Page 6 No 1. The heating curve of naphthalene: Page 8 No 2.c. State substance that exist in the form of liquid at 0C.

Explain your answer. Q. The temperature 0C is above the melting point of Q and below the boiling of Q. Page 10 No 4.c. Every elements has its own proton number : Proton number of potassium, K is 19. Potassium _atom_ has _19_ protons in the nucleus and _19_ electrons in the shells. Proton number of oxygen, O is 18. Oxygen _atom_ has 8 _protons_ in the nucleus and __8_ electrons in the shells. Page 15 No d.(iii). Describe the movement, particles when Z is cooled from room temperature -5 C. The particles move slower_____________________________________ Page 23 No 8.(ii). 14.2 g of chlorine gas, C12 14.2/17x6.02 x 10 = 2.4 x 10 Page 25 Procedure g. The crucible is with its lid is allowed to cool to room temperature No 3. The process of heating , cooling and weighing are repeated until a constant mass Is obtained to ensure magnesium reacts completely with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. Page 26 Table Calculation: Element Mass/g Number of mole of atoms Simplest ratio of mole Cu zx zx 24 p O yz yz 16 q

Page 27 No 5 b. Copper is below hydrogen in the metal reactivity series. Copper (II) oxide can reduced/removed by hydrogen gas. is not easily oxidised

Page 29 Table No 2. Example: Compound Water Carbon Dioxide Sulphuric Acid Ethene Benzene Glucose

Molecular Formula H2O CO2 H2SO4 C2H4 C6H6 C6H12O6

Empirical Formula H2O CO2 H2SO4 CH2 CH CH2O

Value of n 1 1 1 2 6 6

Page 36 No 2. The equation shows the reaction between potassium and oxygen 4K + O2 2K2O Calculate the mass of potassium required to produce 23.5 g of potassium oxide. [RAM K = 39, O = 16] 4K + O2 2K2O , Mol of K2O = 23.5 / (2 x 39 + 16) = 23.5/94 = 0.25 From the equation, 2 mol of K2O : 4 mol of K 0.25 mol of K2O : 0.5 mol of Zn Mass of K = 0.5g x 39gmol-1 =19.5g No 7. The equation shows the combustion of propane gas. C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O 720 cm3 of propane gas (C3H8) at room temperature burns in excess oxygen. alculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed. Page 41 No 1.b(i) State the position of element Y in the Periodic Table. Element Y is located in Group 14 and Period 2 Page 44 No 1. (Diagram)

Page 46 No 5.a(i) Solubility (the reactivity of reaction decreases going down Group 17) 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 No 5.b With sodium hydroxide, (NaOH) Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr + H2O Page 47 No a.(iii) Do you expect element X and Y show the chemical properties ? Give the reason for your answer. - Yes, atom X and atom Y have same number of valence electrons. No b. Compare the boiling point of element Y and Z. Explain the difference. - The boiling point of element Z is higher than element Y. - The size of molecule Z2 is binger than molecule Y2. - The forces of attraction between molecule Z2 is stronger than molecule Y2, more heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger forces between molecule Z2. No c.(ii) Between elements X and Y, which is more electronegative? Page 49 No 6.a table Na Mg Basic oxide i. Metal oxide + water + alkali Example; Na2O + H2O 2NaOH ii. Metal oxide + acid Salt + Water Example; MgO + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2O

Al Amphoteric oxide i.Amphoteric oxide react with both acid and alkali to produce + Salt and water Example; Al2O3 + 6HNO3 2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 9H2O

Si

P S Cl Acidic oxide i. Non metal oxide + water acid Example; SO2 + H2O H2SO3 ii. Non metal oxide + alkali Salt + Water Example; SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O

Page 50 No 1. table Element Number of neutron in atom Relative atomic mass Number of proton in atom Electron arrangement of an atom P 12 23 11 2.8.1 Q 12 24 12 2.8.2 R 14 27 13 2.8.3 S T 16 13 28 31 14 15 2.8.4 2.8.5 U V W 16 22 18 32 35 40 16 17 18 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8

Page 51 No e. State the arrangement of elements T, U and V in the order of increasing atomic radius. Explain your answer - The shells filled with electrons are pulled nearer to the nucleus from T to V No 2. Diagram 4 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements. And X, Y, A, B, D, E, F and G do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.

Page 53 No 6.

Cl Y

Na X

Chloride ion, Cl Page 61 No e.(ii) Explain how a compound is former between element G and L base on their electron arrangement. Therefore two G atoms release two electrons to one L atom, a strong electrostatic attraction is formed between G+ ion and L2- ion. Page 64 No 4.b(ii) Explain why substance V and W cannot conduct electricity at solid and molten state. Substance V and W are made up of neutral molecules. There are no free moving ions in solid and molten state. No 4.b (iii) The boiling point of substance V is 59 oC. What is the physical state of substance V at room temperature. Liquid

Sodium ion, Na+

Page 69 No 3.b Select the ion to be discharged from the following pairs of ions. State the electrode it takes place and write the half equation for the discharge of ion: Hydroxide & Sulphate ions : equation: 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e at the anode Hydroxide & Nitrate ions : equation: 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e at the anode

Page 71 No e. Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.1 mol dm-3 aqueous dilute copper(II) sulphate solution using carbon electrodes. Observations Gas bubbles are released Copper

Page 72 No c. Complete the following table for the electrolysis of 0.0001 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, using carbon electrodes. 0.0001 moldm-3 HCl Gas bubbles are released When a glowing wooden splinter is placed near the mouth of the test tube, Glowing wooden splinter is lighted up 2.0moldm-3 HCl Greenish bellow gas is released A damp blue litmus paper placed near the mouth of the test tube. The gas changed the damp blue litmus paper to red and then bleached it

Observations Comfirmatory test (method and observations of the best)

Page 74 No b. Complete the following table for the electrolysis of coppe(II) sulphate solution with carbon electrode and copper electrode. Apparatus set-up Picture Picture Carbon electrode Copper electrode The ions that move to the cathode Cu2+ , H+ Cu2+ , H+

Page 75 No 1. Complete the text below: Electrolyte electrode Factor that affect electrolysis Concentrated hydrochloric acid Carbon Concentration

Ions present

Half equation at the anode and observation 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e Greenish yellow gas is released.

Half equation at the cathode and observation 2H+ + 2e H2 gas bubbles are released.

H+, Cl-, OH-

Page 76 Explanation: Potassium chloride solution consist of K+ , H+ , Cl- and OH- that move freely - Cl- and OH- ions move to the anode - OH- is lower than Cl- in the discharge series of anion. - H+ is selectively discharged by receiving electrons to form hydrogen molecules Half equation : 2H+ + 2e H2 Page 77 No c.(ii) Explain your answer. The number of copper(II) ions becomes copper atom at the cathode is equal to the number of copper atom becomes copper(II) ion at the anode.

No 2(a) + _

Substance Z

Substance W

Page 80 No 2. Example: Experiment Observation Explanation/ Inference / Conclusion

- Magnesium atom releases electrons to form magnesium ion - Magnesium strip becomes thinner - The brown solid
Copper(II) sulphate solution Magnesium strip

- The brown solid is copper. Copper(II) ion receives electrons to form copper atom - The colourless solution is magnesium sulphate - Magnesium has displaced copper from copper(II) sulphate solution : Mg + CuSO4 CuSO4 + Mg - Magnesium is more electropositive than copper // Magnesium is above copper in the electrochemical series of metal

deposited - The blue solution turn colourless

Page 82 No 6.d. If the magnesium metal is replaced with a zinc metal, the voltage reading decreases because zinc is nearer to copper in the electrochemical series. Page 83 No 8 a. To predict the terminal of chemical cell: Page 84 No 2.c. Predict the voltage of the cell in (b)(i) No 3
V

Zinc

Copper

Copper

Zinc sulphate solution Porous pot Copper(II) sulphate solution Copper(II) sulphate solution

Cell A

Cell B

Page 85 No 3.c. What is the function of the porous pot in cell A. To allow the movement in ions through it.

No 3.f. The intensity of blue colour of copper(II) sulphate solution in the cell A remains unchanged during the experiment. Explain why. The rate of copper(II) ions discharged to copper atom at the cathode equal to the rate of copper atom formed copper(II) ions at the anode. Page 93 Exercise No1.b. Answer The presence of hydroxide ions change the red litmus paper to blue Page 99 No 8. Answer : 50 cm3

Page 102 No 2. Answer : NaOH Page 103 No c.(i) Answer : Yellow (ii) Answer : Red

HCl

NaCl +

H2O

No e.(i) The experiment is repeated with 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid to replace sulphuric acid. Predict the volume of Hydrochloric acid needed to neutralize 50.0 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution.

Page 106 No 5. Preparation of salt. Method I : The salt is prepared by titration method of acid and alkali using an indicator Acid + Alkali Salt + Water ( Neutralization Reaction) Method II : The salt is prepared by reacting acid with insoluble metal/metal oxide/metal hydroxide: Acid + metal salt + hydrogen Acid + metal oxide salt + water Page 107 No 6. Method II : Evaporate the filtrate until saturated solution is formed Page 108 -TableInsoluble salt, XnYm CaCO3

Cation of the insoluble salt Xm+ Ca2+ [ Ca (NO3)2 ]

Page 109 Exercise No 1. Phenolphthalein is used as an indicator a titration between nitric acid and potassium hydroxide solution. 25 cm3 nitric acid completely neutralizes 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution.The experiment is repeated by reacting 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution with 25 cm3 nitric acid without phenolphthalein. Salt Y is formed from the reaction.

Page 110 No 1.a. Answer : Mol of KOH = 25x1/1000=0.025 mol No 2.a.(i) Answer : Colourless solution turns blue

Page 116 No 3.(i) Answer : 0.2 mol of HNO3 : 0.1 mol of ZnO Mass of ZnO = 0.1 x 81 = 8.1g No 3.(ii) Answer : Mass of Zn(NO3)2 = 0.1 x [65 + [ 14 + (16 x 3) ] x 2] = 0.1 x 189 = 18.9g

Page 118 K+ Na+ Al3+ Zn2+

2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2 4Al(NO3)3 2Al2O3 + 12NO2 + O2 2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2

2Al2(CO3)3 2Al2O3 + 6CO2

Page 119
-

Carbon dioxide gas is released. Carbonate ions present the possible residue are CaO/MgO/Al2O3.

Page 121 No b.
Add excess ammonia solution Insoluble

Cu2+

Cu2+, Fe2+ , Fe3+

Fe2+ , Fe3+

Zn2+
Add excess ammonia solution Insoluble

Pb2+, Al3+ , Zn2+, Mg2+

Mg2+ , Al3+ , Pb2+

Page 122

Yellow precipitate Al3+ and Pb2+

Pb2+

Add potassium iodide No changes Al3+

Add sodium sulphate solution Add sodium chloride solution No changes Al3+ Pb2+ Al3+ No changes White precipitate

White precipitate Pb2+

Page 124 No 3.a. What are the cations present in A: Cu2+. .B: Zn2+ C: Fe2+ E: Mg2+

Page 126 No 6.c.(ii) Answer : CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2 Page 135 No 6. State ways to reduce environment pollution caused by synthetic polymer

Page 139 No b. Answer : % N =

2x14 2(14+4x1) + 32 + 4 x 16

x 100% = 21.12%

No c.Answer : - Atom of pure copper metal are the same size, they are arranged orderly in layers. - Layers of atom can easily slide over each other when external force is applied on them - The size of the zinc atoms which are bigger than copper atom in bronze disrupt the orderly arrangement of copper atoms.

Page 140

Tin
atom

Copper
atom