Brief History into Art Movement Byzantine art Byzantine art overlaps with or merges with what we call

Early Christian art until the iconoclasm period of 730-843 when the vast majority of artwork with figures was destroyed; so little remains that today any discovery sheds new understanding. After 843 until 1453 there is a clear Byzantine art tradition. It is often the finest art of the Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship, with production centered on Constantinople. Byzantine art's crowning achievement were the monumental fresco and mosaics inside domed churches, most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and the appropriation of churches to mosques... Medieval art Migration art is a term for the peoples who moved in to formerly Roman territories. Celtic art in the 7th and 8th centuries saw a fusion with Germanic traditions through contact with the Anglo-Saxons creating what is called the Hiberno-Saxon style or Insular art, which was to be highly influential on the rest of the Middle Ages. Merovingian art describes the art of the Franks before about 800, when Carolingian art combined insular influences with a self-conscious classical revival, developing into Ottonian art. Anglo-Saxon art is the art of England after the Insular period. Illuminated manuscripts contain nearly all the surviving painting of the period, but architecture, metalwork and small carved work in wood or ivory were also important media. Romanesque Romanesque Art refers to the period from about 1000 to the rise of Gothic art in the 12th century. This was a period of increasing prosperity, and the first to see a coherent style used across Europe, from Scandinavia to Switzerland. Romanesque art is vigorous and direct, was originally brightly colored, and is often very sophisticated. Stained glass and enamel on metalwork became important media, and larger sculptures in the round developed, although high relief was the principal technique. Its architecture is dominated by thick walls, and round-headed windows and arches, with much carved decoration. Gothic

Gothic art (Gothic art) is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with Gothic architecture in 1140, but Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. Gothic sculpture was born in France in 1144 with the renovation of the Abbey Church of S. Denis and spread throughout Europe, by the 13th century it had become the international style, replacing Romanesque. International Gothic describes Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art merges into Renaissance art at different times in different places. During this period forms such as painting, in fresco and on panel, become newly important, and the end of the period includes new media such as prints.

Renaissance Art Period: The Renaissance period was a time of great change in the art world. The emergence of the "Renaissance man" in the period between the 14th and the 17th centuries brought forth the modern era in art, literature, and education. The word Renaissance means "rebirth" in French and appropriately names an epoch that saw a return to the classical sensibilities of art. The naturalist art style that was popular during the Renaissance is said to have originated in the Tuscany area of Italy and spread from there. The humanist approach to art was flamed by the Medici family's patronage to the arts and the migration of Greek scholars to Italy. Although the political turmoil of the 16th century saw a decline of the realist art style and the age of Mannerism was heralded, the Renaissance period is said to have continued until the 1600s. During the Renaissance (Renaissance art), painters began to enhance the realism of their work by using new techniques in perspective, thus representing three dimensions more authentically. Artists also began to use new techniques in the manipulation of light and darkness, such as the tone contrast evident in many of Titian's portraits and the development of sfumato and chiaroscuro by Leonardo da Vinci. Sculptors, too, began to rediscover many ancient techniques such as contrapposto. Following with the humanist spirit of the age, art became more secular in subject matter, depicting ancient mythology in addition to Christian themes. This genre of art is often referred to as Renaissance Classicism. In the

North, the most important Renaissance innovation was the widespread use of oil paints, which allowed for greater colour and intensity.

Proto-Renaissance, 12901400. Early Renaissance, 14001475. High Renaissance, 14751525.

Period following the middle ages (1450-1550)

Rebirth of classical Greece and Rome Began in Italy Moved to northern Europe During the middle ages Find God Prove pre-conceived ideas During the Renaissance Find man Promote learning

"The Renaissance gave birth to the modern era, in that it was in this era that
human beings first began to think of themselves as individuals. In the early Middle Ages, people had been happy to see themselves simply as parts of a greater whole for example, as members of a great family, trade guild, nation, or Church. This communal consciousness of the Middle Ages gradually gave way to the individual consciousness of the Renaissance.

Pursuit of individualism
Recognition that humans are creative Appreciation of art as a product of man Basic culture needed for all Life could be enjoyable Love of the classical past

Causes of the Renaissance

Lessening of feudalism Church disrespected Nobility in chaos Growth of Middle Class through trade Fall of Constantinople Greek scholars fled to Italy Education

Nostalgia among the Italians to recapture the glory of the Roman empire

What was different in the Renaissance: Realism Perspective Classical (pagan) themes Geometrical arrangement of figures Light and shadowing (chiaroscuro) Softening of edges (sfumato) Backgrounds Artist able to live from commissions Realism and expression The Expulsion from Paradise by Masaccio Perspective Tribute Money by Masaccio Size of people diminishes with distance Use of light, shadow and drama The Holy Trinity with the Virgin and St. John by Masaccio Geometry Inscription: What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.

Pagan themes La Primavera The Birth of Venus both by Sandro Botticelli Attempt to depict perfect beauty Classical Pose

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Madonna of the Rocks Geometrical arrangement of figures Chiaroscuro Sfumato Foreshortening Background treatments Artists live on commissions Last Supper Used new fresco method Built into the room's end Light from the side with the window

Door cut below The greatness of the Mona Lisa What do you see? "'Those [artists] who are enamored of practice without science,' Leonardo explained, 'are like sailors who board a ship without rudder and compass, never having any certainty as to whither they go.'" Scientific illustration Used science to support art Renaissance period Leonardo daVinci Michelangelo and Raphael Petrarch, Erasmus, Pico della Mirandola Why were there so many Renaissance men during the Renaissance? Lack of boundaries between disciplines Knowledge was just knowledge Artists and some of their works shown Giotto (di Bondone 1266-1336), of Florence, Lamentation of Christ, 1305-06, fresco, Padua; Death of St. Francis, c1317, fresco, Florence Simone Martini (1283-1344), Sant' Ansano Annunciation, 1333, altarpiece, Florence, 9'10"x 8'7" Filippo Brunalleschi (1377-1446), Dome for Santa Maria del Fiore, Cathedral of Florence Masaccio (Tomaso Guidi,1401-1428), Holy Trinity, 1425, fresco, Santa Maria Novella, Florence; Tribute Money, 1427, fresco, Brancacci Chapel, Florence 19'8"x 8'4" Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), Palazzo Rucellai, 1451-55, building, Florenc Donatello (Donato di Nicollo di Betto Bardi, 1386-1466), St. George, 1417, marble, Bargello Museum, Florence, Unknown artist/s, Wilton Diptych, 1336, National Gallery, London Van Eyck brothers (Jan, 1385-1440 & Hubert, 1366-1426), Altarpiece, 1432, panel, St. Bavo, Ghent (attributed to both) Arnolftni Wedding, 1434, National Gallery, London 33 x 23" (by Ian) Rogier Van der Weyden (1399-1464), Deposition, c1435, oil, Prado Museum, Madrid, 7'3"x 8'7" Paolo Uccello (1397-1475), Battle of San Romano, 1455, tempera, London, 6 x 10'6" Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), Dead Christ, c1466 (disputed), tempera, Brera, Milan, 27x 32"; Madonna with Angels, 1457-9, panel, Verona, 7'3" high Piero, della Francesca (1416-1492), Baptism of Christ, c 1445, panel, Church of San Francisco, Arezzo; Victory of Constantine, 1456, fresco, San Francisco, Arezzo.

Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510), Birth of Venus, c1480, Uffizi Museum, Florence, 5'9"x 9'2" Andrea del Verrocchio, General Colleoni, 1483-88, bronze, Venice, 13'. Some other important artists of the Period Giovanni Cimabue (c.1240-1301), Italian painter Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455), Florentine sculptor Fra Angelico (1387-1455), Florentine monk, painter Fra Filippo Lippi (1406-1469), Italian monk, painter Antonio Pollaiuolo (1432-1498), Italian sculptor and painter Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516), Italian painter Lucca Signorelli (1441-1523), Italian fresco painter Pietro Perugino (1446-1523). Florentine fresco painter Hugo Van der Goes (1435-1482), Dutch painter Hans Memling (c. 1430-1494) Flemish portraitist Masaccio (Tomaso Guidi, 1401-1428), Frescoes, 1427, Brancacci Chapel, Florence Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Studies of anatomy and architecture, pen drawings; Virgin and Child with St. Anne, 1506-10, Louvre, 4'7"x 4'2"; Adoration of the Magi, 1481-12, panel, Uffizi, Florence, 24x 30"; The Last Supper, 1495-98, fresco, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan; Mona Lisa, 1503-05, oil on wood, Louvre, Paris, 30 x 21"; She was the wife of Francesco del Giocondo of Naples. Michaelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), Piet, 1498-1500, marble, St. Peter's, Rome, 5'9"; David, 1501-04, marble, Academy, Florence, 13'5"; Ceiling, Sistine Chapel, 1508-12, fresco, Vatican, Rome Bound Slave, 1513-16, marble, Louvre, Paris, 7'; Last Judgment, 1534-41, altar wall, Sistine Chapel, Vatican. Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520), Pope Leo X, 1518, panel, Uffizi Gallery, Florence, 61x 47"; School of Athens, 1510-11, fresco, Vatican, Rome, 26 x 18'; Madonna Granducca, 1505, Pitti Gallery, Florence, 33x 22"; Madonna of the Goldfinch, 1505-06, Uffizi Gallery, Florence. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), Hare, oil on wood, Kunsthistoriches Museum, Vienna; Adam and Eve, 1504, engraving, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Self Portrait, 1500, panel, Pinakothek Museum, Munich, 26 x 19" Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543), Virgin, Family & Burgomeister, 152829, altarpiece, Darmstadt Nicholas Kratzer (shown, not mentioned), panel, Louvre, 33 x 26"; The Ambassadors, 1533, oil+tempera, Nat'l. Gallery, 6'8"x 6'10" Titian (Tiziano Vicelli, 1477-1576), Assumption of the Virgin, 1516-18, Academy, Venice, 11'8"x22'6"; Venus of Urbino, c1538, oil on canvas, Uffizi, Florence, 47x 65" Giorgione (da Castlefranco (1478-1510), Sleeping Venus, 1508-10, Dresden Museum, 3'6 x 5'8"; Fte Champetre (Rustic Concert), c1508, oil, Louvre, 43x54

Correggio (Antonio Allegri, 1494-1534), Italian painter Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553), painter of mythology Matthias Grunewald (1480-1528), German painter Peter Bruegel, the Elder, (1525-1569), Dutch painter Hugo Van der Goes (1435-1482), Dutch painter Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti, 1518-1594), Italian painter Paolo Veronese (1528-1588), Italian painter, Venetian school Andrea Palladio (1518-1580), Italian architect Mannerism Art Period: 15251600 The stylized age of Mannerism began around the beginning of the 16th century due to the harmonious works of artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and da Vinci. The sophistication of the Renaissance artists" pieces influenced Mannerism"s fascinating loss of perspective and elongated forms. The Mannerist art era saw artists study from the works of the Renaissance masters rather than nature. Thus the Mannerists moved away from the Renaissance artists" desire to accurately portray nature with an aspiration to improve upon reality. The pretentious art pieces from the Mannerist era are often said to be "unfeeling" in tone due to the lack of emotion in the works. Mannerism fell out of style in the late 1500s in Italy, but continued in France until the 17th century. Art Masters: Rosso, Benvenuto Cellini, and Agnolo Bronzino from Florence; Jacopo Pontormo from Pontorme; El Greco from Crete; and Parmigianino from Parma. Baroque Art Period: After the cool restraint of the Renaissance and the twisted gloom of Mannerism, the Baroque period burst upon the art world in a tidal wave of opulent decadence. The period spanning from roughly 1600 to 1750 saw some of art historys most captivating artworks and fascinating personalities, whose life stories are filled with tales of backstabbing, treachery, and overarching ambition. The Baroque period may have been critically maligned in the centuries following its demise, but today the Baroque has triumphed as art historians and the art-loving public put the era firmly back in its place as one of the most enthralling periods of art in western history. The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically complex, even contradictory. In general, however, the desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, underlies its manifestations. Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the

Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts. Caravaggio and Annibale Carracci are the two great figures who stand at the head of the Baroque tradition, bringing a new solidity and weightiness to Italian painting, which in the late 16th century has generally been artificial and often convoluted in style. In doing so they looked back to some extent to the dignified and harmonious art of the High Renaissance, but Annibale's work has an exuberance that is completely his own, and Caravaggio created figures with an unprecedented sense of sheer physical presence. From the Mannerist style the Baroque inherited movement and fervent emotion, and from the Renaissance style solidity and grandeur, fusing the two influences into a new and dynamic whole. The supreme genius of Baroque art was Gianlorenzo Bernini, an artist of boundless energy and the utmost virtuosity, whose work--imbued with total spiritual conviction--dominates the period sometimes called the `High Baroque' (c. 1625-75). Slightly later, Andrea Pozzo marks the culmination in Italy of the Baroque tendency towards overwhelmingly grandiose display.

Art Masters: Dutch Baroque: Jacopo Isaakszoon van Ruisdael and Frans Hals from Harleem, Rembrandt van Rijn from Leiden, and Johannes Vermeer from Delft. Italian Baroque: Caravaggio from Milan, Annibale Carracci from Bologna, Gianlorenzo Bernini from Naples, and Francesco Borromini from Bissone. Spanish Baroque: Jusepe de Ribera from Xtiva, Diego Velazquez and Bartolome Esteban Murillo from Seville, and Francisco de Zurbaran from Fuente de Cantos. French Baroque: Nicolas Poussin from Les Andelys, Claude Lorrain from Chamagne, and Georges de la Tour from Vic-sur-Seille. Flemish Baroque: Peter Paul Rubens from Siegen, Anthony van Dyck and Jacob Jordaens from Antwerp, and Adriaen Brouwer from Oudenaarde. English Baroque: Inigo Jones from London, Christopher Wren from East Knoyle, and Nicholas Hawksmoor from Nottinghamshire. Rococo Art Period The ostentatious Rococo art period developed in the 18th century under the reign of France's King Louis XIV. After the lavish work that was produced in the Baroque era Rococo art embraced a much more lively tone. The frivolous interior design style that signified the Rococo epoch was elaborately florid in style and soon spread from the king's court into the homes of the Parisian elite. The Rococo art manner quickly became popular all over Europe until it fell out of style at the end of the 18th century. Unfortunately Rococo style was discussed

derogatively in the mid-19th century; however today Rococo is considered a fascinatingly important art period. Art Masters: Thomas Gainsborough from Sudbury, Sir Joshua Reynolds from Plympton, William Hogarth from London, Antoine Watteau from Valenciennes, Francois Boucher and Nicolas Pineau from Paris, Maurice Quentin de la Tour from Saint-Quentin, and Jean Honore Fragonard from Grasse. Neoclassicism Art Period: During the late 18th and 19th century the conceited neoclassicist artists were reacting against the opulent Baroque and Rococo art styles. Neoclassicism was an era that saw artists exclusively follow the pure canonical artists, those that are considered to be the classics. Thus rather than replicate the styles they considered immortal neoclassicists created their works highly sensitive of the great artists conventions. Espousing historys masterpieces meant that there were a number of inane pieces in circulation and neoclassicism was not always highly originality. However it also meant that the neoclassicists avoided producing tasteless works. Neoclassicism is an academic art that was in style until the end of the 19th century, when it fell out of fashion because many considered it to be "anti-modern". Art Masters: Jacques-Louis David from Paris, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres from Montauban, Antonio Canova from Venice, and John Flaxman from York. Romanticism Art Period: Romanticism was a vivid art period that flourished during the late 18th century and the Industrial Revolution. During the Romanticism era modern knowledge was renounced in favor of the unfamiliar and there was an emphasis placed on "feeling". Consequently, rebelling against the scientific approach to art, the Romantics' extravagant works were emotive pieces that were designed to inspire dread, admiration, and foreboding in the viewer. Romanticism perceived art as a vessel for aesthetic understanding and focused on picturesque scenes. Thus many Romantic artists centered their works on exotic and medieval scenes. Offered as an opposite to Realism, Romanticism is often said to have been central in the counter-enlightenment movement.

Romanticism deals with a very idealistic view of life. Everything is perfect in a romantic world. All characters in romantic literature are usually extreme; the hero has all positive qualities, while the villain has all negative qualities.

Romantic art and literature deals with a metaphorical approach to its work. Nothing is obvious but is vague and one has to delve within its depths to understand its true meaning. Highlighting the beauty in everything and focusing on the little things that make up life are certain aspects of romanticism that make it stand out so vividly. Every romantic work, no matter how thrilling, mysterious, or turbulent, has a happy ending. Art Masters: Caspar David Friedrich from Greifswald, Theodore Gericault from Paris, Eugene Delacroix from Charenton, J.M.W. Turner from London, John William Waterhouse from Rome, John Constable from East Bergholt, and Goya from Fuente de Todos.

Realism Art Period: Realism was a refined art movement that arose during the late 18th century and was popular until the early 19th century. Realist art evolved in response to French Romanticism and placed emphasis on the importance of objectively understanding the world. Thus Realist artists believed that reality was a solid entity that could be dispassionately and accurately recorded. Realism developed alongside the growing popularity of photography and pursued the truth. Consequently Realist artist's rejected the sensuous Classical models of art and primarily utilized working men as its subject matter. The prudent Realist art fell out of style during the mid nineteenth century.

Realism picks up situations from real life to form its basis in any area, be it art or literature. No events that occurred in this kind of work were out of the ordinary, and the language used was simple, not glorified. The concept of the work is obvious, and not metaphorical. Everything is evident by its very nature. Realism highlights the reality of life and does not use any embellishments to cover up what might be perceived as ugly or gory. Realistic literary work may not always have a happy ending.

Art Masters: Honor-Victorin Daumier from Marseille, Jean-Dsir-Gustave

Courbet from Ornans, John Singer Sargent from Florence, and James McNeil Whistler from London. Impressionism Art Period: Impressionism was an expressive 19th century art movement that developed in Paris. The Impressionist painters were radicals rebelling against the status quo of the Parisian art scene. Their masterful paintings took art out of the studios and gave precedence to color and brush work over draftsmanship. They attempted to capture a fleeting reality and their sun drenched canvases focused on familial scenes and landscapes. Although the Impressionist painter's independent art exhibitions were initially rejected by the art world, their pieces were soon heralded as masterpieces. However the fascinating Impressionist era came to an end with the rise of the Post-Impressionist movements. Art Masters: Auguste Rodin, Edgar Degas, douard Manet, and Claude Monet from Paris; Pierre-Auguste Renoir from Limoges; and Berthe Morisot from Bourges. Post Impressionism Art Period: Post Impressionism is a term that describes the elaborate art movement that arose after the era of Impressionism. The term Post Impressionism was coined by the art critic Roger Fry to describe the period after Manet and, although it does not describe one particular art style, it has persisted due to convenience. The Post Impressionist painters upheld the same ideals as the Impressionists but rejected many of the restrictions the earlier artists placed on their work. Thus they embraced the use of vivid paint colors but were happy to distort reality to meet their paintings' requirements. Additionally the Post Impressionists preferred their paintings to have more structure than many of the Impressionist's pieces. The post impressionist movement subsided at the beginning of the 20th century and the outbreak of war. Art Masters: Henri Toulouse-Lautrec from Albi, Vincent van Gogh from Zundert, Georges Seurat and Paul Gauguin from Paris, and Paul Cezanne from Cesana.