The GIS Book, 5th Edition

George B. Korte, P.E., 2001

Table of Contents
Navtech Part # 1326
Introduction ix
Who Should Read This Book
Focus and Organization ......
Content ...................
Where This Book Came From
PART 1: Understanding GIS

Chapter 1: Introduction to GIS

In This Chapter ... ..............
A Dramatic Story ...............
The Origins of GIS
The Many Uses of GIS ... . .....
An Industry Leader's Comments
Summary ....................

Chapter 2: Defining GIS

In This Chapter ... .................
What Is CADD? ...................
What Is AM/FM? ..................
What Is GIS? ......................
Typical Applications ................
Summary ........................

11

Chapter 3: The Uses of GIS

In This Chapter ... ............
Tax Assessment
Planning
Registrar
School Board
Engineering and Public Works
Public Safety
Summary

27

Chapter 4: An Overview of the GIS Industry and GIS Software

In This Chapter ..
GIS Software Vendors
The GIS Software and Overall Products and
Services Markets
GIS Users
GIS Applications
GIS Services

39

Chapter 5: Why Implement a GIS?

49
In This Chapter ... .....................
Map Data Is More Secure and Better Organized
Redundancy and Other Problems
of Multiple Map Sets Are Eliminated
Mapping Revisions Are Easier and Faster
Map Data Is Easier to Search, Analyze,
and Present
Employees Are More Productive
Map Data Is Integrated Throughout the
Organization
Summary
Chapter 6: GIS Technology Trends
In This Chapter
Data Networks and Data Communication,
Computers
Operating System
Software
Summary

55

Chapter 7: GIS Data Sources, Collection and Entry

In This Chapter
Existing GIS Data
Digitizing
GPS Surveying ...............
Digital Orthophotography
Satellite Imagery
Summary .....
Chapter 8: GIS Data Formats and Standards
In This Chapter ................................... 81
GIS Data Formats ............................... 81
Vector Data ........................................ 82
Raster Data ......................................... 82
Raster Images ..................................... 83
Data Standards ................................... 83
DoD Spatial Data Standards (SDS)
for Facilities, Infrastructure,
and Environment ................................ 84
Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)
Open Geodata Interoperability Specification
(OGIS) ................................................ 88
Summary ............................................ 89

81

85

69

Chapter 9: Types of GIS Analysis

In This Chapter . ................................. 91
GIS Queries and Terminology ........... 91
Other Types of GIS Analysis . . ....... . ..100
Summary ............................... .......... . 108

91

Chapter 10: GIS on the Web

In This Chapter ...... ...... ....... ..... ... .. 109
Web-based GIS .... ................ ....... .... 109
Maps on the Internet ............. ....... .... 110
GIS on the Internet ........... ,................ 111
Summary .......................... ................. 115

109

PART 2: Selecting and Implementing a GIS

117

Chapter 11: Planning a GIS

In This Chapter ... . ..... ..... .......... . .... 119
A GIS Plan ....................... .......... ...... 119
The Components of a GIS Plan .......... 121
Summary ............................................ 122

119

Chapter 12: Implementing a GIS

In This Chapter ....... ...- .... .
Implementation Overview .........
Phase One: Planning ...........
Phase Two: Analysis ......
Phase Three:Implementation .......
Summary .......................

123

Chapter 13: Selecting a GIS

In This Chapter ... ..............
Functions ....................
Vendor Support ...............
User Environment .............
Cost .........................
Summary ....................

133

Chapter 14: Four Leading GIS Vendors' Products in Review

In This Chapter . ......
Environmental Systems Research
Institute, Inc. (ESRI) ..........
Intergraph .................
Maplnfo .......................
Autodesk
Summary

139

Chapter 15: Keys to Successful GIS Implementation

In This Chapter
Management Support, Leadership, and Vision
Data Conversion and Maintenance
............. ........
Hardware and Software
User Training
Data Communications
Software Customization
User Support
Funding
Summary
Chapter 16: The Pitfalls of a GIS
165
Failure to Consider Problems
Overstating Benefits ....................
Using a GIS as an Experiment ... . .... . ...
Failure to Define Goals .................
No Long-term Planning .................
Lack of Management Support
Lack of User Involvement ...
Failure to Specify Requirements.................. . 168
Computerizing Existing Problems ...168
Continuation of Existing Manual Systems
169
Lack of User Training ......................169
Lack of User R&D Support . .... . . .... . .. 169
Systems That Cannot Be Expanded or
Modified .........................................170
Budget Overrun or Underestimation 170
Failure to Report Results ................171
Summary ....................................... 171
Chapter 17: Using a GIS Consultant
In This Chapter ...................... ......, 173
Benefits of Hiring a GIS Consultant 173
The GIS Consultant's Mission ........175
What to Look for in a GIS Consultant 176
Summary ........................................178

113

Chapter 18: Managing and Stalling a GIS

In This Chapter
System Management
GIS Staff Positions
Summary

179

Chapter 19: Managing and

Maintaining a GIS Database
In This Chapter ...... . ...... . ............ ......185
Enterprise GIS ..... .. ........ ......... ...........185

185

157
158
158

Centralized GIS Databases ..................186

Distributed GIS Databases
Master and Working GIS Databases ...188
Data Maintenance Issues .....................189
Summary ............................. .................192
System Management GIS Staff Positions
PART 3: Considerations for Making
GIS Decisions 193
Chapter 20: Financial Justification of GIS
In This Chapter ..............
GIS Costs ...................... .................................
Ongoing Costs ............... .................................
Cost Savings .................. .................................
Additional Benefits ....... .................................
A Model for the Financial Justification
of GIS .......... .................................
The Hourly Cost of Operating a GIS .. . ... 213
Summary ....................... .................................
Chapter References ....... .................................

195
195
198
199
204
205
215
216

Chapter 21: The Economics of GIS Base Map Accuracy 217

In This Chapter
Features in a Topographic Base Map .............. 217
Base Map Accuracy Standards ........................ 219
Other Base Map Cost Factors ............. ....... ... .221
Summary ............................................. ....... ... 222
Chapter 22: GIS Data Duality 223
In this Chapter
Definitions
Sources of GIS Data Errors.........225
Summary ....................................231
Chapter 23: Getting CADD Data into a GIS 233
In This Chapter ... . .... . .... . .... . .... . 233
The Need for CADD Data Translation ........... 233
Data Structure ................................................. 234
Data Format .................................................... 237
Summary ..
187
Chapter 24: Legal Aspects of GIS 239
The Law and Public Information
The Value of GIS Data .... . .... . ....
The Role of Government .. . .... . ....
Access to GIS Data .................

GIS Data Sales and Pricing ................ 243

Data Privacy ....................................... 245
Liability .............................................. 248
Copyright Protection .......................... 251
GIS and the Practice of Land Survey . .
Summary ............................................ 259
Chapter References ............................ 260

255

Chapter 25: Government and Industry Involvement in GIS

In This Chapter ... ..................
State Government GIS Activities
Associations Promoting GIS
Summary ............................................. 272

261

Chapter 26: A Case Study in GIS Implementation: Clinton Township, MI 273

In This Chapter . ................................. 273
The Consultant . ................................. 273
The Client ......... ................................. 274
The Initial Applications ...................... 274
The Other Applications
System Management .... . ..
Summary
Chapter 27: A Case Study in GIS Implementation: Prince William County, VA
In This Chapter ... . .............. . ..... . .... 279
Prince William County, Virginia ....... 279
History of GIS in Prince William County .
280
GIS Web Application ......................... 287
Eight Benefits of Prince William
County's GIS System ....
Six Lessons Learned in the Prince
William County Implementation ......................... 290
Summary ............................................................. 291

279

Chapter 28: A Case Study in Maintaining GIS Data: Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
In This Chapter ..................................................... ......................
293
"The Disney World of Defense" .......................... 293
Past Problems in DPW Data Management .......... 295
The Advent of GIS ............................................... 295
Preparing an Implementation Plan for GIS .295
Implementing GIS ................................................ 296
Precision Land Surveying Sustains
an Accurate GIS Database
Summary
Appendix A: Exercises 305
Part I: Start-up Exercises
Part 2: Further Exercises

293

Appendix B: Resources 335

Education and Training in GIS
Associations
GIS Events
Books
Periodicals ..............
Educational Institutions
Appendix C: GIS Data Sources

359

Glossary of Commonly Used GIS Terms

371

Index

385