Você está na página 1de 6

Tools for Community Consultation (Examples) Transect Walks are a type of mapping activity, but they involve actually

walking across an area, sometimes with a community member/ small group of community members and observing and or asking questions and listening as you go. This information is then represented in a transect sketch or diagram. Why Transect Walk Allow the team to get a feel for the area as they walk across it. They allow community members to point out or draw the teams attention to features of their environment Allow the teams to ask specific questions about things they notice along the way Provides an opportunity to reach some of the hard to reach groups

How to carry out Transect Walk Decide on the factors to be drawn in the transect e.g. land use, facilities, problems, opportunities etc Discuss the route to be taken Walk the transect interviewing people along the way Observe, ask, listen, note Sketch distinguishing features Draw the transect (do not be too detailed)

Differences between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Qualitative Who?, When?, What?, Why?, Which? And How? Generating insights. Deepening understanding Doing justice to people and their worlds Doing it with them Joint learning Quantitative How many? Generalizable: Percentages /averages Extraction Doing it to them Statistical analyses/Variables Product important Assumes objectivity

Process important Acknowledgement of bias and limitations

Focus Group Discussion (FGDs) and Semi Structured Interview (SSIs) Interviews can take place with individuals or with groups: The group SSI can also be referred to as a Focus Group Discussion A focus group is composed of six to ten participants who are brought together to discuss a clearly defined topic. Typically, focus groups are composed of homogeneous people, all representing a particular segment of the population. A focus group session should last about 1-1/2 hours with two hours being the absolute maximum time. A group facilitator keeps the discussion on track by asking a series of open-ended questions meant to stimulate discussion. Advantages 1. relatively easy to undertake 2. results can be obtained in a short period of time 3. social interaction in the group produces freer and more complex responses 4. the researcher can probe for clarification and solicit greater detail 5. responses have high face validity due to the clarity of the context and detail of the discussion Disadvantages 1. requires highly skilled moderator 2. groups are often difficult to assemble 3. individual responses are not independent of one another because the group is hand-selected, the results may not be representative of the general population SSI

Semi-structured interviewing is guided only in the sense that some form of interview guide, prepared beforehand is used as a framework for the interview. They are based on topics already prepared but we dont use a fixed set of questions Hence, informal interviewing skills are used along with most other tools and these are at the heart of participatory techniques. Informal interviewing needs skills in asking open ended questions and also good listening skills

How?: There are three main activities involved:


Observation: Keep the eyes open and take in all observable information Conversation: Dialogue, talk with people and listen to them Recording: discreetly take notes to be written up in full later

Why?: We want to listen to peoples opinions and allow them to focus on what is most important to them, whilst at the same time wanting them to cover a certain number of topics We use interviewing skills to help every one participate equally in the discussion (if it is a FGD) Though using good interviewing skill,we hope to learn new facts, opinions andideas from the people we work with

Using the tool

Design (facilitator and/or interview team) an interview framework such as the matrix example. Include topics or questions for discussion. Establish the sample size and method of sampling. Interviewers can conduct a number of practice interviews with each other and/or with a few community members, to become familiar with the questions, and get feedback on their two-way communication skills. Record only brief notes during the interview. Immediately following the interview elaborate upon the notes. Analyze the information at the end of each day of interviewing. This can be done with the interview team or group. Discuss the overall results of the analysis with community members so that they can challenge the perceptions of the interview team. This can make the process even more participatory.

Precautions in using the tool

A lot of extra information may surface during interviews. Team meetings can help identify similarities in responses. Assure that, in a personal interview, the person being interviewed understands and trusts that the responses will be confidential. It may take some practice for the interviewer to find the balance between open-ended and focused interviewing. In a semi-structured group interview people may interrupt one another or "help one another out," or not take turns. They may get off the topic completely.

However, Interviewers need some skills. The most common problem with interviewers is asking leading questions. Other problems are: failure to listen closely; repeating questions that have already been asked; failure to probe when necessary; failure to judge the answers; and asking vague or insensitive questions.

Major benefits Less intrusive to those being interviewed as the semi-structured interview encourages two-way communication. Those being interviewed can ask questions of the interviewer. In this way it can also function as an extension tool. Confirms what is already known but also provides the opportunity for learning. Often the information obtained from semi-structured interviews will provide not just answers, but the reasons for the answers. When individuals are interviewed they may more easily discuss sensitive issues. Help field staff become acquainted with community members. Outsiders may be better at interviewing because they are perceived as more objective. Using both individual and group interviews can optimize the strengths of both

Hints/ Summary: Use a checklist or guide

Prepare as a team Be sensitive to your informants needs and ideas Listen attentively Ask open-ended questions using the 6 Helpers WHO,WHAT,WHY,WHERE,WHEN,HOW Probe answers carefully Verify answers through cross checking Record responses and observations fully Generate new ideas and questions as you proceed

Skills in Community Consultation A good interviewer will try to ask as many high yield/ open questions as possible. E.g. what can you say about this school or please tell me about your school A good interviewer will try to avoid asking Leading questions (questions which are trying to lead the respondents to a specific answer) Vague/ambiguous/over complex questions

NB: Closed questions are not wrong as such but with SSIs /FGDs you do want to encourage your interviewees to talk freely. However, in questioning

Questions Clear Asked with interest Open ended Asked one at atime Probing for reasons and details

Responsiveness Allow time for thought and reply Did not interrupt Demonstrated interest and acceptance of information (How?) Used answers to open up new lines of enquiry

Body language Maintain good eye contact Posture Gestures Distance Relaxed and Open

Paraphrased where appropriate Clarify understanding where needed Maintain a relaxed and positive atmosphere Examples of Good questions How did you feel when it happened\Can you explain a bit about what the teacher said You said that sometimes the teacher does not come to school, could you tell us how often that happens You said that it is a very good school; could you explain in what way you think it is good? You said some parents do not send their girls to school what do you think are the reasons for that? I am having problems with my daughter. You: your daughter?

NB: The person must feel comfortable with the way you ask these questions otherwise it will feel like an interrogation and they will stop talking.

Você também pode gostar