ULTRA WIDEBAND TECHNOLOGY

- an ultimate in wireless technology

A.Nitin , II/IV B-tech , E.C.E ,(08501A0405) P.V.P.Siddhartha institute of technology, Email : arenitin@gmail.com , Contact no: 9533985542

communications that bring in data and communications from the outside world. UWB provides the needed costeffective, power-efficient, high bandwidth solution for relaying data from host devices to devices in the immediate area (up to 10 meters or 30 feet). This paper will provide a basic understanding of this new technology while explaining the fundamental benefits interesting usage scenarios and industry challenges.

Abstract
The wireless freedom experienced by personal computer, handheld, consumer electronics and cell phone users is moving into the digital home and office. People want greater freedom and convenience in connecting all types of devices. The answer is Ultra- Wideband (UWB) Technology. Thispowerefficient solution will provide the high bandwidth required by thelatest and future portable home and office devices for multipledigital video and audio streams. Analysts predict that in 2005 there will be over 80 million wireless LANs (WLANs) in use worldwide and nearly 13 million wireless home networks in the United States. Yet theres still a missing link. The growing number of media-intensive devices in the home such as PCs, digital camcorders, digital cameras, high-definition TVs (HDTVs), and gaming systems - need a high-bandwidth wireless solution for easy connection and media exchange.The answer is Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology. This shortrange radio technology is ideal for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). UWB complements existing longer range radio technologies - such as Wi-Fi,* WiMAX, and cellular wide area

J. Pujitha, II/IV B-tech , E.C.E ,(08501A0485) P.V.P.Siddhartha institute of technology, Email : pujithajhasti@gmail.com , Contact no: 9347250091

innovations and greater quality of services to the end user.

1.0 Introduction
On February 14, 2002, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted the first Report and Order that permitted the marketing and operation of certain types of new products incorporating ultra-wideband technology (UWB). This rule change will allow the use and subsequent study of commercial ultra wideband communications. UWB is a new radio technology that promises to revolutionize high-speed data transfers and enable the personal area networking industry leading to new

Fig 1.0 : Basic UWB technology implemented in electronic devices This governmental act to enable the commercialization of ultra-wideband technology has created a great deal of interest in the wireless community.

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

2.0 What is UWB (ultra-wideband) technology?

UWB is defined as any radio technology having a spectrum that occupies a bandwidth greater than the center frequency or a bandwidth of greater than 500 MHz. Simple examples of an ultra-wideband transmission would be an RF (Radio Frequency) transmission with a bandwidth of at least 250 MHz having a center frequency of 1GHz or a transmission with a bandwidth of greater than 500 MHz having a center frequency of 6 GHz. This differs from narrow band technologies where the bandwidth is typically 10% or less of the center frequency. An example of a specification using narrow band technology is 802.11b WLAN where the bandwidth is 22MHz with a center frequency in the range of 2.4GHz.

typically referred to in the literature describing the future 3G cellular technology. There are two main differences between UWB and other narrowband or wideband systems. First, the bandwidth of UWB systems, as defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in [2], is more than 25% of a center frequency or more than 1.5GHz. Clearly, this bandwidth is much greater than the bandwidth used by any current technology for communication. Secondly,UWB is typically implemented in a carrierless fashion. Conventional narrowband and wideband systems use Radio Frequency (RF) carriers to move the signal in the frequency domain from baseband to the actual carrier frequency where the system is allowed to operate. Conversely, UWB implementations can directly modulate an impulse that has a very sharp rise and fall time, thus resulting in a waveform that occupies several GHz of bandwidth.

3.0 Why UWB only ?

In this section we will see why to use UWB even though we have a number of wireless communication systems such as Bluetooth , infrared etc. In order to understand where UWB fits in with the current trends in wireless communications, we need to consider the general problem that communications systems try to solve. Specifically, if wireless were an ideal medium, we could use it to send 1. A lot of data, 2. Very far, Fig 2.0 :Capacity of different communication systems The first pulse based UWB radio was the Spark Gap radio. Spark Gap radios were first developed by Guglielmo Marconi in the late 1800s and were used to transmit Morse code. Spark Gap technology remained dominant until narrowband (continuous wave) radios were proven to be better for voice communication in the early 1900s. By 1924, Spark Gap radios were forbidden in most applications due in part to their unregulated RF emissions that were disruptive to narrowband, carrier based radios. 1 Although the term Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is not very descriptive, it does help to separate this technology from more traditional narrowband systems as well as newer wideband systems 3. Very fast, 4. For many users, 5. All at once. Unfortunately, it is impossible to achieve all five attributes simultaneously for systems supporting unique, private, two-way communication streams; one or more have to be given up if the others are to do well. Original wireless systems were built to bridge large distances in order to link two parties together. However, recent history of radio shows a clear trend toward improving on the other four attributes at the expense of distance.Cellular telephony is the most obvious example, covering distances of 30 kilometers to as little as 300 meters.

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

Shorter distances allow for spectrum reuse, thereby serving more users, and the systems are practical because they are supported by an underlying wired infrastructure- the telephone network in the case of cellular. In the past few years, even shorter range systems, from 10 to 100 meters, have begun emerging, driven primarily by data applications. Here, the Internet is the underlying wired infrastructure, rather than the telephone network. Many expect the combination of short-range wireless and wired Internet to become a fast-growing complement to nextgeneration cellular systems for data, voice, audio, and video. Four trends are driving short-range wireless in general and ultra-wideband in particular: 1. The growing demand for wireless data capability in portable devices at higher bandwidth but lower in cost and power consumption than currently available. 2. Crowding in the spectrum that is segmented and licensed by regulatory authorities in traditional ways. 3. The growth of high-speed wired access to the Internet in enterprises, homes, and public spaces. 4. Shrinking semiconductor cost and power consumption for signal processing. Trends 1 and 2 favor systems that offer not just highpeak bit rates, but high spatial capacity as well, where spatial capacity is defined as bits/sec/squaremeter. Just as the telephone network enabled cellular telephony. Trend 3 makes possible high-bandwidth, inbuilding service provision to low-power portable devices using shortrange wireless standards like Bluetoothand IEEE 802.11 Finally, Trend 4 makes possible the use of signal processing techniques that would have been impractical only a few years ago. It is this final trend that makes Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology practical.

meters. In the 2.4GHz ISM band, there is about 80MHz of useable spectrum. Hence, in a circle with a radius of 100 meters, three 22MHz IEEE 802.11bsystems can operate on a non-interfering basis, each offering a peak over-the-air speed of 11Mbps. The total aggregate speed of 33Mbps, divided by the area of the circle, yields a spatial capacity of approximately 1,000 bits/sec/squaremeter. Bluetooth, in its low-power mode, has a rated 10meter range and a peak over-the-air speed of 1Mbps. Studies have shown that approximately 10 Bluetooth piconets can operate simultaneously in the same 10-meter circle with minimal degradation yielding an aggregate speed of 10Mbps [3]. Dividing this speed by the area of the circle produces a spatial capacity of approximately 30,000 bits/sec/square-meter. IEEE 802.11a is projected to have an operating range of 50 meters and a peak speed of 54Mbps. Given the 200MHz of available spectrum within the lower part of the 5GHz U-NII band, 12 such systems can operate simultaneously within a 50-meter circle with minimal degradation, for an aggregate speed of 648Mbps. The projected spatial capacity of this system is therefore approximately 83,000 bits/sec/square-meter. UWB systems vary widely in their projected capabilities, but one UWB technology developer has measured peak speeds of over 50Mbps at a range of 10 meters and projects that six such systems could operate within the same 10-meter radius circle with only minimal degradation. Following the same procedure, the projected spatial capacity for this system would be over 1,000,000 bits/sec/squaremeter.

5.0 Uwb - the former

In this section it will be made clear that of all the existing wireless technologies the uwb technology is the best one. UWB offers many advantages over narrowband technology where certain applications are involved. Improved channel capacity is one major advantage of UWB. The channel is the RF spectrum within which information is transferred. Shannons capacity limit equation shows capacity increasing as a function of BW (bandwidth) faster than as a function of SNR (signal to noise ratio).

4.0 Wireless Alternatives

When used as intended, the emerging short- and mediumrange wireless standards vary widely in their implicit spatial capacities. For example: IEEE 802.11b has a rated operating range of 100

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

Shannons capacity limit equation shows capacity increasing as a function of BW (bandwidth) faster than as a function of SNR (signal to noise ratio). Shannons equation shows that increasing channel capacity requires linear increases in Bandwidth while similar channel capacity increases would require exponential increases in power. This is why UWB technology is capable of transmitting very high data rates using very low power. Figure 5.1 compares practical UWB implementations with present wireless technologies. Fig 5.0 : Spatial capacity comparison between IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth*, and UWB. As shown in Figure 5.0 , other standards now under development in the Bluetooth Special Interest Group and IEEE 802 working groups would boost the peak speeds and spatial capacities of their respective systems still further, but none appear capable of reaching that of UWB. A plausible reason is that all systems are bound by the channel capacity theorem . Because the upper bound on the capacity of a channel grows linearly with total available bandwidth, UWB systems, occupying 2GHz or more, have greater room for expansion than systems that are more constrained by bandwidth.

5.1 Shannons capacity limit

The contribution os Shannon towars the development of uwb technology is anormous one his studies finally came to success with his formula , known as Shannons equation given as follows :

Fig 5.1 : Variation of Throughput (Mbps) of different wireless technologies. It is important to notice that while UWB may provide dramatic channel capacity, it can do so only at limited range. This is due mainly to the low power levels mandated by the FCC for legal UWB operation. UWB technology is most useful in shortrange (less than 10 meters) applications. Longer-range flexibility is better served by WLAN applications like 802.11a. An 802.11a narrowband radio might occupy a BW of 20MHz with a transmit power level of 100 mWatts

C= BW*log2 (1+SNR)
Where C = Channel Capacity (bits/sec) BW = Channel Bandwidth (Hz) SNR = Signal to noise ratio SNR = P/BW*No P = Received Signal Power No = Noise Power Spectral Density (watts/Hz)

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

The power mask, as defined for UWB by the FCC, allows up to -41 dBm/MHz, where dBm is a measure of Power and dBm/MHz is a measure of Power Density (power/spectrum used). UWB radios may also provide lower cost architectures than narrow band radios. Narrow band architectures use high quality oscillators and tuned circuits to modulate and de-modulate information. UWB transmitters, however, can directly modulate a baseband signal eliminating components and reducing requirements on tuned circuitry. UWB receivers, on the other hand, may require more complex architectures and may take advantage of digital signal processing techniques. Reducing the need for high quality passively based circuits and implementing sophisticated digital signal processing techniques through integration with the same low cost CMOS processes used for microprocessors will enable radio solutions that scale in cost/performance with digital technology.

UWBs combination of larger spectrum, lower power and pulsed data improves speed and reduces interference with other wireless spectra. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has mandated that UWB radio transmissions can legally operate in the range from 3.1 GHz up to 10.6 GHz, at a limited transmit power of 41dBm/MHz. The result is dramatic short-range channel capacity and limited interference. UWB usually refers to impulse based waveforms which be used with different modulation techniques. So by adopting sutable technique the UWB signal is produced.

6.1.1 Pulse Waveform

Perhaps the simplest UWB communication waveform is the monopulse, an example of which is plotted in Figure 6.1.1. Although it is described as an idealized waveform, it does serve to illustrate the important distinction that must be made between transmitted and receivedcarrierless UWB waveforms, a distinction that is necessary because the effect of the transmitting and receiving antennas on the shape of the waveform as a function of time is very noticeable, unlike the case of longer duration waveforms using carriers. Without getting into the details of the physical generation of UWB waveforms, it is sufficient to note in this regard that the transmitting antenna has the general effect of differentiating the time waveform presented to it. As a consequence the transmitted pulse does not have a DC (direct current) valuethe integral of the waveform over its duration must equal zero. The waveform in Fig.6.1.1 satisfies this condition and therefore is a plausible model for a UWB waveform; it is ideal in the sense that, in addition to having no DC value, it has even symmetry about the peak value.

6.0 Working of UWB The basic working of the UWB can be explained by having an idea about the following : Generation of UWB Transmission Receiving Finally retrieving information from received signal

In this section we will see the over view of the following concepts .

6.1 Generation of UWB

UWB differs substantially from conventional narrow band radio frequency (RF) and spread spectrum technologies (SS), such as Bluetooth* Technology and 802.11a/b/g. A UWB transmitter works by sending billions of pulses across a very wide spectrum of frequency several GHz in bandwidth. The corresponding receiver then translates the pulses into data by listening for a familiar pulse sequence sent by the transmitter. Fig 6.1.1 : Monopulse UWB waveform

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

6.2 Transmitter
In normal transmitters such as radio radio transmitters the modulating signal is combined with the carrier signal , a high frequency (RF) signal which is generated by using a oscillator then by using suitable modulation technique we will transmit the modulated signal in the free space . Fig 6.31 : Block diagram of basic receiver Similar to that of transitter here also the receiver circuit of the UWB signal is not same as that of the basic receiver some changes have to be made to the basic receiver. The receiver's front-end amplifiers are enabled for only very short time durations. Therefore the receiver is able to reject most unwanted signals. If enhancements to the received signal-to-noise ratio is Fig : 6.2.0 Block diagram of basic transmitter But it is not same in the case of transmission of the UWB signal here we will not use carrier signal which has its own advantages. required, the transmitter can use pulse repetition to send each information bit several times. The receiver then integrates the received signal over several time durations to build up the received signal power.

Fig : 6.2.1 Block diagram of Transmitter of UWB signal

Fig 6.3.2 Receiver of UWB signal In UWB systems, each transmit and receive pair is active only for a very short period of time. It is possible to envisage many transmit-receive pairs, each with its own unique pulse sequences in time operating within the same area without causing mutual interference. To eliminate discrete spectral lines arising from the transmission of fixed pulse sequences,pseudorandom codes are used to cause a dithering effect and make the final emitted spectrum more noise-like.

6.3 Receiver
The main aim of the receiver is to retrieve the message or the information from the modulated signal which is transmitted by the transmitter. The fore end of the receiver has a antenna which receives the modulated signal and is processed through thereceiver system in ehich de-modulation process is carried out.

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

7.0 Bandwidth Property of UWB Signals:

Bandwidth is perhaps the most prominent characteristic of UWB communication systems, since the concept is wideband. Although the definitionof ultra-wideband is a signal with greater than 25% relative (coherent) bandwidth (sometimes termed fractional bandwidth), it is also true that UWB signals tend to have large absolute bandwidths. The relative bandwidth definition of UWB is stated as follows:

7.1 Advantages of Large Bandwidth

In this section we will see the basic advantages of UWB technology in the sense of having large bandwidth

7.1.0 High-rate Communications

In most digital communication systems, the bandwidth is equal to or nearly equal to the channel symbol rate. Therefore, for conventional narrowband systems the trend for higher data rates has resulted in the allocation of higher center frequencies (carriers) in order to implement the system with existing technology. Generally, propagation losses and impairments increase with frequency. UWB technology offers high data rates using relatively low center frequencies.

Where hf and lf are frequencies at the upper and lower band edges, respectively, W is the absolute bandwidth, and cf is the center frequency. The difficulty of achieving linearity in con-ventional heterodyning in transmitter and receivers for greater than about 10% relative bandwidth has led to the development of new signaling techniques involving nonsinusoidal waveforms. The relative bandwidth property has a profound effect on the kind of waveform that qualifies as UWB. For example, the polycycle waveform illustrated in Figure 1.4 becomes non-UWB according to the 25% relative bandwidth criterion when the number of cycles is N = 4, as shown in Table :

7.1.1 Potential for Processing Gain

Processing gain in a communication system is defined as the ratio of the noise bandwidth at the front end of the receiver to the bandwidth of the data; usually, this ratio is adequately calculated as the ratio of the channel symbol (modulation) rate, sR, to the bit rate, bR:

The bandwidth available using UWB devices (switching rates in the Gigahertz range) is so large that, for many applications, the desired high data rate and a margin of processing gain can be achieved simultaneously. Another aspect of the large bandwidth of UWB signals is that interference to narrowband receivers operating in the same band as a UWB signal will be limited to a small fraction of the UWB signals powerthe narrowband receiver will realize, in effect, a significant processing gain against the UWB

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

interference. This statement applies whether the UWB spectrum is noiselike or has lines.

8.0 Carrierless Transmission Property of UWB Signals

UWB is unique that it achieves data transmission without using RF. In other words, UWB does not require analog modulation scheme. Instead, UWB requires pulse modulation technique to module data bit stream. Stream of pulse is transmitted over a large bandwidth with low power. In the case of pulse position modulation, a "1" may cause the transmitted pulse to be slightly advanced in time, whereas a "0" may cause a slight retardation in pulse position. Various traditional pulse modulation schemes like Pulse Amplitude modulation (PAM), Pulse Position Modulation (PPM), On-Off Keying, Mary PAM, BPSK can be applicable for UWB. Some propriety modulation scheme like Spectral keying has also been proposed for UWB.

With low order modulation such as antipodal signaling (as in BPSK), the transmission is reliable enough in many instances to do without forward error correction (FEC) and the corresponding decoder at the receiver. Low-power, small, mature CMOS technology can be used.

The relevance of these potential advantages depends on the particular application and the particular operational scenario.

8.1.1 Small Hardware

Because UWB carrierless operation uses fewer RF components, the size of the hardware is primarily a function of the integrated circuit technology that is used. Existing UWB baseband processing chips using CMOS technology are comparable in size to chips for other communica-tion system components, such as cellular telephone handsets.

8.1 Advantages of Carrierless Transmission

Certain implementation advantages accrue to carrierless transmission. Here we summarize them briefly under the headings of hardware simplicity and hardware size.

9.0 ADVANTAGES OF UWB:

UWB technology has the characteristics advantages : following significant

8.1.0 Hardware Simplicity

Since heterodyning, tuning, and IF filtering are not required for carrierless transmission,UWB transceivers can be built with much simpler RF architectures than narrowband systems with fewer components and the low-power transmissions do not require a power amplifier. The UWB baseband (carrierless) functionality has been described as having the following advantages: The transmitter needs no D/A converter. The receiver A/D converter operates at the bit rate, as opposed to the Nyquist sampling rate. The A/D converter does not need to be high resolution, since the information is not embedded in signal phase. No digital pulse shaping filter is used. No equalizer is needed to correct carrier phase distortion.

9.0.1 High Data Rates:

UWB technology can do things that the existing wireless networking systems cannot. Most importantly, UWB can handle more bandwidthintensive applications like streaming video than Bluetooth because it can send data at much faster rates. UWB technology has a data rate of roughly 100 megabits per second, with speeds up to 500 megabits per second, This compares with maximum speeds of 11 megabits per second for 802.11b (often referred to as Wi-Fi) which is the technology currently used in most wireless LANs; and 54 megabits per second for 802.11a, which is Wi-Fi at 5MHz. Bluetooth has a data rate of about 1 megabit per second.

9.0.2

Low Power Consumption:

When transmitting data, UWB devices consume less than several tens of microwatts. That is a huge saving and the reason is that UWB

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

transmits short impulses constantly instead of transmitting modulated waves continuously like most narrowband systems do. U UWB chipsets do not require Radio Frequency ( RF ) to Intermediate Frequency (IF) conversion, local oscillators, mixers, and other filters. The low power consumption makes UWB ideal for use in battery-powered devices like cameras and cell phones.

operate beyond 45 feet at 50 Mbps for four DVD screens.

9.0.6 L Low Complexity, Low Cost:

The most attractive of UWBs advantages are of low system complexity and cost . Also home UWB wireless devices do not need transmitting power amplifier. This is a great advantage over narrowband architectures that require amplifierswith significant power back-off to support high -order modulation w waveforms for high data rates. The cost of placing UWB technology inside a consumer electronics device - is $20, compared with $40 for 802.11b and $65 for 802.11a.

9.0.3 . Interference Immunity:

Due to low power and high frequency transmission, UWBs aggregate interference is undetected by narrowband receivers. Its power spectral density is at or below narrowband thermal noise floor. The low power level thus causes no irritating interferences to existing home wireless systems. According to its First Report and Order, the FCC requires that indoor UWB devices transmit only when operating with a receiver. A device connected to AC power is not constrained to reduce or conserve power by ceasing transmission, so this restriction will eliminate unnecessary emissions. Additional tests conducted by the FCC have also demonstrated conclusively that UWB devices may be permitted to operate under a proper set of standards without causing harmful interference to other radio operations.

10.0 A Applications of U UWB:

Some of the potential areas considered for application are: UWB

10.1.Wireless Home N Networks

Typically, a wireless home network should provide connection among various electronic consumer devices such as P C, MP3 player, digital camera, printer, scanner, H High -Definition TV ( HDTV ) and video game console. Some esoteric requirements such as home control appliances are also finding interest and adoption. However, the current popular usage of home networking is sharing data from PC to PC and from PCs to peripherals. With increased customer demand for home control, multiplayer gaming, and video distributions, significant efforts are being invested in building solutions around UWB enabled home networks.

9.0.4

High Security:

UWBs white-noise-like transmissions enhance security since receivers without the specific code cannot decode it. Different coding schemes, algorithms, and modulation techniques can be assigned to different users for data transmissions. Security can also be realized at the Media Access Control (MAC) level by allowing two devices to communicate with each other.

9.0.5

Reasonable Range :

IEEE 802.15.3a Study Group defined 10 m meters as the minimum range at speed 100Mbps However, UWB can go further. The Philips Company has used its Digital Light Processor ( DLP ) technology in UWB device so it can

Fig 10.1 : Different home UWB technology

appliances using

UWB TECHNOLOGY

-an ultimate in Wireless technology

10.2.

Radar in Automotive Industry:

10.4

Tracking applications:

A compelling application for UWB is radar in the automotive industry. It is ideally suited for collision avoidance,detecting the movement and location of object near a vehicle, improving airbag activation and suspension settings . Studies prove conclusively that UWB will not interfere with GPS,

Applications involving the tracking of children, personnel, equipment and inventory, to an accuracy of less than one inch, are attractive, especially as UWB can work indoors (factories, shopping malls),unlike GPS.

10.5 Potential use of UWB

UWB has shown promise for many commercial applications, including wireless communications within buildings and the locating of objects on the other side of walls or other barriers. To use UWB for range-finding applications, the receiver determines the time delay for the signal to get from the transmitter to the receiver and works out the range by multiplying the measured time delay by the speed of light, which is a known constant. To use UWB for radar applications, the receiver extracts informationfrom the reflected signal to derive certain useful characteristics about the target. In all these applications, if the amplitude of the transmitted impulses is kept sufficiently low, it may be possible to keep its frequency spectrum below the ambient radio frequency noise floor and thus operate the system in stealth mode.

Fig 10.2 Radar system in cars using UWB technology Especially as the first cars to have collision avoidance will be the same premium models that also host GPS-based Telematics systems. This will be important in North America, as safety is a key driver in the automobile industry , with airbags, GPS and E-911 emergency calling legislation.

10.6 Military/Government Applications

- Tactical handheld and network LPI/D Radios. - Non-LoS LPI/D Groundwave communications. -LPI/D Altimeter Obstacle Avoidance Radar. - Precision Geolocation Systems. This is the most advanced geolocation system through which a person can be identified any where on this earth.

10.3.

Security applications:

Applications such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), through-wall surveillance, appear attractive given today's focus on detection, but are best handled by established systems companies.

Fig 10.3 Ground penetrating radar using UWB

Fig 10.6 Precesion geolocation system (PGC)

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology

identify emission limits favorable to Ultra-Wideband

10.7 UWB in medical field

Signals emitting from UWB radars setting on ceiling can reflect when they meet human body. When the patient moves, the reflected signals will fluctuate. The fluctuation of signals denoting the movement of objects is transferred to the control center of the surveillant. The information could be fed back instantaneously to the doctors or nurses. It could also be recorded and analyzed in the future for the health condition of the patient. A sample of the results of this application is shown in the Fig 10.7. The pulse amplitude fluctuation shows that there is movement of the patient in the room. The higher the pulse amplitude is, the closer the person move to the UWB radar. The application could be used to monitor the patients whether moving in the unallowed time. UWB radar could measure the speed and position of the patient in the room.

(UWB) systems that allow them to be competitive within the marketplace, while at the same time not allowing them to cause an unacceptable level of interference for other wireless services that happen to be sharing the same frequency band. The FCC regulations are just a first step in this process, and it is anticipated that standardization will be needed in the future to help make this technology ubiquitous in the consumer market. Future works should concentrate on the design of whole systems in signal chips, making them portable and easy implementation in all situations.

REFERENCES
[1] J. D. Taylor, Introduction to Ultrawideband Radar Systems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995. [2] FCC Notice of Proposed Rule Making, Revision of Part 15 of the Commissions Rules Regarding Ultrawideband Transmission Systems, ET-Docket 98-153. [3] Eric Meihofer, The Performance of Bluetooth in a Densely Packed Environment, Bluetooth Developers Conference, December 2000. [4] T. M. Cover, J. A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. [5] P. Nahin, The Science of Radio , ISBN: 1563963477, AIP Press, College Park, MD, March 1996. [6] J. Proakis, Digital Communications, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1989. [7] B. P. Lathi, Linear Systems and Signals. Carmichael, CA: Berkeley-Cambridge Press, 1992 [8] Wikipedia: : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrawideband [9] http://www.hwcomms.com/UWB.html [10] APPLICATIONS OF ULTRA WIDEBANDBy LIANG-AN WEI --------------------available at http://dspace.uta.edu/bitstream/handle/10106/527/um iuta-1519.pdf?sequence=1 [11] Ultra Wideband Radio in Multiple Access Communications, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comn. Spl. Issue, Dec. 2002. [12] J. Proakis, Digital Communications , 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1989.

Fig 10.7 : UWB radar on ceeling in hospital

11.0 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

This paper has identified several areas that show the promise of UWB for use in high-rate, short- to mediumrange communications. These include potential low-cost implementations, low-power consumption due to limits on transmit power spectral density, high throughput afforded by the wide occupied bandwidth, accurate position location that can be combined with communications capabilities, and favorable multi-path fading robustness due to the nature of the short impulse. However, there are still challenges in making this technology live up to its full potential. The regulatory process is still in motion. Intel is involved in helping the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

UWB TECHNOLOGY -an ultimate in Wireless technology