
'
'
Series III.
The new
of
class of lettering
forms five
series, of
which
Henry
I,
Henry
two
;
and Stephen,
series of
Henry
series
this
middle
groups together, as would be expected, Hks. 262, 255, 270, and 269,
to be the last
two types
of
Henry and
series (no.
the
first
two
of Stephen.
Immediately preceding
this
this is therefore
is
Henry types
later,
Series V.
Of
can
the two series of Stephen types, the one containing Hks. 268, the
last
and these
series
therefore be
respectively.
The nine
the old and
main
division
of
new
by the height
of the
uprights
measurement shows
so
same
assume
that the engraver, in finishing off the letters with the tool, kept
within the upper and lower limits of the punch -mark, broadening
the strokes without increasing their height.
The measurement
EPIGRAPHY
is
There
also
marked
difference in finish
and breadth of
lettering
them by the
not
the
original
of
the
individual
workman based
to
otherwise
it
would be impossible
The variety
may
mark
^
:
lii
INTRODUCTION
its
characteristic
more marked
fish-tail
ends to the
this continues
Thus, with the exception of these slight varieties within the series
(it
of Series I represent
series),
Series I
first
name
of
Cross Voided
'
The
the
very good,
after
is
of the coins
Series
and in the
lettering (2'8
It is
mm.) with
careless striking.
'
used on some
all
^).
the coins
The
fact
its
position
III
(2'5
mm.)
is
of
narrower
and
less
clumsy
form
'
'
with
the
name
is
of
William, and on
'Annulets'
epigraphical
name
of
Henry.
the
An
connexion
coins,
thus
formed
between
William and
Henry
William
of
first
type of Henry
I.
The evidence
in
Finds
left
the
Bermondsey
was the
first
Henry
correct
;
I.
The evidence
of
therefore
in
doubtful.
liii
EPIGRAPHY
lettering of the
new
class
with
serifs
must therefore
at the earliest
come
later
class.
IV
(1-8
mm.)
is
The
appearance to the
the
'
'
letters.
Henry
253),
Profile
(Hks. 254),
;
'
Pax (Hks.
'
and
of the first
two
of these
three types
we have
but the third (Hks. 257) has already been shown, from the forms
/V,
I'*,
and \f,^
In the word
class.
PAX
in the field of
of
/V found
form
^
in the inscriptions of
appearance of a true
'
may
Pax type
'
by no means
be conventional, as
coins of Hks. 241
we
form
and
'
Profile
Pax
'
may
(Hks. 257)
On
is
slight tendency to
make
ill
(2-5
mm.).
This
is
the
first
series of the
new
class
with
serifs
'
'
^
^
below, p.
Iviii.
;
see Epigraphical
Table, Series
4, 5, 6.
' '
liv
INTRODUCTION
:
Cross in Quatrefoil
'
'
'
Double Inscription
'
Of these
Hks. 266
types,
and
must be placed
the earlier.
The order
The
form of lettering of
V
in
is
somewhat higher
finer
mm.),
rather
much
execution,^
The
neat
this
form
is
less
and the
The introduction
on
the
fifth,
sixth,
Henry they
VI (2 mm.)
is
It covers the
XI
(Hks. 263,
iv, 258),
and
all
(Hks. 264) and Star in Lozenge Fleury (Hks. 265) types, the latter
of
which
is
'
Pellets in Quatrefoil
It was pointed out above, p.xxv, that the evidence of the Bari find was not by any means conclusive but I am content to accept it in placing Hks. 267 as the first type of the new class of lettering, as I think that this different and much more finely executed form of lettering is likely to be the earliest work
' ;
coins.
EPIGRAPHY
type (Hks. 262)
series.
;
hr
some coins
is
also of
Hks. 264
Series
VII
(2-3
two types of
curved
Henry
269). sides
;
and of the
two types
It is a larger lettering
the dies appear for the most part to have been carefully
finished.
still
come into
this larger
mm.)
is
Stephen's
STIEFNE, and
examples of
it
also
on a few coins of
be seen on PI. L.
Series
may
LI.
is
11,
LIII.
4.
VIII
(2
mm.)
now
'
scarcely visible.
Some
coins of Stephen's second type (Hks. 269) fall into this series,^
which includes
'
(Hks. 276)
and
'
'
LV.
1.
Of
this last
type
known
to
is
me on
;
one
LV.
1)
the lettering
of Series IX,
on the other
'^
the
obverse
is illegible
lettering of Series
VIII
this therefore
and IX, and Hks. 276 and xix may be placed immediately after
Hks. 269 as the third and fourth types of the
is
reign,
though there
is
IX
(2-6
mm.) returns
much
larger lettering.
The
types falling into this series are, besides the transitional type just
mentioned as the
fifth
of
two types
is
and 268,
already
On
this series
some
of the uprights
first
See
1913,
Num.
-
Roth collection
7 b).
(the
reverse
is
illustrated
in
Num.
Chron.,
n. XIX.
Ivi
INTEODUCTION
;
it
may
be that
first type.^
The
coins
have for the most part a coarse and unpleasing appearance, due
partly to the clumsiness of the lettering and partly to the roughness
in execution of the dies.
is
also seen
'
on some
type).
Henry
II (the so-called
Tealby
'
The
letters in use
;
and
from these
work
two forms
former being the earlier and more common on the early types of
William
the reigns of
William I and
II,
and the
first
three types of
Henry
I.
to
;
form
p.
1).
31
;
114;
p. 46,
234
(PI. III.
V. 3
IX.
the letter
H
:
is
substituted for
/\ on
8)
Form 4 Form 5
p. 3, no.
9 (PI.
I, 8).
p. 75, no.
402
(PI.
XIV.
p. 82, no.
445
;
a Stamford
in the
Museum)
I.
word
PW^S
Form
Henry
formed
I,
on
6
:
all
p. 37, no.
196
(PI.
VII.
11).
type
I,
this is a roughly-
letter
See above, p.
Iv.
p. cxxxviii.
EPIGRAPHY
Ivii
is
upper end
is
uncertain, nor
is
it
XXXVIII.
PJtK
I,^
in regular use
on type IV,
now abandoned. new class of lettering, Series V-IX, call for no comment a large top bar with serifs is introduced in In Series IX Series VII and continues to the end of the period.
The forms
of this letter in the
;
VI and VII
shows no
varieties of
importance.
is
An
interesting ease of
curved
which occurs on
p. 264, no.
273
XXXVII.
15), is
had
period
worker's
(Series
I,
which occurs
3,
occasionally.
form
I,
Series V, form 3,
occur
on William
p. 75, no.
402
(PI.
XIV.
Henry
I,
and
D.
(PI.
XLVII.
16).
is
The very
1,
which
figured in Series V,
form
occurs on
finer lettering.^
XL.
1).
form
2, is
found on William
3, is
I,
132
(PI.
on
In Series
and VI
E,
as also of
serifs
;
SLud
in
still
Series
but are
p. liii.
p. xlvii.
p. liv.
Iviii
INTRODUCTION
;
in Series
serifs
form
;
2,
punch-work
cf.
William
I,
p. 28, no.
3).
11),
Similar
cf.
William
p.
XIX.
and
F, and
for
E.
Series I are both in regular use
;
G.
The
first
two forms of
form 3
shows a
worked
In Series II
both forms are again commonly used, and in Series III and IV
the form with the complete circle
O with a wedge-shaped
letter
bar at
the top
is
new form
2, is
Probably the
in
the
die
ordinary
way with
as
is
may
239
sometimes be seen
IX. 4)
;
a raised pellet,
pellet
is
William
in
I,
p. 47, no.
(Pl,
a similar
commonly seen
This pellet
type.
is
The unevenness
oft'
of the
would be due
to the
it
is
engraver finishing
hand
which
after
marking
;
is
mentioned above
is
it
in use
Roman form
Henry
I's
of
;
this letter is
down
reign
on his fourth
See below,
p. Ix.
See above, p.
liii.
;;
EPIGRAPHY
t}-pe the
lix
is
the
period.
The importance
of this
I
in
determining the
position
noticed.
I.
of
type IV of Henry
to
this
letter
that need be
&c.. at
mentioned
of
its
^\, N,
of
the end
letter
not room
for the
whole
thus
(for
/\)
is
frequent occurrence,
William
I's
first
which read
nos. 120-3.
many
are
essentially
M. The
g. W'
illiam
I,
p.
The
no special
;
comment;
form
4,
for
William
p. 12, no.
69
In Series V, form 2
occurs on
Henry
I, p.
I,
XL.
12),
form on Henry
is
XLII.
9).
found on Henry
p.
In Series I the
I,
occurs on W^illiam
11)
;
and
p.
XIX.
5).
for
form 4 see
p. 219, nos.
29-31
(PI.
XXIX.
form
1, is
known
of types II
and III
letter.
on type IV
Ix
INTRODUCTION
;
form 2
all
the
2, or,
known
rarely,
having form
have the
form
3.
On some
it
coins of type
which
1
form (form
of Series V)
Form
1
it
of Series I
is
William I;
to
but
like
punched
letter G,
as in the
a pellet
The
2)
size
form
being
sometimes seen.^
The
letter is not
uncommonly found
in the
form
of a large pellet, that is to say, the centre of the letter has been
accidentally cut
(Series
I,
away on
^),
the
die."*
A double
wrong
form 3
or to
it,
or
by marking
foot.
it
on the wrong
of William I
is
form
4),
which
is
punches
it
but
is
on William
is
II's first
the one in regular use, the other form being not frequent on
this type
II;
not
uncommonly
of
II,
2)
3,
occurs occasionally
regular,
iCrOI)PXNIOM*X)NC
e:
^
^
<>
See on G above, p. Iviii. William I, p. 97, no. 511 William I, p. 55, no. 289 See p. 54, no. 281 (PI. X.
(PI.
(PI.
8).
XVIII.
X. 14)
;
6).
"
William
I,
William
II,
EPIGRAPHY
Ixi
and
p.
265, no.
in
280
(PI.
XXXVII.
11, 16).
is
found
new
style
in Series
the form
made with
crescent punches
is
re-introduced,
Some
e.g.
Xum.
Museum
coin,
p. 273,
no. 27),
due in
more
of a vertical
punch
(see Pi.
XVI.
XIX.
14).
P.
letter,
varieties as are
an
instance
is
shown
form 2
(cf.
on William
I,
p.
137,
work
a strange instance
is
shown
I,
form
2),
away from
end of the
tail,
which
is itself
II,
7).
p.
in the
moneyer's name
XXXIV.
I,
coin of
Henry
XLVIII.
6),
has in the
mint-name an instance of
traces of
letter incline
met with
form elsewhere in
this period.
How much
it
of this letter
is
not always
quite clear;
difference in the finish of the central part of the letter, the usual
practice being to
form the
For
II.
letter of
nos. 11,
70 (PL
I.
10, 13;
16;
in
PK^S
p. 246,
of
no. 190,
Ixii
INTRODUCTION
is
not uncommon,
\Mlliam
I,
p.
16, no.
77,
and
form 3
William
I,
p. 136, no.
contemporary forgery).
11).
form 4
form 5
form 6
William
William
I, p. 18,
I, p.
no.
90 (PI. IV.
William
II, p.
carelessness of
Series V,
punch-work.
coll.).
coll.),
form 2
form
3
Henry
Henry
PI.
I,
I,
type VII, London, Spirling (P. C. B. type IX, Sandwich, Wulf wart (W. C.
8.
W.
XLI.
Series VI,
form 2
Henry
I, p.
XLI.
11).
T.
The upright
is
punch, such as
forms
1,
2),
form
3),
or
wedge-shaped (Series
form
4)
the cross-bar
is
commonly made
off'
by an ordinary
usual
vertical
in the
I,
way
;
form 4
Series II,
form
2),
is
in
regular use in
and
Series
is
form
2,
William
I,
852
;
(Pl.
XVIII.
form 4
may
be seen on
p. 4,
II,
10)
form
and William
46
(PI.
XXX.
The
of
or
serifs to the
upper
Ijar,
the engraving of a
line.
Henry
XL.
4).
forming
two
parallel strokes,
The true
form
form
3)
made
^
w^ith
See above, p.
EPIGRAPHY
occurs on William
I,
Ixiii
p. 11, no.
62;
p. 162, no.
869
(PI.
XXIII.
8),
coins.
1 is
In Series IV form
2,
III,
and
first
we have
seen above,^
(in
W. The Anglo-Saxon
VII the
of
form, Wen,
:
is
VI and
W,
Henry
and the
first
it
and survives
the form
occurs only
all
on the
for
Wen
is
P except
on which
I,
first
two types
of William
I,
a wedge punch
form
rare,
2).
is
See
p. 9, nos. 45,
46 (PL
II. 16)
Form
273
no. 3 (PI.
I. 3),
and
p. 52, no.
in
and
William
II, p.
punches
occasionally a cross
is
used in
I,
its place,
;
form 2
In the
new
with or without
serifs.
p. xlix.
Except in irregular issues (see below, pp. xcii ff.). This letter should have been read as P, and not
the
name
is
evidently
:Sperling.
Ixiv
INTRODUCTIOK
DH, TH.
on the Bath
in use on coins
Henry
its last
appearance
is
The
earliest
appearance of
I,
TH
as separate letters
(PI.
on the Bristol
In the name
coin of
Henry
XLI.
10).
form
is
earlier
T on Henry
;
I's
form
and
name
of the
is
of the letter
form
Series I
it is
made
as
vertical,
133
in
the loop instead of two small wedges through the vertical, William
nos. 80, 96-8, 150, 166, 167, 170, 171, 173, 177, 178
VI.
13).
Form 4
is
made with
3).
punch,
error
;
p. 28, no.
Form
5 is a tj'pical punch-worker's
occurs on
10).
is
p. 27, nos.
2),
and
p.
XXIX.
as that of Series I
on
p.
257,
form 2 of
two wedge-shaped
letter,
the outer
and IV
lettering in
On
the
first
I,
figured in Series
form
1,
is
p. 42, no.
224
this is
made with
I,
form
2,
Series
I,
form
3,
Of
'
* See below, his fourth type I know no Thetford coins. p. cxxxvi. These two forms are not distinguished in the text of the Catalogue.
EPIGRAPHY
the earliest types of William
the end of the reign
;
IXV
I,
it
an
attached to
little
being
or
in
not at
all
appearance, therefore,
tinues to the
class of lettering; it is
found on
Henry
I's
third
and on a coin
collection,^ if the
of
his
fourth type in
Major Carlyon-Britton's
coin reads, as I think,
moneyer's
name on
this
SIEPINE.
I
being attached to
two forms
and that
of
Henry
I,
type IV (when a
of an
new
VII
in reality
class of lettering.
The custom
of placing a cross
is
This
initial cross is
formed of a
letters,
vertical,
with a wedgeis
it.
form
2.
Form
3 shows a
;
common
form
is
other letters
this
with a thin
vertical.
the forms
on type VII IE represents can find no instance of the diphthong occurring on this type in this or any other form except the one quoted {ibid., p. 288) from a sale catalogue. 3 "William I, William II, p. 150, no. 805 (obverse) p. 27, nos. 144-6 (reverse)
^
III. 10.
(Hks. 252
W. J.
A. IV), but
p. 222, no.
46 (obverse)
Henry
I,
XI
also p. 313,
and
Ixvi
INTRODUCTION
serifs,
The use
fifth
of
compound, or ligatured,
;
letters
type of William I
this reign is
N^
and
p. 11, no.
59); in
types
to
in type
frequent,
and continue
common
They
have no
significance,
Occasionally as
many
KR
on
HI,
on
Order of Types.
for the arrangement of the left, the types are bracketed by the Epigraphical Series, and on the right by Mules (with references to numbers on The numbers of Hawkins's plates are inserted pp. xxxix ff.) and Finds. between the brackets of Mules and Finds in order to render the table more clear. The Nottingham, Bute, Winterslow, and Colchester finds are omitted from this table (see pp. xxvii ff. and Table of Finds). The brackets of Finds are dotted to show types absent from the finds.
the
On
For the following notes see refei-ences on p. Ixvii. ^ Classification of types of William I and II in Num.
Brit.
211
&.,
and
I in
Num.
Joitrn., vol.
ii,
pp. 130
ff.
and
classification
of types of
Henry
Num.
^
^ *
^ 6 ^
^
CJiron., 1901, pp. 42 ff., and of Steplien in Brit. Num. Journ., vol. viii, p. 386. Overstruck on type I and on coin of Harold II (p. xxxiv, nos. 1, 2). Overstruck on type IV (p. xxxiv, no. 4). 0%'erstruck on type IV (p. xxxiv, no. 5). Overstruck on type VI (p. xxxiv, no. 6). Overstruck on tj'pe VII p. xxxiv, no. 7). Overstruck on William I, type VIII (p. xxxiv, no. S). Overstruck on "William I, type III, and on William II, type I (p. xxxiv, nos.
i
10, 11).
^
10
11
Overstruck on William II. types II and III (p. xxxv, nos. Order of types II and III doubtful, see p. liii.
12, 13),
Evidence of
11^
letters (^^^ J/^^ '\^ &c.), see p. xlix. Order of types VII and VIII doubtful, see p. liv. Order of types III and IV doubtful, see p. Iv.
ORDER OF TYPES
Ixvii
P.C.B.
OR
Type
Confessor
W.J.A.i
Mules Hks.
S--8
/
Finds
1 1
"1.
William
233
'^'
IP
III
II
III
^2)
.
(234
Si's
'
3
ID
:
^^^
.
1236
1238
J"
IV
IV
(4)
.
V^
Series
I
]
V
VI VII
(5)
.
t|237 I
243
(239
r-i
.11
VP
VIP
vin
William
II
Yin
1
(6)
.
(241
p
IP
III
(244
(7)
2
,
1246"
Series II
4
3
5
I
'
250 5
(247
(8)
1
J
IV
"
I
Series III
Series
V
I
1248
251 J"
(Henry
II
10
II
254
253 257"
(9)
IIPO
III
IV
IV"
VI
VII
VIII
V
VI
J267_ (266
VIP2
Series
IV
252
VIIP2 IX
V X
,
256
.
(263
(10)
t
X
Series
XI
(11)
ivi
VI
XI XII
XIII
XII
258 ib
IX
.
264
(12)
i|
XIII
XIV
Series
.
XIV
j265 I (262j"
73
O
11
XV
I
XV
1
255
(270
(13)
VII
Stephen
II
2
3,
1269.
Series
Ill"
or 4
276
xix
VIII
IV
^3
V
Series
.
VI
VII
('
4,
or 3
5
...
xviiib
-J
to
IX
Henry
II
...
268~||
...First
Tealby
')
Issue
285JI
Ixviii
INTRODUCTION
this attribution of eight types to
For
William
and
five to
is
no
definite evidence.
It rests
Many
serious objection.
That the
of a
necessarily be in profile
cannot be main-
I.
It
divide
case
the types at a
Avhich
draw the
line
Hks. 243, or before or after Hks. 250, and none of these divisions gives so satisfactory a proportion
;
but,
mules
exist
an obverse of Edward
The
'
Paxs
'
coins
were
dated
is
spurious
(see
no.
148).
If the
use of the
word Fax
the design
of
Pass
'
type by either
last
two But
that
is
Danes
in the
autumn
of 1085.
Pax
as a design for
when
See Num. Chron., 1912, pp. 103-4, where it is shown that there seems to be an average duration of between two and three years for each type.
'
^ 3
Biit.
Num.
Joiirn., vol.
ii,
p. 137.
ORDER OF TYPES
unfortunate Harold
11,^
Ixix
so
hazardous as
own
coronation ceremony
who came
to the throne
Norway, and in
Northumbria,
if
who was no
made ready
for war,
enemy only
another.
to
meet
his death
The dating
two
and perhaps two or three years was the usual period for a type
;
but
it is difficult
to
first
type of
is
Monetagium
in
or
Monedagium, which
is
mentioned
in
Domesday* and
the Charter of
Liberties of
Henry I^
the
Monetagium
the people
^ See Ramsay, Foundations of England, vol. ii, pp. 2-3. But this type was not originated by the Confessor, for the coins with his obverse which bear this
'
mules
'
The
tj'pe
must
See
Num.
'
See below, p. Ixxv. Aluredus nepos Turoldi habet 3 toftes de terra Sybi,
quam
in quibus habet
omnes consuetudines
pi-aeter
geldum
regis de
Monedagio
'
{Domesday,
""
fol.
336 b (Lincoln)).
'
Monetagium commune quod capiebatur per ciuitates et comitatus, quod non fuit tempore regis Eadwardi, hoc ne amodo sit, omnino defendo {ChaHer of Liberties of Henry I, 1100).
'
"
Num.
1901,
vol.
p.
i,
14;
ff.
Brit.
Num.
Journ., vol.
p. 92
(from Ruding,
p. 163,
note
2j
vol. viii,
pp. 114-9.
IXX
INTRODUCTION
;
the coinage
and from
But no
of
Norman
King William's
impositions,
was one
the people
the
Norman
the
Norman
we have no
if it
would
it
make
if
a parallel with
of
the
Norman
tax existed,
types
altogether.
as Sir H. Ellis
says,
probably identical
similar!}^,
Cross voided
'
type of William
II,
Two
Stars
type has
to be the
The
any mints
;
is
quite untrustworthy as a
means
of dating the
coins
of William II,
and
it
by
mint
which
is
assigned to
with
all
ff.
Domesday
^
*
Num.
Journ., vol.
ii,
p. 179.
See Num. Chron., 1913, pp. 402 and 411. An arrangement since adopted by Major Carlyon-Britton in Brit. Num. Journ. (see vol. viii, p. 62).
'
ORDER OF TYPES
toll
' ;
Ixxi
clearly the
mint was
of
still
in
operation.
The dating
years
is
The monetary
pp. cliv
possibility
to each type.
Some
to the
Irregular
The
Issues.
by the moneyers
in base metal or of
own
profit,
in connexion
The
'
Irregular Issues
differ, for
some
;
reason,
may have
lawfully.^
They
differ
issues in
while
of the king.
these
all
i,
no. 326.
1.
See above,
p. xi,
note
The privileged
from royal
issues,
for
Ixxii
INTKODITCTION
One
is
It
ff.
Num.
Journ., vol.
viii,
pp. 83
William II
inscriptions
('
Cross in Quatrefoil
obv.
iiEPirrEnK-i-
K
is
as in op. cit,
^LEPirrEnu
Eev.
i.HnVEOVOMKV*)i:o
apparently of good
silver.
It
Major
son of
Cadwgan
is
first letter is
name
is
likelihood
R"VHE)KO
as
Rhyd y
Gors, or
Ryt
Cors, as
it
From
the Chroniclers
we
own money
^
;
so light
more
:^
be found
also,
that in 1149
Henry
England, struck a
new
coin
the magnates,
^ Castella quippe per singulas provincias studio partium crebra surrexerant, erantque in Anglia quodammodo tot reges, vel potius tyianni, quot domini
'
p.
69
"The
crescebat
statement
;
W. Malm,
'Jamque
caritas
annonae
paulatim
pro falsitate difficultas monetee tanta erat ut interdum ex decem Ferebatur ipse rex et eo amplius solidis vix duodecim denarii reciperentur.
et
regis,
alleviari jussisse
immenso
militum expensis
nequiret sufficere
'
(a.
1140
IRREGULAR ISSUES
the
Ixxiii
Duke came (on which occasion it is not quite clear), he put down the coins of the greater part of them.^ There are many coins which vary in legend or design from the
regular issues of the reign, and which from their occurrence in
finds of the
to this period.
some of
is
but there
information that
is
place
it
is
passage in William of
some barons
profit
made
by
we
by
coins
of this class
among
the coarse and light coins described under the regular issues
of the reign,
nos. 142, 143,
illustrated
by such
(e.g.
coins as
the coin
which seem
of the
in possession
Henry and
should
barons,
&c.
Empress Matilda,
Duke as we
expect,
bearing
a
their
others
bishops,
names
of
it
issued
named coinage
and
others.
such,
for
example, are
Bishop Henry
Ilobert(?),
(presumably of
(1),
Winchester),
Eustace FitzJohn,
William
As
their issuers
is
and usually
differ in
tlie
of their followers
for a usurp-
Roger of Hoveden
i,
p. 211.
Ixxiv
INTRODUCTION
command
it
issued.
make
it
the royal mint was to some extent impaired, and that the control
of
some
of the
especially in the
this reign.
The
and
it
seems
and
in
all
them
The order
venience
;
in
it is
which the
varieties
are described
is
one of con-
impossible to
make any
scientific classification in
in the following
dies.
II.
PERERIE.
III.
IV.
A. Midland Counties
;
B. Eastern Counties
district.
D. York and
may
III,
IV, V, are
known
to
us
by
so
it is
Of the
first
of finds
first
them
is
as the
two types
of the reign,
last
type
assured
IRREGULAR ISSUES
IxXV
by
its
occurrence with
Henry
II's coins in
the
Awbridge
find
tlie
There
is
first
type
of this reign
it
usual.
It
was not unlikely that the types were changed on the occasion
this took place at
fF.),
more or
less
but,
type
own
necessarily
1139,^
the fact that the majority of the irregular coinages of the reign
first
type makes
it
Nor
is it
type
Nevertheless, the
its
and
more frequent
than
may
be explained as the
fraudulent
work
of
the mint
or in
some cases
as the
The
2),
tradition quoted
by William
of
Malmesbury
(see p. Ixxii,
is
note
of the coinage,
coins.
by the evidence
of the
had commenced
still
be the prevailing currency, and would therefore be more likely to be imitated by Matilda than the type which was actually being issued at the time of her landing. The use of this type again by Henry of Anjou might be due to his continuing the type adopted by
coins of the
his mother.
^
Cf. Brit.
Num.
Jouni., vol.
vii, p.
42.
'
Ixxvi
INTRODUCTION
I.
Coins of Type
are
known
Form
Mint.
Reverse Inscription.
of Erasure on Obverse.
Wt.
Provenance,
&c.,
and
Notes.
Bristol
23-2
B.
Roth
lot
and horizon-
sale,
LVII.
20-2
W.
C.
Wells
reverse,
(from
same
and
Norwich
d:om:nor
B.
Roth and P. W. P.
dies.
d:on[
Plain cross from edge to edge, and additional small cross in second and
fourth angles.
*OTiA:0
frag-
ment
*EDS[
n:mok
n:nori
^
17-5
H. M. Reynolds (from
Nottingham
1880).
find,
*OTiBl:i:0
P.
W.
P.
Carlyon-
lists
IRREGULAR ISSUES
Form
of Erasure
Ixxvii
Mint.
Reverse Insci'iption.
on
Obverse.
Wt.
Norwich
R:ofi:fio
21.1
British
Museum,
2.
no.
229.
PL LVII.
Another from
dies
same
in
W.
tingham
(from
find,
Museum
Roth
Norwich?
e:on:iioi
Plain cross from edge to edge, and additional small cross in second (?)
15-0
and fourth
angles.
Notting-
ham
*spein:o m:snot:
Small
cross
cross
on
14-17
Several
specimens.
king's face.
The
in
varies
form and position, but usually has limbs more or less sometimes patte a pellet is added
;
Museum
LVII.
3, 4.
in one angle.
Stamford
j
*L,EFSI*0
Pellet
on each limb
14-8
B.
Roth
PI.
(Rashleigh
5.
LVII.
(a
of reverse cross.
fragment,
in
13-8 grs.)
W.
C.
another obverse
Ixxviii
INTRODUCTION
IRREGULAR ISSUES
Ixxix
ff.,
comments on
and,
number
pubHshed by Toplis
pp. 37
fF.)
(ibid.,
them the
struck by
'
Duke's Money
'
of
the
Chroniclers,
that
is,
money
Henry
is
of
This theory
namely, that they were issued from mints over which the
never had control.
In Hawkins's Silver Coins
probabl}^ struck
(p.
Duke
were
178)
of
it
is
by a partisan
Matilda,
who wished
title
'
to use
this is
the view that has since been generally held, and in his account
of
the Sheldon
find
(Brit.
vol.
vii,
pp.
59
fi".)
Nottingham
Hugh
It is
Bigod, &c.
is
noteworthy, and
in pioof of
which
struck from the same obverse die both before and after the erasure
it.
It
is
them from
is
on the king's
is
face,
but on his
shoulder,
barons
who usurped
See above,
p. Ixxii.
of the cross on some coins, notably those of Nottingham and Thetford and some of Norwich, I am inclined to believe that a punch was used on others the erasure has evidently been made with
^
;
a cutting instrument.
Ixxx
of the king
;
INTRODUCTION
^
if
be glad to
make
by issuing
coins
which could be
easily-
the object of obliterating the dies was to prevent their use in case
of their falling into unscrupulous hands, in just the
dies at the present day,
if
same way as
their surface
in order to
it
am
were
sufficient to
this
may have
in 1138 held
by Peverel
have
come over
to
ratified
Northumberland at Notfound on
tingham, for from this time until he surrendered his castle to the
in 1141 as the price of his personal freedom, he is
The sacking
of the
town by Robert
of Gloucester
obliterate their standard dies in fear of their falling into the Earl's
hands.
Assuming the
dies to
this purpose,
low weight,
many
Norwich coin
in the British
Museum weighs
21-1
grs.,.
and the British Museum coin of uncertain mint weighs 20 -6 grs.; some,
too, are certainly of excellent silver, as, for
^
Mr. Andrew sees in the Nottingham crosses a personal badge I think is not too early a date for such a use of heraldic devices, a baron would not impose his badge upon a die in such a way as to deface the coins which he hoped to pass into currency. ^ See Num. Chron., 1915, pp. 105 fF. ^ Ramsay, Foundations of England, vol. ii, p. 394. But Peverel's position is
that, even if this
very
difficult to
Num.
Journ., vol.
;
also uncertain
The date vii, pp. 61 ff.). 1141 seems the more probable.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
coin mentioned above,
Ixxxi
grs.
by the
issue of light
dies,
and base
standard
one can
piece
Museum
It is not
im-
king's
own moneyers
at other mints
of their enemies
which
is
In Brit.
of
Journ., vol.
vii, p.
66, Mr.
Andrew
describes coins
inscription
curiously
stamped
As he
same
the obliteration
was
therefore not on
the die
itself.
may
name on
I
(PI.
the coins.
collection
LVII.
7)
the
lines
work
of a forger's dies,
own
this
from them.
But
Ixxxii
INTRODUCTION
11.
Coins of Type
PEI^EKIE
etc.
Mint.
IKREGULAR ISSUES
Ixxxiii
Mint.
IxXXiv
INTRODUCTION
Warwick
pp. 81
coins struck at so
many
*
mints, including
In Brit.
Hum.
Journ., vol.
name money
and
the
list
if
we had
is
mere accident
of discovery
Stephen
name and
remains.'
title
In the inscriptions
PERERIE
by the shoulder
in imitation
though
Mr. Andrew's
original proposition that coins struck at all these mints can be attri-
in brief, this
she
a safe-conduct to
Bristol.
On
Oct. 15 she
moved
to Gloucester.
16).
On March
2 she
again at Wherwell, near Andover, and made terms for securing the
throne
;
was there
blessed, the
'
to her,
lierself jDro-
of England.
went
her.
to Oxford,
On
Lady
of
On
April
He
PERERIEI.
It
appears to be a misreading of
is
shown
dies.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
IXXXV
of*
king without actually opposing the decision in favour were made to win the Londoners
Matilda
in
May
last
by
King David
Londoners at
She
to grant
roused hostility
in the meantime,
now thoroughly
to
their
father's
continental possessions.
Earl
Ypres
1,
went
to Winchester
crown-wearing at Canterbury
a royal progress to
in
March-April,
1 142,
he
made
York
The Empress
Devizes,
to her husband,
who landed
autumn.
From September
to
and Gloucester, and ceased to play a prominent part in the war, which dragged on for the next five years it was carried on by
;
In February,
England
for ever.
f.
IxXXVi
INTRODUCTION
is
sufficient
show the
It is
be of good weight
issues
title of
the
Empress
regular
also,
way with
coining-irons.
after
March
3,
'
1141,
when
crown
at Winchester.
Lady and Queen of England and received Though she was only admitted to
it is
London
for a very
few days,
officials
to her
;
and
title to
Bristol
p. 335, no.
the mint
too, coins
likely to
have
At Winchester,
name
Lady
is
of
England
'.
At Canterbury,
case
otherwise.
Though
was
in 1135 in
evidently in his hands at this period (Catalogue, pp. 336-7, nos. 9-16),
and there
of the
is
it
ever
it
fell
Empress
was
London on June
Lincoln Castle
was apparently
to
seized
by Ealph
town was
Stephen
sacked and burnt after the battle of Lincoln, but the castle seems
to
no reason to
Finally, so
we
of the issue of
PERERIE
coins seem
IBKEGULAR ISSUES
to sliow that
Ixxxvii
difficult to
much
confusion and
for their
we can
accept
to temporize.
;
The
moneyer was
as difficult as anyone's
wliich he supported
and as soon
and
a time at least, she would be on the throne, the issue of coins with
Stephen's
reverse
If,
the
was
am
that
the
moneyers
PERERIE
to us.
illiterate
on examination of the
were not struck
still
coins,
in the
name
of the other.
and that
fact
merely a blundered
form of Tmperatrlcis.
with the inscription
struggle between
lOANSTREX,
Denmark
IxXXViii
INTRODUCTION
in 1044-7,
we have
Udmyntninger
Dan-
marl;
p. 49,
.^
Sir
Society (Nhdi. Chroii., 1915, Proceed in/js, p. 37), threw some light on the origins
of the
^
have recently had an opportunity He argues that the Archbishop of Canterbury, after declaring himself on the side of the Empress, would have issued his coins under her name, and that Lincoln under Ralph of Chester, then her partisan, was also likely to issue her coins further,
See also
1915, pp. 109
I
moneyer of this date was time-serving than in assigning a coinage of the Empress to such mints as Cantei'bury, Lincoln, and Stamford. He does not, however, attach much importance to the mints and thinks that the issue may prove more extensive than is at present known. It seems that we are agreed as to the date of the issue and in considering it the regular coinage of the realm for a few months in 1141. Mr. Andrew holds that Matilda's i^osition was at this
that no less difficulty lies in assuming, for example, that a Bristol
time considered so strong and her attainment of the throne so certain that she was generally accepted throughout the country and her coinage therefore he sees in the obverse legend a corissued by most of the principal mints ruption due to a misunderstanding by the die-engraver of an original order in which the title was written in abbreviated script. Though perhaps I should modify the conclusion that I have drawn above from the mints of this issue, I have left unaltered what I had written before I fully understood Mr. Andrew's argument or appreciated how nearly we were for I feel that the attribution to Stephen or to in agreement in some respects the Empress must at present be left an open question, and that the decision depends mainly on the historical evidence. From the numismatic point of view I cannot i^ersuade mj'self to accej)t Mr. Andrew's interpretation of the inscription, but my own suggestion is not free from difficulty. On the historical side I doubt whether Matilda was even at this time so universally accepted or her power so extensive as this coinage would imply if assigned to her authority.
;
That all hope of the King's release was never abandoned is shown most clearly by the obstinacy of the Londoners and by the attitude of the men of Kent who, even when the Londoners accepted the Empress, were enrolling themselves under Stephen's Queen. I do not agree with Mr. Andrew that the 'temporizing' of the clergy was merely a question of obtaining release from their oath for conscience sake. I think that they and many of the barons were safeguarding
themselves for the future in view of a possible return of the King to power.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
Ixxxix
III.
ATTEIBUTION.
1.
Similar to type
I,
1.
or
r.,
and
of very
coarse work.
Obverse.
XC
INTRODUCTION
this is perhaps a
I
more probable
is
interpretation.
The
coin,
which
believe
;
is is
unique,
of
metal
one
As regards the
lettering
and
style there is
nothing unusual about the coin except the rounded form of the
letter
3.
C on
the reverse.
I,
As type
but
witli
obverse inscription.
Obv.
II'T'IEFN
grs.
AV..
*BRIHTPII1[
no. 236.
Wt. 16-6
British
Museum,
PI.
LVIII.
3.
The
style
and lettering of
ordinary
issues,
forgery, perhaps
foi"
made by a mint
official.
One can
give no reason
;
cf.
following
I (h).
coin and
4.
(b),
also p. cxxi,
Obv. Bust to
Q^TEPf
;
Cross pattee, three pellets at end of each liinb, in each angle a mullet
inscription
lA/'BEKTIONr
no. 237.
Wt. 16-3
grs.
(good metal?).
British
Museum,
PL LVIII.
its
4.
obverse
first
The
lettering
was found
in
(1),
As type
I,
ileur-de-lys
cross.
1'Q|5TIE[
grs.
Reverse inscription
and uncertain.
5.
Wt. 15-9
British
Museum,
no. 238.
LVIII.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
This coin
is
XCl
of veiy coarse
work (more
and
is
perhaps one
of the
many
their castles.
G.
Ohv. As type
I,
but
Avitli
plain
domed
au
*i<t^TlE[
and
Beaded outer and plain inner
On
and
in the centre.
itOt^BER[
]X:
British
Museum,
no. 239.
PI.
LVIII.
6.
tlie
type of
the reign.
liar,
is
and the
is
to
it
deviation
reverse type
two types
of the reign,
type,
issue of the
second type.
It is certainly
by whom
it
was
I,
issued,
and where,
impossible to say.
7.
As type
is
represented by annulets
is
instead of pellets
Obverse.
Reverse.
wt.
16-7 17-4
Provenance, &c.
British
Museum,
7.
PL LVIII.
XCll
INTRODUCTION
Obverse.
'
IRREGULAR ISSUES
XCIU
of
the coins
'
is
to
Southampton, which
(cf.
variously spelt
'
Hamtune
or
'
Amtune
William
I,
on which
the
three
letters
/VNT
as
'
Anton
for
Southampton can
really be intended.^
is
type
of
Henry
II but
were
first
after, or
very shortly
before, the
first
mints.
The only
at
Henry
I's last
type,
and thirty-nine of
inscription
;
and two
PERERIE
in the
Awbridge
find three
110 of Henry
so late a
l)ut
coinage.
Their occurrence in
hoard
may
It
made
II,
the issue
Henry
when no
other coins of
way
into
work
of one
and held
his
power down
but in
struck,
it is
On
'
Rolls.
INTRODUCTION
later, till
Henry
II
Roger of Hereford,
or demolished
Hugh
of Mortimer,
whose
castles
were
all
taken
by King Heniy
in 1155,
Ralph
of Chester,
who
many
others.
These
coins,
fulfil
we should
coinage issued
issued
first
issue
of
Henry
(cf.
Henry
of
Anjou,
type I
:^
dies being
Having originated
by
his type,
he continued to employ
in currency
The method
the
neighbouring
country put
him
in
an
coins,
and his
in case of discover}^.
From
this point of
view
it
is
may be
copied and
may not
represent
As type
I,
obv.
F^ev.
1S[
]EFNER^
\ril
SIM
B. Pioth,
ONE
11 E
dies.
PI.
LVIII.
9.
Perhaps of Exeter.
punches of the period.
But in
title to
that
of Stephen.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
(h) Similar,
XCV
Obv.
Rev.
ODV
^^'t.
and III
4,
and
Henry
of Anjoii, type I
IV.
Midland
Counties.
(a)
As type
I,
Obv. Rev.
Aand
B.
British
Museum,
no. 244,
Roth (same
dies).
PI.
See Brit.
vol. v, p. 440,
and
vol.
vii,
pp. 54
;
and
82,
there can
(b)
Obv.
Rude head
r.,
sceptre in front.
Iiei\
Obverse.
XCVl
(c)
INTRODUCTION
Obv.
Rude head
J^ev.
r.,
sceptre
in
variety).
a saltire fleury.
Obv.
Rev.
^tSTEPHANVSRex
*.R/VINALD-ONBTOWt. 14-9
PI.
grs.
British
13.
is
Museum,
no. 246.
LVIII.
uncertain
it
may
be either
t^TO
see Brit.
Num. Journ.,
Of the three
III 8
varieties
first
same type
it
as a
variety,
it
difiers
from
in the
tlie
coins.
The
lettering
varieties.
These other two varieties are even more closely connected, for
they are identical in style of design and lettering on obverse and
reverse, the only difference being the placing of a bird in each
angle of the cross in the Derby coins, and a fleured saltire over
the cross on the Nottingham or Tutbury coin
this coin to
;
the attribution of
left uncertain.
B.
[a)
Eastern Counties.
coai'se
As type
I,
but of very
a broad cross with a pellet at the end of each limb and in each angle,
Obverse.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
XCVII
Obverse.
XCVlll
INTRODUCTION
C.
Scottish or
Border Counties
(?).
{a) Obi\
As obyerse
circle.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Wt.
22-8
Provenance, &c.
*H-EMCi:CO
01111:1
Same
die as preceding.
British jMuseum,
no. 287.
*:^w^ilel:m:
20-5
11.
M. Reynolds.
PI.
LIX.
1.
]EHCi:SOM *:>^ilel:m:
oici:i
23-0
17-6
British
Museum,
289,
pierced' nos.
288,
*MEMCi:CO!
*h:K[
]h
*[
]El:m:o
(01
15'6
British
Museum,
iici:B
broken
no. 290.
*^W^ILEL:f[l
f
A
(or?):
Henry
of Anjou)
may
it is
illustrated in Burns,
Coinage
The
inscriptions seem to be
"iiHEN
FICVS
The
coin
and
*EREB[
in the
]:
It
should probably be
attributed to Carlisle, and was presumably struck by Earl Henrj'in virtue of his possession of the
1139.
was found
Bute hoard.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
(b)
XCIX
Same type
as () above.
jiev.
*:^vyAixELM:oH:oD(orBoci
AVt. 21-0
lot
and 19-3
grs.
IT.
^I.
sale,
G13 (same
dies).
PL LIX.
Atti-ibuted by Mr.
Belford),
Lawrence
(c)
As type
I of
is
Obverse.
INTRODUCTION
Stephen's
first issue,
but resembling
^BTetHeii:
*FOBlIlD:OIl.D\/'NI.Dm
AVt. 15-2 grs.
S.
Rev.
M. Spink (Rashleigh
Eev.
]nd:oh:d\/'H[
d),
(e)
No
star
on obverse.
Ohv. Illegible.
Rev.
>iilIHDIHEDON:El
\7i.
18-6
grs.
British
Museum,
no.
253,
and Nottingham
Museum
?) die).
LIX.
coins
6.
The bulk
Outchester.
of Earl Henry's
(variety a)
were found in
all
There
is
these
mint-readings of the
first
OTHCI, OCCAIT,
them
to
CAST)
different
near Belford.
At
least
one
may
confidently attribute
this neighbourhood.
to
(a) to
Henry, the son of King David of Scotland, who was created Earl
of Northumberland
by Stephen
in 1139.
in
flans correspond
more
among
varieties
name
in order
(6)
to
show
Variety
variety
or variety
{d).
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CI
two
letter
later
varieties,
the
I
peculiarity of the
form used
for
the
(!>>>),
which
coins,
and
(d)
by the
style
and
more especially
of
the letter R.
all
The mint-readings of
the coins of variety
(d),
including the coin described above which differs only in style from
Stephen's
first
type, bear a
;
mint-name
(e)
DVNI
which seems
;
likely to be
Durham
var.
is
the
is
quite uncertain.
coins
is
(a)
Henry, son of
{b).
failed to
capture Bamborough.
Durham on
Feb.
5,
saved this city from falling into David's hands^ and by large
concessions
made
peace,
conferring
on
Henry
to
;
the earldom
of
of
Carlisle,
the rest
David's
Henry
did
homage
Stephen at York,
he then followed
indignation,
of Chester
was
so offensive that
1138 Henry was with his father's army, which invaded England
and was defeated at the Battle of the Standard, when Henry was
make his way independently to Carlisle. In 1139 a peace was arranged at Durham by Queen Matilda and ratified at Nottingham by Stephen,
cut off after a successful advance on the wing and had to
Cll
INTKODUCTION
his authority
St.
Cuthbert and of
St.
Andrew's,
and accompanied
life.
when
we hear on
an
we
sway
of Earl Henry.
He was with
of Anjou.
He
died in 1153.
issue (var. 6)
The intermediate
either
by
his
adoption of the type of the Earl's coinage must imply the capture
by Stephen
of
some place
in
which the
Earl's coinage
difficulties
:
was previously
issued or current.(1)
What
Earl's coinage
any reason
the people
of that
district
Stephen.
(2)
Did Stephen
at
in
which Henry of
?
Northumberland had
invasion, that
of
The
first
arrival of Stephen at
the city
by the
Scottish.
The
second,
at
the
a plundering raid which advanced as far as the Tyne, but withSee below,
cxxv.
p.
The opposite case (that the coinage was originally Stephen's, and that Henry captured a reverse die and made an obverse of his own to pair with it) does not seem possible, because the coinage is more akin to the Scottish than the English, and is therefore supposed to have been originated by the Earl.
'^
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CUl
;
drew
to
Wark on
hostilities
Stephen's
approach
Stephen,
instead
of
made a
and
The
third invasion,
into Yorkshire
;
in July of the
and ended
retreated,
the Scotsserious-
pursuit.
Thus
it is
clear that
invasion seems to have been a mere raid and not to have involved
the capture of any towns.
for Stephen's concessions^
At the truce
almost
Northumberland
I
in 1139.
am
inclined
to
believe
that
Earl
Henry
name
of Stephen.
We know
that after he
in 1136 he paid
homage
to
perhaps in
title
name and
seems to me, for the reasons given above, to indicate that he began
his issue in the his
name
of
Stephen and
name by
own.
consideration
of
In
the
very close
between the
all
am
inclined to attribute
such an attribution
nature.
of course
of a conjectural
and tentative
be
first issue
{e),
Stephen both
variety
{c),
in type
and inscriptions
CIV
INTRODUCTION
his
named
coins
the
acknow-
ledged
name
lies
is
The greatest
all
upon
these coins
even
the attribution to
Durham
of the coins
which
have suggested
anj'^
may
the
the Earl
is
not by
means certain
though he
may
Durham about
monks
and
of
his influence
by the part he played during William Cumyn's But too (cf. o^;. cit.^ pp. 366-70).
placed on the inscriptions of the two
and
(e).
The
;
by whomsoever
it
was
a baron
who was
issuing a base
coinage would have no reason to put the names of his mint and
coins,
inscription of his
model
In the
and
this
may
perhaps be explained as an
attempt to
the
issuer
basis,
all
Whether these
;
coins
may
all
not certain
in
and
(e),
privilege
and
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CV
his
name on
coins of
and
(h),
and that
finally he
title.
issued
variety
(a),
bearing his
The coin
which
I I
PI. III.
24
A,
mentioned above
which
I regard
it
as
belonging
the
earlier
period,
copied the type not directly from Stephen but from the issues of
III. 24).
The
I
series of Earl
am
many of
named Henry
some importance.
(, 6,
It
seems to
me
issues
and
c)
It is necessary to
conjectural,
close con-
nexion of varieties bearing the name of Stephen with the issue which
bears the Earl's
?).
it
the
by Stephen
and of peculiarity in
;
detail
the
or
we must abandon
Henry
if.,
of the t<[EMCI
CON
coins to
of Northumberland.
In
Num.
attri-
which seems
in
to be of northern origin
fit
;
to
does
it
any way
doubt
be attributed to
him
nor,
even
so,
would there be
less difiiculty in
Duke with
issues bearing
the
name
of Stephen.
He
CVl
INTRODUCTION
D.
(a)
York and
District.
As type
I of
the
following varieties
the
beaded inner
circle
of
the
obverse runs
*HSEPEFETl5i *>^IM|S0-GHET0dA
wt. 20
grs.
II.
M. Reynolds.
PL LIX.
7.
Obv.
*STIEFHEP1
B. Roth.
I of
(b)
As type
a horseman's lance
in field to
r.
star
Obv.
nev.
*STIEFI1ER^VliDMESlOMEA/':
^Yt. 19-5 grs.
H.
:\I.
Reynolds.
PI.
LIX.
8.
grs.
^'arious inscriptions
and ornaments.
PI.
Wt. 14-5-19
See Catalogue,
LIX.
9-14.
Obv.
As type
I of
t^TlEM
PI.
^^itl
ornaments.
Saltire fleury
on cross pattee.
Ornaments
in place of inscription.
grs. (chipped).
British
Museum,
no. 260,
and
W.
P. Carlyon-Britton.
LIX.
15, 16.
other, supporting
(d) Obv.
Two
figures,
pommee; annulets
in field.
Obverse.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
Variety
(a)
first
'
type
of Stephen to variet}t3'pe'.
(b)
which
is
commonly known
as the
Flag
The
object
heavy mast
of Beverley
John
and
St. Wilfrith of
represents the
in
miniature, or
it
maj' be merely a
iVa.prh
let<
horseman's lance
Sceaux,
p. 158.
Deniay, Le Costume
au Moyen Age
fig.
179).
'
The reverse
or
less
inscriptions on these of
degraded copies
some common
it
original,
and,
from
York
is
York
or
neighbourhood
confirmed
resemblance in
style,
and in
named
coins of Eustace
and of Robei't
near York.
made
(b}-
Packe in
Xuni.
59
ft'.,
and others)
do not seem
prove sucperiod
During the
civil
wars,
captivit}- of Stephen,
com-
difficult,
not only to variation of the usual type but to laxity in local mint
administration, affording easy opportunity for the
or base coins without risk of detection
;
i.ssue
of light
engraved
locally,
that
the
presence of his
name on
the coins.
hand
is
is
; ;
CVlll
INTRODUCTION
but
am
was a device
an
illiterate public
Mr.
Andrew {Num.
and interprets
the legend
MANuJ
Variety
(c)
(ON EVerwic
local
is
probably a similar
production which
is
more
type of Stephen's
first issue, is
Variety
(cZ)
is
to the right
a female figure, her hair long and tied with ribbons, wearing
stift*
triangular skirt
fleured
The reason
for
the
attribution
of this
issue to the
York
and ornaments.
to be the original
work
of a northern engraver,
fancifully representing
Queen Matilda
of his captivity.
till
The
1147
The
figure
is
full
name forms the obverse legend. Various suggestions have been made for the interpretation of these two figures
represent the king, whose
The coins of this York series are all placed about the year 1141, or slightly owing to their close connexion with each other and, through the 'Flag type' coins, with the first issue of Stephen, which presumably did not continue after 1141. An interpretation of the 'Flag type coins as commemorative of
^
earlier,
'
the Battle of the Standard would place that issue in, or shortly after, 1138; the
'
Double-figure
'
would
be issued in the year 1141. On PI. the coins are assigned to 'Queen Matilda and Eustace this should be corrected to Stephen and Queen Matilda'.
' ; '
LX
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CIX
is
clearly
wrong
figure
the
different
seen
by an examination
to
the left wears a peaked helmet, while the female figure has the
head bare, showing the long hair bound with ribbons or ornaments
after the feminine fashion of the time.
Packe's theory
are
(Num.
Queen Matilda and Prince Henry, and the occasion the con-
vention of
Durham
in 1139, is
enemy
side
by
the
liardly possible.
also
tion, the
name
the
of Stephen.
The
Packe
series
if
Chron.,
1896, pp. 65
to
large
coins
not
the city of
York
As well
name
of Eustace
which
re-
of Robert with
is
The connexion
in
style,
but a detailed
This identity
may
by a comparison
is
all
these
is
But
it is
curious that Eustace, on the full-figure coins which bear his name,
is
is wearing on these coins. Mr. Andrew {Num. Circ, 1914, p. 628) also takes this view, and supposes the coins to have been struck at York in honour of this peace.
ex
INTRODUCTION
unintelligible,
but
it is
important to notice
all
how
'
Lion type
Eustace coins.
all
come
That
this
'
mint
is
shown
(VIDNESI
ON
The
issues
seem
to
me
mint of York
its
in the
hands of
local administration
thrown upon
own
resources,
by the
own
profit
making some
as
by issuing coins
be.
of
low weight,
most of these
issues
seem
to
work
of
local
the
'
Flag type
'
the
Double-figure
'
King
power
in his captivity
but whether
made by
officers of
the
King
or
by independent
mere conjecture.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CXI
Type A.
'Ohv. 'Full figure in
'
Full-figure
'
type.
OUverse.
Reverse.
Wt.
2.
Same die
.coin
as preceding
in Br,itish
Mu-
seum.
jPI.
*EBORACIoT DEFr
7.
LX.
:3.
Similar to preceding;
|
^TjOMHt^FI
,HXt^\/'LF
8.
but no annulets in
field.
l^-O ^^'^
PL LX.
Cxii
INTRODUCTION
on Eustace.
History (see
Num.
Stubbs has no
of
such statement.
I gather that
arises
Eustace's arrival at
York
'
John
these
in
was not
any
took very strong action on finding that the Papal Interdict was
being observed.
Nor do
'
know any
an
ofiice
as
'
The connexion
seems to
rather to
York
show that
his arrival in
but,
an
his
official of
York
no trace of
earlier period.
On
the contrary, his age, which, though not definitely known, can be
approximately deduced,
is
sufficient
been issued.
The
coins bear
a close resemblance in
style
and
York above
and
this
described,
which
strongly suggestive of
work contemporaneous,
;
or approximately
is
connexion
greatly
on
p.
p.
388
some
of these
ornaments
may
^
The probabiHty
;
(1756)
ceeded in tracing
further.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
of the
issue
CXIU at
of all
these coinages of
York
an early date,
'
and
1).
l)e
Doulile-figure
'
types, has
'
(p. cviii,
note
The Eustace
coins of the
later,
perhaps even
than 1141.
hence
was knighted
in 1147 or 1149;^
he
may
been, at
most, very
little
The representation
The
coins
'^
whom
by him
As
the
Lion
'
issues,
Num.
ff".,
also
York
identifies the
town
name
of
Thomas
FitzUlf,
whom
I, ed.
he identified as Thomas
'
Henry
Hunter,
p. 34,
an alderman
He was
fighting for
David
his signature
have been, at
Stephen
in
by
1141-2,"
in his
the neighbourhood of
York
is
made
certain
by Mr. Lawrence's
1 Ramsay (Foundations, vol. ii, p. 437, note 4) follows Hewlett's argument the signature of charters of 1147-8 by Eustace with title Conies ior accepting 1147 of the Gesta against 1149 of Huntingdon and Hexham. Round (Feudal EiKjland,'^. 495) denies that knighthood need precede the use of the title Conies,
and places
2
it
in 1149.
they are described as coins of Eustace, son of Stephen (?)' but since the plate was printed I have felt more strongly the necessity of
On
Plate
LX
'
abandoning
^
this attribution.
CXIV
INTRODUCTION
say
how he came
to do so in
York
It is
'
the
'
other
'
Lion
'
coins in type,
coins
;
is
in style
more
Full-figure
'
this is
it
most noticeable
also
in the
form of lettering
is
Museum
Eustace FitzJohn.
Type
Ohv.
B.
'
Lion
'
type.
tielcl.
lion(?) passant to
r.,
ornaments
in
Rev. Cross fleury over salth-e, each limb of which ends in small crosses
pattees
;
annulets in
field.
Obverse.
Keverse.
Wt.
Provenance, &c.
*[
]CIIoEIIo
PI.
T@riD^BE[Ur
10.
in place of
L. A. LaAvrence.
LX.
Ornaments
18-8
British
Museum,
legend (each limb of 16-6 nos. 269, 270, saltire ends in two chipped and other specicrescents from which 18-0 mens from the a chain issiies to the 18-9 same pair of dies. edge of the coin(. 21-3
I
PI.
LX.
11.
Very
Stephen
led
little is
;
known
of Eustace
him
and
in February, 1138,
we hear
Castle,
him
of the custody of
Bamborough
;
in
July of
him
we have
seen, fought
on his side at
'
IRREGULAR ISSUES
1142,^
lie
CXV
Earl of Lincoln.
liini
we only hear
of
founding- and
endowing
religious
houses.
His signature to
some (such
both before and after this date, and perhaps the signatures only
denote a temporary truce and not a definite transfer of allegiance.
He
York
(?)
in
1128, at place
unknown
circa 1136,
Durham
at
circa 1141, at
Charters,
The fragment
in
full
name
of
FitzJohn, attributing
the
issue
of
But finding an
issue in currency
which
would even
in
name
nor
is
serve as his
name Eustace
the additional
Filius lohannis
'
is
there
any reason
FitzJohn fragment
like
lighter or baser, or in
The reason
two
connexion with the issues of York, and the lack of any authority
for
the
this
city
of
York.
for
This
of
difficulty
not,
however, solved
by
means,
'
the
two Lion-type
is
name
Filius lohannis
Num.
INTRODUCTION
of the good
workmanship
of the
York
coins,
'
common
still
Lion-type coins,
though
any other
of the York issues in the form of the ornaments in the reverse If either, therefore, is to be regarded as an imitation inscription.
of the other, it should surely be the
'
Eistaohius
'
issue.
Robert de Stuteville.
Ohv.
Armed
figure on
horseback to
r.
jRODBeRTLHSDe
coll.;
Ornaments.
H.
Museum,
P.
no.
271;
;
Hunterian
B.
M. Reynolds;
W.
Carlyon-Britton
Roth.
The
British
Museum,
dies.
LX.
12, 13.
known
Hunterian
collection,
this
has
made
in
possible the
traditional attribution
to
by Packe
Num.
IV
Citron.^
1896,
p.
70,
on grounds of
(c).
made almost
certain Ijy
is
D;
Of
these are
this Roliert
de Stuteville we
know nothing
David of Scotland
he
is
The
irregular issues of
York
IRREGULAR ISSUES
star in field to
r.
Obverse.
CXVlll
INTRODUCTION
September, 1143
from
this period
may
be deducted nearly
tlie
March, 1139
1143.
February,
1141, and
December, 1141
is
September,
first
The
later of these
two periods
We may
February, 1141.
York
This date
issues,
is
confirmed
by the resemblance
in style to the
a resemblance so
was found
at
York), but I cannot accept Mr. Andrew's theory^ that they were
issued
of
by William Fitzherbert
1143,
to
not likely
Empress Matilda.
Type
as first issue of Stephen.
Obverse.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
Obverse.
Reverse.
AVt.
Provenance, &c.
flATILDi:i
IIID/VH-DE"
]Er:ea[
17-0
Raslileigh
lot
sale,
632.
:matillis:i
Pl.
B.
Roth
(two
coins from
dies).
same
LXI. 4
17-2 16-5
British
no.
lATILDi:iMi*S\/'Ellli:0
i:
PI.
Museum,
|h:ox:
LXI.
5.
IILDMMP
PI.
*I^A111DELXI.
6.
B.
Roth
(two
coins).
IlleKible.
B.
Roth
(very
similar to
ceding).
pre-
li\TILDi:iM
]e:imp[
A
s^
EMVHl
s.-iwrs.?s$ =s$
.^ =^
B. Roth.
]\/'We:in[
movements
in
England
is
PERERIE
(see
Her
lirst issue
less abbreviated, of
and Matildls Imperatrix. The lies were of rough work and were hand-engraved with the exception of the reverse of the Oxford coin, which is made with
the usual punching-irons
of good metal.
^
;
they
all
seem
to be of
The coin
punched
lettering.
CXX
INTRODUCTION
Wareham
,
^
;
I^/\.
is
presumably
not Canterbury (see above, p. Ixxxvi) possibly Calne.^ The coins were
most probably
all
those of Bristol,
l)een issued at
have
any
in addition
The Oxford
or shortly
when
it
the castle
was surrendered
fell
to the
Empress
by Robert
d'Oilly
from London, or
September-December, 1142,
;
when
by Stephen
London
in March, 1141,
Wareham,
was certainly
it
by Stephen
Gloucester,
till
June, 1142,
when he took
it
it
was
was
in
the
following
year
unsuccessful.
Other coins that have been attributed to Matilda are the variety
of Stephen's first issue
(see above, pp. Ixxxii
fF.),
{British
Numismatic Journal,
and
illegible,
and
I see
The former attribution of these and other coins (see below, Warwick was, as Mr. Andrew has pointed out, most improbable.
^
'^
p.
cxxxi) to
See below, pp. clxivf., and Nh}. Chron., 1915, See Num. Chron., 1915, p. 114.
p. 115.
irregular issues
IIexry of Anjou.
Type
(a)
I.
As
first issue of
Stephen.
Obverse.
CXXil
(c)
INTRODUCTION
Ohv.
As
As
first issue of
Stephen.
Rev.
XV)
of
Henry
I.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Wt.
12-4
Provenance, &c.
British
no.
Museum,
|[
]:
the
(from WintersloAV
277
PI.
LXI.
12.
find).
Two
W.
P. Carlyon-
*[
Square crown without ornaments inscription
;
]LEMO
B. Roth.
PI.
LXI.
11.
]N[
Ornament between and sceptre.
face
MLFRE[
/\.*
16-5
British
no.
Museum,
(from AVinterslow
find).
278
PL LXI.
13.
Illegible.
REX
Broad double diadem in
place of crown.
and W.
(same
14.
T.
Ready
dies).
PL LXI.
Another
similar, illegible, in P.
W.
P. Carlyou-Britton collection.
Type
()
11.
between two
stars.
^EHRIEA/'[
*arefim:o MBRI
15.
16-6
British
Museum,
no. 280.
PL LXI.
IKREGULAK ISSUES
cxxni
Obverse.
Reverse.
Wt.
Provenance, &c.
From same
ceding.
die as pre-
Copenhagen
Museum.
PI.
LXI.
16.
]mEV[
From same
cedinft-.
die as pre-
lO'O
H. M. Reynolds.
*om:si[
PI.
]\r
16.1
British
no.
Museum,
(Win-
281
LXII.
tersLow find).
1
160
British
Museum,
]N
PI.
JIVELOE
LXII.
3.
no. 282.
14-4
British
Museum,
no. 283.
LXII.
4.
The
coins
last
two coins
tlie
Duke's
(b)
As preceding
issue,
CXXIV
INTRODUCTION
not
retroo-rade
+ :bVWFREI- DE BVhuN.
coin of
It
seems to
me
to be a blundered
Henry
gratins
or possibly William.
'
Anno
MCXLIX,
in
et
castella
multa
munitiones cjuamplures;
;
et fecit
monetam novam,
omnes potentes,
Sed
tarn episcopi
et
ipse, sed
ex quo dux
venit,
phu-imorum monetam
in
of Melrose, nor connected closely with the Becket contest, are very
...
Of the striking
of
Stephen in 1153,
equally
it
is
impossible
to
say
they
are
in
the
least
degree
probable.'
(or three
1)
occasions on which
:
Heniy came
to
old,
to Bristol
3'ears,
returning to
Normandy towards
who was
attacked in Pevensey by
?)
men
Num.
p.
211.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CXXV
to
began to
desert,
Normandy
from Wareliam.
(3)
being knighted
by David
of
Scotland
landing
probably at
Wareham, he was
Of the
rest of his
went
to
22.
May
till
liis
return to
Normandy
(4)
in January, 1150.
of Wallingford, he arrived
raised the siege of Wallingford, and, after a short time, visited his
progress
to
Evesham, Warwick,
On Aug.
10,
1153,
the
death
of
Eustace
in
gave
the
the peace
6,
1153.
of
Hoveden
is
at least
the
visit of
was that
the
is
'
duke's
money
if
we may believe
tale.
he
made a new
is
coinage,
likewise,
stay in England, which lasted not longer than nine months. Apart
from
its
which
may
or rather, the
Angevin party
^
ff.
INTRODUCTION
Henry
I,
find,^
and their
Henry
I,
show them
to have been
It is still
may have
>l/VREFIMIOM BRI
with
*iVRFElli:iiBRIlT
and
nos.
*PIC0RIC:ON her:
The
REX, which
is
by a claimant
to the
throne.-
Further, in connexion
titles,
Duke on
his arrival.
There
much
difficulty in
;
the
have been the type in issue at the royal mints in the of 1142, when Henry first landed in England.
Matilda had on, or shortly
after,
first issue of
still
"
autumn
in
issue,
type
in
currency
this
was
and her
1
"^
See above,
Stephen's
p. xxx.
it
must be remembered that a coin is known of the type having on the obverse the name Henricits (without must be attributed to Earl Henry, owing to its Scottish style title), which and very close resemblance to coins of David of the same type, and also on account of its Scottish provenance (Bute find) and its probable attribution to
of
issue
Carlisle
'
See
IRREGULAR ISSUES
part}'
CXXVll
in the
name
of
Henry.
given
in the
l:)y
same
son's ratification,
show
was
tion of the
of the
name
of
Henry
Angevin party
it
Henry
in 1149.
The
profile
own
1142,
later,
is
to say,
(h).
c.
()
and
The
which
is
their
in 1147.
Of
this I
find
In the Awbridp-e
Henry struck
his coinage
The
definite.
No account
from
^
it,
See Num. Chron., 1915, p. 118. I was tliei-e mistaken in saying that Mr. Andrew assigned all the profile types of Henry to 1149 Hks. 259 he places in 1142, and with it I understand him to include all those with the
^
;
reverse of Stephen's
first
Brit.
Num.
I (c)) in
eXXVlll
INTKODUCTION
Henry
of
of
I (a);
and of
The
that
later issue of
Henry
many
The mints that can be identified with type I (a) Hereford and Malmesbury, of type
type I
(c)
'
are
of
Gloucester, of
Crst'
(Cirencester in Gloucestershire
1),
Sherborne
?,
of type II
none are
certain.
it is
Even
as
if
not
them
in
we have
;
of
coinage
Henry
own
private issues.
At
this time,
after 1142, the West of England was Angevin, and at the Angevin
Wareham,
&c., there
was
probably a more or
first
less
name
of Matilda,
and
later of
to
Type
I [b) is of
some
interest as
it
of Stephen,
and
is
identical in type
ft'.)
shown
to
and not
in finds
first
issue (except
when type
Henry
II's reign.
;
it is
impossible to say
Henry
name
it
may
be that
same
locality,
dies
made
doubtful.
The usual interpretation of CRST as Chvistchurch seems to me very The town was called Twynham. Christchurch was the name of
I
414.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CXXIX
of style
is
is
against
the
work
on an
of
some baron
West
so,
title
?).
^ilUETA/"
LXII.
(penny.
B. Roth). B. Roth).
]ROBETA/'[ (halfpenny.
PI.
5.
6.
Reverse
inscriptions
:
quite
uncertain
the
penny
reads
VND ON
:
the
of being
is
hERE
or
;
LERE,
or possibly
The attribution
quite
of
uncertain
necessity.
the coins
may
money
coins
One would not expect Robert of Gloucester except in the name of the Empress or Henrj^
to issue
Another Robert
may
be the issuer.
If
is
LERE
is
the reading of
Henry
(?), is
more probable
Num.
Journ.,
366, and
William
(of Gloucester?).
T'>/pe
I.
As type
of
Henry of Anjou,
I (c).
See p. cxxii.
Obverse,
cxxx
INTRODUCTION
Tyije II.
(a)
As type of Henry
of Anjou, II (a).
See p. cxxii.
Obverse.
Reverse.
wt.
15-0
Provenance, &c.
H. M. Reynolds.
:cRwT
Two rows of pellets take
the place of the crown.
PI.
(b)
LXII. 10
Henry of Anjou,
II
(b).
As type
of
See p. cxxiii.
*[
PI.
MDOB
8.
]ANDO
15-0 14-5
P.W.P.CarlyonBritton.
LXII.
*^W^ILLELCT) *ro0iero:d
PI.
P.W.P.CarlyonBritton
and
LXII.
11,
12.
Museum,
broken
PI.
no. 285.
LXII.
7.
From same
ceding.
die as pre-
]AV3.om:[
16-0
British
Museum,
no. 286.
later
some
tion
title as
well as the
name on
the obverse
may
perhaps be read
WILLEM DVO
(for
DVX
?)
or
WILLem
and
to William de
Mohun, Earl
of Dorset
am
should be
William
coins.
Num.
;: ;
IRREGULAR ISSUES
CXXXl
by Mr. Round
Eng. Hist. Rev., 1910, pp. 297 fF., shows that William de Moyon deserted the Empress before the end of 1143, and there
in
side.
The
coin
noteworthy that not only the types but also the mint-names
they can be interpreted) are identical with those on coins
or the Empress.
see
(so far as
of
Henry
(possibly
Cirencester?
above,
cxxviii),
also
at
WAR
?)
(doubtless
Wareham)
DOB
or
DOR
WIS
is if
(Wiveliscombe
low.
are quite
uncertain.
The weight
extent of
of the coinage
These considerations
be
attributed
to
and the
one
this
is
coinage,
doubtful),
it
may
person
issued
;
(which
it
suggest
that
the
magnate
who
England
this position
may have
fallen to
William of Gloucester
between his father's death in 1147 and the arrival of Henry in 1149, a period of which historical records are very meagre; but
any
attribution of
doubt.
The
coin of type II
Brian FitzCount?
Type
of
Henry
of Anjou, II (),
and William
Ohv. Rev.
*B-R-C-IT-[
*BRIITililI-TO:
Wt. 15-9
grs.
r. AV. P. Carlyon-Britton.
p.
PI.
LXII.
13.
(a
blundered copy
Henry
I
I)
he
thus
Montagu
satisfied
{Num.
the
Chron.,
1890,
Proceedings,
Baldwin de Redvers.
latter
am
I
not
by any means
inscription
to
that
part
of
the
it.
obverse
prefer
CXXXU
1896,
pp. 63
f.),
INTRODUCTION
reading
the
inscription
as
Brianus Comitis
me
likely to be a copy
in 1139 and concerted with Robert of Gloucester in plans of he was blockaded in Wallingford by Stephen, but campaign
;
relieved
at
by Milo
in the
same year.
He was
London
in June,
and at Oxford
in July, 1141,
and
after the
He was
in 1153,
when Henry
relieved
him on
in England.
of Wallingford in 1146.
1136,
was besieged,
and surrendered on
;
he was banished
In 1139 he landed at
Corfe Castle
him except
we He
hear
died
in 1155.
II^OCD
Bust in armour
r.,
holding sword.
fleured
at
Rev. >l50[
]ONI^./\.
Quadrilateral,
angles,
Wt.
Museum,
no. 292.
PI.
LXII.14.
From
Mr. Andrew
^
Dugdale, Monasticon,
^ 3
Num.
IRREGULAR ISSUES
(2) Obv.
CXXXlll
>JTOD(oi'
star to
r.
Tj^OEFN
Rev.
l/VL,PI^DONTOMI
pellet in each angle,
Wt. 15-2
grs.
British
Museum,
no. 293.
PI.
LXII.
15.
STIEFNE.
The resemblance
is
following piece
(3) Ohv.
noteworthy.
Bust to
r.,
iNEPrH*
Stephen).
first issue of
Rev.
HB^^^t^l^liEHLONr
in each angle.
Wt. 16
grs.
British
Museum,
no. 294.
PI.
LXII.
16.
The only
officials of
we have any
aurifaher,
the coins.^
An
or goldsmith,
a function which
in
Otto the
and Suffolk
of London,
a charter of
Henry
who
Grimbaldus
74),
Other goldsmiths mentioned in Domesday are Alwardus (I. 63 b), Leawinus (I. 58 b), Nicholaus (aurifaber
:
comitis Hugonis,
II.
(I.
published in
Num.
CXXXIV
INTRODUCTION
;
make
Royal and
under which Otto FitzWilliam, then dead, had held the custody
of the
king's
die
in
England.
From
this
it
office definitely
attached
to the Mint.
Of any other
Mint
officers of
the Mint
we
find
no evidence
at
all,
ore:anization of the
ments
the
first
sign of breaking
away from
of financial, judicial,
executive board
first
Under the
Norman
one
may assume
of the
work
at the
same time
Some
made
to the
means at the
The most obvious method was the engraving of the moneyer's name and of his mint on his reverse dies; this would seem inadequate
without some periodical
trial of
it
above
made with
Trial
of
the
certainly
known and
employed at
'blanched',
i.e.
* That a financial department existed at this time and earlier, there seems no doubt (see Hughes, Crump and Johnson, Dialogus de Scaccario, introduction,
p. 13,
''
and references
in foot-note).
p. xiii.
CXXXV
in
Whether the
were
all
made
London
may
be accepted with
by moneyers on
^
:
new type
In civitate AVirecestre habebat Rex Echvardus banc consuetudinem. Quando moneta yertebatur quisque monetarius dabat xx solidos ad Londoniam pro cuneis monette accipiendis (I. 172).
ibi
(in Hereford).
Unus ex
his
erat
monexviii
et
unum
mensem dabat quisque eorum regi xx episcopus de suo monetario xx solidos (I.
Tres monetarios habebat
ibi
Et similiter babebat
79).
(in
Sciropesberie)
rex.
Qui,
postquam
alii
XX
solidos unusquisque.
Et hoc
fiebat
moneta vertente
tliis
(I.
252).
certain
amount
of evidence on
subject
may
be adduced
sufficient to afford
any
definite
all
always been
mints in
all
laid
on the very
is
few
mint
by examining the
into account the
But
method
of engraving dies,
The payment
of fees
is
dies, in the
following passages
In burgo de Lewes,
(I,
cum moneta
renovatur dat
burgo Dore Cestre) erant ii monetarii, quisque eorum reddens regi unam markam ai'genti, et xx solidos quando moneta vertebatur (I. 75). Ibi (in Brideport) erat unus monetarius, reddens regi unam markam argenti et xx solidos quando moneta vertebatur
XX
26).
Ibi (in
(I. 75).
Ibi (in
Warham)
ii
unam markam
argenti
regi, et
erant
iii
moneta vertebatur
CXXXVl
INTRODUCTION
tools
The use
of a
model or pattern
to be the only
on Thetford
I.^
;
described
different
below,
p.
27,
nos,
144-6
struck
from
little
and the
readings are
riMUlrOM^IEO^MF
KIMUlrOMD-i-IEOlPMF
rmuiroMD'i'XEo^MF
The
first
>^X for HE>j the use of a straight instead of a crescent-shaped punch the other two both reproduce this error, but, apparently
;
it
misgraven
This
is
letter represented
H, the
is
inserted before
it.
there
is
two
The engraving
to the
of dies
was therefore
made by
the
and supplied
workmen
to copj^
This does
not decide the question whether the copying of the original die
die
does
show,
however, that,
the
dies
were
all
made
at
number
Num.
of dies,
pair,
dies
were engraved
but
it
may
set
engravers at
model.
CXXXVll
moneyer
new
issue
^
;
for
we know from
when returned
A
it
made
in London, is described
on
p. 11 4, no.
608
H
the
as
is visible
letters
is
coin
is
no trace of overstriking.
die
;
The
letter
if,
seems
likely, the
London
and not
interpretation of
Domesday
to be
found in the
inscriptions,
and of
of
make them
illegible
by
There can
responsible for
any
base standard.
below
(pp. cxlixff.),
these
profit
To Bury
St.
Edmunds one
set.
was supplied at a time, and But Stei^hen granted the Abbot as many as
three sets (see below, p. clxiv). ^ Note also, on p. xlv, the possible evidence of the use of identical punches
in
^
making the dies of different mints. See Num. Chron., 1911, pp. 285 ff.
am
not
now
of opinion, as
then was,
that these coins are evidence of the moneyers being in possession of official
graving punches.
CXXXVlll
INTRODUCTION
of identification
dies
bear.
If the
engraving of the
the moneyers,
who seem
to have been
important
officials
would be
power
to
a false inscription.
The
chief
argument
while differing from the coins of the other mints, bear a very close
(see PI.
XIX.
1-3,
and
even
PI.
if
XXIII. 13-16)
the evidence of
and
think
is
it
must be conceded
that,
Domesday
right, exception
must be made
of the
Welsh
mints,^
evidently not
have
Nwm.
the most
important instance
is
IV
of Lincoln, Stamford,
of very rough
work and
all
closely
The coarseness
This might well be explained by the assumption that the dies were
cut locally or at a separate centre for the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire mints
;
is
it
may
equally be explained
London by
at
this
localities,
and that
the
(see
inexperienced
^
workmen were
period
given
dies
PI.
Coins
of
'barbarous'
work
XXIII.
^
8).
CXXXIX
engrave
for
the
northern
and
north-eastern
part
of
the
country.
We
may, therefore,
methods by which
work
of
the moneyers
was the
some modification.
the engraving
it
of dies
tools,
it
the
Welsh mints
workmen
using locally
in
made
but
it is
some circumstances
was allowed, or
The following
'
Paxs
'
type of William
I,
occur of a die being sent from one mint to another (traces on the
coins of rust-marks or cracks on the dies usually furnish evidence
was
first
used)
-^
Marlborough
(Cild, no.
From
828 being
From
no. 1062).
From Wilton
(Sefaroi
and Sewine,
nos.
From Cricklade (^Ifwine, no. 625) to Wilton (^Ifwine, no. 1057). From Shrewsbury (Godesbrand, no. 938) to St. Davids (Turri, no. 883).^ From London (Alfred, nos. 763-4) to Southwark (Osmund, nos. 976-7).
^
The
at the
same mint
is
very frequent.
^
on
See Num. Chron., 1911, pp. 274 ff. The London and Ipswich die mentioned 278 {op. cit.) is omitted, as the coin that purports to be of Ipswich is certainly a forgery (see below, p. 186, no. 722).
p.
^
The
to the coarse
work of
correct
;
St.
attribution to
Shrewsbury
is
Cxl
INTRODUCTION
I,
In type II of William
evidence at which mint
it
is
no
was
used) at
London (Godwine?,
die of the
no.
London
coia
MAINT
I,
St. Davids
accessible, if
not the nearest, mint to St. Davids), the two mints using the
same
die are
proximity.
;
The only
whether
Thetford, and
die
London Exeter
is
London
Thetford
We
was used
first at
London or Thetford
certainty,
Loudon
Exeter die
distinct
shown with
from rust-marks
to Exeter.
in the crown, to
have, then,
two
phenomena
in the first
place that of a die being sent from one mint to another in the
vicinity,
and secondly, a
from London
all
the
way
to Exeter,
The former
case
is
whether
it
The second
very different
it
seems to be a definite
the provincial mints, as I think one can only explain the transfer
of
new
die.
The
large
number
England
may
cxli
MONEYERS.
The
position of the
moneyer
in
Anglo-Saxon times
is
obscure
whom
in the
seem themselves
if
to
same penalty
iEthelred
II,
as a guilty moneyer.^
and
its
number
town
three,
town one
(fol. 2)
'
Godwine Socche
is
described as
we
dies
have already
(p.
new
their fees
the
At Oxford,
three shillings
the
free
house (domus)
154).
56).
of a
moneyer
298).
Liebermann,
Op. Op.
cit., p.
cit.,
Gesetze, p.
(II.
9, 1).
314
Cnut,
^thelstan, 14,
IV. yEtheh-ed,
5,
II.
Cnut,
8,1).
*
^
Op.
cit.,
p.
9).
it,
'
Not
necessarily, as
Ruding
translates
rent-free
'
(cf.
Beyond,
p. 89, &c.)
Cxlii
INTRODUCTION
in the time of the Confessor,
At Hereford,
when
presumably, as opposed to
;
if
one of
relief,
if
(I.
179).
Under
moneyer
the
Confessor,
(I.
Walter, Bishop
of
in Hereford
181
b).
At
Leicester, the
(at
the rate of
twenty pennies
of this,
Hugh
de Grantmesnil
230).
but not
shillings
203).
At
(II. 107).
117
b).
&c.,
are noted:
shillings
20 b)
Malmesbury, 100
(I.
64
b)
Gloucester,
twenty pounds
162)
Colchester and
pounds
(11.
(II.
119);
HuntingLincoln
don
Rex W.
in
burgo
(I.
203);
(I.
336 1)).
is
some
legislation
with regard to
In his
5,
1100)
i^
ciuitates et comitatus,
sit,
quod
omniuo defendo
J.
( 5).
see translation
by
H. Round in Victoria
vol.
Liebermaun,
i,
p. 522.
MONEYERS
Si quis cai")tus fuerit, sine monetarius siue alius,
iusticia recta inde fiat ( 5, 1).
Cxlui
cum
falsa moneta,
et
camhiatoribus
is
quod uolo
et precipio,
illi
qui in
quam
monetam
meam
Et
in Anglia. ut
si
quis
cum
;
ad eum ducatur
ipso warant.
iusticia
conprobare poterit,
mea de
Si uero
scilicet
non
mea,
autem nullum
coram duobus
Et
si
in
captus
sit
ut falsonarius.
Et nuUus
monetarius.
Hamonis
et R[icardo]
de Retuers.
Apud
^\^estmonasterium in natale
Domini.
Symeon
of
Durham,
the following
is
recorded under
et
falsam
sub
tanta
animadversione
quicunque
falsos denarios
quoniam
ssepissime
dum
^ ^
Liebevmann,
p. 523.
is
i,
p. 165);
et
Quam
rex
Eadmer.
*
i^osset
oculos
Eadmer, Florence
of Worcester,
Symeon
of
Durham.
Cxliv
INTRODUCTION
[si]
Ex quo
facto
magnum bonum'
regno provisum*
brief:
Henry
I,
states after a
7
(Spring, 1107):
dili-
gentiam exhibuit
commercio fatuos
1124. That (the high price of food, &c.) Avas because there was
corn,
little
and the penny was so bad, that the man who had
at a
market a pound
Normandy
and
all the
;
hand
of each,
man
all
And
Winchester at Christmas.
one,
this
When
and each deprived of the right hand and the testicles beneath. All and that was all with great was done Avithin the twelve nights
;
quos
insUtuit for
iussit
Florence,
integer
esset,
intelligible.
Eadmer
inserts
ad tempus.
Eadmer
The
399 (Rolls Series, no. 90, vol. ii, p. 476). that of Thorpe in the Rolls Series (no. 23). Ruding says that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentions the punishment of six" forgers in 1124, but there is no reason to suppose that the six men there mentioned were
'
W. Malm.,
G. R.
v.
translation
is
forgers.
MONEYERS
justice,
false
Cxlv
all
bought.
is
related
it
by most
of the Chroniclers
the
Margam Annals
in 1126.
place
and Symeon
of
Durham
given as
is
all
the moneyers of
The height
to rain-
Margam Annals
Wykes
I (1130)
two men
at
London owe a
fine
Algarus
et
pro forisfacturis
falsorum denariorum.
But there
is
the
London
Andrew
suggests, the
Similarly, in the
we
conjecture
what the
offence
was
iiii
Definite references to
moneyers occur
monetarius
debet
cclxxviii
marcas
argenti
pro
placito
ii
cuneorum.
"W. Malm., Roger of Hovedeii, Margam Annals, H. Hunt., Waverley Ann., Winton Ann., Cont. Floi*. Wore, Sym. Dur., Matt. Paris, Wykes. 2 A coin of Henry I, type XV (T. Bliss collection) reads "^^^ identification of this reading with Godwine GA^I OI^
^
GODPINE
is
Chron.,
1901,
p. 283)
possible, but
Cxlvi
INTRODUCTION
libris
ne esset disfactus
cum
monetariis.
i
monetariorum
Cicestrise.
under Norfolk
Eadstanus debet
c solidos
under Pembroke
Gillopatric monetarius reddit
veteris Monetae.^
compotum de
iiii
libris
pro forisfacturis
In
his
summary
of
the
character of
ii,
Henry
487) says
I,
:
William of
Malmesbury
Fures
et
:
p.
falsarios
maxima
diligentia
perscrutans,
inventos
puniens
negligens.
Cum nummos
audisset,
boni argenti, a
venditoribus
non
recipi
omnes
we have no
(p. Ixxii).
mint
officials,
The information
moneyers
if
to be obtained
is
very scanty.
At the time
were
'
Domesday Survey,
is
we
maj''
very
doubtful),
we
having
op.
cit.,
81),
or limited jurisdiction
their
property;
service
;
(in
Hereford at
to military
in
some
an
official residence,
mansio or
The property
moneyers
(at
of
Henry
See above,
p. xx.xiii,
note
4.
f.
MONEYERS
Cxlvii
workmen.
and that they were men
They were,
of
Brand
of
commuted
still
payment
of
fine
is
owing
many moneyers
the large
suffered the
Saiet of
Southampton owes
sum
of
278 marks
paid, but
of silver.
it is
commuted
show
;
to
nor
office
of
moneyer
fines.
Saiet owes as
much
as
185
which at
least gives
We know
that
Henry
who
of sheriff or reeve,^
and that
men
of wealth.^
little
(as
there
seems
doubt)
Thomas FitzUlf
that he
is,
is
York mentioned
;
in the
is
acting as moneyer
is
coining
There
is
certainly nothing in
I
Domesday
moneyers of William
to their successors,
hardly justifies us in
Num.
Chron., 1885,
pj?.
209 ff.
In 1242 Nicholas de Sancto Albano farmed the cambium of London and Canterbury (Calendar of Close Rolls). Thomas de Weseham was the king's Burgeon {Brit. Num. Journ., vol. is, p. 159).
*
See above,
p. cxiii.
k2
CXlviii
INTRODUCTION
(p.
cxlvi)
Henry I (Rolls
Cum iiumTnos
omnes
frados,
licet
non
recipi audisset,
has shown in
passage
is
Num.
although of good
that
is
to say,
by ordering
all
coins
Andrew
this reign
is
nos.
and
7, 9,
VII
to
XII
inclusive,^
and
also
XIV, and
XV
(PL XLIII.
3,=^
15
XL VI.
is
XL VII. 13),
but not on
any coins
of types I to VI.
This
types I
VI XV, of which
must have
Unfortunately,
we
its
introduction or withdrawal
if
he
is right,
type XII
is
earlier
I conclude
^ See also Brit. Num. Journ., vol. viii, pp. 132-3, where Mr. the passage with the issue of cut halfpennies and farthings.
'^
Andrew connects
seen on the coin of Lincoln (no. 82), perhaps because the coin is clipped. ' The coin has cracked towards the centre from the end of the incision after
the incision was
made
crack by
*
its
regular shape.
this,
but
fails to
are not found on coins of types IV, V, and VI, which in his grouping of the
CxHx
quite possible that the
below
(p. cliv),
but
it is
practice continued
unnecessary.
Legislation against debasing the currency
reiterated,
is
kinds of forgery.
Yet at
this period, as
the cause of
much
by
occasion
it
Wykes, the
The
and forgery of
this sort
regular mints of light weight and base metal, but also some pieces
by
falsification of the
iElfsi,
reign of William
collection
is
inscription
by
J-ELPSIONEi^ErDE
the weight of this coin
is
Some
scription
in-
from
i'lEI-FSON
thus:
UinDEMI'
IDEFIOMC/MHEMI
WBCFSONCnHDENI
18-1,
17,
and 15-9
grains,
are
See Num. Chron., 1911, pp. 285 ff. The blocks are reproduced by kind perRoyal Numismatic Society. For this reading of the moneyer's name cf. Carlyon-Britton sale, 1913,
lot 645.
Cl
INTRODUCTION
2),
two
of
which
iIEOl.F
SIOnUIMDEN
A
coin of type III in Major Carlyon-Britton's collection has the
inscription,
reverse
*i<IELFSIONUINI>EnEN,
*PifiH&IOHGrniBENEN
partly
defaced by cuts:
^^Elfsi
whom we know
I.
at present no coins later than the coins are all of appreciably low
is
The
the
the inscription
the
word
ON
and the
last letters of
the
mint
being untouched.
Similarly, a coin of William
is
I,
type
II, in
the
York Museum,
NEOnUINDHE
IV.
16).
i-IDLPIMEOnUl^NCOME
(pi
coin
of
Godwine
of
William
it
The reverse
inscription
is
more
clearly seen
collection (PI.
V.
6).
The obverse
die
was
by the
moneyer
Cinric.
this
Another die of
of the
-i-CTODPIMEOnLVDI
The
p.
-X-IELFPIME
OMKVFI
coin of type
VII
86, no. 462, is another instance of this, but the original in-
MONEYERS AND FORGERY
perhaps
it cli
was
X-inLFPINEONLlI,
may be found on
;
all of
perhaps a coincidence
have seen
similar
coins
of
Anglo-Saxon
and
'
Short-cross
'
(Henry II
Henry IH)
times.
Perhaps the same God wine of London, who struck the coins
dies,
X^IIUPIMEOnCPlWH
from
is
(see
136,
from
i-coDPinEOMUino
With regard
from good
dies, it is of
and say that coins below a certain weight were necessarily struck
light
;
made
for loss
of weight,
and
this is again
which
it
has
amount
which
it
unascertainable data.
Further, though
we assume
the standard
weight of the penny during this period to have been 22^ grains,
this is
we
find,
the average weight of coins of the various types, both of coins in the
find
the
to
is
it
sufficient to
by an average
nor
will obviously include coins that were fraudulently struck light, and
and even
^ It need hardly be said that the alteration of a die need not always have been the work of a forger (cf. pp. 19.3-4, nos. 1043-5, which are quite good coins and of good weight).
clii
INTBODUCTION
in the
Beaworth
find,
some
and
some coins
which
in
Lewes
are instances).
may perhaps
highest
Types represented by
:
than twenty
coins
which
any
definite
reason can be
The
weight of
first five
common
tradition,
viz.
22-5 grains,
if
we
except the
is
shown
five
their evidence
is
valueless)
first
which certainly
give an impression that the coins were in the early part of the
reign struck on a lower standard.
instructive
is
;
But the
it
is
light.
The
I think,
perhaps
this
is
WEIGHT OF COINS
cliii
'-'-'
l-^.S?t^'^'>"-'
1'-^'*
^_
^-,
'-
"ti
"*
O S "* CO
Tj(
rH
r-l
Tt<
CO
*
,-(
CO "5 n'
? |c3^N^^Sl22j?2oor^ca^
(M
|^^o.c.oco^og5S2^'
I I
1^-
^ N oa c- oo(M ^ N rH
T-<
,-1 ,-H
cliv
INTRODUCTION
I.
of
Henry
is
noteworthy
on the assumption
about 1132
that
it
in
any
was
in
we should then
was the
'
double-inscription
reign.
moneyers on so large a
commonly
known
those
in standard
we hear
this to be
I think
we may
I
of
Henry
in the eleventh, or
double-inscription
type,
and
'
this is followed
by a marked improvement
cross-and-annulets
'
in the twelfth, or
type,
compact
there
is
style,
Thus
in
an issue of some
and
how
many,
to judge
by
shows
how
willing the
moneyers were
to risk the
Numismatic Journal, where he deals with the coinage of 1205. Mr. Andrew also places this type here, though he calls it the twelfth of the reign, but I cannot agree that the coins at present known are of base metal (see Nui. Chtvu., 1901, pp. 78-9). See also above, p. cxlviii, on the incision
of coins of type XII.
MONEYERS NAMES
clv
have
definite
would be
likely to produce a
reform
'
of this sort
is
that of 1108,
that the
the
fifth
to XI,
which
is
duration of two and a half years for each type (see above,
It allows
is
also con-
sistent
completed
natural period
not
Similarly,
by
name was
This assumption
means
II,
whereas Henry
to
who seems
continue
till
The names
form^
reigns of
of
of the
moneyers of
adopted in the
type
Henry
I
is
and Stephen
Henry I, and
two types
of his reign
and in the
first
In the Table of Mints, Moneyers, and Types the forms are mostly
retained which
far
occur on the
;
coins,
of the
names would
in
many
and
is
best left
to specialists.
varied in
many
the Conquest (yEgel- for ^thel-, -wi for -wig, &c.), partly owing
to the clipping of terminations
and omission of
letters
in order
clvi
INTEODUCTION
Gowi
for
see
518
in
form of the
P and W, and
The
original
the similarity of
and V,
difficult
S and
G, cause difficulty.
;
name
is
consequently
to trace
may
-\vi
(-^thel-)m8er.
The termination
-wine
at
II to
VI
;
(inclusive)
I,
V, and
and
is
same moneyer.
of William
I
;
I,
II,
V
II,
of William II,
I,
Ssewi on
type IV of William
Ssewine on
and types
VII, VIII
and II of William
of
II.
At Wilton,
I
IV,
William
I,
I,
and
and II of
II.
William II
Sajwi on
of
William
and III
I,
of
William
At
II,
type II of William
all
Eadwi on
William
I to
At Malmes;
at
Oxford,
-<:Egelwi
I,
and iEgelwine on
II
and
III of William
IL
if
may
represent -wine,
Hamtun and
Inhuhe
Wilton.
(p. 157),
Api or
list,
Some names are quite obscure, such Awi (p. 317), Bat (pp. 232, 249).
in
as
In the following
which notes
of
moneyers of William
I are
roughly
classified
Anglo-Saxon.
iEgel-, -briht, -ma?r, -ric, -wi, -wine; ^If-, -g?et, -geard, -heali,
-noth, -red,
'
-ric, -si,
-wi, -wine,
-word
-^stan
Alhsige (Alcsi)
Eastan as Scandinavian,
; ; ;
MONEYEBS' NAMES
clvii
-\vi,
Blacsun
Briht-,
-ma3r,
-noth,
-red,
-ric,
-wine,
-wold,
-word;
Cen-,
Brun-, -gar,^
ric,
-inc,
;
-man,
-stan,^
;
-wine;
:
Ceorl;
CikH;
;
-stan
Cnihtwine
Cuthbert
;
Deorman
Duninc
;
Ead-,
?
-wold
-a,
Earnwi
Folcheard
-wi, -wine
Forna'?
God-,
-esbrand?, -inc,
;
Heathewi
Heregod
Howord
-stan,
-ric,
(Howorth)
Hwateman
Leisinc
;
-ric,
;
-word
Mann-,
-wine
Ord-,
R^efwinel;
Si-,
;
-man
Sunulf
;
Swet-,
-inc,
-ric,
-man
Theodred
Wig-,
-inc,
-mund
Wiht-, -red,
-meer,
-sige (Wixsi,
-si,
-word;
Wyn-
Scandinavian.
Aleif
;
Beorn; Brand;
;
Col-, -bein,
-man," -swein
;
Guthred
Horn?'*;
Osbern
or
Esbern
Osmund
Ulf
Oter
-line
"^
Thor
Ulfcetel
0wi[ne]
Uncertain.
Inhuhe, Turri, Unnulf (possibly Scandinavian, or variant of
Sunulf, see p. 113).
all
same name
similarly in
Domesday
(I.
185) ^thel-
Bishop of Hereford,
is
called ^Estan.
Scandinavian ?
If Silac-wine at Gloucester is to
^ ^
'
Anglo-Saxon
Clviii
INTRODUCTION
of William II adds
The reign
Anglo-Saxon.
^gelword, JEUgav,
Goklhafue,
Goldinc,
iElfstan, Algod, Barcwit
?,
Ealdwine, Gold,
Leofsi,
Herman (= Hereman)?,
Leofnoth,
?,
Theodric,
The reign
of
Henry
adds
Anglo-Saxon.
Ail-, -noth,
-wald
(=
iEscwig'?),
Estmund,
Godhesel,
Sfegsef?),
Herdigl,
Leftein
(=
(=
Scandinavian.
Chitel,
Odde, Oslac or
Aslae,
Othen (Owthin),
Ravenswart,
Toe I Winterlede.
(=Hilping1),
Ev^erard,
Cristref?,
Geffrei,
Durant,
Engelram,
Erembald,
Gahan,
Gosfrei,
Gilpatric, Gregori,
% Walter,
Warmund, Willem.
The reign
of Stephen adds
Anglo-Saxon.
Edgar, Gladwine, Godmer, Hermer (=Heremoer
beorn?), Wynstan.
^
?),
Siber
(=
Sig-
Scandinavian (=Tofa)?
MONEYERS' NAMES.
MONEYS OF ACCOUNT
cHx
Foreign Names.
Adam,
Tierri,
Adelarcl,
Alisander,
Etrei?,
Falclie,
Farman,
lun,
Fobund,
Martin,
Henri, Hue,
Hunfrei,
Tomas.
all
of the foreign
Owi
is
the only one of the reign of William I which has not already
;
to this are
added
in the reign of
William
Coc.
II,
It is in the reign of
Henry
I,
and
chiefly
of the
reign, that
new
foreign
names appear
any number
;
Romance and
Biblical
more are
added in the reign of Stephen, and these again are mostly Frankish
in origin.
Moneys of Account.
The Moneys
of
=
=
Denarius.
12 Denarii
20 Solidi
6 Librae
= =
also
1 Solidus.
Auri=l
Libra.
=1
Minuta
Sir
Marca Auri.
Henry
is
Northumbrian Styca.
Perhaps
farthing
still
found.
of
payment
hy
tale,
by
tale of
clx
INTRODUCTION
by
tale
and
fineness.
tale
In the
first
Pipe Roll
payments by
payments are
which seems
in regular use.
method
ad scalam,
Henry
Mints.
(See Table of Mints,
If
Types.)
we assume
we know
I,
of
as against
of the
The mints
are
now known,
Buckingham, Bury
ford,
Edmunds,^ Horndon,
Islip,
Langport, Lyd-
Christchurch
or
Twynham, Durham, Launceston, Marlborough, Northampton, St. Davids. The mints of William II number fifty-seven, no coins of this king being known of Barnstaple,*
Pevensey, Rhuddlan,
Bath,* Bedwin, Bridport, Cardiff, Christchurch,* Durham,* NorthSt.
ampton,* Rhuddlan,
new
and Pembroke
first
Bury
St.
Edmunds
the
first
known
Cambridge,
Maldon,
Cricklade,
Guildford,
Launceston,^
Stafford,^
Malmesbury,
Marlborough,
Steyning, Watchet.^
Stephen's mints
number
For many of these attributions see Brit. Num. Jonrn., vol. vi, pp. 13 But see below, p. clxiv, for coins attributed to this mint, and for confirmation of the grant of a moneyer by William I.
'
'
Coins of Henry
doubtful.
are
known known
of these mints.
ton
MINTS
fifty-one,^
Clxi
new mints
.
.
appearing, namely
.,
known
of
moneyers employed
in each
mint
impossible.
of names occurring
in
moneyers
may
not
over the dies of others during the issue of that particular type.
An
type will probably in most cases be too low, owing to the comparative rarity of the coins at the present day, and the consequent
But
and
own
I
the lowest
number
of moneyers.
numbers
of
The estimate
based
Museum
and the
References to numbers of
moneyers
in
Domesday Book
;
but
it
seems to have
which
is
Barnstajde (Domesday
Barnestaple).
The
attribution to this
is
satisfactorily
'.
clxii
INTRODUCTION
established.^
The
coins of Leofwine
no. 74),
(William
C. Wells)
p.
I,
;
apparently
Britton
Bur
(p. 15,
Burl (W.
vol.
ix,
Major Carlyon-
{Brit.
Num.
Journ.,
143)
assigns
I,
them
to
Bury
St.
Edmunds.
The Godesbrand
coins (William
type VIII),
under Barnstaple.
Of the Confessor's
money er,.-^lfric,
is
at present
known
At
is
Barnstaple was one of the boroughs which had one moneyer only.
this
noteworthy
(^Elfsige, Birhsige
and Huniga)
work
at the
same time.
and
its
assigned to the
period 1089
January 1091,^
specially mentioned,
I
;
and
by Henry
the properties
of 1088, or
fire
In Domesday
(I.
87) the
shillings.
The
Bath
is
quite uncertain.
As
types
the
I,
name Osmser
of the Conqueror,
we may assume
contemporaneous
together,
two
at least
worked
Bedford (Domesday
Bedeford).
William
II,
two moneyers
at least were
working
at the
same time.
In the early part of the reign of the Confessor there seem to have
been at least three, perhaps four; in the latter part of his reign
also not fewer
than three.
ff.
;
1 ^
mim.
Davis,
ft'.
1911, p. 274.
no. 326.
vol.
ii,
Dugdale, Monasticon,
p. 268.
MINTS
clxii
Bedivin
or
Great
Bedwiii
(Domesday
Bedvinde).
For
an
Num.
Coins are
first
type
Cild, is
known.
Bran
Their attribution
quite uncertain.
Mr.
Andrew (Num.
as
Circ,
now
ORGAR ON
BRAES
but the
to
last
two
and seem
me
to be better interpreted as
dies, in
ME
or
NE
another
same two
letters.
Brid'poH (Domesday
Brideport).
Domesday
(I.
Of the
last
type of William I
we have
coins of
two moneyers,
;
no other
of this mint.
Bnstol (Domesday
Bristou).
two
is
number
Ceorl
Hwateman BrihtwordBarcwit,
A
'Paxs' type, five names
and of Leofwine
Swein^
bable.
larger
number
is
pro-
appear.
is
the lowest
and
five
names occur
is
in type (Hildebrand)
in
possible,
^ A common obverse die of these two moneyers is more rusted when used by Brunstan, and therefore shows that, unless they were contemporaneous, Brunstan was later than Swein. The name of this moneyer has been variously read as Sinot, Senwi, &c. A comparison of the coins shows that they are all of the same moneyer and his
name seems
Clxiv
INTRODUCTION
the Conquest
'
is
Coins of
Irregular Issues
;
Erased Obverse
'
Ixxvi),
variety
II,
'
(p.
Ixxxii),
f.).
Empress
Matilda
(p. cxviii),
Henry
of
Anjou
(pp. cxxii
:
Bury
St.
Edmunds (Domesday
The grant
Mus.,
(Brit.
humatus
Abbot
Sanctus Eadmundus).
money er
to the
fol.
by the Confessor
and Henry
31)
was
38),
confirmed by William I
I {ibid. fol.
and William II
33
b).
36 b and
One
die only
was allowed
to the
confirmation charter
{ibid., fol.
36) adds a
die,
and
is
of the
&c.,
LEOFPINE ON BVRI,
mint
or occasionally of
Edmundi
we know
on coins
Henry
III.^
In
charters of
the
Norman
period, as
in
Edmundi
of
used.
Confusion with
tlie
Sandwich
is
inevitable,
to
Bury
coins of
the attribu-
Some
coins of the
Empress
the moneyer's
Unless a coin of Stephen's last type in Mr. B. Roth's collection, on which name is illegible and the mint is represented by the letters
to Bury.
MINTS
p.
clxv
cxx).
Calnc
is
situated
in
between Malraesbury
On
her
way
to
of Calne,
and at
this
Gamhridge
(Domesday
Grantehrige).
is
The employment
just
it
of
possible
on the
seems unlikely.
As many
later
as three, or even
four,
No
known
William
II.
Canterbury
(Domesday:
Cantuaria).
In
the
Greatley laws
two
and
of the Archbishop,
In the reign of
known
'
as
beffinninp; of the
William
of
I.
Paxs
'
type.
is
the Conquest
of
the
coins
at
to be
an
name
(
('
')
and II
Pereric
mint.
Oardif.
The
type of William. I
Gariti,
by
William of Malmesbury
vol.
p. 556.
Clxvi
IXTEODUCTION
is
rendered
on
them.
It
is
supposed
that
Davids.^
the castle.
Carlisle.
In
1092
the
city
;
English
of the
I,
known
mint of
is
Carlisle earlier
that
York
in 1132.
At the
was granted
to his son
Huntingdon.
One
Coins seem to
op.
cit.,
pp. 27
ff.)
those
earliest,
and struck
in,
A
;
coin of
I
if
David which
A. Lawrence
is
Henry
(L,
not clearly
cf.
Rashleigh
sale,
issue of
Henry
from which
it
was copied
was
the
not,
it
as far as we know,
in the year 1136.
seized
(See H.
p. 529.)
W.
C. Davis,
England under
Castle Rising"^
(Domesday: Rislnga).
as Risinge
(p.
370, no.
189) and
the moneyer's
name
is
lun or Hiun.
vol.
ii,
p. 122.
ff.
MINTS
clxvii
On
Rin
may
also
Those of Rawulf
On
may
is
New
Borough
of
Domesday
(I.
17).
The
(p.
Chester
Cestre
(Domesday
is
The
first
on coins
an isolated instance
;
William I
(p.
the old
name
Legecestre or Lehecestre.
The
is
now
clearly explained,^
names
on coins of
^gelwine
The
and even as
is
type of Henry
I, if
the
Carlyon-Britton coin
Later in Henry's
reign there are some coins with ambifjuous reading-s, and these are
any but
three moneyers
and Sunulf
names appear
in the
'
Paxs
'
Henry
in
William
I's
six.
The
Num. Num.
clxviii
IKTRODUCTION
Alcsige,
Brunninc,
Colbrand,
Huscarl,
Leofnod,
Leofwine
and
Sweartcol.
ChicJiester
(Domesday
Cicestre).
Norman
period there
certainly
were two at
least,
for
working together
in
the reign
Godwine
in the reign of
Henry
in the
'
Paxs
'
and Henry
vi,
by Major Carlyonff".
Num.
Journ., vol.
(of
pp. 161
?)
The
coins of
Henry
of
Gloucester
name name
probably the
Abbey
is
only,
and
Twynham
the
name
of the town.
Cirencester
Henry
of
it
was
the scene of the council held by the leaders of that party in 1142
(W. Malm.).
Colchester
(Domesday
Colecestra).
(in
No Num.
mention
is
made
of this
Chron., 1901,
p. 161,
and
Num.
Journ., vol.
vol.
ii,
v, p. 116,
following B.
M.
Catal.,
Anglo-
Saxon
Coins,
p.
cix,
it
with Eochester).
In Domesday
(II.
money ers
paid,
and
had paid in the time of the Confessor, four pounds, but their
number
is
not given
to
ten
moneyers at
least
p, cxlii,
1.
MINTS
Clxix
occur
ill
the
'
Paxs
'
type
in the reiyn of
Rufus
their
number
less
than four,
if
the lowest
now known.
In the reign of the Confessor
;
CricJielade).
to
after
Conquest there
\vill
just
moneyers, Leofred
in the fifth,
and one
No
not
than the
the
reisrn of
William
it
II.
Derby
(Domesday
Derby).
After
Conquest
is
'
Paxs
'
type
but in the
early part of the reign of the Confessor there appear to have been
(/>))
of the reign of
Stephen
Devizes (Domesday:
of
lot
Theodulveside).
1909,
627,
sale, lot
is
not used in
Dorecestre).
moneyer
is
allowed to Dorchester.
In Domesday Book
silver,
75)
two
and twenty
moneta
vertebcUiir, in the
From
the coins
we may conclude
fessor's reign
were Godwine, followed by Hwateman, and Blacaman.^ Coins of the Norman period justify the assumption that two
to
moneyers continued
coins are yet
^
work
at this
No
known
The coin described in B. M. Cafal, Anglo-Saxon Coins, vol. ii, p. 355, Warminster (cf. coin of Harold I, Brit. Num.
C-lxX
INTRODUCTION
?)
may
possibly be attributed to
Dover (Domesday:
Dovre).
many
as four
two
types,
and four
also
After
William II
(this calculation
Manwine
owing
and
later issues
in the
'
Paxs type
coins are
I
:
five
names
occur,
Durham.
' '
Xo
known
but no
of this
mint
earlier
than the
definite evidence
can be obtained
from
William
among
no. 148).
vol. ix, pp.
Erami
working
at
the
after
the Conquest
the
same
number seems
two
and
the
of
'
to be required
by the
coins at 'present
different
Paxs type.
'
1068 are
type;
if so,
former activity.
Gloucester
(Domesday
(I.
Glotvecesire).
At
the
time
of
the
Domesday Survey
162)
MINTS
Clxxi
pounds
to the King.
there appear to he no
fewer than six moneyers employed, but perhaps the number was
reduced by William
in successive types,
*
I,
Paxs
'
type.
Gromhes ...
-i-EUPIOMCrUOMKES.
coins.
The moneyers
and
not
uncommon on
Grline><hl)
not impossible.
Guildford (Domesday
GUdeford, Geldeford).
From
this
the coins
to
known
at the present
mint
have
possible,
assuming a succession of
^Ifric.
One moneyer was allowed
of the Confessor's reign
(Domesday
BasHiiges).
by the laws
of J^thelstan.
At the end
tlie last
William
...
1
I.
Hedu
The
coin
of
is
in
the
Hunterian
collection, reads
*GEI^A.R0:OM:i-ED\/'I:i.
mint
is
identification of the
(cf.
Hythe
is
possible
Domesday
Hede).
Domesday
(I.
179) tells us of
the evidence of
them being the Bishop's moneyer. From the coins at present known, not more than five
to
Clxxii
INTRODUCTION
the Confessor and not more than four after the Conquest; five
is
the largest
number
of
names appearing
' '
in
any type
of
tlie
Hertford (Domesday
Herford, Hertforde).
are not
all
In the reigns of
No
coins are
known
Domesday
coins
203) says that three moneyers were here in the time of the
The
now
known show only two moneyers overlapping in many as four names occur
M.
Catal., xi,
successive types of
in one of his types
Hildebrand G).
William
I,
'
Paxs
'
type.
In the reign
certain.
Hythe (Domesday
Hede).
moneyer
only.
many
as four
names
occur, there is
at one time.
worked
at
present
II,
known.
No
.)
coins
are
known
after
William
(see above,
Hedu
is
may
The rusty
(Domesday:
Givelcestre).
of the
seem
to
MINTS
clxxiii
Waegelwine on
p. 46,
The bar
of William
sixth type
is
same feature
Ipsivich
(Domesday
Gipesivlc, Gipeiuiz).
Domesday
(II.
290 b)
says that in the time of the Confessor the moneyers paid four
in the
pounds.
to
Paxs
'
type as
many
as six moneyers'
names
occur.^
.
Lansa
of
Coins of the
first
the
{Num. Chron.,
lots
1850, p.
157)
to
They
iii,
are
p.
now
Num.
of
Journ.,
vol.
113),
For Laniua, in
Rashleigh
sale, I
should read
:
Gamva
(Canterbury).
Launceston (Domesday
(1.
Lanscavetone).
120
b),
Num
Journ.,
pp. 107
fif.
68
ff.).
The
mint
at present
known
(William
I,
is
CTOOHXI^
ON
SIN^S^FNI
^
(see PI.
XIV.
later
Ulfwine
only are
Paxs type the moneyer's name should be read as Wulfwine) rather than Alfwine, in which case five moneyers
'
known
of this type.
Clxxiv
title
INTRODUCTION
Sandl.
Lansa,
may
The Latua
Leicester
Henry
:
I,
(Domesday
Ledecestre).
The moneyers
(I.
of Leicester paid
the
King
Survey
their
number
to
not mentioned.
seem
is
doubtful.
only two are apparent on the coins, perhaps even one only might
number.
For attributions
to this
mint
also
Lewes (Domesday
Lewes).
allowed to
Lewes by ^thelstan.
as paying
In Domesday
26)
twenty
shillings
cum moneta
but
their
number
is
not given.
F and
the coins
:
known
of the
two Williams
necessitates
will allow of so
but as this
the
close
sequence
Oswold
iElfric
new
tj'pes of these
moneyers remain
to be found, one
may
In the
was not
less
than three.
of William II to that of
Henry
Domesday
(I.
336b)
sa^ys
that
In the early
part of the Confessor's reign not fewer than ten, and towards the
end of the reign not fewer than eight, moneyers seem to have been
employed.
At the beginning
I,
there seem
1 Perhaps also the coin of type III (Hks.276) in Cuff (lot 758), Murchison (lot 33), and Simpson Rostron (lot 40) sales, now in Captain Alan Dawnay's collection. 2 If the coin of Godric of type II is, as seems likely, a misreading.
MINTS
to be seven
clxXV
of the Confessor
;
names occur
Paxs
similarly,
and
together
but in the
tlie
This
great decrease in
to a
comparafind,
and a consequent
loss
of monej-ers'
but
the
representing onl}-
two moneyers,
moneyers' names.
in the
total
had disappeared
owing
and
onl}-
seventy-four
fire.
had
to misfortunes, poverty,
and
On
Henry
the coins
I,
of
of
K'lcole is
name
of the mint.
(II
f.
and IV
((())
London (Domesday: Lundonia). In the reign of ^thelstan London had eight monej'ers. Under the Confessor we find from
the coins no fewer than twenty-five moneyers working together
in the early part of the reign,
and
at least twent}', but at the end of the reign about twelve only
seem
to be contemporaneous,
c)
and in
A, var.
known
as opposed to thirty-two
I there
in his third
tj'pe
(Hildebrand B).
Under William
seem
moneyers employed
at the begin-
Clxxvi
INTRODUCTION
'
Paxs
'
staft'
of the
Maiat
William
The
I is quite uncertain
all
same
dies
and from an
Thetford.
(I
the British
Museum specimen
false
no trace of
work,
on the
coins.
Malclon (Domesday
Melduna).
Two moneyers
at least
were
p. 153, note,
and Xum.
and ^^Ifword.
assessed in
No
coins are
known
Maldon
for their
mint
is
Domesday with
This borough
is
menbeen
coins
Domesday
(I.
From
the coins
Two
occur in the
'
known
William
to
II.
attributed
Malmesbury
Marlhoroufjli (Domesday:
pp. 23
flf..
Merleher<je).
In
Num.
Chrou., 1902,
known
of this
I,
moneyer
only,
types of William
and of the
first
of
Nexuarh.
as
IV
A (a),
'
MINTS
clxxvii
The only
I,
The moneyer
of this
is
Saewine.
Hence
it
is
q. v., p. clxxxii.
Henry
140
ft".
At
less
Noriulch
(Domesday: Norwic).
From Domesday
moneyer
(II.
117b)
mint
it
we
at this
he wished.
five
Norwich under the Confessor after the Conquest four is the lowest number available from the coins at present known. As many as
eight
names appear
in the
'
Paxs
'
type
as Godwid and Inhuhe, are uncertain and may perhaps be blundered forms of names already included. As many as twelve names, if the coins are correctly attributed, appear in the first type of Stephen.
The reading
no. 163).
NON
is
attributed to
Norwich
(see
below,
p.
362,
known
of this
mint
fi".).
iVo^^i>i(//iam
(I.
(Domesday
Siwtiugeham,Snotingham). Domesday
number
of
moneyers mentioned in
Domesday
as being, at
least,
the lowest
number
possible.
The
Paxs
show
two moneyers
in the
'
type.
and IV
(c)
(Nottingham
or Tutbury
Outchester,
of
Clxxviii
INTRODUCTION
is
fF.
worked
in
together,
least six
seem
Paxs
'
names
occur.
p. cxix.
have been
vol.
ii,
identified
by Major Carlyon-Britton
Num.
Journ.,
pp.
54-6)
is
which a payment
Stephen's
first
made by
coin of
Museum
are identified.
P
in
(or
W1)ene
...
Henry
I (Hks. 263)
^iVI.X^REDION^PEUE^
?
The mint
quite uncertain
possibly Winchester
no. 8) the
privileges granted
The grant
of
Edgar
(Birch,
Cartularium Saxoaicum,
The
vol.
i,
bull of
Eugenius
published in
privileges
Dugdale's Jlfonasticoa,
it
Abbey the
Stamford.
not
less
whom
I
there were
Abbot
of Peterborough
do not think
that he can
now
be identified.
Pevenesel).
Pevensey
(Domesday
No
coins
of
Pevensey are
known
two Williams,
MINTS
Clxxix
a grant
Abbey
. .
of a
donavi Radingiam
').^
cum moneta
Radingiam
moneyer
at London,
probably not
many
The
moneyer
at
We may
reign,
bearing the
name
We
do not at
;
present
know any
still
coins of this
moneyer
he
may
replaced
by another moneyer.
:
Rhuddlan (Domesday
Roelend, Roelent).
There can be no
I
to
(I.
medietatem
fF.).
monetse
'
(see Brit.
is
Num.
Journ., vol.
ii,
pp. 41
known.
Rhyd y
See
p. Ixxii.
:
Rochester (Domesday
Rovecestre).
Rochester had three moneyers, two for the king and one for the
bishop.
Whether the
and
the time
of the Conquest
after,
we have no knowledge.
any
Coins of this
Confessor the coins are sufficient to show that not fewer than three moneyers worked together. After the Conquest two moneyers only
are necessary.
1
Two names
'
Paxs
'
type, but of
Brit. Mus.,
'
and
in
Num.
3
Brit.
CIXXX
this
INTRODUCTION
'
Paxs
'
of the
Beaworth hoard.
time,
^thelstan's
Norman
the
first
times.
Two moneyers, or perhaps three as in may be assumed to have been employed in No coins of this period are yet known later than
I.
type of Henry
:
Romney (Domesday
employed
Leofric).
Romenel).
Two moneyers
at least
were
by the
Confessor
as three
(Wulfm?er and
Brungar
Estin
;
As many
Paxs
'
type
for
Coc
to
the second
On
St.
'
Devitun
ii,
'
to
ff.
St. Davids, or
Num.
Journ., vol.
pp. 47
The
(p.
Shrewsbury
;
Davids coin
is
curious
but the
coarse
work
that possibly
St. Davids.
should
itself
also be attributed
to the
mint of
Salisbury (Domesday
Sarisberie).
Three moneyers at
least
and after
are,
number
likely
for,
though two
in
from
of
at
present
the
reign
William
by the
Sandiuich
(Domesday
Sandiuic,
St.
Sanwic).
The confusion
in the
between
this
Edmunds, both
is
Norman
In
at present hopeless.
the Confessor's reign some coins of the moneyer Leof wine, reading
Sand and
which
M. CataL,
would think, be
MINTS
clxXXi
;
Bury
to
was
and and
Bury at
period, for
types.
In
the
Conqueror's
reign,
u^Elfheh,
^Ifgset,
together.
Of the
later
moneyers
of
Shaftesbury (Domesday
this
Sceptesherie).
By the
laws of ^Ethelstan
reign
of
In the
the
mark
of silver
I.
and twenty
This
shillings
quando moneta
vertehatur (Domesday,
75).
now
of
known
type
we assume
that the
^Ifward
of type (Hildebrand)
was a
different
but
if
the
the reign there would appear to be not fewer than four moneyers
employed.
also,
Paxs type.
'
There
is
this
Xum.
Sherborne.
The
city of
Shrewsbury
paid twenty
dies,
who
hoc jiebat
his
moneta
vertente
(Domesday,
I.
252).
of
coins
four
to F,
and Leofwine
This lends some colour to Major Carlyon-Britton's attribution to Bury of Bur; see above on Bury
p. clxiv.
Edmunds,
Clxxxii
INTRODUCTION
but
it
may
be that
E and F were not struck by the same iElfheh those of type A/ as the intervening types (C, B, D) are, not known of this moneyer. In the reign of William I
names
'
occur in the
is
Paxs type.
'
The
attribution of coins of
Hathebrand
p. 264).
On
the coin described on p. 175, no. 938, see St. Davids, p. clxxx,
difficulty of the identification of the
and on the
Shaftesbury and
of
Godesbrand
Maiitoiie,
(Domesday:
Hantune, Hanitiine).
On
see North-
ampton,
p. clxxvii.
= Southampton)
attribution of coins to
Southampton
two moneyers
the Conquest.
One name only occurs on Paxs coins. It may be noted that, in the Gesta Eegum, William of Malmesbury always, with
one exception only
(in
form Suthamtunensis
uses the forms
is
used
or
p. 100),
Hmntona
Hamhina
for
Southampton, and
7),
fF.
which
may
The
similarity
makes the
Moneyers, and Types the forms found on coins of these two mints
are inserted in foot-notes.
Sudbury
is
all
to be attributed to
'
MINTS
necessitated
clxxxiii
by the
coins
now known.
Paxs
From
known
existence of
^Ifward
shows
this
moneyer
to
whom we
have
Stamford (Domesday
Stanford).
to
The
coins at present
known
show
as
many
as eight
moneyers
five.
there were not fewer than three, or perhaps four, moneyers, and
known
similar
Coins of the
first
two
mint
Staiiinges).
to
William
II.
No
known
William
II.
Sudbury (Domesday
(II.
Sutberie).
',
The
phrase
of
Domesday
286 b),
'ibi
sunt monetarii
79)
The
coin of
Godwine
M.
Clxxxiv
INTRODUCTION
I
Henry
coins struck
by Wulfric
William
I,
William
II,
and Henry
I.
On
the confusion of
Tamworth (Domesday
in the reigns of the
TaitTito it
Tameworde).
to
two Williams.
:
(Domesday
Tantoue).
been employed at this mint both in the reign of the Confessor and
after the Conquest.
Taunton
Thetford (Domesday
Tetford, Tedfort).
At the time
of
the
Domesday Survey
perhaps
six,
(II.
five,
or
is
the highest
number
of
moneyers
I,
in
of the reign
possible of
'
six
'
is
the lowest
number
'
Paxs type.
(6),
of Stephen's reign,
Totnes (Domesday
Toteiiais, I'othenels).
No coins of
issue of
Totnes are
known
The second
William II
of this
Sarum
excavations.
reign,
Tutbury.
IV
A (r),
attributed
Twynham.
^
See Christchurch,
who coined
p. clxviii.
Assuming
Folcserd,
MINTS
CIXXXV
Wallingford (Domesdaiy
Walengeford, Walingeford).
(I. 56).
Domesday
Under the
two names
many
as five
moneyers seem
to
and
Paxs
'
type.
I,
A
(for
struck by a moneyer
?),
and
56).
Wareham (Domesday: Warham). In the laws of ^Ethelstan, Wareham had two moneyers. There were also two monej^ers in the time of the Confessor, who paid one mark of silver to the king,
and twenty
shillings
I.
75).
The
known
in the
'
Paxs type.
"
There
is
sometimes
;
Wareham
and Warwick
cxxx.
Warwick (Domesday:
seem
to
Wartuic).
Warwick
of the
^^'ere
known
in the first
On
the possibility of
confusion with
Wareham
:
see above.
Watchet (Domesday
Wacet).
to
have
Wilton (Domesday:
Wiltone,
is
Wiltune).
fine
perhaps this
is
the
clxXXvi
INTRODUCTION
of the first type of Stephen, but
Tomas
coins struclv
by him
in the reign of
{c.
1.200),
moneyer
who
of Stephen
and of the
first issue
of Henr}^ II.
five
moneyers employed
and as
In the
(if
many
as six
names occur
William
many
as four, or five
of
^Ifwine
of
is
identical
the
names occur
in the
'
Paxs type.
'
Winchcombe
to
see Brit.
Num.
and
No
known
later
than the
reign of William
Winchester (Domesday
Wlncestre,
six
Wintonla).
In ^thelstan's
In
the
allowed
moneyers.
Winton
(fol. 1),
monetariorum,
(fol.
7),
fol.
2),
(fol.
Andrebodus
3),
Alwardus
filius
Etardii
Alestan
Odo
(fol. 8),
Sanson
(foil.
15, 16),
Siward
(foil.
16,
of
phrase
'
vi, pp.
164-5).
In the reign
Paxs type.
'
MINTS
clxxxvii
For a coin
of
variety
II
of
Stephen's
reign,
attributed
to
p, Ixxxiii.
(of
Worcester (Domesday
Wirecestre).
(I.
Money ers
of Worcester are
mentioned in Domesday
than
as
five,
many
moneyers appear
to overlap
four occur in
the
'
Paxs type.
'
Yarmouth.
See above,
:
p. clxx,
Erami
York (Domesday
fessor's reign as
Eboracum).
many
as seventeen
employed, and in the latter half at least ten appear from the coins
to
On
William
many
as eleven distinct
names
occur, all of
which
type
'
Paxs
'
coins.
This great decrease in the staff of the York mint was perhaps the
result of the ravages of 1069.
We
do not
allowed to
the
Archbishops,
1279 the
Archbishop,
William,
pleaded that they had had two dies (which perhaps imply two
also, at
and
his claim
was allowed.
The form
(B.
EBO
Henry
Roth
collection).
clxxxviii
INTRODUCTION
I,
York
see varieties
Stute-
of
may
be
number
now available, and probably in many cases below the actual number employed.^ The mints which occur in two groups, showing
a decrease during the Conqueror's reign, are in
asterisk
italics
;
and an
of
the Confessor.
6 moneyers and over
clxxxix
have for the most part appeared in either the Numismatic Chronicle
or the British Numisruatic Journal, which are quoted as Nii^m.
Num. Journ} Spink's Numismatic Circular Num. Circ.) contains in the issue of 1902 Major
list
Carlyon-Britton's original
and William
the British
to
II
now
in course of revision
in
Numismatic Journal,
reference
them except
The
ordinary handbooks have been used and are quoted under their
authors' names,
necessary
The operations
by the
political
of the mints
little
influenced
and military
The
war have
necessitated
more
historical detail,
for
number
of collections
of
many owners
to see a
and
curators of
of coins
and
to obtain impressions of
many
by
which means
Museum have
mented
many
initials or
name
which they
is
The date which appears on each volume of the British Numistnatic Journal that of the Proceedings which are described in it, and not the date of
publication.
cxc
INTRODUCTION
belong.
for
the
collections quoted:
A.H.B.
A.M.
Asbm.
Bodl.
.
B.R.
Brln.
The
.
late
Cpnhn.
F.A.W.
F.Mus.
H.L.F.
Mr. F. A. Walters.
Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
H.M.R.
Hntr.
H.S.
.
Mr. H. M. Reynolds.
Hunterian
collection,
Glasgow.
II.W.M.
J.B.M.
J.E.C.
H.
W.
Morrieson.
Mr.
J. B. S.
Mcllwaine.
Mr.
Mr. Mr.
J. E. Cree.
J. J.
J.
J.H.D.
H. Daniels.
J.W.P.
J.Y.
.
W.
Parkes.
Mr.
Young.
L.A.L.
L.E.B.
Lewis
Lewis
.
collection,
Mint
Nott.
Museum, Nottingham.
Old Sarum
Paris
P.C.B. R.C.L.
.
Major
Mr. R.
.
P.
W.
P. Carlyon-Britton.
C. Lockett.
R.T.
The Hon.
Mr.
R. Talbot.
S.M.
Sheriff Mackenzie.
S.
S.M.S.
Stkm.
T.B.
.
The
late
Mr. T.
Bliss.
T.C.C.
T.Mus.
Museum, Taunton.
C. Wells.
W.C.W.
W.E.II.
Mr. Mr.
W. W.
Hidden.
CXCl
J. E.
Ryan.
W.S.L.
W.
Lincoln (Messrs.
W.
S.
W.S.O.
W.T.R.
York
....
am
greatly
number
my
W.
P.
Carlyon-
by
but
lent me.
To Dr. George Macdonald, F.B.A., Hon. Curator of the Hunterian collection, I owe special obligations for time and trouble
most generously given both
in
showing
me
and in making
sincere
impressions of several of
them
my
use.
My
who
and
also
gave
me much
work
F.S.A.,
also to Mr. L. A.
W.
J.
Andrew,
who many
me with
and
Keeper of Coins, who has read proofs of the whole work, and whose help and encouragement have done much to lighten the
sometimes arduous work of preparing the Catalogue.
I
Nor must
forget to express
my
TABLE OF FINDS
TABLE
The numbers
implies that one or more coins of the type occurred, but the
This table
and cut halfpennies and farthings, number is not contains only the regular English issues. For the irregular issues and
in this table include both pennies
cxcv
OF FINDS
each halfpenny and farthing counting as one coin.
known.
other coins represented in the finds, see the detailed description on pp. xvi-xxxii.
HENRY
VII
VIII
STEPHEN
XI XII XIII
IX
XIV XV
VII
Sobeiton, 1851
York, 1845
York, 1882
Whitchurch
St.
Mary
Hill
1771
Church,
1872
City of London,
Malmesbury,
1828
York Minster
Beaworth,
1833
1877
Tamworth,
4 or
Shillington, 1871
Bermondsey,
Bari, 1891?
1820
MULE
1
Canterbury, 1901?
Lowestoft, 1905
Battle, I860?
643
Watford,
1818
1818
+
u)nvnids
of 150
Smaller Watfoi-d,
Xottingham,
1880
Dartford. 1825
Sheldon, 1867
40
3
1
Linton, 1883
Bute,
186:^
Wintcrslow,
c.
1804
Awbridge,
1902?
*
nr2
AND TYPES
The majority of the readings which are included
been taken from the coins themselves
photographs of the coins
;
have
or
or,
in
few
cases,
from
casts
which are inserted from published or unpublished lists or from free-hand draAvings, are in italics (the Stockholm coins in italics are from readings kindly supplied by Major P. W. P. CarlyonBritton, the remainder from casts sent to me from the Stockholm Museum). Italics are also used in the columns of moneyers' names to denote, in the left-hand column, names which occur on coins of the Confessor or Harold II and, in the right-hand column, those which occur on coins of the first issue (' Tealby type) of Henry II. The foot-notes contain readings from various publications, many of which some, which may well be correct, are Avithheld from are certainly incorrect No the table itself owing to lack of evidence for the existence of the coins. readings have been inserted on the sole evidence of the Spicer Manuscript [Kiwi. Chron., 1904), because that work has been found to reproduce or Readings were inserted in it from sale catalogues originate many errors. without discrimination the columns were sometimes confused, as in the mint of Romney where the entries under 239-40 should evidently have been jjlaced under 241-2 and the columns have themselves been misread by later writers in Brit. Num. Journ., vol. ix, p. 132, for example, the Eadweard reading, which The MS. Catalogue is of type VI (243) in Spicer, appears under type VIII. of the B. C. Roberts collection has been the source of many errors, which are Confusion of types, especially here, so far as possible, identified and corrected. of (Hawkins) 243 and 247, and of 238 and 250 (the two Two-Stars types), is not uncommon; in the A. W. Hankin sale catalogue (1900), for example, both coins described in lots 409 and 410 as of (Hawkins) 247 are of 243, being
the remainder,
'
: ; ;
'
'
now
234
in
JNIisprints are
of error, as in
is
Num.
described as 244.
all
published readings;
Alic
for Alif or
Aleif,
and the
insertion of
many
Chestei'
obviated by a cross
and
CXCVll
only
quoted in
the
table
to
supplement gaps, or
British
Museum
collection.
The abbreviations of
sale catalogues
:
British
,,
Museum
Catalogue.
,,
(Appendix).
Allen
B.N.J.
W.
Allen
sale, 1898.
Ast. 'OG
.
Bscm Btmn
Circ. '02
Astronomer sale, 1906. British Numismatic Journal. G. J. Bascom sale, 1914. W. and T. Bateman sale, 1898. Numismatic Circular, 1902 {William I and
by
P.
JI.
their
Mints and
Moneijers
W.
J.
P. Carlyon-Britton).
sale, 1898.
Clark
Cufif
H. Clark
Ciurer
Miss R. Currer
.
Drrnr
E.
Durrner
sale, 1853.
sale, 1913, lot 61, &c.
F. A.
Walters
H. H. Allan
D. F.
L. A.
C. C.
sale, 1908.
Knid
Lscbe
Kennard
sale, 1892.
43, &c.
M'Ewn
Mntgu Midch
N.C.
. .
McEwen
sale, 1854.
H. Montagu
J. G.
sale, 1896-7.
'69,
.
&c.
.
&c.
NIgn
&
Rstn
S.
i.
'57, 6,
. .
&
Rev. Dr. Neligan sale, 1851, P. W. P. Carlyon-Britton sale, 1913, lot 743, &c, E. W. Rashleigh sale, 1909. Simpson Rostron sale, 1892. Sotlieby sale, January, 1857, lot 6, &c.
R. Sainthill, Olla Podrida.
C. L. Stainer, Oxford Silver Pennies.
J.
Sntl
Stnr
Tplis
Webb
Witte
H.
J.
Webb
Witte
CXCVlll
TABLE OF MINTS.
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
HENRY
I
TABLE OP MINTS,
CClll
HENRY
CCIV
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCV
HENRY
CCVl
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCVll
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCIX
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
HENRY
CCXll
TABLE OF MINTS,
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCXV
HENRY
CCXVl
TABLE OF MINTS,
C'CXVn
HENRY
CCXVIU
TABLE OF MINTS,
(continued).
LEICESTER
1
ConfesHor,
LECR
^
HarohL
LElhlKI
TVilliam
^
I,
type
III,
LECT
'
IV.
LECHI;
LEcrl
LE
REE,
confessor,
i.^nv.nr. Triuianihi^XKnr:^
leesT'k
STR
LERE
?
LEHU
LE
I
le
Stephen,
i/er,/,
LEIE?,
"
LEI
LEEE LEREE
;
IJiiE
^^
WILLIAM
LEAVES
iKlfric
i*:if\viiie
AVILLIAM
VI
VII VIII
III
II
iP.C.B. iR.C.L.
Aluiar
Brihtiiir (Brihniar, &C.I
P.C.B.
(+?
iT.B.
+?
IT.B.
Eduuiiid
Herrevi
Hiinfrei
Osebern
Usicolcl
Bodl
Willeni
Hntr
II,
P.C.B.
Mntiju
070
A.H.B.
types II and III). Xinn. Chron., 1901, p. 266. Probably Brihtinffir. x Harold mule; William I, type VII; William II, type III). Various sale catalogues, &c. False, cf. Brit. Num. Journ., vol. iii, pp. 284-5.
I
CCXIX
I, tj-pe VIII). Brit. Xum. Journ., vol. vii, p. 2.5, = Xum. Circ, 1902, p. 5573, appears to be a misreading of a British Mu.seuiu coin. Edmund (Henry I, type XII). L. A. Lawrence sale, 1903, lot 106 = P. W. P. Carl.\ on-Brittoii coll. (see Lewes). Gifrie (William I, type II). Xum. Chron., 1904, p. 26(). Probably Lieric. Godard (William II, type III). Sotheby, May 3, 1811, lot 355. False? Cf. Bril. Xum. Journ.,
whence
it
vol.
iii,
type IV).
Xum.
Chron.,
III).
19(U, p. 266,
False,
cf. Brit.
Xum.
Journ., vol.
iii,
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
cexxi
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCXXIU
HENRY
TABLE OF MINIS,
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCXXVll
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCXXIX
HENRY
ccxxx
TABLE OF MINTS,
CCXXXl
HENRY
TABLE OF MINTS,
ccxxxni
HENRY
V
CCXXXIV
TABLE OF MINTS,
HENRY
cexxxvin
TABLE OF MINTS,
{continued).
SOUTHWARK
tSVTP
HB>EI
XI
SA/'TPVK
XII
t^VD
XIV
SVDPER, tav
'
DPE, SA/^DP^r,
svD, ^\rr^^
SV*>E SV*)I,
^^
SV*)IE SV'*)E
S*)EP, SU-BE,
SVT
HENRY
ccxl
TABLE OF MINTS,
ccxli
HENRY
ccxlii
TABLE OF MINTS,
W^ILLIAM
II
AVILLIAM
VII
VIII
Ill
II
III
IV
VI
IV
III
THETAcus
Ailnot
FORD
Alfward
Aschetil
Baldewin
(Baldwine)
Brhtoth
+
L.A.L. P.C.B.
f
Bundi
(Bundnd,
&c.)
Burchart
(B^irhrd)
'(app.)
P.C.B,
Cinric
(Cenric)
P.C.B.
Driv Esbearn
(Osbearn, &c.)
Folcxrd
(Folchred,
<tc.)
I
MULE
Mint
1
(B.X.J.
\ix.l3S
Gefrei
(Geflrei)
God
Godclcf
(Godlef, <tc.)
+
(app.)
P.C.B. P.C.B.
Godinc Godreed
(Godred)
+
(Rash
I
385
P.C.B.
P.C.B.
Godnc
Godivine
Neigel
(Negelus)
P.C.B.
r
fHntr
(P.C.B.
fRash
\ 466
P.C.B.
+?
(B.E.
Norman
Odde
(Ode)
Osbearn
(Otbearn), see Esbearn
Stan
- - -
Thurtan
type VI). Num. Chron., 1901, p. 426. See Hereford. Alfminc (Henry I, type XIII). G. Marshall sale, 1852, lot 73. Alrand (Henry I, type XIV). E. W. Rashleigh sale, 1909, lot 467. Perhaps Alfward? Baldric (William II, type I). Num. Chron., 1904, p. 279. Banvnnd (William II, typo II). H. Montagu sale, 1897, lot 87. Probably = Catalogue, p no. 154 (Bundnd). Beand (Henry I, type II). Rev. H. Christmas sale, 1864, lot 228, Probably Bundi. Blac.sunu. See London. Bunon (William II. mule IxII). Num. Chron., 1904, p. 279. Probably = Bundnd, type II Catalogue, p. 239, no. 154). Cinric (William I, type VII). Sotheby, Jan. 25, 1860, lot 109. JJiinic (William II, type II). Num. Chron., 1904, p. 279.
P.C.B.
Aberrand (Henry
I,
239,
(cf.
ccxliii
HENRY
ccxliv
TABLE OP MINTS,
ccxlv
HENRY
ccxlvi
TABLE OF MINTS,
ccxlvii
HENRY
ccxlviii
TABLE OF MINTS,
ccxlix
HENRY
ccl
TABLE OF MINTS,
ccli
HENRY
VI
VII VIII
STEPHEN
X
XI
XII
XIII
IX
XIV
XV
II
III-VI
VII
W^ORCES^Klfgserd (vKlfgeet,
TER
&c.)
Api or Awi?
Baldric Eastiuaer (Estmser,
&c.)
Edwine
B.E.?
Garulf Godric
Heathewulf
Liofric
XC '01)
P.4T8S
JVulfric
Godwine (William
Leo/wine
II,
type II).
Xum.
Chron.,
1877, p. 346
= Catalogue,
(Winchester).
Archd. Pownall
IV
ccli
TABLE
FOR
ccliv
TABLE
OF
cclv
TABLE
OF
IE
SERl
HENRY
Types XIV, XV
B
Ci
D
E F G
I
H M n
p
T
\;
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
I.
^^>--
'*^^??V
14
.i^^J
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
II
i^X^
>;7^rT5:
~r
14
i^
16
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
III.
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
I;
MULES: CONFESSOR
||,
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
IV.
--z^r^'^i
^A,x^
i-/:-"^,
r.7,:<A
rr/^J
/#^K
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
II.
NORMAN
1^^;^
KINGS.
PLATE
V.
-^-..6^
V/5viJ^
^/kP?:>
13
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
II.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
VI.
'^^^^
1T
S-V-i-l
.'
XrC=7j
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
11;
MULE
II
III.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
VII.
I.
TYPE
III.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
VIII.
XL/r
HUN
I'tK.
W ILLIAM
I.
TYPE
111;
MULE
III
IV;
TYPE
IV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
IX.
-'i>-^-6<>
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
IV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
X.
-'^f^bs
v^-^v
16
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
IV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XI.
WILLIAM
I.
MULE
IV x
TYPE
V.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XII.
PK^'
/'^^A^c^
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
V.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XIII.
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
V.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XIV.
WILLIAM
I.
TYPES V AND
VI.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XV.
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VI.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XVI.
.r-:s:5s.
4^?^.
,^_y^-
WILLIAM
I.
TYPES
VI
AND
VII.
NORMAN
Cr.
KINGS.
PLATE
XVII.
^
X,''i-
^r^.>\
,.-^r^<:;
^i^^&^.
.^^9t
r"^_
x^/iisr
<Ut^
/"^^
;^---^'_
y
',i^.
'
ifr.
?.?^j^ i
i^.
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VII.
MULE
VII
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XVlll
fSt-
^&2^.
^C^^
d^^---'^-
^^-^^K^
f7^-.
p^Mk
fer^liS
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XIX.
^^-r.r4
>^
*^
r=7^-
/M^
3i.f
J^i
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN (''
KINGS.
PLATE XX.
r^
f-^s*^^
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIM.
NORMAN
--T^^.
KINGS.
PLATE
XXI.
-/vv'
i6
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXII,
^^/
i^^y <3;li^
t-ii ^'1
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXIII.
'"
.i^.:
s>>v
Mmi.
t>
-.
^%Q
/m^
EPi"-/j'/-',i'j
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXIV.
f-/^
\^.
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXV.
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
Vlil.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXVI.
.<->
.^m>.
0M^
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXVII.
.^:sm.:.
>a^
WILLIAM
I.
TYPE
VIII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXVIll.
WILLIAM
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXIX
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/-
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WILLIAM
II.
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
r-^*^-/
KINGS.
PLATE XXX.
,<>Jji^
WILLIAM
IL
TYPE
I;
MULE
M.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXXI.
l?^^'
/^r
'r\
WILLIAM
II.
TYPE
II.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXXII.
jcm:
WILLIAM
II.
TYPE
II.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXXIII.
-^^
WILLIAM
II.
TYPE
II.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXXIV.
h.
'i'^'L
.y^'
i6
WILLIAM
II.
TYPE
III.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXXV.
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X,
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r
v.i>-ii:
^^^.'/4^y .i77-
11
I- f..'-
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COPENHAOrN.
WILLIAM
II.
TYPE
III.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXXVI
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j#^- "
WILLIAM
II.
TYPE
IV;
MULE
IV
V.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXXVII.
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NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XXXVlll.
sr'J?7^-'>
' ,
,-
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HENRY
I.
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XXXIX.
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-i"-.-/-
HENRY
I.
TYPES
II,
III,
IV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XL.
-*-S.
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-~
--v
jy.
<^'
/^^rM'\
EVANS.
HENRY
I.
TYPE V;
MULE V
VI;
TYPES
VI,
VII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XLI
HENRY
I.
TYPES
VIII,
IX;
MULE
IX
X;
TYPE
X.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XLll.
y^f-v- :^.
ss
N
'i
HENRY
I.
TYPE
X;
MULE
XI x X;
TYPES
XI,
XII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XLIIl.
Ulffex
^;^.
^^
HENRY
I.
TYPE
XIII;
MULE
Xlll
XIV,
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XLIV.
'^^^:^^>^/
HENRY
I.
TYPE
XIV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XLV.
-^-ly>'
^1U>
-vfn
--
:t
HENRY
I.
TYPE
XIV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE XLVI.
0^
^-."^^y:^
A&J^k
-^f-t^.
HENRY
I.
TYPE
XIV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XLVII.
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Vi,.
.*>_!^,
HENRY
1.
TYPE
XV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XLVIII.
.'-:>.^^-.
w.c.w. i-
'-.
HENRY
I.
TYPE
XV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
XLIX.
rr^
STEPHEN.
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
L.
Y'
'JM.
'/^7.^
V.
STEPHEN.
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LI.
'.<r~ '<?">
^ --2::::'
-
STEPHEN.
TYPE
I.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
Lll.
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^l^-^
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^
(
?^
"
-'-^J-,
^-^y^:;..
/,
<<:^i^
/^^fev
^:^f
STEPHEN.
TYPE
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
Llll.
?i'
"
-./'!?,1
ll?.\/^
y^^^^^-'i
^
i&^
^\JJ'
^u
W*!^'"
i6
STEPHEN.
MULE
||,
TYPE
II.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LIV.
.#^
:rj:-
'{is:.
. -I
'
V,*
* '"^ rue'
'P^M^-
-^-rJ" ^'r
STEPHEN.
TYPES
II,
III,
IV.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LV.
^
(
^^S '^^
J^\^
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lo
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^^^^
./^_
-i.v/^V
'J
'?:-;;.rr--''
STEPHEN.
TYPES
V,
VI,
VII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LVI.
STEPHEN.
TYPE
VII.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LVII.
^^,i^
*
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-^
/'^v;^\
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Sotheby,
26. vii. 19
/
*
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'^'.
''''*i-i'-
^^fC<v
STEPHEN.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LVIll.
:^'^,
STEPHEN.
VARIETIES.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LIX.
STEPHEN.
VARIETIES.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LX.
QUEEN MATILDA AND EUSTACE ('); EUSTACE, SON OF STEPHEN <') EUSTACE FITZJOHN; ROBERT DE STUTEVILLE; HENRY. BISHOP OF WINCHESTER.
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LXI
'-J
x^-f:
''-^--
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..''.r"/^
^rr
^"izTs^^^
B.R.
COI'.
MCi
NORMAN
KINGS.
PLATE
LXII,
:>^^
6 6
B.R.
'-.^^^M'
yr^^/V
^i-
^%=^!
v^i
HENRY OF ANJOU; ROBERT OF GLOUCESTER ('; WILLIAM OF GLOUCESTER BRIAN FITZCOUNT (?> AND UNCERTAIN BARONIAL.
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