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11/4/08
From the late fifteenth century until the seventeenth century, Europe
economic, religious, and social upheaval. The Protestant Reformation challenged the
old structures of the Catholic Church; as a result, many parts of Europe had broken
away from papal authority. Yet, the Catholic Church was far from defeated, it still
held the attention of avid followers especially those in Spain and Italy. Certainly the
Inquisition was in part responsible for instigating the witch craze and also for
creating social tensions, which contributed to its propagation. Moreover, there were
deterioration of the manor. The main causes for the witch craze lie in the
endorsing mass hysteria and the failure of the justice system to deal effectively with
preposterous claims.
acquired from the Devil in exchange for his or her soul. Witches are believed to be
able to change shape, transform others, cause illness and death, concoct charms,
and tell the future. In Europe from the late fifteenth through the seventeenth
class people. In addition to being poverty stricken, they were for the most part
female and between the age of 24 and 50. As the lower class, unemployed, old, and
women were collectively seen as the doormat of society, they were easy targets in
this time of instability. Many parts of Europe (e.g. Germany, France, England, and
Witchcraft predates the reform period. All religious authorities of the time
believe in witchery. Pope Innocent VIII's policy stated that, " it shall be permitted to
punishment of the aforesaid persons for their said offences and crimes," (Document
inquisitors to punish witches, in doing so the pope gave them a wide range of
powers to question, imprison and execute those, who were believed to be witches.
The same inquisitors doling out the law in the name of Christianity found willing
was clear that Christianity would never return to being a unified religion under the
Catholic Church and the papacy. In spite of this, the rift in the various religious
theologies was not the root of the witch craze. Although, they did not agree upon
the specific nature of witches, one of the few things that most religious leaders
agreed upon was the concept of witches and their persecution. Under the religious
Europe, where Protestants and Catholics alike were still trying to determine exactly
what their religion demanded of them. Acts that otherwise would have warranted
variety of diseases " (Document 4) Luther and Calvin also espoused the witch
craze. Luther claimed that, " witches are the Devil's whores " (Document 10) and
Calvin feared the "
infinite number of enemies
" (Document 12). All of Europe,
Protestants and Catholics alike, were being told to hunt down witches. Everyone was
perpetually examining themselves and others. "I suffered terrible from fear of Hell
introspection led to the unnerving of the masses and a witch craze born of religious
tension. Although the Pope may have unleashed the inquisition upon Europe in an
attempt to solidify the Catholic faith by weeding out heretics, he only succeeded in
creating a hysterical religious reaction. Most people in Europe, at the time of the
witch craze, were religious. To this end they listened to their respective religious
The force of the hysteria also manifested itself within in the sciences. Rather
than the sciences providing a voice of reason amidst the chaos, it made public
inventing explanations for witchcraft. Johan Wier argued that the elderly and women
accused of witchery had "small brains" and thus, " the Devil easily affects and
deceives their minds with illusions and apparitions that so bewilder them they
confess to action that they are very far from having committed" (Document 14).
Furthermore, it was believed by the scientific community that the impact of age
upon the body made people weak and susceptible to the devil. Scientific
conclusions were no longer solely based upon reason and logic, but they were also
others") and allowing them to face wrath of an unnerved people. Therefore, both
the scientific and religious communities had affirmed the presence of witches and
conditions in Europe at the time; it was another of the underlying causes of the
witch trials. The manorial system of agriculture was disappearing and had been
doing so since the start of the Renaissance. This movement was manifested in the
reorganization of society along less rigid hierarchical lines. The manorial system had
been based upon the idea of community and clear division of labor. However, the
new change on the manor was clearly in the direction of profiteering, and the
economic system they did not comprehend. Martin Luther even condemned the
led to resentment targeted at society's dependents. Old women, widows, and the
common laborers were seen as those holding back social and economic growth. The
lower classes and the old were prime targets. The median age of suspected witches
in various regions was between 55 and 60, showing that the old were often targeted
more than the young (Document 17). In an English region those women accused of
witchcraft were most often married to men of lower social status; 23 of the accused
women were married to laborers while none of the accused women were married to
gentleman (Document 15). Though the nobility or upper class were not free of
accusations, "Nor were spared the leading men " (Document 2). The lower classes
were certainly targeted more often than their richer counterparts. As the economic
who, according to traditional values would have been cared for by the community.
Unfortunately, the accommodation of this new value system emphasized the old
maxim: "every man for himself;" thus dependents were looked upon as
could have quickly put to rest the hysteria in its pre-mature stages; but the justice
Therefore, accused witches and their defenders, found defending themselves very
difficult, juxtapose accusing a witch was a simple matter. Frequently, the defenders
greatly diminished the impetus to testify in favor of an accused witch. "If a judge is
so clear and open as declare himself against the impious vulgar opinion cry, this
judge hath no religion (Document 6)." Once accused of witchcraft, there was no
escape. The use of torture to extract confessions churned out a horde of false
confessions and executions. Johannes Junius, an accused witch realized that, "
whoever comes into the witch prison must become a witch or be tortured until he
The witch trials in Europe show the effects of a socio-economic change upon
a population beset by confusion. While the main causes for the witch trials were an
change, do not forget that the witch trials were supported as a popular movement.
Although many people viewed the trials as a mechanism of revenge to attack their
enemies, it was also used as a means of gaining wealth through the confiscation of
goods of accused witches (Document 4). While, there were several causes for the
witch trials in Europe, it was mainly an instance whereby religious fervor and
habits).