Communication Theory

Experiment No: 10

Signal sampling & construction

Aim : study of Natural sampling & Flat top sampling Theory: According to sampling theorem, sampling rate be rapid enough so that at least two samples are taken during the course of the period corresponding to the highest frequency spectral component i.e. if our signal frequency is 1 KHz then sampling frequency must be 2 KHz for proper reproduction of original signal from sampled signal. It is called as nyquist criterion There are two different types of sampling 1) Natural sampling 2) Flat top sampling
1) Natural sampling: In this case the sampled signal consists of sequences of pulses

of varying amplitude whose tops are not flat but follow the waveform of input signal.

2) Flat top sampling: A flat topped pulse has constant amplitude established by the

sample value of the signal at some point within the pulse interval. In the kit, the signal is arbitrarily sampled at the beginning of sampling pulse. To generate flat top sample, the signal is held using a holding capacitor after sampling pulse. After holding time the capacitor is dumped using a dump pulse. So that between sampling pulse & dump pulse, we get a flat topped sample value. In this kit, we have provided 1 KHz sine wave & crystal clock to observe stable waveforms on normal oscilloscope .To verify sampling theorem, IC 555 clock is given. By varying basic clock frequency, sampling frequency can be varied &its effect on reconstructed signal can be observed. Also at receiver side effect of value of holding capacitor (sample & hold ckt) on reconstructed signal can be observed.

Department of E&TC, SKNCOE , Pune

Communication Theory

Experiment No: 10

Procedure: A] Natural sampling: 1. Connect crystal CLK o/p to CLK point of control block. 2. Connect point A to sampling clock input of natural sampling block & also hold CLK of receiver section. 3. Connect fixed sine wave i.e. o/p of frequency divider block to I/p of natural sampling bock. 4. Observe O/P of buffer i.e. sampled O/P. 5. Connect PAM o/p to i/p of receiver 6. Connect point D to C1 point & observe o/p of buffer. 7. Connect point D to C2 point & observe o/p of buffer. 8. Connect o/p of receiver buffer to i/p of LPF & observe LPF o/p. B] Flat top sampling: 1. Connect crystal CLK o/p to CLK point of control block. 2. Observe point B &C on dual scope CRO .For flat top sampling input waveform is sampled using sampling pulse B & its value is hold using capacitor & then capacitor is dumped using pulse C ,we have flat top sample. 3. Now connect point B to sampling CLK of Flat top sample block & HOLD CLK of receiver. 4. Also connect point C to Dump CLK of flat top sample block. 5. Connect Fixed sine wave to input of flat top sample block & observe output of flat top sample block 6. Connect o/p of flat top sample block to i/p of receiver 7. Connect point D to C1 & observe buffer o/p.

Department of E&TC, SKNCOE , Pune

Communication Theory

Experiment No: 10

Figure. Natural sampling

Observations:

Department of E&TC, SKNCOE , Pune

Communication Theory

Experiment No: 10

Conclusion:

Department of E&TC, SKNCOE , Pune