38

CHAPTER 4
ANALOGUE COMMUNICATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In order to transmit information from the source to the destination, the limitations imposed by the
channel must be overcome. The properties of the channel and the signal require that the information
bearing signals be processed before their transmission. This processing of information bearing
signals to suit the channel is called modulation. Modulation is performed for various reasons:
a) to utilise the channel efficiently in terms of the bandwidth and power,
b) to allow the use of antennas having practical dimensions,
c) to translate and transmit the information in the interference-free part of the channel
spectrum, and
d) to allow multiplexing (FDM, TDM) for better channel utilization.

In modulation systems, a standard signal (called the carrier) which is suitable for efficient
transmission is always used. The information bearing signal is then made to cause variations in (to
modulate) the standard signal. The variations in the modulated standard signal bear a one-to-one
correspondence to the information. At the receiver end of the communication system, the
modulated standard signal is demodulated to produce the information bearing signals. Some extra
processing is also performed to cater for perturbations introduced by the channel.

There are three types of analogue modulation - pulse modulation in which an information signal is
made to cause changes in a continuous train of pulses, linear modulation in which the information
signal is made to cause changes in the amplitude of a continuous standard signal, and angle
modulation in which the information signal is made to cause changes in the phase or frequency of a
continuous standard signal. At the receiver end of the system another standard source is sometimes
employed. Most times this source has the same frequency and sometimes the same phase as the
source at the transmitter. In that case the demodulation is called synchronous or coherent
demodulation. A typical communication system employing analogue modulation can be represented
by the block diagram of Fig. 4.1. The signals corresponding to the various modulation schemes are
shown in Figs. 4.2-4.4 and their corresponding frequency spectra in Fig. 4.5


39

















Fig. 4.1: Block diagram of an analogue communication system.













Fig. 4.2: A continuous sinewave and a triangular modulating signal.
SOURCE
f
s
(t)
MODULATOR CHANNEL
STANDARD
SOURCE
NOISE
f
c
(t)
n(t)
f
m
(t)
STANDARD
SOURCE
DEMODU-
LATOR
DESTINATION
f
c
(t)
f
s
(t)
f
m
(t)
+
n(t)






40














Fig. 4.3: An amplitude modulated sinewave.












Fig. 4.4: A frequency modulated sinewave.






41













Fig. 4.5: Spectra and phases of the modulated sinewaves.

4.2 PULSE TRANSMISSION
In pulse modulation, the carrier is an infinite train of pulses whose amplitude, width or position is
varied by the information signal. The carrier signal is therefore given by

where T is the pulse spacing and t 1 is the pulse duration so that

There are three possible modulation schemes for pulse modulation. In Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM) the transmitted signal is given by
nT) - (t
P A
= (t) f
c
= n
c
t

-
(1)

otherwise. 0,
|< t | 1,
= (t)
P
t
t
(2)
u
e
0
Linear
Frequency
Phase
Phase
e
e


42

in which only the amplitude is varied.
In Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) the transmitted signal is given by
in which only the width of the pulse is varied.
In Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
in which only the position of the nth pulse is varied.

These modulation schemes are illustrated in Figs. 4.6-4.8.












Fig. 4.6-8: Various modulation schemes for pulse modulation.

nT) - (t (t)
P A
= (t) f
c
= n
m
t

-
(3)
nT) - (t
P A
= (t) f
(t) c
= n
m
t

-
(4)
T(t)) + 1)T] - [(n - (t
P A
= (t) f
c
= n
m
t

-
(5)
t
T 2T 3T
PAM
PWM
PPM


43
4.3 LINEAR TRANSMISSION
There are three types of linear transmission - Double Sideband Transmission (DSB), Amplitude
Transmission (AM) and Single Sideband Transmission (SSB),

4.3.1 Double Side-Band (DSB) transmission
Double sideband transmission is characterised by the presence of both the upper and lower
sidebands of the information signal in the modulated signal and the absence of the carrier. Coherent
demodulation is employed in order to avoid distortion. DSB modulation is achieved by multiplying
the carrier by the information signal, while demodulation is achieved by multiplying the received
signal by a coherent carrier. The advantage of DSB is easy modulation whereas its disadvantage is
the necessity for a coherent local carrier at the receiver. The block diagram of a DSB transmission
system is given in Fig. 4.9.






Fig. 4.9: Block diagram of a DSB communication system.

The processing of signals in DSB transmission is performed as follows


, cos
cos
t)
w
( (t) f
A
= (t) f

t) (
A
= (t) f
c
s
c
m
c c
c
e
(6)
f
s
(t) f
m
(t)
f
s
'(t) + n'(t)
f
d
(t)
A
c
f
s
(t) cos(e
c
t)
f'
d
(t)
LPF
f
c
(t) = A
c
cos(e
c
t) f'
c
(t) = cos(e
c
t)
f
m
(t) cos(e
c
t)


44
Filtering of this signal gives

Since | | ) + ( + ) - ( t) (
c c c e
e o
e
e o t
e
cos 2 the spectra of the various signals are given in Fig.
4.10.

It is clear that if the amplitude A
c
is normalised then












Fig. 4.10: Spectra of signals in a DSB communication system.

In order to determine SNR, it is noted that at the receiver
t). ( n(t) + t)] (2 + (t)[1 f
A
2
1
=
n(t)] + t) ( (t) f
A
t)[ ( = (t) f (t) = (t) f
n(t) + (t) f = (t) f
0 c
s
c
c
s
c c
r
c
d
m r
f
e e
e e
cos cos
cos cos
'
- (7)
(t). n + (t) f = (t)
n
2
1
+ (t) f
A
2
1
= (t)
s
c
s
c
d
f
'
'
'
(8)
). (
F
2
1
= ) ( (t) f
2
1
= (t) f
s
s
s s F
e e
'
,
'
(9)
e
e
H
-e
H
F
s
(e)
-e
c
e
c
F
m
(e)
F
d
(e)
-2e
c
2e
c
F'
s
(e)
H(e)
1
0.5
1
0.25
0.5
0.5
e
p
-e
p


45

The received signal is limited to a band-pass filter with bandwidth 2W
s
, W
s
being the bandwidth of
the information signal f
s
(t). The input noise power and signal power are then given by
from which we obtain

After demodulation and filtering the noise and signal power are given by

from which we obtain

and therefore

4.3.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM) Transmission
Amplitude modulation is that type of modulation in which a DC bias is added to the modulating
signal before transmission. As in DSB, AM is achieved by multiplying the carrier and the
information signal. The advantage of AM over DSB is that a coherent source is not needed at the
n(t) + t) ( (t) f
A
= (t) f
c
s
c
r
e
cos . (10)
. (t) f
A
2
1
=
P
W n
= (t)
n
= P
2
s
2
c S
s o 2
N
i
,
t
(11)
W n
P
=
W n
(t) f
A
=
SNR
s o
S
s o
2
s
2
c
i
t t
2
. (12)
4
(t) f
A
=
P
4
W n
= (t)
n
4
1
=
N
P
2
s
2
c
S
s o 2
c o
,
t
(13)
W n
P
2
=
W n
(t) f
A
=
SNR
s o
S
s o
2
s
2
c
o
t t
(14)
2. =
SNR
SNR
i
o
(15)


46
receiver for demodulation. Instead, a simple and inexpensive envelope detection method can be
employed. The disadvantage of AM is that the carrier is also transmitted, thereby making AM less
efficient than DSB. The signal processing employed assuming coherent demodulation is as follows:

where 1 | (t) f a |
s
s 3 and a is the modulation index given by
The modulated signal is then given by
At the receiver,
Hence demodulation gives

and subsequent filtering gives
In order to demodulate AM, an easier type of demodulation involving rectification and filtering
called envelope detection is usually employed. Using the time domain analysis, the block diagram of
| | , cos ,
1
t) (
A
= (t) f (t) f a + 1
A
= (t) f +
A
= (t) f
c c
c s
1
s
1
1
e
(16)
.
A
| (t) f ( |
= a
1
s
max
(6)
| | t) ( (t) f a + 1
A A
= (t) f
c
s
1 c
m
e
cos
1
(18)
.
,
'
(t) f (t) = (t) f

n(t) + (t) f = (t) f
r
c
d
m r
f
(19)
| |
| || | t) ( n(t) + t) (2 + 1 (t) f a + 1
2
A A
=

t) ( n(t) + t) ( (t) f a + 1
A A
= (t) f
0 c
s
1 c
0 c
2
s
1 c
d
e e
e e
cos cos
cos
cos
1
1
(20)
(t). n + (t) = (t) n + (t) f a
2
A A
= (t)
f f
s
s
1 c
d
' '
'
1
'
(21)


47
such a system is given in Fig. 4.11 and the signals in Fig. 4.12. - 14.













Fig. 4.11: Block diagram of an AM communication system.











Fig. 4.12: Generation of a modulating signal for an AM system.


48











Fig. 4.13: The modulating and modulated AM signals.












Fig. 4.14: The demodulated and recovered AM signals.

In order to determine the SNR in AM, we assume synchronous detection at the receiver and
normalize A
1
to 1 with respect to the carrier. Then, if the receiver band-pass filter has bandwidth
2W
s
, the input noise and signal power are given by


49
and we therefore obtain
At the demodulator output, the noise and signal power are given by
and therefore

We therefore obtain

If we normalize 1 = (t) f
a
2
s
2
1
4 with respect to the carrier, then

This implies that AM transmission is inferior to DSB transmission. In most AM systems, a < 1 and
0.1 (t) f
2
s
~ 5.

4.3.3 Single Sideband (SSB) Transmission
Single sideband modulation is that type of modulation in which only one sideband (upper (USB) or
| |, ,
1
(t) f
a
+ 1
A
2
1
=
P
W n
=
PN
2
s
2 2
c S
s o
i
t
(22)
| |
.
W n
2
(t) f
a
+ 1
A
=
SNR
s o
2
s
2 2
c
i
1
t
(23)
, ,
1
4
(t) f
a A
=
P
4
W n
=
N
2
s
2 2
c
S
s o
o
t
(24)
.
W n
(t) f
a A
=
SNR
s o
2
s
2 2
c
o
1
t
(25)
.
(t) f
a
+ 1
(t) f
a
2
=
SNR
SNR
2
s
2
2
s
2
i
o
1
1
(26)
1. =
SNR
SNR
1
o
(27)


50
lower (LSB)) of the modulated signal is transmitted. SSB modulation is achieved by the use of
standard quadrature signals while demodulation is achieved by the use of coherent detection or
envelope detection. The advantage of SSB over DSB is that only half the bandwidth of DSB is
used, whereas the disadvantage is that the transmitter and detection circuits are more complex. The
signal processing in SSB employs frequency phase shifting and the Hilbert transform. The block
diagram of an SSB system is given in Fig. 4.15.









Fig. 4.15: Block diagram of a SSB communication system.

The signal processing in a SSB system for USB transmission is as follows:


, sin

cos
,

t) (
A
= (t)
f
t), (
A
= (t) f
) )F( jsign( - = ) ( F
t
1
* f(t) = (t) f
c c
c
c c
c
e e
e e e
t

(28)

USB t), ( (t)

f
- t) ( (t) f
LSB t), ( (t)
f
+ t) ( (t) f
A
= (t) f
c
s
c
s
c
s
c
s
c
m
e e
e e
sin

cos
sin

cos
(29)
f
s
(t)
f
c
(t)
f
d
'(t)
f
1m
(t)
f
m
(t) f
d
(t)
1
t t
LPF +
f
c
(t)
-USB +LSB
f'
1m
(t)
f'
s
(t)
f
c
(t)
f'
c
(t)


51

which after filtering gives
The spectra of the various signals are given in Fig. 4.16. 4.18.














Fig. 4.16: Spectra of information signals for USB transmission.

It is clear from the signal processing involved that SSB is more complex than either DSB or AM.
To compute the effects of noise, it is noted that

and
| |
{ } | | t) ( n(t)2 + t) (2 (t)
f
t) (2 + 1 (t) f
A
=
t) ( n(t)2 + t) ( t ( (t)
f
t) ( (t) f
A
2 =
t) ( 2 n(t) + (t) f = (t) f
0 c
s
c
s
c
0 c c
s
c
s
c
0
m d
e e e
e e e e
e
cos sin

cos
cos cos sin

cos
cos ] [

(30)
(t). n + (t) = (t)
n
+ (t) f
A
= (t) f
f
s
c
s
c
d
'
'
'
(7)
(t)
f
= (t) f
2
2

(32)
e
W
s
F
s
(e)
-W
s
-2e
c
-e
c 0
e
c
2e
c
F'
s
(e)
e


52

since f(t) 6 and (t) f

7 are orthogonal to each other.

Fig. 4.17: Spectra of modulated signals for USB transmission
0 = (t) f f(t)

(33)
e
F
1m
(e)
-2e
c
-e
c 0
e
c
2e
c
F'
1m
(e)
- -
-
-
0.5
0.5


53













Fig. 4.18: Spectra of demodulated signals for USB transmission.

At the receiver input, band-pass filters having bandwidth W
s
are used. The noise and signal power
are then

We therefore obtain

At the output of the detector, the signal and noise power are
| | ,

sin

cos
,
) (t f
A
= (t)
f
2
1
+ (t) f
2
1
A
= t) ( (t)
f A
t) ( (t) f
A
=
P
2
W n
=
PN
2
s
2
c
2
s
2
s
2
c c
s
c c
s
c S
s o
i
(

e e
t
(34)
.
W n
(t) f
A
2
=
SNR
s o
2
s
2
c
i
t
(35)
, ,
t 2
W n
=
N
(t) f
A
=
P
s o
o
2
s
2
c S
(36)
e
F
m
(e)
-2e
c
-e
c 0
e
c
2e
c
F'
d
(e)
- -
1
W
s
-W
s
F
d
(e)
1
1
-
-
e
e


54
from which we obtain
and


4.4 ANGLE TRANSMISSION

4.4.1 Phase Modulation (PM) Transmission
Phase modulation is that type of modulation in which the information is encoded in the phase
variations of the carrier signal. Phase modulation is accomplished by modulating the carrier by the
required phase variation and adding the result to the quadrature of the carrier. Demodulation is
achieved by the use of discriminators, phase sensitive detectors and phase locked-loops PM has
advantage over linear modulation because the interference from the channel is reduced. The
attendant signal processing, however, is somewhat more complex. The block diagram of a PM
communication system is given in Fig. 4.19

The signal processing in PM is as follows





W n
(t) f
A
2
=
SNR
s o
2
s
2
c
o
t
(37)
1. =
SNR
SNR
i
o
(38)
.
2
(t) (t)), + t (
A

t), ( (t)
A
- t) (
A
= (t) f
t) (
A
= (t) f (t), f
k
= (t)
s s
c c
c
s
c c c
m
c c
c s
p
s
t
| |
e
e
|
e
e
|
<< ~ cos
sin cos
, sin
(39)
f
s
(t)
1
t t
I(.)dt
k
p
1
K
D
k
p
f
c
(t)
f
1
(t)
f
m
(t)
d
dt
(.) E
LPF
f'
d
(t) f''
d
(t)
|
s
(t)
f'
s
(t)
-
+
f
r (t)



55





Fig. 4.19: Block diagram of a phase modulated communication system.


Envelope detection then yields


where k
p
and K
D
are the phase deviation constant and discriminator constant respectively.

4.4.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) Transmission
In this type of transmission the information is carried in the frequency variations of the carrier
waveform. Frequency modulation is achieved by the use of frequency multiplication of the narrow-
band phase modulated waveforms or by use of voltage controlled oscillators. Demodulation is
(t).
n
+ (t)) + t) ( (t)
dt
d
+
A
- = (t) f
dt
d
= (t) f
n(t) + (t) f = (t) f
1
s
c
s
c c
r d
m r
|
e
|
e
sin
(

(40)
.
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
1
' ' '
'
1
'
(t) + (t) f
k K
= (t) + (t) f
k A
=
(t) + (t)
A
= (t) + (t)
dt
d
A
= (t)dt = (t)
(t) + (t)
dt
d
A
= (t)
n n
n n
f f
n
f
s
p D
s
p c
s
c
s
c
d d
s
c
d
| |
|
(

} } (41)
.
k K
(t)
+ (t) f =
k K
(t)
= (t)
p D
s
p D
d
s
n
f
f
'
2
' '
'
(42)


56
achieved by the use of frequency discriminators. FM transmission is superior to other types of
transmission because of its immunity to noise and interference effects. The block diagram of a
narrow-band FM system is given in Fig. 4.20.











Fig. 4.20: Block diagram of a narrow-band FM communication system.

Signal processing in FM transmission is as follows:

Envelope detection yields
t) ( = (t) , + (t)dt
c c
c 0 s
t
t
f
s
A
f f
k
2 = (t)
0
e
| t | sin
}
(43)
| |
(t).
n
+ (t)) + t ( (t)
dt
d
+
A
- = (t) f
dt
d
= (t) f
(t) + t
A
2
(t) t), ( (t)
A
- t) (
A
= (t) f
1
s
c
s
c c
r d
s
c c
s
c
s
c c c
m
|
e
|
e
|
e
t
|
e
|
e
sin
cos
sin cos
(

~
<<
(44)
f
s (t)
1
t t
I(.)dt k
f
1
K
D
k
f
f
c
(t)
f
1
(t)
f
m
(t)
d
dt
(.)
E
LPF
f
d
(t)
f'
d
(t)
|
s
(t)
f
s
(t)
-
+
f
r (t)



57

Finally, the detected output is obtained as


where
k
2 =
k f
t
e
8, k
f
= frequency deviation constant and K
D
= discrimination constant.
The modulation index of the system is given by

The transmission scheme above is used for narrow-band transmission ( /2 t | << 9). In order to
generate wide-band transmission ( /2 >t | 10), f
m
(t) needs frequency post-multiplication with
e e '
c c
n = 11,
k
n =
k f f
' 12 and | | ' n = 13. The Block diagram of this modification for wide-band
FM is then given in Fig. 4.21.








Fig. 4.21: Block diagram of modification for wide-band FM transmission.

.
'
1
'
1
'
1
'
1
(t) + (t) f
k K
= (t) + (t) f
A k
=
(t) + (t) f
k A
2 = (t) + (t)
dt
d
A
= (t) f
n n
n n
s
f D
s
c
s
f c
s
c
d
e
t |
'
(45)
k K
(t)
+ (t) f =
k K
1
(t) = (t)
f D
s
f D
d s
n
f f
'
1
' '
(8)
.
f
f
=
W
s
c
s
c
A A
~
e
| (47)


58

In this modification, the band-pass limiter ensures that the carrier amplitude A
c
is cleaned of
interference and channel noise perturbations.

4.4.3 Spectra for Angle Modulation
Consider an analytical input of the form

to an angle modulated system. This gives

Since
e
t) ( j
m e | sin
14 is periodic with /T 2 =
m
t
e
15, then


where t = u
m e
16.
The integral in this equation evaluates to the Bessel Function of the first kind of order n and with
argument | 17 given by

which then gives
. = t), ( = (t)
m
m s
e
e
|
e
|
A
u
sin (48)
| | | |
| | | |.
e e
Re
A
= t) ( ( t) ( - t) ( ( t) (
A
=
t) ( + t
A
= (t) + t
A
= (t) f
t) ( j t j
c m c m c c
m c c s c c
m
m c e | e
e
|
e e
|
e
e
|
e e
sin
sin sin sin sin cos cos
sin cos cos
u
(49)
du,
e
2
1
= dt
e e
T
1
=
C
,
e C
=
e
= x(t)
(u)) - j(nu -
-
t jn - t) ( j
T/2
T/2 -
n
t jn
n
= n
t) ( j
m m
m m
sin sin
-
sin
|
t
t
e e |
e e |
t
} }

(9)
du
e
2
1
= ) (
J
(u)) - j(nu -
-
n
sin |
t
t
t
|
}
(51)


59


Expansion of x(t) gives

Noting that

we obtain

Next, since
then
and

. ) (
e J
=
e C
=
e
= x(t)
t jn
n
- = n
t jn
n
- = n
t) ( j
m m m e e e |
|

sin
(10)
.. +
e
) (
J
+
e
) (
J
+
e
) (
J
+
e
) (
J
+ ) (
J
=
e
t -j2
2 -
t j2
2
t -j
1 -
t j
1 0
t) ( j
m m m m m e e e e e |
| | | | |
sin
(53)

odd n ), (
J
-
even n ), (
J
= ) (
J
n -
n -
n
|
|
| (54)
| | | |
| |
| |. .. + t) (4 ) (
J
+ t) (2 ) (
J
2 +
.. + t) (3 ) (
J
+ t) ( ) (
J
2j + ) (
J
=
.. +
e
+
e
) (
J
+
e
-
e
) (
J
+ ) (
J
=
e
m 4 m 2
m 3 m 1 0
t -j2 t j2
2
t -j t j
1 0
t) ( j
m m m m m
e
|
e
|
e
|
e
| |
| | |
e e e e e |
cos cos
sin sin
sin
(55)
t)) ( ( j + t)) ( ( =
e m m
t) ( j
m
e
|
e
|
e |
sin sin sin cos
sin
(56)
| | .. + t) (4 ) (
J
+ t) (2 ) (
J
2 + ) (
J
= t)) ( (
m 4 m 2 0 m e
|
e
| |
e
| cos cos sin cos (57)
| |. .. + t) (3 ) (
J
+ t) (2 ) (
J
2 = t)) ( (
m 3 m 1 m e
|
e
|
e
| sin sin sin sin . (58)


60
Now, since

then

The above result indicates therefore that the spectrum of an angle modulated waveform is
composed of an infinite series of sidebands spaced at .. , 2 ,
m m e e
18 away from
ec
19, the
carrier. This makes the transmission bandwidth B
T
of such signals approach infinity. Usually,
sidebands are included whose amplitude is at least 1% of the unmodulated carrier, or for which
0.01 | ) (
J
|
n
> | 20. The number of sidebands however, varies with | 21, because the amplitudes of
the sidebands are given by ) (
Jn
| 22.

Examples
a) Normally, the transmission bandwidth is given by

b) The transmission regulations fix t e/2 = f A A 23 = 75 kHz maximum for commercial FM
broadcasting and the maximum audio frequency = 15 kHz. Hence f f/ =
s
A | 24 = 75
kHz/15 kHz = 5. From the table of Bessel Functions
| | t) ( ( t) ( - t) ( ( t) (
A
= (t) f
m c m c c
m
e
|
e e
|
e
sin sin sin sin cos cos (59)
| |
| |
| | ... + )t) 3 + (( + )t) 3 - (( ) (
J
-
)t) 2 + (( + )t) 2 - ( ) (
J
+
)t) + (( - )t) - (( ) (
J
- t) ( ) (
J
= (t) f
m c m c 3
m c m c 2
m c m c 1 c 0
m
e e e e
|
e e e e
|
e e e e
|
e
|
cos cos
cos cos
cos cos cos
(60)
1. for 2
1 for
W
2
) + (1
W
2 =
W
2 + 2
W
s
s s c T
| e
|
|
e
A ~
~
A ~
(61)

8. = n 0.018,
9 = n 0.006,
= (5)
Jn
(62)


61

The choice of n = 8 agrees with 1% (5)
Jn
>> 25. Therefore W
T
~ 26 2nW
s
= 16 W
s
= 240
kHz.
The spectrum for this transmission is given in Fig. 4.22.













Figure 4.22: The spectrum of an angle modulated signal.

c) The deviation ratio, D is defined as

which gives W
T
= 2 W
SX
(D + 1) (Carson's Rule).
Therefore:
- W
T
~27 2 W
SX
for narrow-band transmission,
- W
T
~28 2 DW
SX
=
ex
2A 29 for wide-band transmission.

4.4.4 Signal to Noise Ratio in angle transmission systems
For the PM case,
B
= D
smax
emax
A
(63)
e
0.0
0.5
1.0
e
c
2A e
W
T
e
c
- 8 W
s
e
c
+ 8 W
s


62

where (t)
n u
30 is the noise phase error.
At the discriminator output, we obtain

Hence

The noise power at the input of the receiver is then given by

and if the signal is post-filtered by a filter of bandwidth W
s
, the noise power at the output is

For the signal

The signal-to-noise ratio at the input is then given by
| | | | (t) + (t) + t R(t) = n(t) + (t) + t
A
= (t) f
n s c s c c
r
u u u e e
cos cos (64)
.
A
n(t)
K
= (t)
n
(t),
n
+ (t) f
k K
= (t) f
c
D 2 2
s
p D
d
' '
' ' (65)
2
n
A
K
= ) (
S
A
K
= ) (
S
o
2
c
2
D
n
2
c
2
D
n2
e e ' . (66)
t t
e e
4
W n
A
K
S
2
1
=
N
T o
2
c
2
D
n2
/2 W
/2 W -
i
= )d (
T
T
}
(67)
.
2
W n
A
K
=
N
s o
2
c
2
D
o
t
(68)
. (t) f
k K
=
P
2
s
2
p
2
D s
(69)


63

and if /2
A
=
P
2
c T
31 it becomes

At the output, we obtain

and therefore

For the FM system, we have

where

Since
W n
(t) f
k A
4
=
)
A
/(4
W n K
(t) f
k K
=
SNR
T o
2
s
2
p
2
c
2
c T o
2
D
2
s
2
p
2
D
i
t
t
(70)
.
W n
P
(t) f
k
8
=
SNR
T o
T
2
s
2
p
i
t
(71)
W n
P
(t) f
k
4
=
)
A
/(2
W n K
(t) f
k K
=
SNR
s o
T
2
s
2
p
2
c s o
2
D
2
s
2
p
2
D
o
t
t
(72)
.
W
2
W
=
SNR
SNR
s
T
i
o
(73)
(t)
n
+ (t) f
k K
= (t) f
1
s
f D
d
'
' (74)
n(t).
dt
d
A
2
K
= (t)
n
c
D
1
t
' (75)
) )F( (j f(t)
dt
d
e e (76)


64

then

and

Using a post-filter of bandwidth W
s
, we obtain

and therefore

In order to counter interference, a pre-emphasis filter is placed before the modulator and a de-
emphasis filter after the discriminator. The filters have no net effect on the signal, they only affect
the noise. Consequently, at the output of the de-emphasis filter

which give
f
2
n
A
K
=
2
n
A
) (2
K
= ) (
S
2 o
2
c
2
D 2 o
2
c
2
2
D
n e
t
e '
1
(77)
.
2
W
A
n K
24
1
= d
2
n
A
) (2
K
2
1
=
N
T
3
2
c
o
2
D 2 o
2
c
2
2
D
/2 W
/2 W -
i
T
T
|
.
|

\
|
}
t
e
e
t t
(78)
, (t) f
k K
=
P
,
2
W
A
n K
3
1
=
N
2
s
2
f
2
D s
s
3
2
c
o
2
D
o
|
.
|

\
|
t
(79)
.
f
k
f
n
(t) f
A
3
=
SNR
f
k
f
n
(t) f
A
24
=
W
)
k
(2 2
n
(t) f
A
24
=
SNR
s
f
2
s
o
2
s
2
c
o
T
f
2
T
o
2
s
2
c
2
T
f
2
o
2
s
2
c
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
| t t
(80)
,
j +
= ) (
H
), (
S
| ) (
H
| = ) (
S
DE
DE
DE n
2
DE nD
e
e
e
e e e e (81)


65

We then use

to obtain

Standard values for f
DE
and f
s
are 2.1 Hz and 15 kHz respectively, so that
) f / f ( f / f
DE s DE s
arctan >> 32. Therefore

4.5 Comparison of Analogue Communication Systems
The main criteria for comparing the analogue systems discussed in the previous sections is the
signal-to-noise ratio. We can therefore compared the signal-to-noise ratios of PM and FM to linear
modulation (LM). We use DSB as the LM mode of comparison.
Therefore for PM

and for FM
. d
+ 2
A
) (2
n K
2
1
=
N
2 2
DE
2
DE
2
c
2
2
o
2
d
W
W -
D
s
s
e
e e
e
t
e
t
}
(82)
(

|
.
|

\
|
}
b
A
-
b
A
2b = dx
x
+
b
x
2 2
2
A
A -
arctan (83)
.
W
-
W
A
) (2
n K
2
1
=
N
2
DE
s
DE
s
2
c
2
3
DE o
2
D
D (

|
|
.
|

\
|
e e
t
e
t
arctan (84)
.
f
k
f
n
(t) f
A
=
SNR
,
A
) (2
W n K
2
1
=
N
DE
f
2
s
o
2
s
2
c
o
2
c
2
s
2
DE o
2
D
D
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
e
t
(85)
maximum 10% = (t) f
k
2 =
SNR
SNR 2
s
2
p
LM
PM
(86)


66

without de-emphasis and


with emphasis.

(t) f
f
k
6 =
SNR
SNR 2
s
s
f
2
LM
FM
|
|
.
|

\
|
(87)
(t) f
f
k
2 =
SNR
SNR 2
s
DE
f
2
LM
FM
|
|
.
|

\
|
(88)