WITH MORE THAN

Natural Wonders
Indian Villages
Historic Sites
Scenic Routes
Guide Maps
Public Parks
Minerals
Animals
Birds
Trees
Flowers
First in series of
GOLDEN REGIONAL GUIDES
THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
BlOlOO
IN PREPARATION:
THE AMERICAN NORTHWEST
THE AMERICAN SOUTHEAST
These books avai l abl e in two edi ti ons:
Li mp Bound $1 .00 De luxe Cl oth $1 . 9.
A GUIDE TO THE WIDE OPEN SPACES
by
NATT N. D ODGE
Regi onal Natural ist, Nati onal Park Service
and
HERBERT S. ZI M, Ph. D.
Professor of Education, University of I ll i noi s
I L L U S T R AT I O N S B Y
ARCH AND MI RI AM HURFORD
A GOLDEN REGIONAL GUIDE
SIMON AND SCHUSTER NEW YORK
2
f L K t L K
Everyone knows where the Southwest i s, but no two peo
pl e agree as to what i t i ncl udes. Thi s book, the frst of the
Gol den Regi onal Gui des, presents to the vacati oner, trav
el er, or i nterested reader some of the many facets of thi s
appeal i ng l and of deserts, mountai ns, peopl e, pl aces, and
events-the Southwest. The book i s a gui de t o t he ani mate
and i nani mate features of the regi on, with emphasi s on
those t hi ngs most vi si tors can see and do. I t i ncl udes si ght
seei ng suggesti ons, travel i ng di recti ons, prehistory, his
tory, natural history, I ndi an l ore, and sources of addi ti onal
informati on. I t i s an i ntroducti on t o t he Southwest-one, we
hope, that wi l l tempt you t o expl ore further.
Many people have hel ped i n gatheri ng and checki ng
the i nformati on i n thi s book. The authors express thei r
grateful t hanks to al l , especial l y to Herbert Evi son, Sal l i e
Van Val kenburg, Hugh Mi l l er, Bennett Gal e, Myrl Wal ker,
and Eri k Reed of the Nati onal Park Servi ce; and to Stan
ley Stubbs, Marj ory lambert, and Bertha Dutton of t he
laboratory of Anthropol ogy, Santa Fe. Our special
thanks ar e due to Donal d Hofmeister, Hobart Smi th, I ra
Gabri el son, Al exander Marti n, Raymond Carl son, Ray E.
Pond, Wi l l i am Carr, and the staf of t he Museum of New
Mexi co. The arti sts, Arch and Mi ri am Hurford, have made
a ri ch gr aphi c contri buti on.
N.N.D.
H.S.Z.
Copyright |Y55 by Simon and Sc huster, Inc., and Artists and Writers Guild, Inc. All
rights reserved, including t he right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
Designed and produced by The Sandpiper Press and Artists and Writers Guild, Inc.
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Publis hed simultaneously in Canada by The Musson Book Company, Ltd., Toronto.
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MEET THE SOUTHWEST: Its cl imate, geography,
and major attractions
page 4
TOURI NG THE SOUTHWEST: How to pl an you r
trip; what to take, do, and see 8
I NDI ANS: Ancient and modern; where and how
t hey l ive; t hei r arts and crafts 17
EXPLORERS OF THE SOUTHWEST: A chronol -
ogy and a map of earl y routes 40
THE MODERN SOUTHWEST: I ts peopl e, cities,
and i ndustries, and their devel opment 44
THE LAND AND ITS LI FE ZONES: The efects of
el evation on cl imate, pl ants, animal s 50
BI RDS: Common Southwestern species; what they
eat, where they l ive 53
LI ZARDS AND SNAKES: How to recognize the
har ml ess and the poisonous 60
INSECTS: A few of the common ones everybody
shoul d know 68
MAMMALS YOU MAY MEET: Where they l ive,
their food, and interesting habits 71
PLANTS OF MOUNTAI N, MESA, AND DESERT:
Trees, shrubs, and fowers, with a special section
on cactuses 77
GEOLOGI CAL STORY OF THE SOUTHWEST:
The rocks, mineral s, and fossils 1 OS
PLACES TO SEE AND THINGS TO DO: National
and state parks, natural features, prehistoric
ruins, I ndian vil l ages, modern activities 120
I NDEX
Ntt Ht bLUHtb
HtLLUMKY The Southwest is a regi on without def
i nite boundaries. Ari dity is its pri nci pal over-al l charac
teristic. But the regi on ofers amazi ng contrasts and diver
si ty of cl i mate, geography, and peopl e. I ts 465,000 sq.
mi. i nvol ve ni ne states and i ncl ude such superl atives as
the l owest l and, the bi ggest canyon, the hi ghest mountai n,
the driest deserts, the hottest val l ey, the ri chest mines, and
the ol dest towns i n the United States. The Southwest i s bi g.
But it i s al so friendly, hospi tabl e, fasci nati ng to l ive i n
ful l of pl easant surpri ses, enough for a l ifeti me.
Ht PtLPLt Newcomers have been dri fti ng i nto the
Southwest for 25,000 years, and the ti de is undi mi nished.
Accordi ng to the 1 930 Census, the regi on had then a
popul ati on of 1 ,568,200. By 1 950 the number had ri sen
to 2,575,250. These fgures do not i ncl ude the hundreds of
thousands of summer tourists and wi nter vacati oners, who
come for the c l ear ai r, sunshi ne, and unspoi l ed scenery.
4
Ht LMD MD Ht PtLPLt
Mt. Whitney, Calif., 1,Vb
Mt. El bert, Col o. , 1,1
Mt. Massive, Colo., 1,1
Mt. Harvard, Colo., 1,VV
Mt. Blanca, Colo., 1,V
La Pl ata Peak, Colo., 1,
LAND fLKNb Except for the eastern pl ai ns porti on,
there i s probabl y no par t of the Southwest fr om whi ch
mountai ns cannot be seen on a cl ear day. Mountai ns ri se
from desert l owl ands and from hi gher pl ateaus. Much of
the Great Basi n Desert i s l ocated on pl ateaul ands at el e
vati ons of 3,000 to 6,000 ft. A wi de tongue of the Rocky
Mountai ns extends deep i nto the Southwest. Many of the
low mountai n ranges to the south ar e as much desert as
the l owl ands that surround them. Other, hi gher mount ai ns
are green forested i sl ands i n a "sea" of desert. The map
out l i nes the maj or topogr aphi c areas of t he Southwest.
6
LLlNt in thi s l and is dry, warm, and breezy. A cl ear
atmosphere, abundant sunshi ne, and l ow humi di ty are
typical . Annual preci pi tati on ( rai n and snow) vari es from
1 to 6 i n. i n the deserts to 30 to 35 i n. i n the mountai ns.
Much of the moi sture fal l s as spoty but heavy summer
thundershowers or as sl ow wi nter soakers. Temperatures
general l y are moderate but vary with l ati tude, al ti tude,
and other factors. The l ow south and west parts of the
regi on are hot and dry, the central pl ateaul ands warm
and dry, and the mountai ns cool and moderatel y moist.
Ni ghts are cool . Wi nter temperatures are cool to col d,
dependi ng upon l ocati on. Prevai l i ng wi nds are from the
southwest. "Dusters" are common, but tornadoes are prac
tical l y unknown.
LLlN1lL DATA
City
E l evati on,
ft.
Del Ri o, Tex. 948
Lubbock, Tex. . ......... 3, 1 95
El Paso, Tex . ........ . ........... 3, 71 0
Amari llo, Tex. . ............... 3,672
Dodge Ci ty, Kan. . . .. 2,509
Puebl o, Col o. . ............. 4,690
Al amosa, Col o. . ... .7,531
Grand J uncti on, Col o . .. . . 4,583
Raton, N. Mex. . . ...... 6,666
Roswel l , N. Mex . ............ 3,600
Al buquerque, N. Mex. .. 4,943
Wi nsl ow, Ari z. . . .. 4,856
Phoeni x, Ari z. . . ........ 1 ,083
Flagstaf, Ari z. . ..... ....... 6,894
Yuma, Ari z. 1 50
Blandi ng, Utah .............. . . 6,075
Mi l ford, Utah ............... .4,962
Ely, Nev. . ......... 6,000
Las Vegas, Nev. . ....... 2,033
Tonopah, Nev. ..... . ....... 6 090
Death Val l ey, Cal i f. 1 52
Avg. Jan.
Temp. ,
deg. F.
51 . 9
38. 8
43.4
35.3
30. 3
29. 4
1 6. 9
24. 0
26. 2
39.6
33. 7
32. 4
49.7
25. 3
55.3
26.6
23. 8
23. 0
44. 2
30. 1
52. 0
Avg. Jul y
Temp. ,
deg. F.
84.7
79.3
8 1 . 3
77. 8
79.9
74.9
64.1
78.2
68. 6
79. 0
79. 0
77. 2
90. 1
65.2
94.6
72.3
74.0
68. 4
90. 5
74. 6
1 0 1 .8
Avg. Annual
Rai nfal l ,
i nches
1 8. 58
1 8. 89
7. 83
2 1 . 1 2
20. 51
1 1 . 87
6. 23
9. 06
1 5. 42
1 2. 07
8.68
7. 83
7. 1 2
1 8 .47
3. 39
1 2. 77
8.4
1 0. 5
4. 35
4. 81
2. 1 7
In the Southwest, temperature vari ati ons have been recorded from above
1 30f. i n summer i n Death Val l ey to below -50 F. i n the hi gh mountai n
val l eys of southern Col orado i n wi nter.
LASTING IMPRESSIONS Despite the bi gness of t he
Southwest, l i tt l e t hi ngs-si ghts, s ounds , and s mel l s -often
create the most l asti ng i mpressi ons. Here are some:
Str i ngs of scar l et chi l i dryi ng agai nst adobe wal l s.
Gol den aspens mantl i ng a mountai n' s s houl ders.
Li the rel axati on of Navaj os outsi de a tradi ng post.
Awkward speed of a fl eei ng roadr unner .
Massi ve thunderhead dr aggi ng i t s br ai ds of rai n.
I mmobi l ity of t umbl eweeds banked agai nst a fence.
Li ne of resi gned autos wai ti ng out a fash fl ood.
Si ngl e-fi l e stri ng of steers approachi ng a waterhol e.
Echoes and si l ences i n a great cl i f-dwel l i ng r ui n.
Bawl i ng of restl ess cattl e at a roundup.
Heady ar oma of campfi re cofee.
Carefree boys "i n the raw" spl ashi ng i n a stock tank.
Squeal of a fghti ng, bucki ng horse at a rodeo.
Wai l of a coyote-and yappi ng of others-at ni ght.
Drum throbs an d shr i l l chant of an I ndi an dance.
Musty odor of creosote bush after r ai n.
Bray of a di stant wi l d burro j ust after sunri se.
Harsh smel l of si nged fl esh at a brandi ng corral .
Sudden pel ti ng r us h of a summer t hunderstorm.
Unbel i evabl e i mmensity of the Grand Canyon.
Jui ci ness of thi ck steak broi l ed over mesqui te coal s.
Stars that you can reach from your sl eepi ng bag.
Spl ash and tug of a mountai n trout hitti ng your fl y.
Tang of enchi l adas smothered i n chi l i sauce.
Ht LM M Ht PtLPLt 7

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MEX I C O
For other features see maps on pages 1-1 and 2-.
Ht NLtKM bLUHtb
O 0 60 90 |20
One inch equals about 12 miles
PLM YLUK Kl P Begi n by
studyi ng hi ghway maps and pam
phl ets obtai ned from r ai l roads,
bus and ai r l i nes, travel bureaus,
chambers of commerce, and state
Lh0ck Your Kouf0
and federal agenci es (see p. 1 20).
Auto travel ers may obtai n tour
ai d servi ce from the l arger gasol i ne compani es. Much of
the Southwest i s accessi bl e by paved roads, and modern
accommodati ons are avai l abl e i n most towns. Duri ng the
heavy summer travel season, try to make overni ght reser
vati ons i n advance or stop earl y to get a better choi ce.
Obey safety rul es and hi ghway si gns. I f you pul l a trai l er,
fnd out what hi l l s are ahead.
Of the mai n roads are I ndi an vi l l ages, spectacul ar
scenery, chal l engi ng fshi ng streams. Be careful never t o
stop for the ni ght i n t he bottom of a wash or gul l y; fash
foods give no warni ng. Keep your gas tank at l east hal f
ful l . When of mapped roads, i nqui re at each opportunity
regardi ng your route and the condi ti on of the road ahead.
I f you pl an to travel back roads, come wel l equi pped. Use
the check l i sts bel ow.
Car Needs
Good spare tire
Good j ack
Basi c tool ki t
Reserve water for radi ator
Reserve gasol i ne
Ax and shovel
Tire pump and patches
Spare fan bel t
Tire chai ns
Towrope
1 0
LUKl M
Your Needs
Canteen of water Canned foods
Gasol i ne l antern Matches
Fl ashl i ght and Fi rst-ai d ki t
batteries Snakebite kit
Kettle or cooki ng kit Pocket kni fe
Gasol i ne stove Li p-chap stick
"White" gasol i ne for Sungl asses
stove and l antern Sunburn l oti on
Fryi ng pan Compass
Sturdy hiking shoes Bal l of stri ng
Wi de-bri mmed hat Bl ankets or sleepi ng
Tarpaul i n
bag
LtVt Ht LLUMKY KttM M LLtM I t's
good travel manners to enj oy fowers-and l eave them
for others. Leave al l wi l d ani mal s al one; and keep an
eye open for rattl esnakes and scorpi ons. Don't deface
si gns, bui l di ngs, or natural features. Keep al l trash i n a
paper bag unti l you drop it i nto a refuse contai ner or
bury i t . Al ways l eave a CLEAN camp and a DEAD fre.
I ndi ans are a. proud though fri endl y peopl e; don't stare
or poi nt at them, enter thei r homes uni nvi ted, or haggl e
over pri ces. I f you want souveni rs, buy somet hi ng typi cal
from them or at a tradi ng post.
Hel p travel ers i n di stress but avoid hitchhi kers.
Before starti ng a hi ke remember that di stances i n the
Southwest may fool you. Obj ects appear cl oser than they
are, because of the cl ean, dry ai r.
I f your car gets stuck i n sand, reduce the pressure i n
your ti res to hal f for better tracti on.
Nati onal parks and monuments are al ways "open, " al
though accommodati ons may someti mes be cl osed. Camp
ing l ocati ons are provi ded i n most nati onal forests, in
many state and nati onal parks and monuments, and i n
some state and federal wi l dl i fe refuges. Locate comp
grounds i n advance by referri ng to p. 1 20 and to THE
CAMPGROUND GUIDE ( R. 0. Kl otz, Campgrounds Unl i mited,
Bl ue Rapi ds, Kan. , 1 955).
Be carefu.l with fre!
LUKl M 1 1
Ut KMLHtb M HLb LMb Guest or
"dude" ranches ofer a unique, i nformal vacati on i n "back
country" cl ose to nature. Some are cattl e ranches that
take i n a few payi ng guests; others may be swank resorts
with swi mmi ng pool s, cocktai l bars, and fashy "cowboys"
hired as vocal i sts. Dude ranches special i ze i n horseback
ri di ng, outdoor cooki ng, and i nformal rodeos i n whi ch
guests may parti ci pate. Wri te to chambers of commerce
i n Southwest ci ties for informati on.
Ghost towns usual l y ar e mi ni ng camps that have
"pl ayed out. " I n some, a few fami l ies remai n, with per
haps a general store and fl l i ng stati on. Others are com
pl etel y deserted, i n rui ns, and di fcul t to fnd. Check
l ocal l y for di recti ons and conditions of roads.
bom0@ho5ffoWn5UnUUUf05 fhegWer0foUnUeUt
Southeast California: Panami nt City 1 861 , Cal ico 1 8 8 1 , Bodi e 1 859.
Southeast Nevada: Tonopah 1 864, Searchl i ght 1 897, Nel son 1 860,
Bul l frog 1 905, Rhyol ite 1 904, Gol dfel d 1 902, El dorado Canyon
1 875, 81ackhorse 1 900, Al unite, Aurora 1 860.
Southern Colorado: Si l verton 1 873, Creede 1 889, Lake City 1 874,
Eureka 1 876, Ani mas Forks 1 875, White Cross 1 876, Al pi ne 1 872,
St. El mos 1 879, Roml ey 1 870, Hancock 1 880, Sherman 1 877, Cun
ni ngham Gul ch 1 874, Victor 1 89 1 , Burrows Park 1 873.
New Mexico: Kel l y 1 880, Gol den 1 839, Dol ores 1 828, San Pedro
1 832, White Oaks 1 850, Hi l l sboro 1 877, Mogoll on 1889, Elizabeth
1 868, Ki ngston 1 880, Tyrone, Gol d Dust 1 879, Shakespeare.
Arizona: Charleston 1 879,. Contenti on Cit 1 879, Tubac 1 752, Gi l a
City 1 858, Oatman 1 900, Tombstone 1 877, Jerome 1 870, Octave
1 862, Hardyvi l l e 1 856, Stanton 1 863, Weaver 1 862, Gol droad 1 863,
Sil ver King 1 875, White Hi l l s 1 892, McMi l l anvi l l e 1 876, Pi nal 1 875.
For more about ghost towns read: The Bonanza Trail, Muri el S. Wol l e,
I ndi ana Univ. Press, Bl oomi ngton, 1 953.
1 2 LUKl M
LLtMK Lf tVtMb
(Verify dates l ocal l y.)
January-Jan. 6, Bufal o, Deer, and Eagl e Dances at Rio Grande
puebl os with instal l ation of puebl o governors. Day of Epi phany, Three
Kings Feast i n Spanish-Ameri can vi l l ages. Jan. 23, dances, both pl azas,
San l l defonso, N. Mex. Bean, Bufalo, and social dances, Hopi vi l l ages .
February-Open gol f champi onshi ps, Phoenix and Tucson, Ari z. Spring
training, southern Arizona, for maj or-l eague bal l teams. Cactus show,
Desert Botani cal Gardens, Tempe, Ari z. Si l ver Spur Rodeo, Yuma, Ari z. ;
fiesta de los Vaqueros (rodeo) . Tucson. Pl ains I ndi an dances, Taos,
N. Mex. Deer and Bufal o dances at Rio Grande puebl os.
March-Stock show, rodeo, San Angel o and El Paso, Tex. Dons' trek
to Superstition Mts. and Worl d' s Championshi p Rodeo, Phoenix; Raw
hide Roundup, Mesa, Ari z. I ndian dances, Keresan pueblos, N. Mex.
March-April -Easter sunrise services, Grand Canyon and Death Val
l ey, Cal if. Yaqui I ndian ceremoni als, Pascua, near Tucson.
April-Rodeo, Dougl as, Ariz.; Ride of Desert Cabal l eros, Wickenburg,
Ari z. festival of Fi ne Arts, Tucson. Annual Pl ayday, White Sands,
N. Mex. ; Desert Cavalcade, Cal exico, Calif. Many Green Corn Dances.
May-May 5, Cinco de Mayo (Mexican I ndependence Day) cel ebra
tions, both si des international boundary. Ute Bear Dance, I gnaci o,
Col o. Ceremoni al dances, Taos Puebl o. Corn Dance, Coch iti Puebl o.
May 1 5, feast of San Ysi dro i n many Spanish-American towns.
June-Cotton Carnival , Lubbock, Tex. New Mex. Musi cal festival ,
Raton. Dances at Taos, San Juan, Santa Clara, San l l defonso, and
Cochiti Puebl os, N. Mex. Ute Sun Dance, Towaoc, Col o.
July-Fronti er Days, Prescott, Ari z. ; Annual Rodeo, Si l ver Ci ty, N. Mex.
Apache Mai dens' Fi esta, Mescal ero, N. Mex. Al l -Tribes Pow-Wow and
Hopi Craftsman Exhi bit, Fl agstaf, Ariz. Rodeo de Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Jul y 24, Mormon Pioneer Day cel ebrations throughout Utah .
August-I nter-Tri bal I ndian Ceremoni al s, Gal l up, N. Mex. Hopi Snake
Dances, Outboard Regatta, Lake Mead, Ariz. -Nev. Apache dances and
rodeo, Rui doso, N. Mex. Corn Dances at several N. Mex. puebl os.
September-Labor Day week-end Fiesta, Santa Fe. New Mexi co State
Fair, Al buquerque. I ndian Rodeo, Winslow, Ariz.; Pima Fiesta and
Rodeo, Sacaton, Ariz. Harvest dances at Ri o Grande puebl os.
October-Nova j o Fai r and Rodeo, Shiprock, N. Mex. Apache Autumn
Festival , San Carlos, Ari z. Papaga Arts and Crafts Exhi bit, Sel l s, Ariz.
Oct. 31 -Nov. 2, ceremoni al s at most Ria Grande puebl os.
November-Ari zona State fai r, Phoenix. Harvest dances in vari ous
Hopi vi l l ages, Ari z. Encampment of Death Val l ey 49' ers, Cal iforni a.
November-December-Famous Shal ako ceremonial s, Zuni Puebl o,
N. Mex. Navaj o Mt. Way and Ni ght Way ceremonies an reservation.
December-Dec. 1 2, Nuestro Senora de Guadal upe ceremoni al s in
many Spanish-American vi l l ages. Dec. 24-30, Christmas l i ghting and
processions at many Spanish-American vil l ages and I ndi an puebl os.
LUKl M 1 3
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1-week lour
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FOUR TOURS
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LMt-ttK LUK Thi s automobi l e tour through the
heart of the Southwest may be taken i n any season; Apri l
or October is most comfortabl e. You can work out other
routes from the next two pages or pp. 1 20- 1 56. Study
maps and l i terature each eveni ng.
Fi rst Day: Tour Carl sbad Caverns ( 4 hou rs) . On to El Paso,
Tex., and spend the eveni ng across the border i n J uarez,
Mexico.
Second Day: It's a day's dri ve on U. S. 80 to Tucson, Ariz., but
you'l l have ti me to see the open-pi t mi ne at Bi sbee and stop
at ol d Tombstone.
Third Day: See San Xavi er Mi ssi on and the Ari zona-Sonora
Desert Museum near Tucson. Stop at Casa Grande Nat. Mon .
a n d Desert Botani cal Gardens near Tempe. Ni ght i n Phoenix.
Fourth Day: Take the Oak Creek Canyon branch of U. S. 89,
vi si ti ng the Jerome Mi ne Museum, Tuzi goot Rui n, and Monte
zuma Castl e Cl if Dwel l i ng on the way to Fl agstaf, Ari z.
1 4
LUKl M
Fifth Day: On to Grand Canyon, vi a Wi l l i ams. Take the West
Ri m Drive before l u nch, l eavi ng by way of Desert Vi ew and
Cameron. You can stop at a coupl e of tradi ng posts, see
Sunset Crater, and sti l l reach Wi nsl ow i n ti me for supper.
Sixth Day: Take U. S. Hi ghway 260 from Hol brook, cut through
Petrified Forest and over U. S. 66 through Gal l up, I ndi an
trading center, and on to Al buquerque. You can reach Sant a
Fe that n i ght.
Seventh Day: There i s much to see i n Santa Fe, but you
shoul d l eave before noon. A bri ef si de tri p to San l l defonso
Puebl o wi l l get you to Taos i n ti me for a short but i nterest i ng
afternoon t here.
L ttKb l M bUNNtK (general l y north)
One day: From Al buquerque to Santa Fe, thence to Taos Puebl o.
Two days: Great Sand Dunes Nat. Mon. ; Mesa Verde Nat. Park.
Two days: Arches Nat. Mon. and Capi tol Reef Nat. Mon.
Two days: Bryce Canyon Nat. Park, Cedar Br eaks Nat. Mon.
One day: Zi on Nat. Park, St. George, and Utah's cotton area.
Two days: Pi pe Spr i ng Nat . Mon. t o North Ri m Grand Canyon.
One day: Wupatki Nat . Mon. , Fl agstaf and vi ci ni ty.
One day: Meteor Crater, Petri fied Forest, Gal l up, and Al bu-
querque.
L ttKb l M l MtK ( general l y south)
( Reverse route i f you come from the west):
One day: Big Bend Nat. Park. Next day vi a old Fort Davi s to
Two days: Carl sbad Caverns Nat. Park. Vi a Artesi a and Cl oud-
croft to White Sands Nat. Mon. , and on to-
One day: El Paso, Tex., and J uarez, Mexico. Vi a U. S. 80 to
Two days: Tucson, Ari z. , and Saguaro Nat. Mon. , Tumacacori
Nat. Mon. , San Xavi er Mi ssi on, and Arizona-Sonora Desert
Museum.
Two days: Or gan Pi pe Cactus Nat. Mon. , Gul f of Cal if. , and
thence t o Phoeni x.
One day: To Fl agstaf vi a Jerome, Montezu ma Cast l e and Wel l .
Two days: Vi a Wupatki Nat. Mon. t o South Ri m Gr and Canyon.
One day: Hoover Dam and lake Mead Nat. Rec. Area.
Two days: las Vegas, Nev. , and Death Val l ey Nat. Mon. , Joshua
Tree Nat. Mon. , and ot her attracti ons of SE Cal iforni a.
LUKl M 1 5
-ttK LUK Lf Ht bLUHtb This tour of
the whol e Southwest is best taken in ei ther Apri l or
October to avoi d temperature extremes. I f you must visit
the Southwest i n summer or i n wi nter, expand one of the
tri ps outl i ned on p. 1 5 to ft your schedul e. By avoi di ng
the peak of ei ther season, you wi l l mi ss the crowds and
enj oy the country more.
One day: Big Bend Nat. Park, Tex.
Two days: Carl sbad Caverns Nat. Park, White Sands Nat. Mon. ,
El Paso, and J uarez, Mex.
Three days: Tombstone; Tucson; Saguaro, Tumacacori , Chi ri ca
hua, and Tonto Nat. Mons. ; Phoenix; Organ Pi pe Cactus
Nat. Mon. Then northwestward-
Two days: To Death Val l ey Nat. Mon. , las Vegas, Lake Mead,
and Hoover Dam.
Two days: To Grand Canyon. Vi si t both ri ms if you have ti me.
Three days: Vi a Pi pe Spring Nat . Mon. and Utah' s Di xi e to Zi on
and Bryce Canyons and Cedar Breaks Nat. Mon. Try the di rt
road over Boul der Mountai n and Capitol Reef Nat. Mon. to
Natural Bri dges and Arches Nat. Mons. Thence to-
Two days: Grand Juncti on, Col orado Nat. Mon. , Bl ack Canyon
of the Gunnison, and vi a Ouray and Si l verton (Mi l l ion Dol l ar
Hi ghway) t o Mesa Verde Nat . Park.
Three days: Either through Monument Val l ey or through the gas
and oi l country of NW New Mex. to the I ndi an ( Navajo and
Hopi ) reservations of NE Ari zona, Petrifed Forest, and Gal l up.
Three days: East on U. S. 66 t o t he Ri o Gr ande Val l ey of N New
Mex., i ncl udi ng Al buquerque, Santa Fe, Taos, and t he I ndi an
puebl os and pi cturesque Spanish-Ameri can vi l l ages and farms.
NlbblLM MUl tfttb are charged by private
and, in some cases, federal and state organi zati ons. Re
l i gi ous agencies may i nvite oferi ngs. Some nati onal parks
and monuments charge fees. Most I ndi an puebl os charge
no vi si ti ng fee; some do if pi ctures are taken.
1 6
LUKl M
l Ml Mb Lf
Ht bLUHtb
Man ori gi nated i n Asia and prob
abl y came to North Ameri ca over
a Beri ng Strait l and bri dge i n
many disti nct mi grati ons. Some of
the mi grants, sett l i ng i n the South
west, took up l i fe i n caves and
hunted ani mal s 25,000 or more
years ago. By 1 0,000 years ago,
several di sti nct groups had come
or devel oped; some were hunters,
some pri mitive farmers. Very l ittl e is known of man i n
t he Southwest before t he begi nni ng of t he Christian era.
But peopl e l i vi ng soon after that l eft thei r skel etons, tool s,
and craft work i n graves and trash heaps. Study of these
remai ns and dati ng of them by tree ri ngs and radioactive
carbon have enabl ed sci enti sts to trace several earl y cul
tures down to modern I ndi an groups.
Coronado's arrival i n 1 540 opened the hi stori c peri od
of Southwestern I ndi an l ife and began the l ong confict
whi ch fnal l y pl aced I ndi an tri bes on reservati ons. Today,
these pi cturesque peopl e are ci ti zens. They are bei ng en
couraged t o expand thei r col orful arts, customs, and cere
moni es and, at the same ti me, to fnd a place i n today' s
economy L that they may rai se thei r l i vi ng standards and
have a fai r share of opportunity i n t he Atomi c Age.
For more about I ndi ans, read:
PREHISTOR I C I NDI ANS OF THE SOUTHWEST, Wormi ngton, Bul l . No. 7, Col a.
Mus . Nat . Hist., Denver, 1 947.
SoUTHWESTERN ARCHEOLOGY, McGregor, John Wi l ey & Sons, N. Y. ,
1941.
MASKED GoDs, Frank Waters, Univ. of N. Mex. Press, Al buquerque
1950.
HERE CoME THE NAVAHO, Underhi l l, U. S. I ndi an Service, Haskel l lnst. ,
Lawrence, Kan. , 1953.
l Ml Mb
1
7
NEVADA
-

l
I
l
I
beVer Loke
I
KLT
lndon re8ervolon8
Lle8
1

X
\\

\ I
" =~..... ...,
MEX I C O
For other Indian sites see maps on paqes 27 and J1.
1 8
l Ml M KtbtKVl LMb

D 0
60 90 |20
One inch equals about 12 miles

!
\
I

l
I
I
I
\
T_E X As -


tKLl tb l MHblMb Spear poi nts of faked
stone found wi th bones of l ong-exti nct bi son, camel , mas
todon, and mammoth i n a cave i n the Sandi a Mountai ns
near Al buquerque (AL- bu- KER-kee), N. Mex. , have been
esti mated to be 25,000 years ol d. Thi s earl iest record of
man i n the Southwest has been named the Sandi a (san
DEE- ah) Cul ture. Most famous of the anci ent cul tures i s
cal l ed Fol som because of fnel y faked proj ecti l e poi nts
found near Fol som, N. Mex., with bones of an exti nct
bi son. Other evi dence shows that Fol som peopl e l i ved
between 1 0,000 and 25,000 years ago. Another group
of peopl e, at about t he same ti me, made thi ck, square
based projecti l e poi nts, frst found near San Jon ( HONE),
N. Mex. A recent skel etal di scovery, ol der than Fol som
Man, i n western Texas has been named Mi dl and Man.
More recentl y, peopl e of the Yuma Cul ture made beau
tiful , faked projecti l e poi nts, frst found near Yuma, Col o.
Anci ent gri ndi ng stones found i n Ventana Cave, south of
Phoenix, Ari z. , and al so i n southwestern New Mexi co,
mark the Cochise Cul ture of fruit-and-root-gatheri ng peo
pl e who l i ved from 1 0,000 to 500 B. C. These materi al s
and others found i n Gypsum Cave, Nev. , and i n the Tabe
guache Val l ey of southwestern Col orado are the mai n
records of peopl e i n t he Southwest before t he Chri sti an er a.
20
l Ml Mb
ANASAZI CULTURE Anasazi ( Navaj o for "anci ent
ones") i s the name given to the peopl e who l i ved over al l
the pl ateaul ands of the northern Southwest i n pre-Chri s
ti an ti mes. Later rai ders, disease, or the great drouth
( 1 276- 1 299 A.D. ) forced them to seek new homes, whi ch
thei r descendants, the Puebl o I ndi ans, now occupy. The
earl y Anasazi were cal l ed Basketmakers because of bas
ketry remai ns found i n their caves. These peopl e were
semi -agri cul tural ; they bui l t sl ab- l i ned storage pits, hunted
with spear throwers cal l ed atl atl s, had dogs, wove cl oth
i ng from ski ns and pl ant fibers, and buried food and
equi pment wi th thei r dead to provide for a future l ife.
By 500-600 A. D. these peopl e had est abl i shed commu
ni ties and had l earned how to bui l d pi thouse shel ters.
Another i mportant advance was the start of pottery mak
i ng. Turkeys may have been domesticated duri ng thi s ti me.
Beans were added to the crops of corn and squash, and
the bow and arrow fi rst came i nto use. By 800 A. D. the
begi nnings of modern Puebl o Cul ture were evi dent.
,21
1fh L0nfurg Hoho0m W0fchfoW0r [r08for00] 0n0 lrr@0fon
L0n0 0f L080r0n00 M0fon0 Nonum0nf [800_ 1]
HLHLKN, NLLLLLM, PYM Whi l e the
Anasazi were l ayi ng the foundati ons of the future Puebl o
ci vi l i zati on, several cul tures devel oped i n southern deserts
and val l eys. The Hohokam (ho-ho-KAM, Pi ma for "those
who have gone") were farmers who devel oped an ad
vanced system of i rri gation. Shel l jewel ry, cremati on of
the dead, fnel y woven cotton fabrics, and watl e-and
daub houses marked thei r cul ture. Hohokam may have
been ancestors of the modern Pi mas and Papagos. Less i s
known of the Mogol l on (mogoYOHN) Cul ture, whi ch
devel oped (possi bl y from the earl ier Cochise) i n the south
ern New Mexi co-Ari zona area. Yuman and Patayan
(Wal apai for "the ol d peopl e") groups occupi ed the
Col orado Ri ver Val l ey bel ow Grand Canyon. Knowl edge
of other groups i s scant; few remai ns have been found.
Whi l e sci entists ar e sti l l searchi ng, visitors shoul d not do
unsci enti fc di ggi ng and i l l egal "pothunti ng" l est evi dence
be destroyed which is essenti al i n hi stori cal research.
22 l Ml Mb
Kl bt Lf PUtbLLb Transition, about 700-800 A.D.,
from Basketmaker to Puebl o is recogni zed by the devel
opment of many-roomed masonry houses and the modi f
cati on of the ol d pi thouse to a ceremoni al chamber or ki va
( KEE-vah) . Crude stone hoes and axes came i nto use. Cot
ton was a new crop, and the l oom was devel oped. The
one-story 6- to 1 4-room houses were bui l t i n a doubl e ti er
or si ngl e row, someti mes l- or U-shaped. Pottery devel
oped wi th vari ety i n form and decorati on. Baskets were
sti l l made, but pottery took over many uses. New tech
ni ques and materi al s i n weavi ng appeared. The bow and
arrow came i nto general use. Human bodi es were buri ed,
i n fexed position, i n abandoned storage pi ts or trash
heaps, wi th pottery and other oferi ngs. Anasazi i nfuence
spread, evi dence of i t bei ng found from the Bi g Bend area
i n Texas to southeastern Nevada. By 1 000 A. D. nearl y al l
Puebl o trai ts were establ i shed and the stage was set for a
great Southwest native civi l izati on to burst i nto bl oom.
1ggc0 House~t0rg ruebo rero0
GOLDEN AGE OF PUEBLOS
its peak in the Southwest whi l e the shadow of the Dark
Ages l ay over Europe. About 1 050 A. D. there was a trend
toward great, terraced, communal dwel l i ngs several sto
ri es high, housi ng hundreds of peopl e. These were bui l t in
the open or under protecti ng cl ifs, as at Mesa Verde
Nati onal Park, Col o. Much l ocal vari ati on i n architecture
and i n the arts and crafts devel oped. Pottery was made
with a ri chness of form and design. Hi gh- qual ity cotton
cl oth refected progress in weaving, and beautiful tur
quoi se jewel ry was made. Dry farmi ng, fl ood-water farm
i ng, and i rrigati on were practi ced.
The end of the gol den age began before 1 300 A. D.
Communal dwel l i ngs were gradual l y abandoned unti l the
enti re northern area was deserted. No one knows what
caused the emigration - perhaps epi demics, attacks by
pl underi ng Navaj os and Apaches, destructi
-
on of farm
l and by erosi on, i nternal di scord, or fami ne resul ti ng from
the great drouth of 1 27 6- 1 299. At any rate the works of
centuri es were abandoned and the peopl e moved to
pl aces where condi ti ons were more favorabl e and where
we fnd thei r descendants today.
24
l MlMb
PK1 PM LKP1 L 1Ht LLtM Pt
PrroWhe008
Kock rcfure8
After the great communal dwel l
i ngs were abandoned and new vi l l ages establ i shed, the
rej uvenated Anasazi mi ght have ri sen to a new cul tural
peak but for the arri val of Europeans in 1 540. The Span
i sh expl ori ng the Southwest found more than 70 i nhab
i ted I ndi an puebl os ( i n 1 955 there were onl y 30). After the
Spanish came, the I ndi ans absorbed new i deas and
adopted new materi al s i ncl udi ng metal s and l i vestock. I n
1 680 the Puebl os revol ted and for 1 2 years were free of
Spanish rul e. Even today, after l ong domi nati on by peo
ple of European ori gi n, the Puebl os hol d to much of thei r
ol d way of l ife. Except for the Zuni and Hopi vi l l ages,
modern Puebl os are i n the Rio Grande or tri butary val l eys.
The I ndi ans farm i rrigated l ands, raise cattl e, or work at a
variety of j obs. Government and pri vate agencies sti mu
l ate conti nuation of nati ve arts and crafts, and many
products fnd a tourist market. Dances and ceremoni al s
are sti l l practi ced as rel igi ous or soci al observances. Vi s
itors are wel come to the vi l l ages and to the publ ic dances.
For more about Pueblo Indians, read NW MWCO H01AHS Bertha P. Dutton
New Mexico Assoc. on Indian Affairs. Santa Fe. N. Mx b1 and 1H
OkkA0AY LIF OF 1H 0MLO H0IAHS Underhill. U.S. Indian Service, Haskell
lnsl., Lawrence, Kan., 9b.
26
lMlMb
1
2
3
4
5
6
5ANTA Fb
2

DIALECTS
Tlwa
Kereaan
Taos
10 Cochiti
Picuris
1 1 Santo
Sandia Domingo
Isleta 12 San Felipe
Tewa
13 Santa Ana
San Juan
14 Zia
Santa Clara
15 laguna
7 San lldefonso 1 6
Acoma
8 Nambe
Towa
9 Tesuque 17 Jemez
Kl LKMtPUtbLLb The upper Rio Grande Val l ey
has remai ns of anci ent cul tures, modern I ndi an vi l l ages,
Spanish-speaki ng towns, up-to-date cities, and workshops
of the atom sci entists. Puebl o I ndian farmers use mod
ern methods of agri cul ture, tool s, and machi nery. The
homes of these peopl e are a mi xture of the ancient and
the modern. They use store cl othi ng f or dai l y wear, but
the ol der women sti l l favor nati ve styl es for dress- up occa
si ons. Nomi nal l y Chri sti anized, the peopl e retai n many
rel igious bel iefs of thei r forefathers. Each fami l y has its
ceremoni al costumes or has custody of communal rel i gi ous
regal i a, whi ch i s a cherished responsi bi l ity. Many Puebl o
I ndi ans speak three l anguages: thei r own tri bal dial ect
( noted above), Spanish, and Engl ish.
l Ml Mb 27
28
Taos War Donee
PUEBLO DAILY LIFE Al though the puebl os are gen
eral l y a l i ke, each has i t s own soci al organi zati on. Secul ar
aut hor i ty rests i n an annual l y el ected gover nor . Rel i gi ous
acti vi ti es are cont rol l ed by a cacique ( kah-SEE-kee) , who
hol ds ofce for l i fe. Principales integrate ci vi l and r el i gious
matters. Rel i gi on, based on the idea t hat man must l i ve i n
har mony wi th nature, t ranscends al l el se. I t i ntegr ates arts,
crafts, far mi ng, hunt i ng, and soci a l afai rs, and under l i es
Puebl o l egend, poetry, song, ceremony, and dance.
Soci al l y, t he
peopl e of a puebl o bel ong t o one of two
ki nsh i p groups, each havi ng sever al ki va or "church"
soci eti es. There i s al so a kachi na, or rai n- maki ng, cul t. A
few puebl os do not per mi t outsi ders to vi ew t hei r masked
dances, whi ch are often the final and publ i c performances
of sacred r i tes t hat have been goi ng on for days. I f you
are abl e to see a dance, do not take photogr aphs or
make sketches or notes un l ess you have the speci fic per
mi ssi on of t he puebl o governor. Each pueblo hol ds a
festa at a fxed date in honor of its patron sai nt-a
Eagle Dancer
Spani sh
custom. Ear l y pr i ests
gave the name of an appropri ate
saint to each native ceremonial ,
t o di rect t he rite i nto rever ence
for a Catholic patron. (See p. 13.)
Drum
Ceremoni al Moccasi ns
and Leggi ngs
Baskets
Bracelets and
Necklace
29
Mt ZUMl b Thi rty-two mi l es
south of Gal l up i n the l argest
puebl o in New Mexico l ive the
Zuni (ZOO-nee) people. Of the
20 known vi l l age si tes, onl y 7 were
i nhabited i n 1 539, when Estevan
the-Moor became the frst Euro
pean to fnd and be ki l l ed by
Puebl oans. The next year Coro
nado captured the Zuni vi l l age of
Hawi ku, but, fndi ng no gol d, he
conti nued eastward. After 1 706
only one Zuni vi l l age was occu
pi ed. 3 Zuni vi l l ages remai ned.
Zunis are farmers noted for
their pottery and turquoise i nl ay
j ewel ry. From Europeans they
l earned to work i ron, turni ng to
brass and copper about 1 840-
1 850. By 1 870 they had adopted
si l versmithi ng and had l earned
the use of stamps and di es from
Navajos. About 1 890 they began
to devel op origi nal techniques
that led to exqui site i nl ay work,
whi ch they have been doi ng ever
si nce. The famous Zuni Shal ako
ceremony hel d i n November or
December each year has become
a gatheri ng poi nt for students,
vi sitors, and fri ends of the I ndi ans
of al l the Southwest.
Ht HLPl b On the three Hopi
(HO-pee) mesas, at the heart of
the Navaj o Reservation, are ni ne
vi l l ages, discovered by Cardenas
( one of Coronado' s l ieutenants) i n
1 540. Orai bi is probabl y one of
the two ol dest conti nuousl y occu
pi ed towns i n the United States
(Acoma, p. 1 39, is the other). The
Hopi s though fri endl y have l ong
resisted European domi nati on.
The Spani sh tri ed to convert them,
but i n 1 680 the Hopi s uprose with
other Puebl o groups, ki l l ed the
priests, and destroyed the mi ss i ons.
They were never reconquered.
Hopi ci vi l ofci al s are al so rel i gi ous
l eaders. The househol d centers
around the mother and is the piv
ot of the vi l l age rel i gi ous and so
ci al l i fe. The Hopi seek bountiful
crops through i ntricate ceremo
nies. Snake dances, hel d each Au
gust as a pl ea for rai n, attract
hundreds of vi si tors. Hopi women
make beauti ful pottery and bas
kets. Men carve kachi na dol l s and
weave ceremonial garments.
First Mesa Second Mesa Third Mesa
1 Wal pi 4 Mishongnovi 7 Orai bi
2 Si chomovi 5 Shi poul ovi 8 Hotevi l l a
3 Hano 6 Shungopovi 9 Bacabi
YUMAS AND PAIUTES About 14 Yuman tri bes cal l ed
Rancheria (far mer ) I ndians occupy t he l ower Col or ado
River Val l ey, t he hottest par t of the Sout hwest. Besides
f ar mi ng, they hunt, fish, gat her wi l d fruits, and rai se cattl e.
Nort her nmost of thi s group, the Paiutes, or Digger I ndians,
l i ve where Utah, Nevada, and Arizona meet and in nearby
Califor ni a. The Havasupais, l iving i n a canyon that l eads
into Grand Canyon, and t he Wal apai, t heir neighbors t o
t he west, far m and raise catt l e. Bel ow Needl es, Ca l if. ,
are the Chemehuevis, who, l i ke the Cocopahs near Yuma,
are indiferent agricul turists. Mohaves, i n t he ear l y days,
somet i mes sett l ed group di ferences i n i ndivi dual combat
wi t h c l ubs of mesquite wood. Yumas and Mohaves con
stant l y resisted newcomers of European ori gin. Many of
he Yuman tri bes grew native cotton, whi ch women s pun
nd men wove i nto cl oth.
Yuman Woman Spinning
32 INDIANS
Harvesti ng Saguaro Frui t
PIMAS AND PAPAGOS Papagos ( Desert Peopl e) an d
Pimas ( Ri ver Peopl e) ar e r el ated tribes of nor t her n Mexico
and sout her n Ar i zona. Both are far mers, augmenting t heir
crops with cactus fruits, seeds of mesquite and other wild
pl ants, native vegetabl es, and wi l d game. Moder n Pimas
have added wheat and a l fal fa to t heir ancient cr o
p
s of
cor n, beans, squash, cotton, and tobacco. Lacking irriga
tion water, Papagos raise cattl e and depend heavil y upon
native food pl ants, such as t he frui ts of t he Giant Cactus,
the harvest season for which sets t he tribal new year . Peo
pl e of both t ribes l ive in smal l vi l l ages (see p. 139). They
were friendl y to t he ear l y Spanish and ot her sett l er s, serv
i ng as scouts in t he Apache campaigns. Bot h t r ibes once
made pottery for home use, now make beauti ful baskets
for the tourist trade.
INDIANS 33
Ht Utb, most war l i ke tri be on the Col orado-Utah pl a
teau, were l ittl e known before Escal ante' s j ourney through
thei r territory i n 1 776. The Utes rai ded puebl os and Span
i sh settl ements unti l Chi ef Ouray (yoo-RA Y) made peace
i n 1 879. Recent gas and oil devel opments on their l ands
have given the Utes new weal th.
Ht Kl Lb, now settl ed i n western Okl ahoma, once
were among the most feared Pl ai ns I ndi ans. Joi ni ng
forces with the Comanches i n 1790, they together fought
the i nvaders of thei r hunti ng grounds unti l forced to si gn
a treaty { l ater broken) with the United States i n 1865.
HtLLNMLHtb, l ords of the southern pl ai ns, ranged
east of the Rockies and west to the Ri o Grande. They
fought the Apaches and traded with the Puebl oars. These
most ski l l ful of I ndi an horsemen al ternated bufal o hunts
wi th rai ds i nto Mexi co and attacks on wagon trai ns trav
el i ng the Santa Fe Trai l . They were suppressed i n 1 875.
KoW0 K00n@ 0Hg
Ht PLHtb Apaches are bel i eved to have dri fted
south from northwestern Canada about 1 200- 1 400 A. D.
They were h unters and pl ant gatherers unti l the acquisi
ti on of Spanish horses remade thei r wr of l ife. The
Apaches hunted bufal o, fought the Comanches (who
defeated them in 1 723), and rai ded the puebl os. A
scourge to travel ers, desert farmer I ndi ans, and Spani sh
settl ements for nearl y two centuri es, they were fnal l y sub
dued by the United States Army. Geroni mo ( her-ON-e
moh) and hi s band were the l ast to surrender, i n Hi86.
Now the Apaches, of which there are several tri bal
groups, are excel l ent stockmen. Thei r ri tual s have never
been much publ i ci zed, the best known bei ng the annual
Gahan Ceremoni al at Mescal ero, N. Mex. , Jul y 1 -4. The
Apache Fi re Dance and the Devi l Dance are among the
spectacul ar presentati ons each August at the I nter-Tri bal
Ceremoni al at Gal l up, N. Mex.
MMb
35
Navajo Sand Painting
Ht MVJLb The 70,000 Navajos, on their 24,000-
square-mil e reservation in Arizona, New Mexico, and
Utah, form the l argest I ndian tribe i n the U. S. Their fore
bears drifted down from Northwest Canada about 1 200-
1 400 A. D. First cal l ed Apaches by the Spanish, l ater des
ignated Apaches de Nabahu'u ( enemies from farmed
l ands), they fnal l y became known as Navaj os. Wander
ing hunters and pl ant gatherers, Navaj os preferred to
raid the fi el ds of the Puebl os. When, in 1 848, the United
States obtained the Southwest from Mexico, Kit Carson
was commissioned to subdue the Navaj os. After destroy
ing their sheep and crops, he rounded up 8,000 of the peo
ple and in 1 864 moved them to Fort Sumner, N. Mex., as
prisoners of war. I n 1 868 the Navajos signed a peace
treaty and returned home. Within 1 0 years they were es
tabl ished again, and by 1 934 their sheep and horses had
overgrazed the entire reservation and the peopl e were
threatened with famine. Now, with the hel p of oil and
uranium royal ties, school s, and irrigated farms, the
Navaj o l eaders are working out a tribal program to make
their peopl e sel f-sufcient.
36 l MMb
NAVAJO ARTS AND CUSTOMS Retur ni ng from Fort
Sumner i n 1 868, some Navajos undertook farmi ng, but
most raised sheep. Fl ocks and crops are owned by women.
The wife i s the center of the fami l y; the chi l dren ar e hers
and members of her cl an. Women and chi l dren herd and
butcher the sheep, spi n the wool , and weave rugs, which
are exchanged for cl othi ng, cofee, sugar, or canned
foods. Women and chi l dren sti l l dress i n 1 860 styl es, wear
i ng l ong, ful l , cal i co ski rts and col orful vel veteen bl ouses.
Men retai n thei r pride i n horsemanshi p and thei r weal th
in horses. Many men now work for wages. Previ ousl y,
si l versmithi ng was i mportant men's work. With crude tool s
and si l ver dol l ars or Mexi can pesos, Navaj o. men devel
oped the heavy si l ver jewel ry for which the tri be is famous.
Now they use si l ver sl ugs or wi re l o make ri ngs, bracel ets,
pins, buckl es, neckl aces, and concho bel ts. Men represent
thei r fami l i es at ceremonies and i n publ i c. Al l ri tual s have
a defnite obj ecti ve: to secure food, i nsure survi val , regai n
heal th, or cast out evi l spi rits. These rites, cal l ed "si ngs,"
are i mportant al so as soci al gatheri ngs.
Navajo Silversmi th
37
M0V0[o Loom 0n0 Ho@0n
NAVAJO WEAVING Navaj o fami l i es in winter l ive
i n dome-shaped hogans made of l ogs or stones and earth.
In summer, when they are on the move searchi ng for grass
for the sheep, they bui l d a si mpl e brush shel ter wherever
they stay for a few days. Here the wife does housekeep
i ng and sets up her l oom, weavi ng rugs when ti me per
mits. Al l members of the fami l y hel p wi th sheari ng, but the
chi l dren watch the sheep and the women wash, card, spi n,
and dye the wool . Navajos l earned weavi ng from the
Puebl os and, soon after obtaini ng sheep from the Span
ish, began weavi ng bl ankets, usi ng thei r own wool and
native dyes. Wi th twisted yarns and commerci al dyes, new
designs came. Navajos prefer lighter, more col orfu l Pen
dl eton wool bl ankets; so, after 1 890, they began to make
rugs for sal e. I n recent years weavi ng has decl ined.
For more about Navajos and Apaches read:
TRADERS TO THE NAVAHO, Wetheri l l , Univ. of N. Mex. Press, Al buquer
que, 1 952.
APACHE AGENT, Cl um, Houghton Mifi n Co., Boston, 1 936.
NAVAHO SHEPHERD AND WEAVER, Gl adys Amanda Rei chard, J . J. Augus
ti n, Locust Val l ey, L. 1., N. Y., 1 936.
APACHE DAYS AND AFTER, Criese, Caxton Pri nters, Cal dwel l , I da. , 1 941 .
NAVAHO WEAVI NG, Amsden, Univ. of N. Mex. Press, Al buquerque,
1 949.
THE NAVAHO, Kl uckhohn and Lei ghton, Harvard Univ. Press, Cam
bri dge, Mass. , 1 947.
38 MMb
Shoulde
r
Bla
nk
et
M
o
de
r
n
R
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g
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e
g
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39
Hl bLKlLL l Nt bLt
1 276-99: long drouth forces I ndi ans to seek new homes.
1 536: Cabeza de Vaca crosses Southwest en route to New
Spai n.
1 540-42: Coronado expl ores Southwest fr om Grand Can-
yon to Kansas.
1 58 1 - 1 600: Many Spani sh expediti ons fol l ow Coronado.
1 598: Juan de Onate sets up frst capital at San Juan.
1 61 0: New capital at Santa Fe, termi nus of Mexican route.
1 680: Puebl o I ndi ans revol t and drive out Spanish.
1 692: De Vargas recaptures SW. Father Kino devel ops
chai n of mi ssions among Pi ma and Papago I ndi ans.
1 776: Escal ante expl ores present W Col orado and Utah.
1 803: loui si ana Purchase bri ngs United States i rto SW.
1 8 1 3: Old Spanish Trai l partly fol l ows Escal ante' s route.
1 822: Mexi co wins i ndependence from Spai n.
1 824: U. S. trappers push i nto SW from east and north.
1 830-31 : Ol d Spani sh Trai l extended to Cal iforni a.
1 833: Vei n gol d di scovered i n New Mexi co.
1 844: Fremont expl ores Utah and Col orado unti l 1 853.
1 846: Texas joins U.S. as 28th state. War with Mexico!
1 847: Mormons settl e Utah and open wagon route from
Santa Fe to Cal iforni a.
40
Ht bLUHtb YtbtKY
1 848: Mexi can War ends. SW transferred to U. S. wi th
boundary al ong Rio Grande and Gi l a Ri ver.
1 849: Stages begi n operati on over the Santa Fe Trai l .
Gol d rush br i ngs deaths al ong Cami no del Di abl o.
1 850: U. S. buys "Santa Fe County" from Texas.
1 853: Gadsden Purchase sets fi nal Mexican boundary.
1 854-56: Si l ver mi ni ng reaches a new hi gh i n Ari zona.
1 857-59: Beal e through SW wi th camel s . Pi kes Peak gol d
rush.
1 862: Ci vi l War spl its SW. Texans i nvade New Mexi co.
1 860- 1 890: Mormons from Utah col oni ze Ari zona.
1 864: Navaj os defeated by Ki t Carson, moved t o Ft.
Sumner.
1 866: Nevada j oi ns Uni on as 36th state.
1 869: Powel l 's boats conquer Col orado Ri ver i n Grand
Canyon.
1 873: Crook subdues Tontos, Yavapafs and Wal apai s.
1 876: Coal mi ni ng started i n Utah. Barbed wi re ends
epoch of o
p
en range. Col orado becomes 38t h state.
1 877-78: Tombstone and Bi sbee-mi ni ng boom towns.
1 88 1 : SW connected to Paci fc Coast by rai l road.
1 886: Ger oni mo surrenders, endi ng I ndi an resi stance.
1 896: Utah becomes 45th state.
M1. WH|k ^
N E V A D A
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M EX I C O
For I ndi an features see maps on pages 1 8 1 9 , 27, and 3 1 .
42 Ht Hl bLKl LL bLUHtb
O 0
FI.
M E X I .
FI. 5IANION
M`
C0 90 | 20
One inch equal s about 12 mil es
QFI. WALLACb
Ht NWtKM bLUHVtb
Conti nuous devel opment has oc
curred si nce 1 900. Cl i mate has
been vital i n attracti ng tourists
and vari ous mi l itary establ ish
ments. Huge dams and deep wel l s
have brought water t o sti mul ate
progress.
1 903: Three great natural bri dges found i n SE Utah.
1 906: Act f or Preservation of Ameri can Anti quiti es sets
base for national monuments, archeol ogical research.
1 908: Gr and Canyon made National Monument. Became
Pork i n 1 9 1 9.
1 91 0: Roosevel t Dam compl eti on opens i rri gati on era.
1 9 1 2: New Mexico and Ari zona become states.
1 91 8: logging i ndustry enters boom peri od i n SW.
1 923: New Mexico foods show need for preventi on.
1 924: Carl sbad Caverns made National Monument. Be-
came Park in 1 930.
1 929: Pi pi ng natural gas bri ngs this fuel i nto wider use.
1 934: I ndi an Reorganization Act provi des sel f-rul e.
1 935: Deep wel l s sti mul ate agricul tural devel opment.
1 936: Hoover Dam compl eted.
1 938: "Dust Bowl " i n W Texas and Okl ahoma arouses SW.
1 940: Coronado Cuarto Centennial observed. Santo Ger-
trudi s breed of cattl e devel oped.
1 945: Atomic Era opened by expl osi on of test bomb.
1 947: Rocket testi ng begi ns at White Sands.
1 948: Urani um di scoveries open SW "back country. "
1 953: Pi pe- l i ne proj ects expand natural -gas i ndustry.
1 954: U.S. Ai r Force Academy set up at Col orado Spri ngs.
Human skel etal remai ns, ol dest known i n U. S. , di scov
ered at Mi dl and, Tex.
44 Ht bLUHtb LY
bLNt l NPLKM Ll l tb
Southwestern Kansas
Li beral: Natural gas center.
Gateway fO sand hil l s and Meade
State Park.
Garden City: Near Bufalo,
Point-Rocks, Scott, Fi nney, Hodge
man State Parks.
Dodge City: Center of wheat,
shortgrass belt. Ft. Dodge and
Beeson Museum.
Western Oklahoma
Freedom: Crystal Caverns, Little
Salt Pl ai n, Cedar Canyon Park.
Kenton: Gateway to Bl ack Mesa,
Di nosau r Quarry, Hal lock Park.
Altus: Osage I ndi an Capital .
Near Washita Mts. Nat. Wi l dl ife
Ref. Reserve and Quartz Mt.
Western Texas
Amarillo: Center of wheat and
cattl e country, site of government
hel i um pl ant, gateway to Pal o
Duro State Park and Pl ai ns His
torical Museum at Canyon, Tex.
Lubbock: Oil fel ds, MacKenzi e
and Bi g Spri ng State Parks.
San Angelo: Center of cattle,
sheep, and goat i ndustry; Ft. Con
cho State Park and Museum. On
route of early stagecoach l i nes
and cattle drive trai ls.
Alpine: Gateway to Rio Grande
area, Bi g Bend Nat. Park, and
Davis Mt. State Park. Cattl e and
antel ope country.
El Paso: Ft. Bl iss and Biggs Fi el d.
Rich farmi ng a rea. Carl sbad Cav
erns, White Sands Nat. Mon. ,
Cl oudcroft recreati on area i n N.
Mex., and (through Juarez) Mex.
Southern Colorado
Colorado Springs: U. S. Air
Force Academy. Annual rodeo.
Tayl or Museum Fine Arts Center.
Gateway to Garden of Gods,
Manitou Spri ngs, and Pikes Peak.
Pueblo: Huge steel mi l l s and
Hel en Hunt Jackson house. Near
f ar m and cattl e cou ntry, Spanish
Peaks hunti ng and fshing areas.
Salida: Center of routes i nto
maj estic Conti nental Di vi de cou n
try. Royal Gorge and Arkansas
River scenery and fshi ng.
Alamosa: Center of ri ch San Luis
Val l ey farmi ng area. Gateway to
southern Rockies, Great Sand
Dunes Nat. Mon. , Ft. Garl and,
Taos and Eagl e Nest Lake, N.M.
Durango: Center of l ast (D&R
GW) narrow-gage rai l road. Gate
way to Sil verton-Ouray mi ni ng
districts and sout h end of Mi l l i on
Dol l ar Hi ghway. J ump-of for
hunti ng-fshi ng tri ps i nto San Juan
and La Pl ata Mountai ns.
Grand Junction: Juncti on of the
Col orado and Gunnison . Grand
Val l ey orchards. Grand Mesa,
Bl ack Canyon of Gunnison Nat.
Mon. , Chipeta State Park, fshi ng.
45
Raton: Center of coal and cattle
country; gateway to Capul i n
Mountai n Nat . Mon. , prehistoric
Fol som man quarry, Phi l mont
Boy Scout Camp, Vermej o Park,
and hunti ng and fshi ng country
of t he Sangre de Cristo Moun
tai ns.
Santa Fe (see p. 1 44) : Home of
the State Museum and others,
U. S. I ndian School , and famous
art col ony. State capi tal . Gate
way to Hyde State Park, Aspen
Basin Ski Ar ea, I ndi an puebl os,
Spanish-Ameri can towns, and
hunti ng and fshi ng i n the Sangre
de Cristo Mountai ns.
Albuquerque: Home of Univer
sity of New Mexico, Ki rtl and
Fi el d, and Sandia Secret Wea
pons Base; gateway to La Madera
Ski Area and I ndi an puebl os.
Gal lup: Site of annual mid-Au
gust I ndi an ceremoni al s. Gateway
to Navaj o I ndi an Reservati on,
Zuni Puebl o, El Morro and Chaco
Canyon Nat. Mons. , Mt. Tayl or
vol cani c fel d, Zuni Mountai ns,
and "Four Corners" country.
Roswel l: Ai rbase city among cot
ton farms. Gateway to Bottoml ess
lakes State Park, Sacramento and
Capi t an Mountai ns, Apache I ndi
an Reservati on, Cl oudcroft, Rui
doso, and li ncol n County of
Bi l ly-the-Kid fame.
46
l NPLKM Ll l tb
Carlsbad: Near nati on' s l argest
potash mi nes, oi l felds, Pecos
farm and cattl e country. Gateway
to Carl sbad Caverns Nat. Park.
Silver City: Gateway to Santa
Rosa open-pi t copper mi ne, Gi l a
Wi l derness Area, Mogol l on Moun
tai ns, Bl ack Range, and Gi l a Cl i f
Dwel l i ngs Nat. Mon.
Arizona
Douglas: Site of giant smel ters.
Gateway to Bisbee mi nes, Ol d
Tombstone, Chi ri cahua Nat. Mon. ,
and (through Agua Prieta) to
Mexi co.
Tucson (TOO-sahn) : Home of
state universi ty and museum, Da
vis-Monthan Ai rbase. Gateway
to cattl e country; Ari zona-Sonora
Desert Museum; Papago I ndi an
Reservati on; San Xavi er Mi ssion;
Col ossal Cave; Tumacacori , Sa
guaro, and Organ Pi pe Cactus
Nat. Mons. From Tucson you go
through Nogal es (by road or rai l )
i nto Mexico.
Phoenix: State capital , si te of
Puebl o Grande Ruins and Heard
and Arizona Museums; center of
ci trus frui t i ndustry and rich vege
tabl e, cotton, and cattle-feedi ng
cropl ands. Gateway to the Ari
zona desert, Sal t Ri ver power
proj ects, dude ranches, Gul f of
Cal iforni a fshi ng, Pi ma and Pa
pago I ndi an Reservations, Tonto
and Coso Grande Nat. Mons.
Globe: Center, wi th Miami, af
copper mmmg and smel ti ng;
Southwest. Nat. Mons. Hq. ; Besh
bagowa Rui n; gateway to Apache
I ndi an Reservati on, Superi or
Mi nes, Boyce-Thompson Arbore
tum, and White Mountai n fshi ng.
Prescott: Si te of Ol d Ft. Whi p
pl e; gateway to Joshua Tree for
est, Jerome ( ghost town), Verde
Val l ey, Tuzi goot, and Montezuma
Castl e Nat. Mons.
Winslow: Gateway to Navaj o
and Hopi Reservations, Meteor
Crater, Pai nted Desert, Petrifed
Forest Nat. Mon., and State An
tel ope-Bufal o Reserve.
Flagstaf Center of sawmi l l in
dustry; site of Lowel l Observatory,
Museum of Northern Arizona, and
J uly 4 I ndi an Pow-Wow. Gateway
to Grand Canyon, and to Wal nut
Canyon;. Sunset Crater, and Wu
patki Nat. Mons. Take-of poi nt
for Navaj o and Hopi I ndi an
Reservati ons, Monument Val l ey,
Oak Creek Canyon, San Francisco
Peaks, hunti ng and fshi ng of N
. Ari zona, and Navaj o and Rai n-
bow Bri dge Nat. Mons.
Southern Utah
Cedar City: Gateway to Utah' s
Di xi e; 1 1 Ari zona Strip"; Zi on and
Bryce Canyon Nat. Parks; Cedar
Breaks, Pi pe Spri ng, and Grand
Canyon Nat. Mon.
Fillmore: Si te of Ol d Statehouse
Stale Park; gateway to Escal ante
Wi l derness and hunti ng and fsh
i ng areas of Aquari us Pl ateau.
Green River: Gateway to Col d
water Geyser, urani um mi nes,
Capitol Reef and Arches Nat.
Mons. ; j ump-of for Col orado
Ri ver boat trips.
Southeastern Nevada
Ely: l n famous mi ni ng di strict;
gateway to Pai ute I ndi an Reser
vation, Lehman Caves Nat. Mon. ,
and the Snake Mountai n hunti ng
area.
Las Vegas: Site of Pi oneer Vi l
l age Museum and Nel l i s Fi el d
Trai ner Base; gateway to Hoover
Dam, Val l ey of Fire, and Lakes
Mead and Mohave.
Beatty: Site of ol d mini ng di s
trict, Bottl e House Museum; gate
way to ghost towns, Desert Wi l d
l i fe Refuge, and Death Val l ey
Nat. Mon.
Southwestern Cal ifornia
El Centro: With Brawley, center
of l mperi

l Val l ey farmi ng area

and gateway to Mexical i , Mexico,
and weird desert of Sal ton Sea.
Pal m Springs: Spa for Hol ly
wood notabl es; with I ndi o, gate
way to Joshua Tree Nat. Mon. and
south entrance of Death Val l ey.
l NPLKM Ll tb 47
Sky Harbor, Phoeni x, Ari z.
MODERN LIFE AND INDUSTRIES Today' s Southwest
is a l and of contrasts. Atom sci enti sts from new, ul tra
modern los Al amos en route to Spani sh- speaki ng Santa
Fe ( ol dest capi tal ci ty i n the United States) pass I ndi an
puebl os where potters use methods a thousand years ol d.
Travel ers i n Di esel -drawn Pul l mans fl ash past burros l aden
wi t h wood f or cooki ng fres. Armi es of hunters, ski ers, fi sh
er men, "rockhounds, " photographers, and si ghtseers
i nvade thi s l and each year to enj oy the scenery, cl i mate,
and t hei r hobbi es. They hel p bui l d the Southwest' s boom
i ng touri st i ndustry.
Huge i rri gati on systems water mi l l i ons of acres of cot
ton, ci trus, al fal fa, appl e, peach, corn, wheat, and other
crops. From desert cattl e tan ks to the dron i ng generators
of Hoover Dam, the Southwest' s fi rst cauti on i s "Go easy
wi th water! " Here i s a sun- warmed l and of modern ci ti es
and wi de r anges; of forested mountai ns and cactus
studded deserts; of ri ch farms and rocky mesas where
coal , gol d, l ead, pumi ce, and copper ar e mi ned and
where prospectors search f or sti l l - hi dden ur ani um, petro
l eum, and other earth treasures. The fgures on p. 49 gi ve
a gener al pi cture of recent Southwestern producti on and
progress.
48 ACTIVITIES TODAY
THE MODERN SOUTHWEST-RESOURCES AND OTHER STATISTICS
(Acres, K. W. H. , and dol l ars are in mi l l i ons; val ues are annual)
ARI ZONA NEW MEXI CO UTAH COLORADO TEXAS NE VADA
Area ( i n sq. mi l es) 1 1 4,000 1 22,000 85,000 1 04,000 267 000 1 1 1 ,000
Popul ati on, 1 95 750,000 68 1 ,000 689,000 1 ,325,00 7,71 1 ,000 1 60,000
Capi tal ci ty Phoeni x Santa Fe Sal t lake Denver Austi n Carson Ci ty
Ci t v
Acres natl . forests 1 2. 2 1 0. 3 9. 1 1 5. 2 1 . 7 0
livestock val ues $ 95. 7 $1 07. 5 $1 1 2. 6 $323. 9 $ 848. 3 $32. 0
Farm cr op val ues $276. 0 $1 95. 4
$ 38. 4 $558 . 1 $1 , 1 47. 4 $1 6. 0
Oi l and gas val ues
m
$1 61. 6 $ 3. 2 $ 97. 3 $2,362. 6
m
Mineral val ues $1 8 1 . 1
$1 99. 6 $1 77. 7 $228. 5 $2,365.8 $37. 4
Farm l and acreage 37. 9 49. 6 1 0. 3 36. 2 1 41 . 3 6. 2 I
Acres i rr i gated 1 . 4 0. 7 1 . 1 2. 9 2. 7 0. 7
Touri st val ues $200 $1 75 $ 3 1 . 7 $265.3 $ 770. 5
m
Mfg. prod. val ues $1 04 $55.5 $1 28. 3 $286. 8 $1 ,727. 5 $27. 8
K. W. H. ( ki l owatt-
hours) produced 3,770 1 ,820 2,700 2,260 7,280
m
Nat . parks
and mons. 1 7 V 1 1 8 1 2
State parks
and mons. 0 1 5 6 0 48 1 1
PLMb M MlNLb In travel i ng notice abrupt
changes in vegetati on. A pi nyon-j uniper forest gives pl ace
to grassl and studded with yuccas; Creosotebush and Salt
bush merge i nto cactus, Mesquite, and Pal o-Verde. The
group of pl ant species normal l y found growi ng together
i n a common envi ronment is cal l ed a "pl ant associ ati on. "
Ani mal species, i ncl udi ng i nsects, prefer particul ar pl ant
associations for food and shel ter, so each vegetative type
becomes part of a "community" of pl ants and ani mal s.
El evati on, soi l , and other factors determi ne the nature of
communities. Where moisture is al l -i mportant, pl ant asso
ci ati ons show seasonal changes. Some speci es l ive through
l ong dry peri ods i n the seed stage; others become dor
mant; sti l l others devel op water-storage organs or other
devices enabl i ng them to remai n active through drouth.
Speci es unabl e to endure extreme conditions are repl aced
LI FE ZONE
Arcti c al pi ne
Hudsonian
ELEVATI ONS, TYPE OF COUNTRY
feet above sea
level ( approx. )
Above 1 2,00 Above ti mberl i ne
RAI NFALL,
i nches per
year
30-35
9,500- 1 2,000 Hi gh mountai ns to ti mberl i ne
30
-35
Canadi an 8,000-1 0,000 Mountai ns 25-30
Transi ti on 7,000-8,000 Pl ateaul ands 1 -Zb
Upper Sonoran 3,500-7,00 Mesas and foothi l l s 1 Z-Z
Lower Sonoran 5-4,00 Sanaran, Mohave and 3- 1 5
Chi huohuan deserts
Dry-tropical Bel ow 50 Along Col orado River 1 -6
in extreme SW A_ri zona
by those that can. If a species thrives abnormal ly, its pred
ators act to control it. The natural system of control s i s
cal l ed a "bi ol ogical bal ance. " Activities of man someti mes
upset it and give certai n speci es an advantage. Each
Southwest associ ati on or community is restricted to speci fc
el evational bel ts, or zones, above or bel ow whi ch cl i
matic conditi ons are unfavorabl e to it.
Lfe Zone5 As you go from the desert up to the mesas
and on i nto the mountai ns, you notice fal l i ng temperature,
i ncreased moisture, and marked di ferences i n the pl ant
and ani mal l ife. The great natural ist C. Hart Merri am
showed that such changes due to el evati on resembl e
those due t o l ati tude. Roughl y, a change i n el evati on of
1 ,000 ft. equal s a north-south diference of 300 mi l es. Thi s
theory hel ps expl ai n the Southwest's compl ex pl ant l ife
and ani mal s dependent upon it.
TYPICAL PLANTS
Dougl as Fir, Whi te Fi r,
Quaki ng Aspen
Ponderosa Pi ne
Pi nyon-J uni per, Grama Grass,
Sagebrush
Creosotebush, Sal t Bush, and
Ocoti l l o
PLANT GEOGRAPHY Each l i fe zone ( pp. 50-5 1 ) i s
represented-arcti c and dry-tro
p
i cal r ar el y. Most peaks
above ti mber l i ne are accessi bl e onl y by foot or horseback.
The Pi kes Peak s ummi t road goes i nto the arcti c- al pi ne l i fe
zone. Hudsoni an pl ant communi ti es occur al ong hi ghways
through some mountai n passes. Canadi an l i fe zone pl ants
appear a l ong mountai n roads i n New Mexi co, Col orado,
Ari zona, Utah, and Nevada. Ponderosa Pi ne, chief South
west l umber tree, i ndi cates transi ti on l i fe- zone condi ti on s
wherever i t grows abundantl y.
Arcti c-Al pi ne Zone
Son Francisco Mts. , Ari z.
Sangre1de Cri sto Mts. , N. Mex.
San Juan Mts. , Col o.
Uncompahgre Mts. , Col o.
Snake Range, Nev.
Wasatch Mts. , Utah
Pi kes Peok, Col o.
Hudsoni an Zone
Cedar Breaks Nat. Mon. , Utah
Bryce Canyon, Utah
N. Ri m Grand Canyon, Ari z.
Wol f Creek Pass, Col o.
Mi l l i on Dol l ar Hi ghway, Col o.
Monarch Pass, Col o.
li zard Head Pass, Col o.
Canadi an Zone Transi ti on Zone
Kai bab Pl ateau, Ari z. Ch i ri cah ua Mts. , Ari z.
Whi te Mt s. , Ari z. Santa Cat al i na Mts. , Ari z.
Sandi o Mts. , N. Mex. Chisos Mts. , Tex.
Bl ack Range, N. Mex . Davi s Mts. , Tex.
Sacramento Mts. , N. Mex. Zuni Mts., N. Mex.
Aquari us Pl ateau, Utah
La Sal Mts. , Ut ah
Charl eston Mts. , Nev. pl ateaus, SW Ut ah
Condi ti ons favorabl e to upper Sonoran vegetati on are
more wi despread in the Southwest than any other condi
ti ons. Mesa l ands and foothi l l s covered wi th pygmy forests
of pi nyon and j uni per are typi cal . lower Sonoran condi
ti ons prevai l across the enti re southern porti on of the
Southwest, reachi ng north i nto southeast Nevada an d
southwest Utah. Al though condi ti ons typi cal of t he dry
tropi cal l i fe zone do not enter the Southwest, compar abl e
vegetati on is found al ong the Col orado Ri ver above its
del ta. It appears, al so, from the Gul f of Cal i forni a, a l ong
the val l ey of the Sonoi ta Ri ver, to the southern porti on of
Or gan Pi pe Cactus Nati onal Monument south of Aj o, Ari z.
52 PLANTS AND ANIMALS
BIRDS
Bi rds are seen everywhere i n the
Southwest from hot, dry deserts to
arcti c mountai n tops. Some spe
ci es are resi dents; others mi grate
t hr ough the Southwest. Many of
the 400 speci es recorded i n the
Southwest are found el sewhere i n
Western
Red-tai led
Hawk
thi s country. The fol l owi ng pages deal onl y with the
bi rds character istic of the Southwest and common enough
t o be s een frequentl y. Si nce el evati on i s i mportant i n de
ter mi ni ng l ocal c l i mate and food suppl y, bi r ds are cl assi
fed as mountai n, mesa, and desert speci es. However, a
speci es may be found at hi gher el evati ons in summer t han
i n wi nter. I nsect eaters ar e general l y absent at hi gh a l ti
tudes, where col d l i mits thei r food s uppl y. Less acti ve
dur i ng the heat of the day, bi rds are best seen i n ear l y
mor ni ng or l ate afternoon. A s l ow wal k, . away from
houses, wi l l reveal bi rds you otherwi se woul d mi ss, t hough
j ays and some others make themsel ves at home near
camps and cabi ns. Al l songbi rds are protected by federal
and state l aws.
' r
For more about bi rds read:
BI RDS, Zi m and Gabri el son, Si mon
and Schuster, N. Y. , 1 955.
A GU I D E TO BI RD F I ND I NG WEST OF T HE
MI S S I S S I PPI , Petti ngi l l , Oxford Univ.
Press, N. Y. , 1 953.
BI RDS OF T HE WEST, Booth, Stanford
Uni v. Press, Pal o Al to, Cal i f. , 1 950.
A f i EL D GU I D E TO WESTERN BI RDS,
Peterson, Houghton Mi fi n Co. ,
Boston, 1 941 .
53
bl Kb Lf Mt NLUMl Mb
MOUN
T
AI N CHI CKADEE (5 i n. ),
a common permanent resi dent of
mountai n forests, is a fri endl y and
cheerful bi rd. I t eats insects and
seeds.
MOUNTA BLUEBI RD (7 i n. )
is bri ght bl ue wi th a characteristic
white bel ly. I t often travels in
focks. The food consists mai nl y
ROCKY MOUNTAI N
WOODPECKE
R
(9 i n.) i s known
by the white stri pe on its back.
Only males have the red head
patch. Eats i nsects.
CALLIOPE HUMMI NGBI RD (3
i n. ) i s one of the smal lest U.S.
hummers. I t prefers high moun
lai n meadows of l upi ne and
pai ntbrush i n summer,
WATER OUZEL (7> i n. ) l ives
near swift streams and waterfal l s,
nesti ng in moist locations. It seeks
aquatic insects under the water.
ROCKY MOUNTAI N NUT
HATCH (6 i n. ) cl i ngs head-down
on tree trunks, l ooking for i nsects
and seeds. It stores food. This bird
chatters constantl y.
LONG-CRESTED JAY ( 1 3 i n. ), of
Ponderosa Pine country, is hand
some and arrogant. Hops about
on the ground, hunti ng food and
troubl e. A f or m of t he common
Stel l er Jay.
ROSY FI NCH (6 i n. ) l ives i n snow
above timberl i ne i n summer, wi n
ters i n mountai n val leys. Eats i n
sects, seeds. Nests on ground.
CLARK NUTCRACKER ( 1 21 i n. )
summers i n mountai n forests. I t
wi l l enter camps to beg food. I n
winter it descends to the pi nes
and pinyons.
blKb Lf Ht Ntbb
ROCK WREN (51 i n. ) is a
spri ghtly, grayish-brown songster
af canyon and mesa. Whitish tai l
. Wi nters i n desert val l eys.
WESTERN MOURNI NG DOVE
( 1 2 i n.), browni sh, with poi nted
tai l , is common. Nests on ground
or l ow trees. Song is mournful
1 1 Coo-ah, coo, coo, coo. "
MAGPI E (20 i n. ) is a handsome,
l ong-tai l ed noisy bi rd. Col onies
nest i n trees and thickets. They
feed on i nsects, carrion, and grai n .
WESTERN MEADOWLARK (9
i n. ), a chunky, brown and yel l ow
songster af grassl ands, has a
bl ack V on the breast. It eats
GOLDEN EAGLE (35 i n. ), a bird
of mesa and mountai n, is l arger
and darker than hawks. Young
have whi te under wi ngs. Eats ro
dents, carri on. Bal d Eagl e is rare
i n the Southwest.
SAY PHOEBE (7 i n. ), a bufy fy
catcher with tawny breast, nests
i n bui l di ngs and under ledges. It
snaps up i nsects whi l e on the wi ng.
PI NYON JAY ( 1 1 i n. ) is chunky
and dark. Fl ocks frequent j uni pers
and pi nyons. They are cal l ed
Rai ncrows because of thei r cry.
(9 in.) is O smal l , l ong- l egged
ground owl wi th no ear tufts.
Often seen by day near Prai rie
Dog burrows and road cul verts.
Feeds on insects and rodents.
bl KDb Lf Ht Ntbb
WOODHOUSE JAY ( 1 2 i n. ) i s a
crestless, pal e bl ue bi rd wi th a
streaked gray chest. Noisy. Lives
in oak and pi nyon-j uni per scrub.
BROWN TOWHEE (9 i n. ) i s
fufy, brown, sparrow-l i ke. Li ves
and nests on the gr ound i n brush
l and. Eats seeds and i nsects.
bl Kb Lf Mt tbtK
PHAI NOPEPLA (7 i n. ) is crested,
gl ossy bl ue-bl ack, with white wi ng
patches i n fi ght, and fute-l ike
song. Eats berries and insects.
DESERT SPARROW HAWK (911
i n. ) , a handsome bi rd, feedi ng
mai nl y on grasshoppers and smal l
mammal s, i s wi despread i n the
Southwest.
CACTUS WREN (7 i n. ) bui l ds
nests for shel ter as wel l as for
reari ng young, usual l y i n chol l a
or Mesquite. Noisy. Eats insects.
WHITE-RUMPED SHRI KE (9 i n. )
captures grasshoppers, l izards,
and smal l mammals. I mpal es sur
pl us prey an thorns. Noisy, quar
relsome, and vicious.
ROADRUNNER (22 i n. ) , state
bi rd of New Mexico, rarel y fies
unl ess fri ghtened. Sol i tary rel a
tive af the cuckoos. Eats insects,
l i zards, snakes. Often seen al ong
roadsides and u nder sal tbushes.
GILA ( HE-Iah) WOODPECKER
(9 i n.), named for the val l ey
where i t is most abundant, nests i n
cottonwoods or i n stems of Gi ant
Cactus.
NI GHTHAWK (9 i n. ), of two
common species, fl l s the ai r i n
erratic fi ght duri ng summer dusk
and dawn whi l e pursui ng

i nsects.
Nests on bare ground.
GAMBEL QUAI L ( 1 0 i n. ), a game
bi rd wi th droopi ng head pl ume
si mi l ar to Cal ifornia Quai l , has a
chestnut crown. Feeds and nests
on the ground. Coveys converse in
soft, spi rited tones.
bl Kb Lf Ht tbtK
(8 i n. ) frequents thickets where i n
sects abound. Has sl ender body,
large head, and pale yel l ow
bel l y.
CRI SSAL THRASHER ( 1 1 ' i n. )
and three more desert thrashers
al l are ri ch songsters. They feed
on the ground and nest i n cac
tuses.
KtPtb
The repti l es of the Southwest i ncl ude turtl es, l izards, and
snakes. The warm, dr y cl i mate favors t he l ast two groups.
Al l repti l es are "col d-bl ooded"; thei r temperature is about
that of thei r surroundi ngs. Stories as to the danger from
desert repti l es are often exaggerated. Cauti on i n wal ki ng
through brush or cl i mbi ng rocky pl aces is common sense.
urfle5 of the Southwest i ncl ude both l and (tortoi ses)
and water species. Thei r shel l s, pl ated ski ns, and horny
beaks set them of from other repti l es. look for the famed
Desert Tortoise at l ower el evati ons.
LzUrU5 are common throughout the Southwest. Some
l ook l i ke mi niature di nosaurs; most eat i nsects and other
smal l creatures. On l y one l i zard, the Gi l a Monster, i s
poi sonous. I t shoul d never be handl ed.
bnUke5 are col orful and i nteresti ng. Many ki nds (es
pecial l y in summer) feed onl y at ni ght. They eat i nsects,
l izards, and smal l rodents. Most snakes are benefcial .
Of t he poisonous speci es i n t he Southwest, onl y rattl ers
ore dangerous. Wear stout shoes when hi ki ng and cl i mb
i ng. Al ways l ook before you step.
For furt her information read:
REPTI LES AND AMP HI BI ANS, Zim and Smith, Si mon and Schuster, N. Y. ,
1 953.
SNAKES ALI VE AND How THEY LI VE, Pope, Vi ki ng Press, N. Y. , 1 937.
HANDBOOK OF LI ZARDS, Smith, Cornel l Univ. Press, I thaca, N. Y. , 1 946.
POI SONOUS DwELLERS OF THE DESERT, Dodge, Southwestern Monuments
Assoc., Gl obe, Ariz., 1 955.
60 PLMb M MLb
DESERT TORTOI SE ( 1 0 i n. ), a
heavy, cl ub-footed, pl ant-eati ng
tu rtl e, can l i ve several weeks
wi thout water. Activity governed
by temperature. Femal e
l eathery-ski nned egg
s
:
-.

be hatched by sun' s h
WESTERN BOX TURTLE (5-6 in. )
prefers open, moist areas; may be
seen al ong hi ghways. Under-shel l
is hi nged. Box turtles feed on in
sects and fruits. Fi ne pets; may
live up to 80 years.
SONORAN MUD TURTLE (5 i n.),
like its eastern relatives, lives in
permanent, . sl uggish streams,
lakes, reservoirs. Long, smooth
shel led; emits characteristic musky
odor. Feeds on young of aquatic
i nsects.
EMORY'S SOFT-SHELLED TUR
TLE ( 1 8 in. ; to 35 l b. ) is the only
Southwest member of an edibl e
group with l ong necks and short
tempers. Handl e with care. Soft
edged shel ls; lack horny scales.
Live i n streams, reservoirs, lakes.
NLUMl M M Ntb LlZKb
CLIMBING UTAS (6 in. ), ale rt
and agi l e, i nhabit trees, cl ifs, and
rocky pl aces, where they feed on
i nsects. When quiet, thei r ski n
bl ends wi th the col or of thei r sur
roundi ngs.
COLLARED LIZARDS ( 1 4 i n. )
bite readi l y but are harml ess.
They i nhabi t mountai n canyons;
are fairly common. Run on hi nd
l egs when frightened. Eat i nsects
and smal l l izards.
SHORT-HORNED LI ZARD (4
i n. ), cal l ed "Horned Toad," eats
ants and other smal l i nsects. It is
i l l egal to remove this easi l y cap
tured l izard from Arizona or
New Mexico.
8-LI NED WHI PTAI L LIZARD
( 1 1 i n. ) and its ki n are sl ender,
l ong-tail ed l i zards found at el e
vati ons up to 8,500 ft. Often
heard rustl i ng among fal l en
l eaves. Feed on grubs and i nsects.
DESERT SPI NY SWI FTS ( 1 0 i n.
l ong) have a rough- and-ready ap
pearance. They usual l y frequent
rocky or brushy country, often
cl i mbi ng smal l trees. Eat i nsects,
especi al l y ants.
CHUCKWALLAS are Iorge ( 1 6
i n. ) , pl ant- eati ng l i zards, whose
edi bl e fl esh was pri zed by I n
di ans. Ch ange col or somewhat
wi t h l i ght and temperature. Use
t hi ck tai l as cl ub i n defense.
WESTERN GROUND GECKO or
BANDED GECKO (5 i n. l ong) .
wi t h fne scal es and t hi n, trans
parent ski n, squeaks when caught .
Hi des by day, h unts spi ders and
i nsects at ni ght . lays sever al smal l
wh ite eggs at one ti me.
WHI PTAI L LI ZARDS (9 i n. ) or
RACERUNNERS, wi th mottl ed,
spotted marki ngs, are found on
open hi l l si des and sandy washes.
Sl ender, short- l egged. Common
i n deserts, under shrubs or loose
rocks.
LIZARDS OF THE DESERT
SNAKES OF MOUNTAIN AND MESA
BLUE RACERS (4 ft. ), rel ated to
eastern Bl acksnakes, often crawl
wi th head rai sed. They ore vari
abl e i n col or, sl ender and agi l e,
often cl i mbi ng bushes and trees
after i nsects, l i zards, and eggs.
GOPHER SNAKES (5 ft. ) resem
bl e common Bul l Snakes of the
prai ri es i n appearance and hob
its, but occur up to 7,000 ft . i n the
Southwest. Feed on rodents.
CALI FORNI A KI NG SNAKE (4
ft. ), gl ossy bl ock, has bonds of
creamy white in chai n- l i ke pot
tern. Found i n Cal i forni a and
Southwest; makes doci l e pet.
WESTERN GARTER SNAKES (3
ft.) (three main groups) vary i n
col or an d marki ngs. Common i n
moist pl aces; emi t foul odor when
caught. Eat fs h, toads, worms.
HOG-NOSED SNAKE ( 3 ft. ),
wi th upturned, shovel - l i ke snout,
burrows for food. Prefers toads.
Hisses and pufs up i n defense, or
pl oys dead. Sui tabl e as pet; i t
practi cal ly never bites.
HKNLtbb bMKtb Lf Ht tbtK
RED RACER (4 ft.), sl ender and
strong rel ative af Bl ue Racer,
hunts in trees and shrubs. Col or
varies from red-brown to dark
gray. Abroad i n dayti me, it eats
i nsects, mice, l i zards, and bi rds.
LONG-NOSED SNAKES (2' ft.)
eat smal l mammals and snakes.
Hunt at ni ght; often kil l ed by cars.
Long snout i ndi cates burrowi ng;
otherwise l ittle is known of habi ts.
ARI ZONA RI NG - NECKED
SNAKE ( 1 ' ft. ) is one of the l arg
est ri ng-necks. Ti mi d and retiri ng,
it occurs i n desert mountai ns.
Someti mes cal l ed Thi mbl e or Red
Bel l ied Snake.
FANGLESS or SPOTTED NI GHT
SNAKE ( 1 6 i n. ) l ives-l i ke rel ated
Fanged Ni ght Snake-i n rocky lo
cations. Sl i ghtl y poisonous sal iva
hel ps subdue smal l mammals.
MOUNTAI N KING SNAKE (3
ft.) i nhabits Ponderosa Pine belt.
Kill s smal l mammal s and snakes
by squeezi ng. May ki l l and eat
smal l rattl ers, also birds and eggs.
Resembl es the more bri l l i ant
Coral Snake.
POISONOUS SNAKES
66
WESTERN DIAMOND - BACK
RATTLESNAKES (5 ft. ), aggres
sive and dangerous, are wi del y
di stri buted on mesa and desert.
Rattl e l oudl y when di sturbed.
Contrast i ng pattern on tai l . Eats
smal l mammal s. Young born al ive.
PRAI RI E RATTLESNAKES ( 31z
ft. ), of at l east six i ntermi xi ng
races, are common i n dry grass
l ands, often in prai ri e-dog towns.
Gather i n "dens" to hi bernate.
SI DEWI NDER (2 ft. ) travel s i n
l oose sand by wi ndi ng or l oopi ng
moti on from si de to si de as i t
hunts smal l rodents at ni ght. Rare
l y seen dur i ng day. Al so cal l ed
Horned Rattl er for t he hor nl i ke
r i dge over each eye.
SONORAN CORAL SNAKES
( 1 8 i n. ), smal l , secretive, t i mi d,
are rel ated to cobras. Poison i s
potent; coul d be deadl y. No one
bi tten i n Southwest so far as
known. I denti fed by smal l head
with bl ack snout.
FI RST AI D FOR SNAKE BITE Most vi si tors to t he Southwest never
see a rattl esnake. U-shaped pattern of tooth marks i ndi cates non
poi sonous bi tes; treat wi th a germi ci de. Doubl e puncture of l arge fangs
may confrm bi te by poi sonous snake. Keep pati ent quiet; send for
doctor. Pl ace tourni quet between bi te and heart. Make V-i n. X-cuts
with steri l e razor bl ade through each fang puncture. Mai ntai n sucti on
to promote bl eedi ng. loosen tourni quet bri efy at 20-mi nute i nterval s.
PLlbLMLUb LKtUKtb
GI LA MONSTER (22 i n. ) is the onl y poisonous l i zard in t he U.S.
Venom is secreted i n l ower j aw beneath the teeth. Al t hough usual l y not
dangerous, Gi l a Monsters can twi st thei r heads and bi te qui ckl y. They
shoul d never be handl ed. livi ng i n hot, dry desert fats or canyons,
they remai n i n shade by day under brush or l oose rocks. Feed on eggs,
mi ce, l izards, young birds, rabbits.
TARANTULAS (body 1 -2 in. ) are
feared because of size and ap
pearance. Rarel y bite humans;
bi te painful but not seri ous. J ump
and-attack stori es are untrue.
Li ve i n smal l burrows.
DESERT CENTI PEDE (7 i n. ), a
l arge species, has a poi sonous but
not dangerous bi te. Treat bite
wi th antiseptic to prevent i nfec
tion. Widely distri buted i n South-
west.
BLACK WIDOW SPIDERS (1 i n.
over-al l ) are poi sonous and some
ti mes deadl y. Onl y femal es bi te.
Cal l doctor if bitten. Spi ders make
webs i n dark corners, feed on i n
sects.
SCORPIONS ( 1 :5 in.) may be
deadly to smal l chi l dren, pai nful
to adults. Shake beddi ng and
cl othi ng when campi ng. I f stung,
appl y i ce and cal l doctor.
l MbtLb
CARPENTER BEES (1-34 i n. ), re
sembl i ng bl ue-bl ack bumbl ebees,
burrow into dry wood - timbers,
posts, tel ephone pol es.
TARANTULA HAWK (3- 1 1 i n.)
is a bl ack-and-red or brown metal
l i c wasp. Harml ess to humans, i t
preys on spiders to feed its young.
GREEN FRUI T BEETLES have
l arge size (3- 1 14 in. ) and bri ght
metal l i c col ors. They eat fgs,
apricots, grapes, other frui t.
YUCCA MOTH (1-34 i n. ), by pol
l i nati ng yucca fowers, assures
food for its young and seeds for
the yucca. I t fies at night.
WALKI NGSTI CKS (2-31 i n. ),
usual l y wi ngl ess, are sl ow, twig
l i ke. Feed on broad-l eaved trees;
emit an odor ofensive to bi rds.
MbtLb
I nsects are everywhere and are especial l y numerous in
frost-free desert cl i mates. More ki nds of i nsects are known
than of al l other ani mal s. Some are hel pful to manki nd;
others are i nj uri ous. Space permits onl y a bri ef i ntroduc
ti on to a few of the thousands of speci es found i n the
Southwest.
MAY BEETLES (1 in. ) are robust,
brown insects whose buzzi ng fi ght
around l i ghts attracts attention i n
earl y summer.
BOXELDER BUG, common
around Boxel der trees, is smal l
(' i n. ) , fat . Young are br i ght red.
Bug i nvades houses.
For more about i nsects read:
CI CADA ( 1 i n. ) arouses curiosity
with its shri l l , vi brati ng song on
hot s ummer days. Many species i n
Southwest.
WHITE-LI NED SPHI NX MOTHS
(2V4-4 i n. wingspread), also cal l ed
Hummi ngbi rd Moths, vi si t fowers
at dusk, fearl ess of humans.
I NSECTS, Essi g, The Macmi l l an Co. , N. Y. , 1 952.
I NSECTS, Zi m and Cottam, Si mon and Schuster, N. Y. , 1 955.
I NSECT GUI DE, Swain, Doubl eday, N. Y., 1 948.
69
FI RE ANTS (Vs i n. ) and some
others sting savagel y. Appl y hot
compresses and ammoni a. Destroy
the nests with a soil fumi gant.
YELLOW JACKETS <: i n. ) usu
al l y nest underground. They can
sti ng viciousl y. Treat wounds l ike
ant sti ngs; destroy nests with care.
BUMBLEBEES (1 in. ) rarel y sting.
Treat the pai nful puncture as
above. The bi ggest of t he bees,
these make large nests under the
ground.
HONEYBEES ( i n. ) are bene
fci al pol l en carri ers. Many wi l d
col oni es exi st i n Southwest. Sti ng
pai nful ; i n numbers they are seri
ous; cal l a doctor.
CONE-NOSED BUGS or KI SS
I NG BUGS (V> i n. ) are parasitic
on wood rats. Bite can cause i l l
ness and pai n. Summon doctor;
appl y hot Epsom sal t packs.
70 PLl bLMLUb l MbtLb
Wi l d mammal s of many ki nds may be seen by watch
ful travel ers. Beavers are i ncreasi ng; el k are maki ng a
comeback; bl ack bears occur in the mountai ns. I n nati onal
parks and monuments, al l mammal s are protected i n
natural surroundi ngs for you to observe and photograph.
State and federal wi l dl ife refuges (see p. 1 49) assure pro
tection for a reservoir of game species. Diseases, parasites,
food suppl y, ani mal and human enemies, and other natu
ral factors produce popul ati on cycl es among ani mal s. Al l
mammal s, and pl ants or ani mal s on whi ch they feed, are
i nvol ved i n that compl ex i nteraction of al l l ife and its
envi ronment whi ch we cal l the Bal ance of Nature.
For more about Southwestern mammal s read:
A FI ELD GUI DE TO T HE MAMMALS, Burt and Grossenhei der, Houghton
Mi fi n Co., Boston, 1 952.
LI VES OF GAME ANI MALS, Ernest Thompson Seton, Charl es T. Branford
Co., Boston, 1 953 (6 vols. ) .
MAMMALS, Zi m and Hofmei ster, Si mon and Schuster, New York, 1 955.
ANI MALS OF THE SoUTHWEST DESERTS, Ol i n, Southwestern Monuments
Assoc. , Gl obe, Ariz., 1 954.
MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERI CA, Cahol ane, The Macmi l l an C
o
., N. Y.,
1 947.
Pm0rc0n bl0ck b00r: b0ck, broWn, or lnferm000f0 [2 b. ]
BISON or BUFFALO (right) (5-6
ft. hi gh; to 1 ton), stof of l i fe for
early Plains I ndi ans, was al most
extermi nated i n the 1 880' s. Herds
now i n wi l dl ife refuges and na
ti onal parks (p. 1 49).
PRONGHORNS or ANTELOPE
(right) seem to be increasi ng.
Bands may be seen i n W Texas,
E New Mexico, and central Ari
zona. Dwel l ers of open grass
l ands, they are alert and feet.
MULE DEER {left) (3-4 ft. hi gh;
1 75-200 l b. ), both desert and
mountai n s.ecies, are numerous;
provide good hunti ng (p. 1 54) .
White-tai l ed Deer also are found
i n many desert mountai n ranges.
BIGHORN or MOUN
T
AI N
SHEEP (left} survive i n rugged
mountai n refuges, favored by iso
l ati on and adequate grass and
browse. Poachers, parasites, and
wi l d burros are thei r enemies.
GRAY FOXES (right) (7- 1 3 l b. )
are predators whi ch hel p control
rodents. They are someti mes seen
at night i n national parks, where
they have become accustomed to
peopl e_ Smal l er than Coyotes.
BOBCATS (right) ( 1 5-25 lb.; 30-
36 in. l ong), al ert and stealthy,
are abroad i n rocky, brushy coun
try day and ni ght. They eat smal l
mammals, bi rds - occasional l y
cal ves, l ambs, poultry_
LKt l L NNNLb
MOUNTAI N LIONS or COU
GARS (left) (80-200 l b. ; 6-8 ft.
l ong) ore l arge, powerful cats
that prey on deer and l ivestock.
Wide-rangi ng but ti mi d, they per
sist in rocky and scrubby country
despite trappi ng and hunti ng.
COYOTES (left) (20-50 l b. )
sometimes prey on calves, l ambs,
and poultry, but also help i n ro
dent control. They are the com
monest of Southwest predators,
often seen trotti ng wi th tai l down.
bNLL NNNLb Lf Ht NLUMl Mb
YELLOW-HAI RED PORCUPI NE
(right) (25-30 i n. ) , is common,
cl umsy; has qui l l s on back and
tai l . Feeds mai nl y on herbs and
i nner bark of trees. Several races.
CHI PMUNKS {right) (8 in.), viva
ci ous, active rodents of several
speci es, scamper over wooded
and brushy sl opes i n search of
fruits and i nsects. Five stripes
from snout to tai l .
RELS ( 1 1 i n. ) burrow i n mountai n
meadows and open sl opes. Larger
and chunki er than chi pmunks,
they have stripes from shoul der
to hi p.
MARMOTS or ROCKCHUCKS
{left) ( 25 i n. ) l i ve i n col oni es i n
mountai n meadows and hi l l si des.
Thei r cal l is a shri l l whistl e. Active
all s ummer, they hi bernate in
winter.
bNLL NNNLb Lf Ht Ntbb
TUFTED-EARED SQUI RRELS
(right) are l ar ge ( 1 8 i n. ) , hand
some, gray i nhabi tants of Pon
derosa Pi ne forests. Most famous
i s the Kai bab Squi rrel of North
Ri m, Grand Canyon.
BLACK - TAI LED JACKRABBI T
(right) ( 20 i n. ) real l y a l ong-eared
hare, i s prol i fc, wary, feet, and
abl e to obt ai n moi sture f r om food.
Popul ati on fl uctuates in cycl es.
Destructive to crops.
POCKET GOPHERS {left) (9 i n. )
ar e rarel y seen. Thei r bur rows,
dug i n search of roots, honey
comb grassl ands and meadows.
Destructive; hard to control .
PRAI RI E DOGS (left) ( 1 5 i n. ) are
chubby, short-tai l ed rodents of
grassl ands. Once common, they
have been reduced by farmi ng
and poi soni ng. Nati onal and slate
parks provi de sanctuari es.
bNLL NNNLb Lf Mt tbtKb
KANGAROO RATS (right) ( 1 2
i n. ), abroad at ni ght, have l arge
heads, l ong hi nd l egs and tai l s.
Note thei r burrow mounds. They
al l the water they need from
food.
KI T FOXES (right), smal l (30 i n. ) ,
wi th l arge ears, are wi despread
but rarel y seen. Ni ght h unters,
they i nvestigate camps or search
far mice and l izards among rocks
and brush.
COATIS (/eft) (4 ft. ), of the rae
coon fami l y, have l ong, upturned
snouts useful i n rooti ng for food.
Thei r l ang tai l s are carri ed erect.
Often travel i n bands of 30 ar
more.
RI NGTAI LS (left) ( 28 i n. ) i nhabi t
caves and l edges, hunti ng at
ni ght far rodents. Catl i ke i n ap
pearance, t hey are rel ated ta
raccoons. Eyes and ears are l arge;
tai ls, l ong and banded.
PLM Ll ft
Next t o maj esti c scenery, i t i s t he ri ch and vari ed pl ant
l i fe that captures your i nterest in the Southwest. Here
grow gi ant Ponderosa Pi nes and wei rd, dwarf cactuses.
lush al pi ne meadows overl ook barren, al kal i ne fats. You
cannot but marvel at the unusual adaptati ons of South
west pl ants to thei r vari ed envi ronments. Thei r beauty i s
apparent, and i n many pl aces the pl ant cover soothes a
harsh l andscape.
The fol l owi ng pages emphasi ze typi cal pl ants of the
Southwest, usi ng el evati on, as represented by the moun
tai ns, mesas, and deserts, as a key t o gr oupi ng the
foweri ng pl ants, shr ubs, and trees. The cactuses and the
pl a
n
ts confused wi th them are treated separatel y.
Ti me your Southwest vi si t to see most pl ants i n bl oom.
Spri ng i s bl ossom ti me on the desert. Fl owers of mesas and
mountai ns ar e s howi est after s ummer rai ns. Enj oy fowers,
photograph them, but l et them grow and mature t hei r
seeds. Wi l dfl owers and ot her pl ants are protected i n al l
nati onal and state parks.
For more about fowers read:
FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS, Dodge and J ani sh, 1 952.
FL OWERS OF T HE SoUTHWEST MESAS, Patraw and J ani sh, 1 953.
fLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MoU NTAI NS, Arnberger and Jani sh, 1 952.
( Al l above t i t l es publ i shed by S. W. Monuments Assoc., Gl obe, Ari z. ).
MEET THE NATI VES, Pesman, Smi th Brooks Co. , Denver, 1 947.
FLOWERS, Zi m and Marti n, Simon and Schuster, N. Y. , 1 950.
A TRAVELER' s GU I DE TO RoADSI DE WI L D fLOWERS, Tayl or; Farrar, Straus,
and Young, N. Y. , 1 949.
PLANTS AND ANI MALS 77
COLORADO COLUMBI NE (2-3
ft. ) i s one of many showy species
i n the Southwest. Bl ue-and-whi te
Col umbi ne, stole fower of
1
Col o
rodo, bl ooms among aspens June
to Jul y.
HAREBELL ( 1 - 1 V2 ft. ) is a del i
cote, noddi ng bl ue bel l fower
growi ng wi del y i n cl usters on
open mountai n sl opes and moi st
meadows. Bl ooms from J une to
September.
WESTERN YARROW ( 1 2-20 i n. )
i s a common mountai n fl ower wi th
fnel y di vi ded l eaves. Bl ooms from
J une to September on roadsi des
and grassy meadows. I ndi ans use
i t medi ci nal l y.
LEAFY-BRACT ASTER ('h-4 ft. ),
yel l ow-centered, with bl ue or pur
pl e petal s, is common al ong
roads, sl opes, and i n forest
meadows, August-September.
SKYROCKET GI LI A ('h-2 ft. ) ,
one of several common speci es
with red, orange, or bl ue fowers,
bl ooms throughout the summer i n
the Ponderosa Pi ne bel t.
78 FLOWERS OF THE MOUNTAINS
RI CHARDSON GERANI UM (6-
18 i n. ) bl ooms Apri l -October i n
moist forest soiL Al so cal l ed
Cranesbi l l because of l ong beak
on seed capsul e. Rel ative of east
ern woodl and speci es.
SHOOTINGSTAR (6- 1 8 i n. ) is a
handsome fower of the pri mrose
fami l y growi ng si ngl y or i n cl umps
on stream banks or i n moi st
pl aces. Bl ossoms June through
August.
SPREADI NG FLEABANE (4-20
i n. ) is often mistaken for an aster
but has many more petal s or rays.
Common and wi despread on l ow
er sl opes i n summer and autumn.
COLUMBI A MONKSHOOD (3-5
ft. ), tal l , showy wi th deep bl ue,
hel met-shaped fowers, contai ns
poi sonous al kal oi ds. Prefers open,
moi st pl aces. Bl ooms J une-Sept.
GENTI ANS (6- 1 8 in.), Bl ue and
fri nged, are the queens of moist,
open meadows in l ate summer and
ear l y fal l . Roots have s ome me
di ci nal val ue.
FLOWERS OF THE MOUNTAINS 7
9
EVENI NG PRI MROSES (4 i n.-4
ft.), both white- and yel l ow-fow
ered species, are common i n sum
mer and earl y fal l . Bl ooms are
l arge, l oose, four-petal ed.
GAILLARDIAS ( 1 -2 ft. ) bl oom
May-October al ong roadsi des and
on sunl i t fats among pi nes. Showy
fl owers, cal l ed "frewheel s. " Two
common species.
WILD ZI NNI A ('- 1 ft. ) makes
gol den patches on open fats,
J une-October. Hardy resident of
dry mesas. Garden Zi nni as come
from Mexi can speci es.
LOCOWEED, or MI LKVETCH, i s
one of many si mi l ar speci es ( 1 -3
ft. ) . Pea-pod l i ke fl owers, white or
cream to purpl e. Bl ossoms May
J une. Some poi sonous to l ivestock.
CALABAZI LLA GOURDS, l i ke
st r i ped bnl ls, devel op from yel
l ow, squash- l i ke fowers. Vi ne,
wi de-spreading (1 0- 1 5 ft. ), has
l arge, foul -smel l i ng l eaves.
80 FLOWERS OF THE MESAS
BLAZI NG-STAR (2-5 ft. ) has 1 0-
petal ed fowers on sl ender,
branchi ng stems, open afternoons
May-August. Cl i ngi ng l eaves give
the name "Sti ckl eaf. "
GOLDEN CROWNBEARD (2-5
ft. ) is the common yel l ow-cen
tered, notch-petal ed s unfower
that fl l s fel d and roadsi de.
Bl ooms l ate spri ng to November.
SNAKEWEED ( 1 - l 'h ft. ) covers
rocky mesa tops with yel low
cl umps i n l ate summer and fal l .
Unpal atabl e O l ivestock, i t s pres
ence means overgrazed range.
PALMER PENSTEMON ( 1 -3 ft. ),
one of many wester n species, has
fowers rangi ng from vi ol et fO
scarl et. Common March-August,
often on rocky hi l l si des.
ROCKY MOUNTAI N BEEPLAN
( 3- 5 ft. ) thrives al ong roadsi des
and fencerows, J une-September.
Crushed l eaves smel l bad; hence
one other name-Skunkweed.
FLOWERS OF THE MESAS 8 1
GOLDPOPPY or CALI FORNI A
POPPY ( 4- 1 8 i n. ) , state fower of
Cal i forni a, covers the spri ng des
ert wi th a cl oth of gol d after rai ny
wi nters. Mi xes wi th l upi ne, Owl
cl over, and ot her spri ng annual s.
SACRED DATURA ( 1 -3 ft. ) has
gray-green l eaves and l arge,
white, trumpet-shaped fl owers,
which cl ose i n s unl i ght . I ndi ans
used the narcotic seeds and roots.
LUPI NE, handsome
bl ue fnger-l eaved pea, hel ps pro
duce the desert' s gorgeous spri ng
di spl ay. Bl uebonnet, state fl ower
of Texas, al so i s l upi ne ( 1 -3 ft. )
DESERT - MARIGOLD, wi th i ts
showy, l ong-stemmed, yel l ow,
wheel -shaped fl owers, makes
br i ght gol den patches at road
si des and i n desert washes from
March to October ( 1 -2 ft. ).
82
FLOWERS OF THE DESERTS
its tissue- paper- l i ke petal s, is un
pal atabl e to l ivestock and i ndi
cates overgrazed range. Sap i s
yel l ow and sticky.
WI LD-POTATOES ( 1 0- 1 8 i n. ) ,
s ome spi ny, s ome smooth, wi th
gl obul ar frui ts, are wi despread i n
summer. Other ni ghtshades are
common on mes as and prai ries.
SANDVERBENAS (3-8 i n. ) car
pet roadsi des and sandy fats in
s pri ng. Fragrant pink to pur pl e
fl owers grow i n masses or mi ngl e
i n the desert' s gay cal or patter n.
BRI TTLEBUSH ( 2-3 ft . ) i s abun
dant on rocky sl opes, fower i ng
f r om November to May. Al so
cal l ed l nci enso, as dr ied sop was
used as i ncense i n earl y churches
83
DESERT -SENNA ( 1 - 2ft),wi thliii
gol den to bronze fowers, makes
a ri ot of col or al ong roadsides,
Apri l -May. Woody seed pods,
noisy when shaken, gi ve l ocal
name of Rattl eweed.
FI LAREE (4-6 i n. ) is a natural ized
but widespread spring annuaL
Twisted s eed stems, i f moistened,
u nwi nd and force the seeds i nto
the soi L
PURPLEMAT carpets desert sands
i n earl y spri ng with l arge fowers
on smal l , l ow ( 1 -3 in.) pl ants.
Hairy l eaves make pl ants appear
frosted.
PAPERFLOWER ( 1 - 1 V2 ft. ) gets
its name from the t hi n, faded,
persist i ng petal s. Showy yel l ow
bl ossoms cover the pl ants, often i n
dry seasons when other fowers
are absent.
84
FLOVERS OF THE DESERTS
LLUbtb
Cact uses ( or Cact i ) ar e Wester n
Hemi sphere succul ents abundant i n
the Southwest. From ti ny Button Cac
tus to 1 0-ton Saguaro (suh-WAR
oh), they are recognized by feshy,
l eafess, green stems, often covered
with cl ustered spi nes. Two hundred
of the more than 1 ,200 species of
cactus are native to the United
States. Cl osest rel atives are vi ol ets,
begoni as, and passi on fowers. Most
cactus fowers are l arge, col orful ,
and attracti ve. I ndi ans and desert
ani mal s eat the fruits. Stem cel l s
store water after rai ns, and the
pl ants' organs are designed to pre
vent l oss of moi sture. Some pl ants
withstand 2 years of drought. Many
Southwestern pl ants wi th spi nes,
thorns, or sharp-poi nted l eaves are
mi staken for cactuses. Four of them
are pi ctured on p. 90.
For more i nformati on on cactuses read:
THE CACT I OF ARI ZONA, Benson, Uni v. of
Ari zona Press, Tucson, 1 950.
THE CACTUS AND I Ts HOME, Shreve, Wi l l i ams
& Wi l ki ns Co. , Bal ti more, 1 93 1 .
TH E fLoWER I NG CACTUS, Carl son, McGraw
Hi l l , N. Y. , 1 954.
SAGUARO or GI ANT CACTUS
{20-40 ft. ), l i mi ted to S Arizona,
is one of the Southwest' s "trade
marks. " Ari zona' s state fower, it
bl ooms i n May. Fruit edi bl e.
SENI TA CACTUS { 4- 8 ft. ) , a Mex
i can species, has shorter, l ess
futed stems than Organ Pi pe. I n
U. S. , found onl y i n Or gan Pi pe
Cactus Nati onal Monument. Al so
cal l ed Whi sker Cactus.
ORGAN PI PE CACTUS i s found
onl y i n Southwest. long { 1 0- 1 5
ft. ) stems have many smal l er
ri dges. Bl ossoms open at ni ght i n
May.
NI GHT-BLOOMI NG CEREUS { 2-
8 ft. ) i s dr ab but produces magni f
icent, fragrant white fl owers, each
open for one ni ght i n June or
Jul y. Has an i mmense, beet- l i ke
root.
86
COLUMNAR OR LONG-STEMMED CACTUSES
CHRI STMAS CHOLLA (2-3 ft.)
has long, thin joi nts, and grows in
cl umps. I t produces attractive,
ol ive-sized red fruits, which ri pen
i n December.
CANE CHOLLAS (3-8 ft. ), of sev
eral species, are wi despread up
to 7,000 ft. Red- or bronze-fow
ered speci es are spectacul ar,
Moy-J u l y. Persistent yel l ow fruits.
TREE CHOLLA ( CHO-yuh) 3-
12 ft.) has l oose branchi ng j oi nts
that cl i ng to anyone brushi ng
agai nst them; hence the al ternate
name, J umpi ng Cactus.
TEDDYBEAR CHOLLA, smal l (2-
5 ft.), tree-like, prefers hi l l si des.
Dense, sil very spi nes l ook wool l y.
Fal l en j oi nts root. Fl owers pal e
yel l owish-green.
LHLLLb, LK LLM-JLl Mt LLUbtb 87
BEAVERTAI L CACTUS (right)
has magenta fowers Apri l to
J une. Lowgrowi ng ( J . J lh ft.), it
l acks spines. Small depressions
give the fat j oi nts a pocked ap
pea ranee.
BLIND PEAR (right) is an erect
( 1 -2 ft.) yel l owfowered, spi neless
cactus wi th ti ny barbed, i rri tati ng
bristles. Common i n the deserts of
S New Mexico and W Texas.
88
PKl LKLY PtKb
ENGELMANN'S PEAR (/eft) ( l l-
5 ft.) is the common, robust, yel
l ow.fowered Pri ckl y Pear, wi de
spread i n the Southwest. Mahog
anycolored frui ts, cal l ed "tunas,"
are edi bl e when ri pe.
PURPLE TINGE PEAR (left) ( Ph
4 ft.), another hi gh desert species,
si mi l ar to Engel mann' s, has pur
pl ish j oi nts, especial l y duri ng
drouth or col d weather. Yel l ow
fowers of one species have bri ght
red centers.
PI NCUSHI ON CACTUSES (right)
are si mi l ar O Fi shhook species
(below), but they are gl obul ar
and they grow si ngl y or i n cl us
ters. They have short, fatlyi ng
spi nes.
FI SHHOOK CACTUSES (right)
are smal l ( 2-1 0 i n. ) . Several spe
cies produce tiaras of large, ex
quisite, l avender to purpl e fow
ers in early summer. Sl ender,
curve-ti pped spi nes resembl e l ong
shanked fshhooks.
BARREL CACTUSES (left) ( 1 -6 ft.)
are common i n desert. large ones
like small Saguaros but with stout,
hooked spines. Several species
with pi nk, yel l ow, or orange fow
ers bloom May to September.
HEDGEHOG CACTUSES (left)
form low ( 1 - Ph ft.) cl umps wi th
the unbranched, cucumber-shaped
stems. Fl owers range from pi nk to
magenta. Some bl ossom os earl y
as March; most, l ater.
bLLLKY-btNNt LLUbtb
89
PLMb LLMfUbt l H
CRUCI FI XI ON THORNS (right)
are l eafess, densel y thorned des
ert shrubs (4-1 0 ft. ) with green
bark. Simil ar are Mohave Thorn
and Al l thorn.
OCOTILLO (oh-ko-TEE-oh) (right)
is a thorny shrub with l ong (8- 1 2
ft. ), whip- l ike, unbranched stems
tipped i n Apri l -May with bri ght
red fower cl usters. Re-leafs after
rai n.
YUCCAS (YUH- kuhs) (left), nar
row-l eaf and broad-l eaf, vary
from smal l bushes to bul ky trees;
bel ong to the l i ly fami l y. Stif,
sharp-ti pped l eaves and cl usters
of creamy fowers.
CENTURY PLANTS (/eft) form
l ow crowns of stout, spi ne-tipped
l eaves. After years of food stor
age, pl ant produces 1 0- 1 5 ft.
fower stal k, then dies. I ndi ans
eat roasted bud stal k.
Kttb M bHKUbb
The Southwest possesses over 50 mi l l i on acres of forested
l and. Pi nyon and j uni per woodl ands cover many mesas;
spruce, fr, and aspen cl othe hi gher mountai n sl opes; and
desert watercourses ar e l i ned with Mesquite thi ckets. The
Col orado Pl ateau supports extensive commerci al forests
of Ponderosa Pine. Trees and shrubs grow at al l el evati ons.
The number, type, and size vary with temperature, mois
l ure and topography.
Vegetative cover is vital i n protecti ng watersheds, pro
vi di ng food and shel ter for ani mal s, and givi ng peopl e

hunti ng, fshi ng, and other recreati onal pl easures. Fi re is

a maj or forest enemy. Exti nguish your campfres thor
oughl y, and put out al l cigarettes and matches before
di scardi ng. I nsects and tree di seases someti mes spread
rapi dl y, destroyi ng l arge areas of ti mber. Parasi ti c mi s
tl etoe i s wi despread, bei ng very noti ceabl e on j uni pers.
I t can ki l l or seri ousl y damage val uabl e stands of com
mercial ti mber.
For more about Southwest trees and shrubs reod:
RoCKY MoUNTAIN TREES, Preston, Iowa State Col i . Press, Ames, 1 947.
SOUTHWESTERN TREES, U. S. Dept. Agr. , Agri cul tural Handbook #9,
Govt. Prig. Ofce, Washi ngton, D. C. , ' 1 950.
TREES AND SHRUBS OF SouTHWEST DESERTS, Benson and Darrow, Univ. of
N. Mex. Press, Al buquerque, 1 954.
TREES, Zi m and Marti n, Simon and Sch uster, N. Y. , 1 955.
Jungr Wfh N8fefm N8fefm
NLUMl M LLMl ftKb
WHI TE FI R (right) has a cone
shaped crown, short branches,
and fat, si l very-green needl es,
which curve upward. Upri ght
cones at top of tree. Common at
8,000- 1 1 ,500 ft. , i t may grow 1 00
ft. tal l,
DOUGLAS FI RS (right) are not
true frs. Timber trees, up to 1 30
ft. tal l , they are found in South
west mountai ns up to 1 1 ,000 ft.
Small ones are pri zed as Christ
mas trees.
SPRUCES (left) (80- 1 00 ft.) form
dense stands usual l y on north
sl opes, extendi ng up to ti mber
l i ne. Papery, pendent cones. Bl ue
Spruce i s stale tree of Col orado.
PONDEROSA PINES (left) form
open forests. Trees, val ued for
l umber, grow 4 ft. through, 1 80
ft. hi gh. Needl es 5-7 i n. l ong,
cl usters of 2 or . Cones robust.
ALPI NE FI R (right) is a tal l (40-
80 ft. ), sl ender, spi re-l i ke tree
found al ong al pi ne meadows. At
ti mberl i ne, dwarfed and twisted.
Cones, upri ght, are deep purpl e.
LOW JUNI PER (right), a spread
i ng shrub, often grows under al
pi ne trees. Fol i age gray-green,
scal e-l ike. Often used i n l and
scapi ng.
NLUMl M LLMl ftKb
LI MBER PI NE (left) has a broad,
open crown and l ong, pl ume-l i ke
branches. Trees, 25-50 ft. high,
prefer ri dges and open summits
up to 1 2,000 ft. Needl es 5 to a
cl uster. Hangi ng brown, thick
scaled cones, 4 to 8 in.
FOXTAI L or BRI STLECONE
PI NE (/eft), an al pi ne tree 30-40
ft. high, of i rregul ar shape, often
grows with spruces i n thin, rocky
soil. Needl es short, 5 i n a cl uster.
NLUMl M bMKUbb
POI SON IVY (right) is found i n
moist canyons from 3,000 to
8,000 ft. Note the three shi ny
green l eafets. Look for it before
maki ng camp. Wash afected ski n
i n strong soapy water.
WESTERN THIMBLEBERRIES or
SALMONBERRI ES (right) are
raspberry-l i ke shrubs wi th l arge
white bl ossoms. Found i n pi ne for
ests or on spruce-dotted slopes.
Birds eat the seedy fruits.
BUCKBRUSH (/eft) forms low (3-
ft. ) thi ckets i n pi ne forests. Deer
browse fol iage. I ndians eat ber
ries, make medicine from leaves.
White fowers open Apri l-October.
WATER BIRCH (left), sometimes
of tree size, often forms dense,
shrubby thickets al ong streams.
Lustrous bronze bark, rounded
toothed leaves, and catki n- l i ke
fowers aid i denti fcati on. The
onl y native Southwest bi rch.
WI LD RASPBERRI ES (right), an
cestors of cul ti vated speci es, thrive
i n moist, ri ch soil of pi ne and
spruce forests. Soft, r ed frui ts en
j oyed by man, beast, bi rds.
ALDER-LEAF MOUNTAI N MA
HOGANY or CERCOCARPUS
(right) (4 ! O 1 0 ft . ) i s recogni zed
by fuzzy, twi sted seed "tai l s. " I t
prefers open, dry ri dges i n oak or
wh ite fr thi ckets. Someti mes
browsed by deer.
MOUNTAIN SHRUBS
ARI ZONA MOUNTAI N ASH
(left), an i rregul ar shr ub (6- 1 0
ft. ) of Transi ti on and Canadi an
zones, rarel y reaches t r ee si ze.
Orange frui ts are eaten by bi rds.
Attractive; used i n l andscapi n g.
CHOKECHERRY (left) ( 1 5 t o 25
ft. ) may reach t ree si ze and usu
al l y forms thi ckets al ong streams.
Thi s i s a sacred pl ant of the Nov-.
a j o I ndi ans. Fr ui ts are eaten by
bi rds.
ALDERS (right) sometimes grow
to a hei ght of 60 ft. and a trunk
di ameter of 3 ft., al ways i n moist
l ocati ons. Several species grow i n
mountains of the Southwest.
Mountai n al der ( i l l ustrated) is
common.
PEACHLEAF WI LLOW (right),
found i n moist l ocati ons, occasion
al l y grows to a hei ght of 30 ft.
Other Southwest wi l l ows ore al so
shrubs or smal l trees.
QUAKI NG ASPENS {left), mis
taken for birch because of thei r
white bark, take over mountai n
sides after forest fres. The l eaves,
on sl ender, fattened stal ks, be
come a ri ch gol den-yel l ow i n au
tumn.
ROCKY MOUNTAI N MAPLE
(left)g fou nd os hi gh as 9,000 ft.
on moi st hi l l si des, is smal l (rarel y
over 20 ft. ) . These mapl es are
conspi cuous in autumn as l eaves
turn scarlet.
96 MOUNTAI N BROADLEAFS
ROCKY MOUNTAI N JUNI PER
(right), al so cal l ed Col orado Red
Cedar, is wi despread. Drought
resistant, i rregul ar, l ow- branch
i ng, 20- 40 ft. hi gh, it has fbrous
bark, bl ue fruits, typi cal l y scal y
l eaves.
ALLIGATOR JUNI PER (rig
has furrowed, pl aty bark l i ke al l i
gator ski n. Trees grow sl owl y.
Large speci mens, 30-50 ft. hi gh,
trunks. up to 32 i n. , may be 500-
800 years ol d. Red-brown frui t.
UTAH JUNI PER {left), i n pur e
stands or wi t h Pi nyon Pi ne, marks
upper Sonoran l i fe zone. Rarel y
20 ft. hi gh. Used for fence posts
or ki ndl i ng. Commoner i n Ari zona
and Nevada than New Mexico.
Fruits purpl e to browni sh.
ONE-SEED JUNI PER (left),
rangi ng into Mexico, i s a smal l ,
spreadi ng shr ub or tree ( 1 0 to 25
ft. ). Fruits are bl ui sh or coppery
with seed sometimes exposed.
Fol i age scal e- l i ke.
JUNIPERS - TREES OF MESALAND 97
PINYON PI NES The pungent odor of Pi nyon ( PI N
yon) s moke i s a cheri shed memory t o campers and ol d
t i mer s. Pi nyon wood was used for fuel by Puebl o I ndi ans
and by c l i f dwel l ers before them. I t was used by the
Span i sh and i s sti l l popul ar . Pi nyon nuts, the seed of these
pi nes, fur ni sh food for wi l dl i fe, as wel l as for some I n
di ans; Navaj os travel many mi l es t o harvest t hem after
the cones open, September-October. Buy them at tradi ng
posts. The three speci es of Pi nyon Pi ne are easi l y recog
n i zed by the number of needl es i n a bundl e. The Si ngl el eaf
Pi nyon grows i n Nevada and Utah. The Col orado Pi nyon
( two needl es) i s wi despread throughout the upper Sonoran
zone. The Mexi can Pi nyon (three needl es) r anges i nto
western Texas and southeastern Ari zona. Pi nyons may
grow i n pure stands but often mi ngl e wi th j uni per s and
scrub oaks. They may reach a hei ght of 30 t o 50 ft. Tr unks
ar e s hort and twi sti ng, and the crowns of ol der trees are
spreadi ng and br anched. Wood is weak, br ittl e, and
coarse-gr ai ned. Pi nyon i s the state tree of both Nevada
and New Mexi co.
w
Si ngl el eaf Pi nyon Pine Colorado Pinyon Pi ne
98
NEW MEXICO LOCUSTS (right)
( 1 5-25 ft.) form thickets ol ong
foothi l l streoms or wi th ooks on
dry sl opes. Sometimes pl anted as
an ai d i n erosi on control. Rose
colored, pea-like bl ossoms, i n
droopi ng cl usters, open i n May
June.
GAMBEL-OAK (right) ( 1 5-35 ft. ) ,
wi th l obed l eaves and scal y bark,
is the common scrub oak af the
mesas, growi ng al one or formi ng
thi ckets wi th l ocusts and pi nyons.
Wi l dl i fe eat the acorns i n wi nter.
I NLAND BOXELDER (left), some
times 50 ft. tal l , is a mapl e.
Short-lived; subj ect to storm dom
oge. Used os a shade tree, for it
grows rapi dly, even i n poor soi l .
Thick, hairy, compound leaf, with
three coarsel y toothed l eafets.
NARROWLEAF COTTONWOOD
(/eft) and other cottonwoods
(50-75 ft. hi gh) border streams
and washes on mesas and i n can
yons. Cammon throughout South
w<st, these species are wi del y
pl anted far shade.
bKLLtf Kttb OF Ht Ntbb 99
bHKUbb Lf Ht Ntb
UTAH SERVI CEBERRY (right) (5-
1 2 ft.) i s wi despread on mesas
and foothi l l s. Attractive white
fowers open i n Apri l-May. Bi rds
and I ndi ans harvest the smal l
j uicy fruit; deer browse on l eaves.
RABBITBRUSH (right) (2- 1 0 ft.;
several species) may be mistaken
for sagebrush except i n Septem
ber, when the coarse shrubs ore
covered with smal l, yel l ow, i l l
smel l i ng fowers.
BI G SAGEBRUSH (left) (3-7 ft.),
famous i n song and story, occurs
on Southwest mesas but i s more
common to the north. Note
toothed l eaves, shreddy bark, and
ti ny yel low fowers i n fal l .
APACHE PLUME (left) (3-6 ft. )
afords browse for deer and l ive
stock. White fowers in May, fol
lowed by pl umed seed heads, aid
i dentifcati on. Hel pful as a soi l
bi nder.
YELLOW PALOVERDE (right),
wi th gol den spri ng bl ooms and
gr een bar k, i s common al ong des
ert washes. Rarel y 30 ft. tal l , i t is,
l i ke Mesqui te, a member of the
pea fami l y.
1
MESQUI TE ( mess- KEET) (right;
thi ckets l ine desert washes. Trees
( 1 5-25 ft. ) have spi ny twigs, del i
cate l eaves, fragrant yel l ow fow
ers ( Apri l -May), and bean- l i ke
frui t pods.
TREES OF THE DESERT
TESOTA or DESERT I RON
WOOD (/eft) ( 20- 30 ft . ) , once
common, has been deci mated by
use as frewood. Bears masses of
l avender fl owers i n May. Edi bl e
seeds.
CATCLAW ACACIA (/eft) ( 1 0-20
ft. ) bears fuzzy yel l ow fl owers
April to October. I t forms dense
th i ckets on poor, dry canyon soi l s.
Curved thorns gi ve i t the name
Wait-a-Mi nute Bush .
TREES OF THE DESERT
DESERTWI LLOW (right) ( 1 2-30
ft. ), rel ative af Catal pa, i s a
s hr ub or smal l tree covered i n
s ummer with orch id-col ored fow
ers. Long, sl ender seed pods;
very narrow, l ance-shaped l eaves.
ARI ZONA CYPRESS (right), a
beauti ful evergreen (50-60 ft. ),
has droopi ng, graceful branches.
I t i s found i n canyon bottoms or
on north sl opes of desert mou n
tai ns south i nto Mexico.
TAMARI SK {left) (several natu
ral i zed speci es) is spreadi ng rap
i dl y as a pest tree al ong water
courses. I t endures al kal i ne sai l s
and bears pl ume- l i ke pi nk fower
cl usters i n spri ng.
ARI ZONA SYCAMORE {left)
(60-80 ft.), with whi te, spl otched
trunks and spreadi ng l i mbs, grows
al ong streams i n desert moun
tai ns. Soi l - bi ndi ng roots retard
Bl ooms i n Apri l -May.
SALTBUSH (right) (2-4 ft. ), often
mi staken for sagebrush of hi gher
el evati ons, grows i n al kal i ne soi l s.
Narrow, grayi sh l eaves. Produces
cl usters of papery, 4-wi nged
fruits.
WOLFBERRY (right) (3-6 ft. ) i s
a sti f, thorny, wi nter-bl oomi ng
shr ub often becomi ng dormont i n
summer. Smal l , tomato-l i ke fruits
ore eaten by bi rds and gathered
by I ndi ans.
SHRUBS Lf THE DESERT
CREOSOTEBUSH (left) (4- 1 1 ft. )
i s so wi despread that i t common-
ly marks the lower Sonoran zone.
Smal l yel l ow fowers, fuzzy white
frui ts, and gl ossy, pai red, musty
smel l i ng l eaves. Twi gs resi nous;
l eaves "var ni shed" to reduce
evaporati on.
MORMON-TEA (left) (2-4 ft.)
grows on mesas as well as i n
deserts. Dri ed, the l eafess stems
made a tasty brew for earl y set
tl ers. I nconspi cuous yel l ow spr i ng
fowers attract i nsects.
SHRUBS OF THE DESERT
MESCALBEAN or CORALBEAN
(ri ght) (4- 1 5 ft. ), stout, has gl ossy
green l eaves and wisteri a- l i ke
fl owers. Woody seed pods hol d
3-4 bri ght red, poisonous seeds.
FAI RYDUSTER (right), a sprawl
i ng, fi ne-l eafed shrub ( 1 -3 ft. ). i s
common on dry sl opes. Pal atabl e
to deer and val uabl e as a soi l
bi nder, i t bl ooms from March to
May.
JOJOBA (ho-HO-bah) (left) i s a
handsome, broad-l eaved ever
green (3-6 ft. ) abundant on dry
sl opes. An excel l ent browse pl ant,
wi th acorn- l i ke frui ts whi ch were
eaten by I ndi ans.
SMOKETREE (left) (4- 1 2 ft. )
grows i n sandy washes bel ow
1 , 000 ft. I ndi go fowers and sl en
der, gray, droopi ng, l eafess
branches make i t especi al l y at
tracti ve i n Apri l and May.
San Francisco Peaks Near Fl agstaf-Hi ghest Point in Arizona
Ht tLLLl LL bLKY
The Southwest as a l and began perhaps two bi l l i on years
ago when the earth' s crust formed. Rocks at the bottom
of Grand Canyon are over a bi l l i on years ol d. For about
500 mi l l i on years, much of the present Southwest was
under s hal l ow seas, and the deep sedi ments that pi l ed
up were sl owl y compressed i nto rock. The l and rose and
was submerged agai n and agai n. For the past 1 00 mi l l i on
years, most of the Southwest has been above water.
Erosi on wore down mountai ns, fl l i ng val l eys with the
debri s, which was buri ed deep and hardened i nto rock.
The great Rocky Mountai n mass was pushed up, and huge
vol canoes spewed l ava and ci nders over hundreds of
square mi l es. Whi l e those bui l di ng processes were at
wor k, r ai n, wi nd, ri vers, and i ce were cutti ng away rock,
wear i ng down val l eys, gougi ng out canyons, and shapi ng
the Southwest i nto t he breath-taki ng scenery you see to
day. As part of t hi s story, the geol ogi cal hi story of the
Southwest i s outl i ned on pp. 1 06- 1 07.
For more about rocks and earth hi story read:
PHYSI OGRAPHY OF WE S TE RN U. S. , Fenneman, McGraw- Hi l l , N. Y. , 1 93 1 .
DowN T O EARTH, Cronei s and Krumbei n, Univ. o f Chicago Press, 1 936.
MI N ERAlS, Zi m and Cooper, Harcourt, Brace and Co. , N. Y. , 1 947.
THE RocK BooK, Fenton and Fenton, Doubl eday & Co., N. Y. , 1 950.
ANCI E NT LAN DSCAPES OF THE GRAND CANYON REGI ON, McKee, 1 952.
tLLLY 1 05
Recent:
Pl eistocene
Cenozoic
Pl i ocene
Mi ocene
Ol igocene
Eocene
Pal eocene
Mesozoic:
Cretaceous
J urassi c
1ri assi0
PaiHc:
Permian
P
ll
l vani an
Ml ssi nlpplan
Devoni an
Si l uri an
Onlovicion
Cambrian
Poterozoic:
Keweenawan
Huroni an
Temi skami ng
Arh-
Laurentian
KMwatln
1 06
2
1 2
30
40
55
60
1 30
1 0
200
235
3 1 5
330
350
375
445
550
b
1 ,050
1 ,200
2,000
to
3,000
THE STORY OF THE EARTH
Characteri sti c Life of
Peri od i n Southwest
Man come from Asi a, us
i ng tool s, l anguage, and
bui l di ng a soci al system.
Ground Sl ot h, Mammoth,
Saber-Toothed Cat, and
other mammal s.
Devel opment of fower i ng
pl ant s. Mammal s became
i mportant and spread
over l and and i nto sea.
Earl y horses and camel s .
B a c k b o n e d a n i m a l s
spread on l and. Age of
Rept i l es marked by di no
saur s. Fi r st bi rds ap
pear ed. land pl ant s, such
as cycads, pal ms, and
si mpl e coni fers, devel
oped.
Mosses and ferns became
abundant on l and, as
p l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s
spread farther i n seas.
Fi r st backboned ani mal s
( fs h) appeared. Amphi b
i ans and repti l es devel
oped.
Fi rst c l ear and di rect evi
dence of si mpl e l i fe i n
the sea-al gae, bacteri a,
and protozoans.
I ndi rect evi dence of sun
shi ne, r ai n, wi nd, cl ouds,
oceans, ri vers, and eart h
movements. No certai n
evi dence of l i fe.
Maj or Events
of Thi s Ti me
Act i vi ti es of man, espe
c i a l l y a g r i c u l t u r a l ,
changed the surface of
the ear'th. Cl i mate col d.
Gl aci ers advance and re
cede.
Great peri od of mountai n
b u i l d i n g . R o c k y Mt s .
pushed up. Vol canoes i n
Roc ky Mt. area. Much
erosi on. Cl i mate became
mi l d.
L as t great spread of the
seas. Cl i mate became
cool . Peri od of erosi on,
wi t h shal l ow seas cover
i ng smal l basi ns. land
oft en fooded and very
swampy.
Cl i mate col d, wi t h gl aci
at i on. lands l ow; seas
and swamps spread, wi th
al ternate foodi ng and
er osi on. Th i ck sedi ments
deposi ted. No mount ai n
bui l di ng.
Gr eat er upt i ons, h uge
l ava fows, and i ntrusi ve
acti vi ty. Mount ai ns up
l i fted and worn away.
Gl aci ati on.
Earth' s cr ust gradual l y
formed; conti nents and
oceans devel oped. Con
ti nuous vol cani c acti on.
I N THE SOUTHWEST
Where These Geol ogical Formations
May Be Seen
Pri nci pal l y vol canoes and sand dunes.
San Franci sco Vol cani c Fi el d. Near
Grants, Carri zozo, and Raton, N.
Mex. Whi te Sands, Great Sand Dunes,
Bi g Bend, Bandel i er, Tonto, Petri fed
Forest, Lake Mead, and. Death Val l ey.
Great Sand Dunes, Petri fed Forest,
Chi ri cohuo, Organ Pi pe Cactus, Tonto,
Bl ack Canyon of the Gunni son, Ban
del i er, Lake Mead, Deat h Val l ey, Bi g
Bend, Bryce Canyon, Cedar Breaks,
and many other pl aces.
Mesa Verde, Bi g Bend, Tonto, Capul i n
Mt . , Chi ri cahua, Death Val l ey, Rai n
bow Bri dge, A.ches, Bl ack Canyon of
the Gunni son, Navaj o, Capi tol Reef,
Cedar Breaks, Petrifed Forest, Grand
Canyon, Zi on, Canyon de Chel l y,
Col orado Nat. Mon. , and many other
l ocati ons.
Carl sbad Caverns, Bi g Bend, Grand
Can
y
on, Lake Mead, Canyon de
Chel l y, Wal nut Canyon, Natural
Bridges, Organ Pi pe Cactus, Death
Vol l ey, and many other l ocati ons.
Death Val l ey, Great Sand Dunes, Or
gan Pi pe Cactus, Tonto, Lake Mead,
Grand Canyon, Bl ack Canyon of the
Gunni son, Chi ri cahua, Col orado Nat.
Mon. , and other l ocati ons.
Great Sand Dunes, Chi ri cahua, Bl ack
Canyon of the Gunni son, Lake Mead,
Grand Canyon, and some other pl aces.
ML tM L ft l M Ht bLUHtb has been traced
back for over 500 mi l l i on years. The frst si mpl e l ife was
i n the sea. More spectacul ar have been the backboned
ani mal s l ivi ng here duri ng the l ast 200 mi l l i on years. These
have i ncl uded fsh, amphi bians, reptil es, and mammal s.
TI TANOTHERES - l arge, exti nct
mammal s rel ated to early horses
and rhi noceros. Many species i n
North America; t hi s one from
Death Val l ey Ol igocene rocks.
MAMMOTH was one of the wide
spread hai ry el ephants of Pleisto
cene times. Defnite evidence ex
isis that earl y man hunted these
iceage beasts.
ERYOPS, a heavy, S.ft .. l ong am
phi bi an, is found i n Permi an beds
of Texas. A' marsh dwel l er, with
strong, sturdy l egs well adapted
for life on l and.
CEPHALASPIS, an armored De
voni on fsh, grew 1 2 ft. l ong
(some ki nds l arger). Ty.pical de
scendant of frst bockboned ani
mal s. Fossils from Col orado.
TYRANNOSAURUS, of the Cre
taceous period, was 20 ft. hi gh.
Not the l argest di nosaur, it was
the most fearsome, with great
cl aws and teeth.
Numerous di nosaur remai ns have been found in western
North Ameri ca, among them some of the l argest known.
Di nosaur tracks, remai ns of their skel etons, and fossil s of
other sea and l and ani mal s and earl y pl ants may be seen
i n l ocal museums i n the Southwest.
GROUND SLOTH was a huge,
cl umsy pl ant-eater of the Pl eisto
cene. Bones, ski n, dung, and hai r
have been found i n caves, some
near human remains.
PHYTOSAURS, reptiles of croco
di l i an appearance, were common
i n the Triassic. Not ancestors of
l i ving crocodi l es. Probabl y fsh
eaters.
MOSASAURS, marine lizards,
1 5-20 ft. l ong, raved shal low
Cretaceous seas. Many species,
mai nly fsh-eaters, occur in Texas
chal k beds.
GL YPTODONTS, contemporari es
af the Ground Sl oth, i ncl uded t his
heavi l y armored and armed rel a
tive of the Armadi l l o, 8 to 1 0
ft. l ong. Once wi despread.
EOHI PPUS (ee-oh-HI P-us), frst of
the horses, had toes instead of
hoofs. About the size of a smal l
dog. Common on Southwestern
prai ries in Eocene time.
1 09
ee

of efreG Woo0
PtKl fl tD LLD occurs wi del y. Spectacul ar deposits
are found in the Southwest (see p. 1 27) . Here, 1 60 to 1 80
mi l l i on years ago, grew huge forests of Araucari a Pi nes.
Many trees decayed where they fel l , but some were car
ri ed away by streams to be stranded and l ater bur i ed i n
sand, mud, or vol cani c ash. Deposits 3,000 ft. thi ck ac
cumul ated over them when shal l ow seas covered the
regi on. Through compl icated natural processes the wood
cel l s were i nfl trated with si l i ca-beari ng water. Cel l struc
ture, annual rings, and other features of the ori gi nal wood
have thus been retai ned i n the agate that formed. Si l i ca
i s col orl ess, but traces of i ron, manganese, and other mi n
eral s gave i t shades of yel l ow, bl ue, r ed, and brown. The
petri fed l ogs l ay buri ed for mi l l i ons of years. Upl ift of
t he regi on when t he Rocky Mountai ns were formed ac
cel erated erosi on, and t he petri fed t r unks wer e uncov
ered; many of them were cracked i nto uni form l engths by
earth tremors. Some agatized wood takes a beautiful
pol i sh and i s used i n jewel ry.
1 1 0
KLLKMNl MtKLtLH has col ored the South
west's past and hel ped make the regi on, i ncl udi ng its
marvel ous scenery, what i t is today. Rocks are natural
materi al s formi ng the earth's crust. Mi neral s are chemi cal
el ements or i norgani c compounds found i n nat ure. Most
rocks are composed of mi neral s. By studyi ng rocks, scien
tists l ear n of condi ti ons that prevai l ed at the t i me these
materi al s were formed. Mi neral s are a source of val uabl e
metal s and nonmetal l ic chemi cal compounds.
CALCITE (right), cal cium carbon
ate, i n many forms, accompani es
other mi neral s i n vei ns. I t i s found
as cl ear or tinted crystal s. Di s
solves with bubbl es i n weak acid.
TURQUOI SE (right), found i n
vei ns i n ari d l ands, is the gem
stone of the Southwest. Long
pri zed by I ndi ans, i t i s now sol d
wi del y i n j ewel ry. Beware of
cheap stones and i mitati ons.
FOOL'S GOLD (i ron pyri tes)
{left) is i ron sul fde, common i n
vei ns. Hard and brittl e, it fool s
amateurs but not mi ners. Occa
si onal l y fool ' s gol d is associ ated
w
i th gol d deposits.
GYPSUM {left), cal ci um sulfate,
is often found i n cloy as si ngl e or
fsh-tail ed crystal s of sel enite. Al so
common as soft, white l ayers i n
some sediments formed under ari d
conditions.
1 1 1
Chalcedony Moss Agate
Jasper
UK, or si l ica, worl d's most common mi neral , occurs
i n sand, sandstone, and other rocks. Mi l ky Quartz fl l s
veins, may i ndicate presence of gol d. Crystal s of quartz,
always 6-sided, are found in rock cavities. Smoky Quartz
is gray to bl ack; Amethyst, purpl e. Jasper, agate, chal ced
ony (kai -SED-nee), and fi nt are noncrystal l i ne. Opal
contai ns water, never forms crystal s; i t may be col orl ess or
have rai nbow ti nts. Chal cedony is transl ucent, waxy, usu
al l y gray or dul l ; it l i nes cavities or forms concretions.
Moss Agate is l ight-col ored transl ucent or cl ouded agate
with i ncl uded dendrites, suggesti ng moss. Jasper is opaque
chal cedony, yel l ow or brown with bands or irregul ar
markings. Mason and ll ano Counties, Tex., contain nearl y
1 00 diferent gem material s, i ncl udi ng quartz forms. Gem
Vi l l age, 1 8 mi l es east of Durango, Col o., is the center of a
rich rock-col l ecting territory.
For other Southwest gem local ities see GEM HUNTERS' GUI DE, Macfal
l and Chagnon, Science and Mechanics Publ ishi ng Co. , Chicago, 1 953.
Rose Quam
e e

.
a
il
LKtb of the Southwest have yi el ded many mi l l ions of
dol l ars in preci ous and useful metal s. Mi ni ng brought
peopl e to the Southwest, and it is sti l l an i mportant i ndus
try, though activity fuctuates with demand. Gol d, copper,
l ead, si l ver, zi nc, ur ani um, vanadi um, and wol fram are
the maj or metal s. Nonmetal l ic products i ncl ude fel dspar
fuorite, coal , pumice, gypsum, bentonite, asbestos, sul fur,
mica, potassi um, sand, and gravel . Petrol eum and natural
gas are al so of frst rank.
ZI NC ORE, sphalerite, zi nc sui
fde, is yel l ow to dork brown,
gl ossy, shi ny. Occurs i n veins,
often with gal ena. This zinc ore
slowly changes i nto other zi nc
mi neral s.
LEAD ORE, gal ena, is l ead sui
fde, a brittle, heavy, si l very mi n
eral . I n the Southwest, gal ena
often contai ns sil ver. Other l ead
ores form from gal ena by action
of ai r and water.
SILVER is sometimes found as the GOLD, not of great i mportance
native el ement, more often as
argentite, a si lversul fur com
pound. In the Southwest, silver
occurs with l ead and zi nc ores.
i n the Southwest, is heavy, soft,
and yel l ow. In most gol d ore, the
gol d i s mi nute. Chances of fndi ng
visi bl e gol d ore remote.
KLLKb M Nl MtKLb 1 1 3
Azurite and Mal achi te
Lhrg8oco0 Lh0coggrfe
L0rnoffe
uorfe
LLPPtK, used si nce anci ent
ti mes, i s i mportant i n the South
west, where the great open-pit
mi nes are worl d-famous. Copper
someti mes occurs as the soft na
ti ve metal . Most i mportant of the
Southwest ores, mal achite (green)
and azuri te ( bl ue) are often found
together and ar e occasi onal l y of
gem qual ity. Chrysocol l a, a com
pound of copper and si l ica found
with quartz and resembl i ng tur
quoise, i s someti mes used for jew
el ry. Chal copyrite, an ore of cop
per, s ul fur, and i ron, i s si mi l ar to
i ron pyrites (p. 1 1 1 ) but i s yel -
l ower.
UKMl UN LKt may contai n up
to about hal f its weight i n urani
um. The soft, crumbl i ng, yel l ow
ish ore, carnotite, has l ong been
known i n the Southwest and is
now mi ned i n the "Four Corners"
area. Few deposits are ri ch; the
search for ri cher ones conti nues.
fLULKl t, or cal ci um fuori de, i s
used i n the steel , al umi num, and
chemi cal i ndustri es. I t occurs as
yel l ow, green, bl ue, and purpl e
masses i n sedi mentary rocks and
in or e vei ns. Cubi c crystal s are
common. Too soft for gem use, fu
orite is carved for l amps and
ornaments.
1 1 4 KLLKb MD Nl MtKLb
btDl NtMKY KLLKb are the
commonest of the rocks that form
the basi c structure of the earth' s
surface. They are made of debri s,
or organic or chemi cal deposi ts.
Some are coarse, but commoner i n
the Southwest i s sandstone, made
i n anci ent deserts, l akes, and seas
of cemented grai ns of sand. Shal e
i s a hardened mudstone. li me
stone, wi del y deposi ted and usu
al l y fne- grai ned, was formed
from r emai ns of shel l fsh or
through chemi cal acti on i n s hal
l ow seas. I n t he dry Southwest i t
caps s ome mesas and pl ateaus.
NtNLKPHl L KLLKb are
formed when sedi mentary or i g
neous rocks ( pp. 1 1 6- 1 1 7) are
al tered by heat or pressure.
They ar e found i n Southwest
mountai ns and canyons. Schi sts
are al tered rocks that usual l y
s hi ne wi th mica and show con-
torted bands resul t i ng from t he
pressures under whi ch the rocks
were formed. Gnei ss ( pronounced
NI CE) i s metamor phosed gr ani te,
shal e, or s andstone in whi ch l ess
mi ca formed dur i ng the change.
Shal e may turn i nto sl ate, l i me
stone i nto marbl e, sandstone i nto
quartzi te, when metamorphosed.
Sandstone
Li mestone
Gnei ss
Schi st
KLLKb MD Nl MbKAL5 1 1 5
Granite
Di abase
Felsite
Obsidian
l MtLUb KLLKb are more wi de
spread i n the West t han el sewhere.
They form from materi al i n or be
neath the earth' s cr ust whi ch be
comes mol ten. Thi s thi ck l i qui d ( mag
ma) varies chemi cal l y and produces
di ferent rock types. I f i t cool s sl owl y
wi t hi n the earth' s surface, i t crystal
l i zes i nto mi ner al s, i ncl udi ng ores.
Granite, usual l y made of fel dspar,
quartz, and mi ca, is such a rock. Di a
base, contai ni ng more of t he dar k
mi neral s, i s common i n the forma
ti ons known as di kes an d si l l s. I f
l ava pours out onto the eart h's sur
face and cool s fast, rocks formed
are fne-grai ned. Most resul t from
vol canoes and are ha

d to i denti fy.
Li ght, pi nk, gray, or yel l ow fne
grai ned ones are cal l ed fel si te. Ob
si di an, gl assy bl ack or browni sh, i s
l ava that cool ed fast. Gl ass bubbl es
i n l ava may make a frot h that cool s
as pumi ce, so l i ght t hat i t foats.
Common bl ack l ava, basal t, occurs
wi del y i n many forms.
Pumice Basalt
1 1 6 KLLKb MD Nl MtKLb
Acti ve Vol canoes Were Once Numerous in the Southwest
VLLLMLtb MD LV fLLVb dot the Southwest.
Onl y remnants remai n of ol d vol cani c fi el ds, but recent
vol canoes retai n thei r ori gi nal structure. Ci nder cones
are common, as are l arger vol canoes made of mi xed
ci nders and l ava, such as those of the San Fr anci sco
Mountai ns near Fl agstaf, Ari z. Recent l ava fows l ook
l i ke frozen ri vers of bl ack basal t. Others, much ol der,
form the hard caps that have protected great stretches
of l and from erosi on and today form t he dark- capped
buttes, mesas, and tabl el ands. (See p. 1 3 1 . )
Maj or Vol cani c Fi el ds
1 San Franci sco
2 Dati i -Mt Tayl or
3 Spani sh Peaks-
Capul i n
4 Mt. Trumbul l
5 Carri zozo
6 Jemez Mountai n
7 Chi ri cahua
Mount ai n
Deat h Val l ey
9 Pi nacate
10 Davi s Mountai n
1 1 Hi gh Pl ateau
1 2 Hopi Buttes and
Navaj o
MUKL ftUKtb 1 1 7
Mesa
Mountai ns Formed by Erosion
Mountains Formed by Folding and Thrust-faul ti ng
lockfaul ti ng
MOUNTAIN MAKING i nvol ves compl ex processes wel l
i l l ustrated i n t he Southwest. Vol cani c mountai ns ar e numer
ous (see p. 1 1 7) . Where i mmense areas were evenl y l i fted,
rivers carved wi de val l eys, l eavi ng buttes and mesas.
Squeezi ng and fol di ng pressures forced ol der l ayers up,
someti mes pushi ng them over younger ones. Terrifi c ten
si ons produced j agged breaks i n the earth' s crust, and
huge bl ocks were l i fted and ti l ted. Chi sel ed by erosi on,
bl ock-faul t mountai ns form the rugged basi n- and- r ange
topography of western Utah and easter n Nevada. The
Rocky Mountai ns represent up- bul gi ng of a great rock
compl ex. Erosi on has stri pped of the coveri ng l ayers,
whose ti l ted stumps are the hog- back foothi l l s par al l el i ng
bot h si des of the hard core-the Rocki es proper.
1 1 8
NATURAL FEATURES
oo80n0ck of 0n Ju0n KV0r, oufh008f0rn Uf0h
tKLbLM, Ht Kt LM bLULPLK Water,
wind, frost, and gravity have carved and shaped the
Southwest i n a s l ow, never-endi ng process. Mountai ns
have been reduced t o pl ai ns, though l avas and hard sedi
mentary rocks protect the ol der upl ands. Soft shal es and
cl ays have been carved i ntricatel y, as i n Bryce Canyon,
and have been fushed from beneath harder l ayers that
have broken of to form c l ifs. Water, forti fed wi th gravel ,
i s the pri nci pal agent weari ng down and carryi ng away
l and. Where l and has been consi stentl y ri si ng, the cutti ng
power of streams is mai ntai ned i n t hei r ori gi nal channel s.
Cl assic exampl es are the Grand Canyon of the Col orado
and "goosenecks" of the San Juan. Such activities as cl ear
i ng of l and accel erate erosi on in many areas.
L0m0 Kock, MoHh of 0nf0 0
VH L btt M L
verywhere you l ook, there' s somethi ng to see. The next
pages spotl ight i mportant attracti ons, from citrus groves
to trout streams, from cactus deserts to ski runs. For tour
i ng i deas see pp. 8- 1 6. For a broader vi ew of the regi on
try the "Ameri can Gui de Seri es":
TEXAS, Hasti ngs House, N. Y. , 1 949.
OKLAHOMA, Univ. of Okl a. Press, Norman, 1 945.
KANSAS, Hastings House, N. Y., 1 949.
CoLORADO, Hastings House, N. Y., 1 95 1 .
New MEXI CO, Univ. o f N. Mex. Press, Al buquerque, 1 945.
UTAH, Hasti ngs House, N. Y., 1 941 .
NEVADA, Bi nfords and Mort, Portl and, Ore. , 1 940.
ARI ZONA, Hasti ngs House, N. Y. , 1 949.
CALI FORN I A, Hasti ngs House, N. Y., 1 943.
Al so:
THE SOUIHWEST, editors of LOOK, Houghton Mi fi n, Boston, 1 947.
Among peri odi cal s the fol l owi ng are of particul ar i nterest:
DESERT MAGAZI NE, Pal m Desert, Cal if.
ARI ZONA H| GHWAYS, Ari z. State Hi ghway Dept., Phoenix, Ari z.
NEW MEXI CO MAGAZI NE, State Capitol , Santa Fe, N. Mex.
CoLORADO WoNDERLAN D, 701 S. Tejon St., Col orado Spri ngs, Col o.
NEVADA HuHWAYS AND PARKS, Dept. of Hi ghways, Carson Ci t, Nev.
Before starti ng Southwestward, write to any of the fol l ow
i ng for road maps and speci fc i nformation. If you are to
travel by rai l road, bus l i ne, or ai rl i ne, consul t the one
you pl an to use. Major gasol i ne compani es provi de maps
and wi l l ai d in your pl anni ng.
New Mexico Tourist Bureau, State Capitol, Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Col orado Department of Publ i c Rel ations, State Capitol , Denver, Col o.
Associated Civic Cl ubs of Southern Utah, Ri chfel d, Utah.
Ari zona State Highway Department, Phoenix, Ari z.
Nevada Department of Hi ghways, Carson City, Nev.
Cal iforni a Dept. of Natural Resources and Parks, Sacramento, Cal if.
Texas State Parks Board, 1 06 E. 1 3th St., Austi n, Tex.
Kansas I ndustrial Devel opment Comm., 801 Harri son St., Topeka, Kan.
Okl a. Pl an. and Res. Bd. , 533 State Capi tol , Okl ahoma City, Okl a.
Nati onal Park Service, Southwest Regi on, Box 1 728, Santa Fe, N. Mex.
U.S. Forest Service, Reg. Foreter, Federal Bl dg. , Al buquerque, N. Mex.
1 20
Lro88 ecfon of r0n0 L0ngon Kock orm0fon8
KMDLMYLM is a great gash in the earth 2 1 7 mi l es
l ong, 4- 1 8 mi l es wi de, and 1 mi l e deep, cut by the Col o
rado Ri ver through the Kai bab Pl ateau of northwestern
Ari zona. Vi ew it from ei ther ri m or from the ai r. I ts rugged
i nteri or i s accessi bl e by foot or horseback. The South Ri m
( el ev. 6,900 ft. ) may be reached the year round by bus,
rai l , or auto and i n summer by ai r. A hotel , auto l odge,
and campground provi de accommodati ons. The North
Ri m {8,200 ft. ) is cl osed by snow i n wi nter. Cabi ns, cafe
teri a, and campgrounds are open May 1 5-0ct. 1 5. Cedar
City, Utah, is the nearest approach by pl ane and trai n. To
be sure, make reservati ons in advance. Saddl e- horse tri ps
and bus tours are avai l abl e, and the Nati onal Park Serv
ice provi des free l ectures and museum servi ces. Di s
covered by Coronado's fol l owers i n 1 540 and expl ored
by John Wesl ey Powel l i n 1 869, Grand Canyon was made
a nati onal park i n 1 9 1 9. Wi l d ani mal s abound. Typical
pl ants of t he mesas may be seen.
MUKL ftUKtb
1 2 1
bKYLt LMYLM Ml LML PKK has spectacul ar
amphitheaters eroded from the Pi nk Cl ifs of the Paun
saugunt Pl ateau, southwest Utah. Paved roads and trai l s.
Faci l iti es: publ i c campground, cabi ns, cafeteri a, l odge;
museum; Ranger gui de servi ce. Faci l ities cl osed i n wi nter;
roads are kept c l ear; park stays open. Nearest rai l head
and ai rport: Cedar City.
Zl LM Ml LML PKK has a 2, 000-3,000 ft. gorge
i n red and white Mesozoic rocks of the Kol ob Pl ateau,
southwest Utah. Massive cl ifs and gorgeous panoramas
mark the Vi rgi n Ri ver. Mt. Carmel Hi ghway connects U. S.
89 wi th U. S. 91 . Accessi bl e by auto or bus from Cedar
City. Cabi ns, cafeteri a, and campground i n park and
nearby Spri ngdal e open al l year. Museum; fel d tri ps;
cpmpfre programs. Paved hi ghways; 26 mi l es of trai l s. '
For other spectacul ar canyon scenery, visit:
Sal t River Canyon, on U.S. 60 north of Gl obe, Ariz.
Fish Creek Canyon, on the Apache Trai l (Arizona State Hi ghway 88) .
Aravai pa Canyon ( hi kers onl y), Mammoth, Ari z.
Bl ack Ri ver Canyon, near Ft. Apache, Ariz.
San Juan Goosenecks, Mexican Hat, Utah.
Ri o Grande Canyon, south of Taos, N. Mex.
BLACK CANYON OF THE
GUNNISON, i n west-central
Col orado, has breath-taki ng
depths and a vast expanse of
shter wal l s of gr anite and
schi st. Accessi bl e from Craw
ford ( north) and Montrose
(south) ; roads may be i mpas
sabl e in wi nter. Onl y accom
modati ons are campgrounds.
THE ROYAL GORGE of the
Arkansas Ri ver has l ong been
a maj or attracti on of southern
Col orado. I t i s spanned by a
l ong, extremel y hi gh suspen
si on bri dge reached from Can
yon City on the east and Sal i
da on the west, on U. S. 50.
The hangi ng rai l road bri dge
wi thi n its depths i s notabl e.
CEDAR BREAKS' huge bowl
i s carved from the same col or
ful rocks as Bryce Canyon, 95
mi l es east. lacki ng Bryce's del
i cate formati ons, i t has, how
ever, more col or vari ety. Ce
dar Breaks lodge i s open J une
1 5-Sept. 1 0. Roads are cl osed
by snow Nov. -May. Cedar
Ci ty i s rai l head and ai rport.
OAK CREEK CANYON, Ari z. ,
i s 10 spectacul ar mi l es ( U. S.
89A) between Fl agstaf and
Sedona wi thi n a great l ava
ri mmed gash i n the Coconi no
Pl ateau. Al ong tree-shaded
banks of a b rawl i ng trout
stream wi thi n its depths are
smal l orchards and farms, rest
f ul guest ranches, and resorts.
0nf0 ten0 L0ngon
bl btM Ml LML PKK, one of the newest and
t he onl y one i n Texas, i s separated fr om Mexi co by onl y
t he narrow Ri o Grande, whi ch has cut fve r ugged canyons
i n i ts southward swi ng around the l ofty Chisos Mountai ns.
Bi g Bend combi nes sweepi ng vi ews; i nteresti ng ani mal s
such as the Ki t Fox and Peccary; Century Pl ants and others
equal l y wei rd; the gentl e wi nter cl i mate of the . Chi hua
huan Desert; and the atmosphere of ol d Mexi co. I ts peaks
(nearl y 8,000 ft. ) ofer a cool retreat i n summer. The park
may be entered by paved hi ghway from ei ther Al pi ne or
Marathon ( 1 1 8 and 80 mi l es away, respectivel y), both on
the Southern Paci fc Rai l way. A publ i c campground,
restaurant, and l i mited cabi n accommodati ons are avai l
abl e t he year r ound. Horse and foot trai l s l ead t o poi nts
of i nterest. Fi sh in the Rio Grande, or pi cni c on its northern
bank. On Dagger Fl at, i n Apri l , the huge Gi ant Dagger
Yucca bl ossoms i n profusi on, except duri ng peri ods of
drouth. Park Rangers provi de i nformati on for vi sitors and
protecti on for park features.
1 24 MUKPL ftUKtb
LLLLKL Ml LML NLM-
UNtM contai ns a col orful array of
canyons, amphitheaters, cl ifs, and
pi nnacl es. I t i l l ustrates fau l ti ng, a
great hiatus, and erosi on. A paved
l oop hi ghway from Grand Juncti on
to Fruita i n west-central Col orado
makes it accessi bl e al ong a spectac
ul ar rim drive. Campgrounds onl y.
LP LL K t t f M LML
NLMUNtM, a vast regi on i n
Wayne County, Utah, i s named from
a l ong, hi ghl y col ored cl if face re
sul ti ng from erosion of the famous
Waterpocket Fol d. State Hi ghway
27, a graded di rt road, crosses the
area. Trai l s l ead i nto sceni c canyons.
Accommodati ons at Torrey and Fruita.
NLMUNtM VLLtY, named for
huge pi nnacl es and majestic ero
sional remnants, i s i n the Navaj o
Reservati on on the di rt road from
Kayenta, Ari z., to Bl uf, Utah. Be
prepared to camp if necessary. Trad
i ng posts provide some faci l ities, i n
cl udi ng gasol i ne and gui de service.
tHLKbt PLl M overl ooks
canyon grandeur rival i ng that of
Grand Canyon. Near the j uncti on of
the Col orado and the Green Rivers,
i t is reached by di rt road l eavi ng
U. S. 1 60 at a poi nt 1 2 mi l es north of
Moab, Utah. The road conti nues be
yond the Poi nt to other overl ooks.
MUKL ftUKtb 1 25
KlZLM'b Pl MtD DtbtK,
near Cameron, l ies northeast of the
Li ttl e Col orado River and Hol brook.
I t is vi si bl e from U. S. 89 and U. S. 66.
layers of col ored sedi ment and ben
tonite cl ay carved by erosi on give
the col orful banded efect.
LHl Kl LHU ( CHEERY -cow-ah)
Ml LML NLMUNtM i s the
Wonderl and of Rocks of southeast
ern Arizona. Erosi on in col umnar
l avas of t he Chi ri cahua Mountai ns
has created a j umbl e of grotesque
rock fgures accessi bl e by hi ghway
and 1 4 mi l es of trai l s. Horses and
l i mited accommodati ons avai l abl e.
VLLtY Lf fl Kt bt PKK
protects an amazi ng outcrop of
huge bri ck-red rock fns reached by
a short di rt road from Overton, Nev.
Al ong the trai l s, t his maze resembl es
a city of crooked streets wi ndi ng be
tween rows of tal l , red-bri ck bui l d
i ngs. Picni c faci l ities.
VLLtY Lf HtLbLl Mb, a par
adise for back-country expl orers, i s
accessi bl e onl y by j eep or pi ckup
truck over a 38- mi le di rt route start
i ng at Hanksvi l l e, Utah. Take food
and water. Another spectacul ar iso
l ated area, Cathedral Val l ey, i s
reached vi a Fremont, Utah.
MUKL ftUKtb
PtKl fl t fLKtb Ml LML NLMUNtM, site of
the l argest and most col orful concentrati ons of petrifed
wood i n the worl d, l i es between U. S. 66 and U. S. 260, 20
mi l es east of Hol brook, Ari z. State Hi ghway 63, travers
i ng the monument, is cl osed at night to protect the petri
fed wood. Visitors are urged to resist temptati on and
l eave t he wood for others t o enjoy. I n additi on t o the
quantities of agate, j asper, and chal cedony (see p. 1 1 2)
found i n the six forests, there are badl ands of col ored
cl ays that have weathered i nto a haunti ng Pai nted Desert
J andscape (p. 1 26). A fne museum is l ocated hal f a mi l e
from t he U. S. 260 entrance, with a smal l restaurant, a curi o
store, and l i mited overni ght accommodati ons nearby.
Trai ns stop at Hol brook, where automobi l es may be hi red.
Nearest ai rports: Wi nsl ow, Ari z. , and Gal l up, N. Mex.
Other petrifed forests i n the Southwest:
Sweet Ranch, southwest of Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Near Tascosa, i n the Texas Panhandl e.
centr al New Mexi co, 146, 535 acres, is covered by dr i fts
of gl eami ng whi te gypsum sand-home of a few strug
gl i ng pl ants and a rare l i zar d and a pocket mouse, both
white. I t i s accessi bl e from U. S. 70. There i s a pi cni c area;
over ni ght accommodati ons are avai l abl e i n Al amogordo.
An excel l ent l oop road begi ns at the par k museum, where
a seri es of exhi bi ts i l l ustrates the geol ogy and the natural
hi story of thi s uni que area.
GREAT SAND DUNES NATI ONAL MONUMENT has
600-ft. dr i fts al ong the base of Sangre de Cr isto Mts. Fol
l ow gravel ed road from State Hi ghway 17, 1 3 mi l es north
of Al amosa ( accommodati ons) . Nature trai l ; campground.
Other sand-dune areas you may wi sh t o see:
Monahans Sands, near Monahans, on U. S. 80, western Tex.
Pi nk Sands, nort hwest of Kanab, Utah .
Desert Sands, al ong U. S. 80, west of Yuma, Ari z.
Puerco Sands, on U. S. 60 and 85, north of Socor ro, N. Mex.
I n Death Val l ey Noti onal Monument, Cal i f.
1 28 NATURAL FEATURES
worl d-famous for thei r i mmense si ze, t hei r vaul ted rooms,
and thei r spl endi d natural formati ons. Park Servi ce gui ded
tours are conducted al ong 4 mi l es of under ground paths.
Formed by col l apse of rock aft er sl ow sol ut i on, and deco
rated by l i mestone dr i ppi ng, the caverns have been mi l
l i ons of years i n t he maki ng. Changes i n c l i mate have l ong
si nce made most of Car l sbad a "dead" cave. I t was fi rst
expl ored by a cowboy, J i m Whi te, about 1 901 . Hoards
of har ml ess bats whi ch l i ve i n an upper corri dor pour from
the natural entrance each summer eveni ng. Twenty- one
mi l es from' the ci ty of Car l sbad a paved hi ghway to the
park j oi ns U. S. 62 and 1 80 from El Paso, Tex. Rai l and ai r
l i nes t o E l Paso or Car l sbad connect wi t h buses t o the
Caverns. No over ni ght accommodati ons. Li ght meal s.
Ot her Southwest caves you may wi s h to see:
Lehman Caves, Baker, Nev.
Colossal Cave, Vai l (near Tucson) , Ari z.
Cave of the Wi nds, Col orado Spri ngs, Col o.
Whi ppl e Cave, Cave Val l ey, Nev.
Crystal Cave, Oracl e, Ari z.
Mitchel l ' s Cave, Essex, Cal i f.
NttLK LKtK, a hol e 570 ft. deep and more than
3. mi l e wi de, was bl asted out some 50,000 years ago by
the i mpact of a huge cl uster of meteorites. The crater, 20
mi l es west of Wi nsl ow, Ari z. , i s most efectivel y seen from
the ai r but may be reached by a 6-mi l e paved detour
from U. S. 66. A smal l museum (admi ssion fee) on the ri m
tel l s the story of meteor craters and di spl ays meteoric
materi al s. Accommodati ons at Wi nsl ow. Other meteor
craters are near Odessa, Tex. , and Havi l and, Kan.
bUMbt LKtK, most recentl y active Southwest vol
cano, was formed about 1 066 A. D. , accordi ng to growth
ri ngs in ti mbers of I ndi an homes buri ed by its ci nders. The
crater l i es i n a symmetrical 1 ,000-ft. ci nder cone sur
rounded by spectacul ar squeeze-ups, spatter cones, and
l ava fl ows. Procl ai med a nati onal monument i n 1 930, the
area i s reached by a short road l eavi ng U. S. 89 northeast
of Fl agstaf, Ariz. (accommodations here).
VLLLMl L PLUb, such as
Shi prock in northwestern New
Mexico, are remnants of ol d
vol canoes, whose dyi ng throats
were choked wi th cool i ng l ava.
Erosi on of the vol canoes has
l eft hard l ava cores standi ng.
VLLLMl L l Ktb may be
l arge mountai ns, as Mt. Bl an
ca, Col o. ; or l ong l i nes of "hog
backs"; or verti cal vei ns across
country, as at Al ami l l o Creek,
N. Mex., and bel ow the vol
cani c Spani sh Peaks near La
Veta, Col o.
u@: h _rock
LV fLLb, many ol d, some recent, are common. Best
known are fows near Carrizozo and Grants, N. Mex.-the
l ater famous for perpetual ice caves near Paxton Spri ngs.
Other l ava-fow i ce caves are on Si erra Negra and John
son Mesa between Fol som and Raton, N. Mex.
LULtKb, cones of vol canoes that have bl own of
thei r tops, are rare i n the Southwest. Val l e Grande, i n
Jemez ( HAY-mez) Mountai ns, N. Mex., i s 1 8 mi l es across.
I t is surrounded by l ava beds and compressed vol cani c
ash cal l ed "tuf."
Other volcani c pl ugs: Cabazon Peak, N. Mex. ; Agathai Peak, Monu
ment Val ley; Li zard Head, near Tel l uride, Col o. ; Huerfano Butte, near
Wal senburg, Col o. Other ci nder cones: Vulcan' s Throne, n Grand
Canyon National Monument; El Ti ntero, near Bl uewater, N. Mex. ;
Capul i n Mountai n, near Capul i n, N. Mex. ; Ubehebe Crater, Death
Val l ey Nati onal Monument; numerous cones near Spri ngervil le, Ariz.
MUKL ftUKtb 1 31
Delicate Arch
ARCHES NATIONAL MONUMENT Arches may be
defi ned as passages through obstructi ons, whereas natural
bri dges are passages that go over obstructi ons. I n eastern
Utah, near Moab, erosi on has l eft many thi n verti cal
sl abs or fns of . sandstone. Weather i ng someti mes per
forates such fi ns to form wi ndows. Enl argement of the
openi ngs resu l ts i n stone arches. More t han 80 such natural
arches, some of them i mmense, ar e found i n Arches
Nati onal Monument. Mi ngl ed wi th them are bal anced
rocks, pi nnacl es, rock fi gures resembl i ng men and ani mal s,
and a rugged area of br i l l i ant red- banded rock cal l ed
Fi ery Furnace. A state hi ghway enters the monument,
l eavi ng U. S. 1 60 at a poi nt 1 2 mi l es north of Moab, where
there are tour i st accommodati ons. Leave trai l ers outsi de,
as t he monument road contai ns di ps and steep grades. A
pi cni c gr ound and sel f-gui di ng nature trai l are avai l abl e.
Ot her nat ur al arches t hat may be on your route:
Wi ndow Rock, near the town of that name, Ari z.
Gol den Arch, Organ Pi pe Cactus Nati onal Mon ument, Ari z.
Cassi dy' s Arch, Capi tol Reef Nati onal Mon ument, Utah.
Angel ' s Wi ndow, Cape Royal , Grand Canyon Nat i onal Park, Ari z.
Arch Canyon and Hol e- i n-Rock, near San Juan Ri ver, southeastern Utah.
1 32 NATURAL FEATURES
Owachomo Bridge
NATURAL BRIDGES NATIONAL MONUMENT, 50
mi l es by di rt road from Bl andi ng, Utah, contai ns three
huge nat ural stone spans formi ng a rough tri angl e 3
mi l es on a si de. The entrance road ends i n a smal l camp
gr ound, fr om whi ch a trai l , wi th sel f-gu i di ng markers,
l eads to Owachomo Br i dge. There ar e no other fac i l i ti es.
Br i ng food, water, and campi ng eq ui pment .
RAINBOW BRIDGE, worl d-famous, i s i dden deep i n
t he remote, r ugged s l i ckrock country west of Navaj o
Mountai n i n south-central Utah. large enough to straddl e
t he nati on' s capi tol , i t i s dwarfed by i t s surroundi ngs . I t
i s reached by a 1 4- mi l e trai l from Rai nbow lodge or Na
vaj o Mountai n Tradi ng Post. Horses may be obtai ned.
On l y har dy outdoors peopl e shoul d attempt the tri p. Boat
travel er s on the Col orado Ri ver hi ke 6 mi l es up For bi dden
Canyon to Rai nbow Br i dge.
Ot her nat ur al bri dges:
Gregory-Escal ante Wi l der ness, Utah.
Grosvenor -Escal ante Wi l derness, Utah .
Wh i te Mesa-near I nscri pti on House Tradi ng Post, Ar i z.
Hi ckman-i n Capi tol Reef Nat i onal Monument, Utah.
Traver t i ne-near Pi ne, Ari z.
"Whopper ' " ( un named) -Zi on Nat i onal Monument, Ut ah.
Bryce-Bryce Canyon Nat i onal Park, Utah.
Rai nbow Bridge
L 0l0ce Kun
Ntb VtKDt Ml LML PKK, i n extreme southwest
ern Col orado, contai ni ng the l argest concentrati on of pre
hi stori c cave vi l l age rui ns i n the United States, i s one of
the best pl aces to see the handiwork of earl y Ameri cans.
I n the park is a unique museum where the arts and crafts
of prehistoric I ndi ans are exhi bited and expl ai ned. Sel f
gui ded tours, conducted tri ps to the rui ns, and campfre
tal ks by Park Servi ce archeol ogists tel l the story of the
I ndi ans who farmed the mesas for 1 ,300 years. Maj or
rui ns are reached by paved roads. Horses may be hi red
for trai l tri ps. The park is open al l the year, but overnight
accommodati ons and meal s are avai l abl e onl y duri ng
summer and earl y fal l . There is a l arge campground.
Enter t he par k mi dway between Mancos and Cortez, Col o. ,
on U. S. 1 60.
Other Southwest cl if rui ns:
Gi l a Cl i f Dwel l i ngs Nati onal Monument, Si lver City, N. Mex.
Bandel i er National Monument, near los Al amos, N. Mex.
Puye Cl if Rui ns, near Santa Clara Pueblo, N. Mex.
Wal nut Canyon Nati onal Monument, near Fl agstaf, Ariz.
1 34
LLD l MDl M Vl LLtb
NAVAJO NATI ONAL MON
UMENT, i n north-central Ari
zona, protects three spectacu
l ar cl if rui ns. None is accessi
ble by automobi l e; Betatoki n
i s seen from a short trai l near
headquarters. Gui de servi ce,
a campground, and I ndi an
poni es are avai l abl e. Di r t
roads; be prepared to camp.
CANYON DE CHELL Y (de
SHAY) NATI ONAL MONU
MENT (reached by di rt roads)
i n northeastern Ari zona has
spectacul ar canyons contai n
i ng rui ns. White House Rui n i s
seen from the road; others are
reached by hi ki ng, horseback,
or speci al automobi l e. Guest
ranch accommodati ons.
MONTEZUMA CASTLE NA
TI ONAL MONUMENT, near
the center of Ari zona, is a
spectacul ar cl i f r ui n easi l y
reached by paved road.
Ranger-archeol ogi st gui des
and a museum descri be pre
hi stori c I ndi ans of Verde Val
l ey. Near Montezuma Wel l .
Accommodati ons nearby.
TONTO NATI ONAL MONU
MENT, overl ooki ng Roosevel t
Reservoi r, Ari z. , i s reached
over unpaved but sceni c
Apache Trai l . Gem- l i ke cl i f
rui ns are near. A museum, con
ducted tri ps, and a self-gui d
i ng trai l tel l of prehistori c I n
di ans . Motel s i n Gl obe and
other nearby towns.
AZTEC RUI NS NATIONAL
MONUMENT, on the west
bank of the Ani mas River near
Aztec, N. Mex. , i s an anci ent
vi l l age si te used by prehistori c
farmer I ndi ans ( not Aztecs) . A
smal l museum and tri ps
through the rui ns expl ai n thei r
acti vi ti es and habits. Accom
modati ons i n Aztec and other
towns.
CASA GRANDE NATIONAL
MONUMENT, on State Hi gh
way 87, i s the site of a rui ned
four-story earthen tower ( p.
22) domi nat i ng a Hohokam
wal l ed vi l l age. A museum and
a gui ded t r i p t hrough t he rui n
tel l of an earl y peopl e who
i rri gated and farmed parts of
the Gi l a Val l ey of Ari zona.
T U Z I GOOT NAT I ONAL
MONUMENT, 3 mi l es east of
Cl arkdal e i n Ari zona's Verde
Val l ey, is the remnant of an
I ndi an vi l l age on a hi l l top. A
museum exhi bits preh istori c
pottery, stone and bone tool s,
anci ent jewel ry. A sel f-guidi ng
trai l expl ai ns t he r ui n. Nearby
towns ofer accommodati ons.
Jerome, a ghost town, is near.
WU PAT K I NAT I ONAL
MONUMENT contai ns the
l argest rui n among 800 pre
hi stori c I ndi an homesi tes. Soi l
here was enri ched by the erup
ti on of Sunset Crater ( see p.
1 30) . The entrance road l eaves
U. S. 89 30 mi l es north of Fl ag
staf, Ari z. (accommodati ons).
Sel f-gui di ng trai l s.
LHLL LMYLM Ml LML NLMUNtM, i n
northwestern New Mexico, with a dozen great open-site
rui ns and hundreds of smal l er sites, represents the hi ghest
devel opment of prehistoric Puebl o I ndi an ci vi l i zati on in
the Southwest. Superi or masonry, a rich vari ety of stone
and bone tool s, pottery, and fabrics found i n the rui ns
mark a peak of prehistori c cul ture. Mi dway between
Thoreau, on U.S. 66, and Aztec, on State Hi ghway 44,
Chaco Canyon i s reached over wi ndi ng State Hi ghway
56, someti mes made i mpassabl e by sand or mud. A camp
ground, smal l museum, and gui de service to Puebl o Bonito
( Beautiful Vi l l age) are avai l abl e. This rui n of over 830
rooms was expl ored by the National Geographic Society,
1 92 1 -27. Nearest faci l ities are 64 mi l es away.
Other open-site rui ns thot you may wish to see:
Bandel i er Nati onal Monument, near Los Al amos, N. Mex.
Coronado State Monument, near Bernal i l lo, N. Mex.
Pecos State Monument, near Pecos, N. Me1:.
Besh-ba-gowah Rui n, Gl obe, Ariz.
Puebl o Grande, Phoenix, Ariz.
Ki ni shba Ruin, near Fort Apache, Ariz.
Poi nt of Pi nes Ruin, east of San Carl os, Ariz.
Hovenweep Nati onal Monument, west of Cortez, Col o.
Ki va Rui ns, near McNary, Ariz.
El den Puebl o, near Fl agstaf, Ariz.
LL l Ml M Vl LLtb 1 37
Ol d Wal pi
HLPl l MDl M Vl LLtb, hi gh on protected tabl el ands
west of Keams Canyon, Ari z. , overl ook the Pai nted Desert
(see pp. 31 and 1 26) . For ei ght centuri es the H6pi ta
( peaceful ) peopl e have occupi ed three fi ngers of Bl ack
Mesa, known ( east to west) as Fi rst, Second, and Thi rd
Mesas. Vi sitors are wel come i n the vi l l ages but shoul d
remember that the houses are private homes, not busi ness
pl aces. Ceremoni al dances are hel d frequentl y, the Soya
bi na openi ng the kachi na program i n December. I n
January there are hunti ng dances; i n February, bean
sprouti ng dances; and duri ng the summer, butterfl y
dances. Most famous is the Snake Dance hel d l ate i n
August. Al though the mai n road through the Hopi country
i s now paved, side roads are di rt or gravel and may be
come di fcul t fol l owi ng rai ns. Tradi ng posts ofer gasol i ne
and suppl ies but few overni ght accommodati ons. Travel ers
of mai n roads may have to camp. See map on p. 3 1 .
First Mesa Vi l l ages
( Peopl e Make Pottery)
Wal pi
Si chomovi
Hano
Second Mesa Vi l l ages
( Peopl e Make
Coi l ed Baskets)
Mi shongnovi
Shi paul ovi
Shongopovi
1 38 LLD l MDl M Vl LLtb
Thi rd Mesa Vi l l ages
( Peopl e Make
Twi ned Pl aques)
Orai bi
Hotevi l l a
Bacabi
HVbUPl I ndi ans, a dwi ndl i ng
tri be, l ive i n Supai Vi l l age, deep i n
Havasu Canyon, wi thi n Grand Can
yon. Leave your car at Hi l l top, on the
canyon ri m, and hike 1 4 mi l es to
Supai ; or, arrange to be met at Hi l l
top by I ndians with saddl e poni es.
Bl ue-green water, three majestic
waterfal l s, and subtropi cal pl ants
make the canyon a paradi se. Li mited
accommodati ons at Supai Vi l l age.
l JLL

( key- ho-TOE-ah), typi
cal Papago I ndi an vi l l age, i s i n the
desert northwest of Sel l s, Ari z. , on
State Hi ghway 86. One-room mud
foored houses are of Saguaro ri bs
or Ocoti l l o stems pl astered wi th mud.
Come i n spr i ng or fal l . At Sel l s ar e a
Papago museum, store, and fl l i ng
stati on. Meal s and accommodati ons
at Nogal es, Tucson, Casa Grande,
and other nearby centers.
LLN (AK-oh-mah), New Mexi
co's "Sky City," tops a smal l mesa,
1 4 mi l es by gravel ed road from U. S.
66 near San Fi del . I t and Orai bi ( p.
1 38) are cal l ed the ol dest conti nu
ousl y occupied vi l l ages i n t he U. S.
Acoma i s reached by a steep foot
trai l wi ndi ng up Acoma Rock. There
i s a charge for enteri ng the puebl o,
and a fee for taki ng photographs.
Accommodati ons al ong U. S. 66.
LLD l MDl M Vl LLtb
1 39
SAN JOSE DE TUMACACORI started as a si mpl e shel ter
i n whi ch the famous Spani sh pri est, Father Ki no, sai d mass
for the Sobai pur i I ndi ans in 1 691 . By 1 773 it had become
a maj or mi ssi on. When, i n 1 844, Mexi co sol d the mi ssi on
l ands, I ndi ans of the Tumacacori congregati on moved the
chur ch fur ni shi ngs to San Xavi er ( p. 1 41 ) , near Tucson,
Ari z. Abandoned, Tumacacori fel l i nto rui n. I n 1 908 i t
was procl ai med a nati onal monument and consi derabl e
wor k has s i nce been done t o stabi l i ze the fne ol d bui l d
i ng. A modern museum tel l s the story of Tumacacori and
t he Sonora chai n of Ki no Mi ssi ons. U. S. 89 passes c l ose to
the wal l s. Touri st accommodati ons are avai l abl e at No
gal es, j ust bel ow the Mexi can border, 1 8 mi l es south;
and i n Tucson, 48 mi l es north.
Ot her ol d mission rui ns you may wi sh to see:
Abo, Quarai , and Gran Quivi ra, near Mountai nai r, N. Mex.
Pecos and Jemez, near Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Quevavi, near Tumacacori, Ari z.
Qui bu ri, near Fai r bank, Ariz.
1 40 OLD MI SSI ONS
SAN XAVI ER ( hah-VEER) was
consecrated i n 1 797. Gl isten
i ng white, combi ni ng Byzan
ti ne, Moori sh, and Spani sh ar
chitectu re, it serves the I ndi ans
of Bac, 9 mi l es southwest of
Tucson. Vi si tors wel come.
EL SANCTUARI O DE CHI
MAYO, i n a haml et of bl anket
weavers i n the Santa Cruz Val
l ey, northern N. Mex. , dates
from 1 8 1 6. Quai nt Spani sh
Puebl o. Pi l gri ms come here.
Vi si t i n earl y October.
SAN MI GUEL, i n downtown
Santa Fe, N. Mex. ( p. 1 44),
was bui l t 1 636, destroyed by
I ndi ans 1 680, restored 1 7 1 0.
Now a chapel for St. Mi chael ' s
School , i t i s peri odi cal l y
opened f or publ i c worshi p.
ST. FRANCI S OF ASSISt
MI SSI ON typi fes the ol d
Span i sh Southwest. Cent er of
anci ent Ranchos de Taos, near
Taos, N. Mex. , i t was a refuge
i n Apache and Comanche
r ai ds. Rebui l t 1 772.
es and missions i n New Mexico:
San Esteban Rey, Acoma Puebl o. San Jose de Lagu na, Laguna
San Fel i pe de Neri, Al buquerque. Puebl o.
San Mi guel del Bado, San Mi - Nuestro Senora de I a Asunci on,
guel . Zi a Puebl o.
San Mi guel Missi on, Socorro. San Antoni o de I sl eta, I sleta
Senora de l os Dol ores, Arroyo Puebl o.
Hondo.
LLD Nl bbl LMb
1 4
1
TOMBSTONE, Ari z. , "The Town Too Tough to Die, " typ
i fes l usty, godl ess mi ni ng camps of earl y days. I n its hey
day, 1 879- 1 885, Tombstone and its famous newspaper,
The Epitaph, bui l t a reputati on that sti l l draws vi si tors to
wander among deserted gambl i ng hal l s and expl ore the
Bi rdcage Theater and Boothi l l Cemetery, where gr i ml y
humorous grave markers stand. Tombstone, on U. S. 80, i s
between Benson and Bi sbee, whi ch ofer accommodati ons.
JEROME, ri ch i n copper- mi ni ng l ore, was born i n 1 882,
di ed i n 1 952. For so young a ghost, i t i s amazi ngl y
famous-"The Most Uni que Town i n Ameri ca. " I ts s pectac
ul ar l ocati on on the face of Mi ngus Mountai n, Ari z. , puts
it in t he cl i f-rui n cl ass. Bi g Pi t Mi ne and a modern museum
ar e maj or attracti ons. U. S. 89A wi nds among abandoned
bui l di ngs to Cl arkdal e, Cottonwood, and Prescott, al l wi th
accommodati ons. (Other ghost towns: see pp. 1 2; 42-43)
fLKT UMl LM( 1 851 - 1 891 ), at a j uncti on of the Santa Fe
Trai l , was an army base. Adobe wal l s, guardhouse, bri ck
chi mneys, survi ve. Ni ne mi l es from Watrous on U. S. 85.
fLKT DVl b ( 1 854- 1 891 ), i n the Davi s Mountai ns, west
ern Texas (State Hi ghways 1 7 and 1 1 8) , was destroyed by
I ndi ans, rebui l t 1 867. Garri sons fought Apaches and Co
manches. Some bui l di ngs remai n.
fLKTbLl t( 1 862- 1 896), near Apache Pass, Chi ricahua
Mountai ns, southeast Ari zona, guarded stagecoaches and
Gen. Nel son A. Mi l es' headquarters i n t he Geroni mo cam
pai gn. Adobe wal l s remai n on a spur from the Apache
Pass road l eavi ng U. S. 80 at Bowi e ( BOO-ee).
PlPt bPKl M MTl LML NLMUNtMT preserves a
Mormon stone fort ( 1 869-70) bui l t around a spri ng. The
fort protected col onists. On graded di rt road 1 5 mi l es
southwest of Fredoni a, northern Ari zona.
Other ol d forts t hat may be visited (see map, pp. 42-43, also):
Ft. Garl and, Col o. Ft. Whi ppl e, Ari z. Ft. Stanton, N. Mex.
Ft. Lyon, Col o. Ft. Lowel l , Ari z. Ft. Crai g, N. Mex.
Ft. Bl iss, Tex. Ft. McDowel l , Ari z. Ft. Wi ngate, N. Mex.
Ft. Stockton, Tex. Ft. Defance, Ari z. Ft. Sumner, N. Mex.
Ft. Huach uca, Ari z. Ft. Grant, Ari z. Ft. Bayard, N. Mex.
Santa Fe Cl ai ms the Oldest House in the U. S.
bM ft (City of the Hol y Fai th), capital of New Mex
i co, was the center of Spani sh and Puebl o I ndian cu l ture
and of Cathol i c activities duri ng the mi ssi on peri od, when
Jesui t and Franci scan priests were active. I t is now a
modern art and cul tural center. Santa Fe' s pl aza, pl anned
in Madri d, Spai n, and bui l t in 1 609- 1 6 1 0, was the termi nus
of two great trai l s: the Cami no Real from Vera Cruz, Mex
ico, frst travel ed in 1 58 1 ; and the Santa Fe Trai l , . mai n
route west from I ndependence, Mo. , after 1 82 1 . North
of the pl aza is the Pal ace of the Governors, now a mu
seum, over whi ch have fown six fags . Nearby are the
New Mexi co Museum of Art and Cathedral of St. Franci s.
Hi ghways l ead to prehistori c I ndi an rui ns, to modern
I ndi an puebl os, and to nati ve vi l l ages where Spani sh is
sti l l the mother tongue.
Other SpanishAmeri can lawns ( al l but t he frst t wo i n
that retai n native character :
San Lui s, Col o. Abi qui u Penasco
Nogal es, Ari z. Mesi l l a Truchas
Cordova Tecol ote Ti erra Amar i l l a
Socorro San Jose Bernal i l l o
1 44 LLD LVMb
New Mexico}
Cundi yo
Mora
Pecos
NUbtUNb contai ni ng sci enti fc or histori cal col l ecti ons
and educati onal di spl ays are numerous i n the Southwest.
Many nati onal parks and monuments provi de exhi bits as
ai ds i n understandi ng t he features they protect. Outstand
i ng among these are the earl y I ndian exhi bi ts at Mesa
Verde, the Yavapai Point Station expl ai ni ng the maj or
geol ogical and bi ol ogi cal stories i l l ustrated i n the Grand
Canyon, and t he Spani sh Missi on exhi bi ts at Tumacacori,
Ari z. Displ ays at the University of Ari zona, Tucson, outl i ne
the story of prehistori c man i n the Southwest. Pri vate i n
stituti ons, such as the Heard Museum at Phoeni x, the
Museum of Northern Ari zona at Fl agstaf, and the Bar
ringer Meteor Crater Museum (*) west of Wi nsl ow, Ariz
are of particul ar i nterest to travel ers.
Other museums (* admission fee) you may wish to see:
Pi oneer Vi l l age, Las Vegas, Nev.
* Lost Ci ty Museum, Overton, Nev.
San Jaci nto Museum, San Jaci nta Monument, Tex.
Panhandl e-Pl ai ns Hi storical Museum, Canyon, Tex.
Sui Ross Histori cal Museum, Al pi ne, Tex.
Utah Historical Museum, Fi l l more, Utah.
Tayl or Museum and Fi ne Arts Center, Col orado Spri ngs, Col a.
* Ni ni nger Meteorite Museum, Sedona, Ariz.
-
Mi neral Museum, State Fai r Grounds, Phoenix, Ari1.
*Museum of Mi ni ng Hi story, Jerome, Ariz.
Archeol ogi cal Museum of the University of New Mexico, Al buquerque
Museum of I nternational Fol k Art, Santa Fe, N. Mex.
*Museum of Navaj o Ceremoni al Art, Santa Fe, N. Mex.
Governors' Pal ace, Santa Fe
tH VLLtY Ml LML NLMUNtM, Cal i f. ,
establ i shed 1 933, features scenery, geol ogy, uni que
desert l i fe, and t he l owest spot i n t he Western Hemi sphere,
282 ft. bel ow sea l evel . Accommodati ons: campgr ound,
hotel s, motel s. Cl i mate: i deal October-Apr i l . Paved
routes: from Baker, Cal i f. ; Beatty, Nev. ; Lone Pi ne or
Ol ancha, Cal if. F urnace Creek has a smal l ai r port. Las
Vegas, Nev. , i s the nearest rai l head.
southwestern Ari z. , near Mexi co, protects many semi
tropi cal pl ants and ani mal s not found el sewhere i n the
U. S. After wi nters of above-average rai nfa l l , a mass of
fowers appears, then trees, shr ubs, and cactuses bl oom.
A hi ghway l eavi ng State Hi ghway 86, 12 mi l es south of
Aj o ( AH- hoe), crosses the monument en route to the Gul f
of Cal iforni a. A store at Lukevi l l e and a campgr ound ofer
the onl y accommodati ons nearer than Aj o.
1 46 MUKL ftUKtb
Jo5huu ree fore5f5 occur
near Pi erce Ferry, Ari z. ; on State
Hi ghway 93 northwest of Con
gress, Ari z. ; and i n Joshua Tree
Nat i o n al Mon u ment, between
Twentyni ne Pal ms and I ndi o, Cal
i f. largest of yuccas ( p. 90) , thi s
tree is spectacul ar i n bl oom, l ate
February to earl y Apri l .
rzonu-bonoru e5erf Nu-
5eum, 1 2 mi l es northwest of Tuc
son, i n a forest of Gi ant Cactus,
exhi bits desert pl ants and ani
mal s. label s tel l about each spe
ci es and the part it pl ays in the
desert communi ty. Attendants an
swer questi ons.
e5erf bofUn cul urUen5of
rzonu di spl ay desert pl ants i n
Papago Park between Phoenix
and Tempe (tem- PEE) . lectures are
gi ven. Pl ants are sol d. Al so try
Boyce Thompson Southwest Arbo
retum, near Superi or, Ari z.
bu@uuro ( s u h -WAR- oh) Mu-
f onul Nonumenf di s pl ays
many desert pl ants and ani mal s.
Markers and a l eafet expl ai n fea
tures al ong a 9- mi l e l oop drive.
Smal l pi cni c ground and museum.
Tucson ( 1 7 mi l es west) has mod
ern accommodati ons.
tbtK Kl LULUKt, based on i rri gati on, goes back
at l east 1 ,000 years i n the Southwest. I rri gati on systems
now di stri bute water from huge reservoirs and thousands
of deep wel l s to mi l l i ons of ari d acres (see p. 48). Ferti l e
soi l s and a l ong growi ng season ( up t o 355 days) produce
enormous crops of al fal fa, cereal s, coton, vegetabl es,
citrus fruits, and dates. Wi nter crops i ncl ude head l ettuce,
wheat, and carrots. Cantal oupes ripen ear l y, and cotton
is ki ng of the fel d crops. Most of the alfal fa, hegari , corn,
and si mi l ar crops are fed to range cattl e to condi ti on them
for market. Sugar beets, fgs, ol ives, pecans, and honey
are among the speci al ized crops of the desert.
Some of the agricul tural centers you wi l l want to visit:
Yuma, Ariz.: Citrus, dates, pecans, al falfa, wheat, grapes.
Phoeni x, Ari z. : Citrus, alfal fa, cotton, vegetabl es.
Cool i dge, Ari z. : Cotton, carrots, alfal fa, hegari .
Las Cruces, N. Mex. : Cotton, al falfa, hegari .
Hobbs, N. Mex. : Berries, vegetables, grapes.
El Paso, Tex. : Cotton, al fal fa.
Monte Vista, Col o.: Potatoes, al fal fa, honey.
Grand J unction, Col o. : Appl es, peaches, pears, cherries, alfal fa.
I mperi al Val ley, Cal i f. : Sugar beets, tobacco, lettuce, cel ery, tomatoes,
cotton, dates.
eeg-We lrrg0fon
l LLl ft KtfUtb are for the protecti on of wi l d crea
tures, whi ch, l i ke men, must have a pl ace to l ive, natural
food, shel ter, and a sui tabl e envi ronment to raise fami l i es.
By protecti ng native wi l dl ife i n its envi ronment, federal
and state agenci es provi de an enormous i mpetus to hu
man recreati on. I n t he refuges, native ani mal s may be
seen, photographed, and studi ed. I n some, overni ght ac
commodati ons are avai l abl e for vi sitors. Al l nati onal parks
and monuments are wi l dl ife refuges. State parks and
monuments al so protect wi l dl ife. Nati onal Wi l dl ife Refuges
of the U. S. Fi sh and Wi l dl i fe Servi ce i ncl ude the fol l owi ng:
Wi chita Mountai ns Notional Wi l dl ife Refuge, near lawton, Okl a. :
Bufal o, deer, tu rkeys, l onghorn catt l e. Campsi tes.
Sal t Pl ai ns Nati onal Wi l dl i fe Refuge, near Cherokee, Okl a.
Mul es hoe Nat i onal Wi l dl i fe Refuge, northwest of l ubbock, Tex.
Bi tter lake Mi gratory Waterfowl Refuge, near Roswel l , N. Mex.
Bosque del Apache Nati onal Wi l dl ife Refuge, at head of El ephant
Butte Reservoi r, N. Mex. : Waterfowl and fshi ng.
San Andreas Nati onal Wi l dl ife Refuge, west of White Sands Nati onal
Monument, N. Mex.
Saford Nati onal Wi l dl i fe Refuge, near Saford, Ari z.
Sal t Ri ver Nat i onal Wi l dl i fe Refuge, near Roosevel t, Ari z.
Cabeza Prieta Game Refuge, adj oi ni ng Organ Pi pe Cactus Nati onal
Monument, Ariz. : Desert Bi ghorn and Peccary.
Kofa Game Refuge, near Yuma, Ariz.: Desert Bi ghorn.
I mperi al and Havasu Nati onal Wi l dl ife Refuge, near Yuma, Ari z.
Desert Game Range, near las Vegas, Nev.
Sal ton Sea Nati onal Wi l dl ife Refuge, at south end of Sal ton Sea, Cal if.
For further information, write U.S. Fish and Wi l dl ife Service, P. 0. Box
1 306, Al buquerque, Na Mex.
MUKL KtbLUKLtb 1 49
HLLVtK N (formerl y bLULDtK N), compl eted
1 936, i s the hi ghest (726 ft. ) on the Col orado Ri ver. I t
formed lake Mead-1 1 5 mi l es l ong, 229 square mi l es. Sur
rounded by desert, lake Mead Nati ona l Recreati on
Area provi des swi mmi ng, boati ng, fshi ng. The dam' s
generators and mazes of corri dors are reached by el eva
tors. Dept. of I nteri or gui des expl ai n equi pment and con-
structi on. The dam' s crescent top i s a broad hi ghway, 1 ,282
ft. l ong, l i nki ng Ari zona wi t h Nevada. A museum at t he
Nevada end depicts the i mmense territory served wi th
water and power by the dam. Other dams that create
reservoi rs al ong the Col orado Ri ver are Davi s, Parker,
I mper i al , and laguna Dams. Accommodati ons: Boul der
City, Nev. , 6 mi l es west, and las Vegas, Nev. , 29 mi l es
northwest, of Hoover Dam.
1 50 MUKL KtbLUKLtb
HooVer 0m
Kt DNb i mpound water, generate el ectri city, har-
ness destructi ve food forces of the three bi g rivers of the
Southwest-Col orado, Ri o Grande, and Arkansas. Dams of
the Southwest have contradicted cl i mati c l aws and sti mu
l ated westward expansi on. Roosevel t Dam ( compl eted
1 91 1 ), 60 mi l es northeast of Phoenix, Ariz., started the
recl amati on parade. I t is i n the center of a scenic area
tapped by State Hi ghway 88 (Apache Trai l ), which al so
passes four other l arge dams and the 59- mi l e chai n of
l akes on the Sal t Ri ver. Ari zona' s Verde River boasts
Horseshoe and Bartl ett Dams, and Cool i dge Dam is the
mai n structure on the Gi l a. El ephant Butte and Cabal l o
ar e t he bi g dams on t he Ri o Grande i n New Mexi co.
Other dams you moy see i n the Southwest:
Bl uewater, i n the Zuni Mountai ns, near Bl uewater, N. Mex.
Al amogordo, on the Pecos Ri ver, near Fort Sumner, N. Mex.
Aval on, on the Pecos, near Carl sbad, N. Mex.
Conchas, on the Canadian, near Tucumcari, N. Mex.
Eagl e Nest, on the Ci marron, near Taos, N. Mex.
El Vado, on the Chama, near Park View, N. Mex.
McMi l l an, on the Pecos, near lakewood, N. Mex.
John Martin, on the Arkansas, near Fort lyon, Col o.
Carl Pl easant, on the Agua Fri o, near Peori a, Ari z.
Gi l l espi e, on the Hassayampa, near Buckeye, Ari z.
MUKL KtbLUKLtb
1 5 1
LPtM-Pl LLPPtK Nl Mtb are spectacul ar l arge-scal e
di ggings; many pock the Southwest. A vi si t to any one,
particul arl y dur i ng operati ons, i s memorabl e. Mines
are seen at Aj o, Bi sbee, Jerome, Morenci , and Cl ifton, i n
Ari zona; Santa Ri ta, near Si l ver Ci ty, N. Mex. , and the
Ruth Pit, near El y, Nev. There are smel ters at Dougl as,
Miami, Gl obe Hayden, Ariz. , and El Paso, Tex.
LL M bl LVtK are often found with copper. Gol d
mi ni ng is acti ve near Oatman, Ari z. Extensi ve potash work
ings underl i e southeastern New Mexico near Carl sbad.
Si l ver, l ead, and zi nc are mi ned near Pi oche, Nev.
Urani um ore occurs i n southeastern Utah and southwestern
Col orado. Tri ni dad, Col o. , and Raton, Gal l up, and Mad
ri d, N. Mex., were once centers of coal - mi ni ng, now
superseded i n i mportance by petrol eum and natural -gas
producti on. For other mi neral s see pp. 1 1 3- 1 1 4.
1 52
MUKL KtbLUKLtb
MUKL-b M Ll L producti on is growi ng. Fi el ds
are bei ng devel oped i n western Texas and northwester n
New Mexi co. The Hobbs Fi el d, i n southeastern N. Mex. ,
and one near Amari l l o, Tex., aford si ghtseei ng oppor
tunities for travel ers on mai n hi ghways. Oil discoveri es in
eastern Nevada are reported. Hel i um, the rare nonfl am
mabl e gas, occurs i n several Southwester n oi l fel ds, and
a hel i um extracti ng and bottl i ng pl ant i s l ocated j ust west
of Amari l l o, Tex. , on U.S. 66.
MUKL HL bPKl Mb, mai nl y of mi neral i zed water,
are used for therapeuti c purposes. Such spri ngs, in vari ous
degrees of devel opment, dot the Southwest. Many are
mai ntai ned by pri vatel y owned heal th resorts and guest
ranches. Those at Truth or Consequences and Ojo Cal i
ente, N. Mex. , are wel l known. Other hot spri ngs of i nter
est i ncl ude:
Verde Hot Spri ngs, Ariz.
Agua Cal i ente Hot Spri ngs, Ari z.
I ndi an Hot Spri ngs,
Thatcher, Ari z.
Tonopah Hot Spri ngs,
Buckeye, Ari z.
Castl e Hot Spri ngs,
Morristown, Ari z.
Cl ifton Hot Spri ngs, Cl ifton, Ariz.
Monroe Hot Spri ngs,
Monroe, Utah.
Jemez Spri ngs, N. Mex.
Frisco Hot Spri ngs,
Luna, N. Mex.
Faywood Hot Spri ngs,
Faywood, N. Mex.
In Bi g Bend Nati onal Park, Tex.
Spencer Hot Spri ngs,
Austi n, Nev.
Warm Spri ngs, Nev.
Mineral Hot Spri ngs,
Saguache (sy-WATCH) , Col o.
MUKL KtbLUKLtb
1 53
HUMl MMDfl bHl Mi s "bi g busi ness" in the South
west. Vast areas of sparsel y popul ated l and sui tabl e for
nati ve ani mal s, l ar ge bodi es of water behi nd the great
i rri gati on
d
ams (see p. 1 5 1 ) , and expert management by
game and fi sh commi ssi ons of the vari ous states have com
bi ned to mai ntai n a dependabl e
p
o
p
u l ati on of fsh and
game. Thi s i s harvested by l ocal s portsmen and vaca
ti oners, hunters, and fshermen from other regi ons. Pack
tri ps i nto the hi gh country usual l y yi el d l arger bags be
cause there i s l ess pressure on game speci es i n areas i nac
cessi bl e to automobi l es. Li cense fees, open seasons, and
bag l i mits var y i n di ferent states and f r om year to year.
Sportsmen shoul d consul t l ocal game wardens or the state
game warden' s ofce.
Some of the most wi del y sought game i n the Southwest:
Game Mammal s
Mul e Deer Bi son
White-tai l Deer Bi ghorn
Bear Peccary
El k Rabbits
Antel ope
1 54 bPLKb
Game Bi rds
Mourn i ng Dove Sage and Dusky
Wh ite-wi nged Grouse
Dove Prai ri e Chi cken
Gambel and Bl ue Pheasants
Quai l Wi l d Turkey
Chukar Wi l d Ducks and
Geese
NLUMl M LLl Nbl M is for
youth, but many "ol dsters" are
addi cts, too. Wooded foothi l l s
wi th gr aded trai l s; rugged 1 3,000-
to 1 4, 000-ft. peaks; crags and cl ifs
requi r i ng ropes, pi tons, and al l
t he know-how of sci enti fc moun
tai neeri ng - the Southwest has
them al l . Col orado al one has 52
peaks of 1 4,000 ft. or more. Per
sons unaccustomed to mountai n
cl i mbi ng shoul d be wary of over
exerti on and fal l s.
bKl l M, uni versal wi nt er sport,
i s popul ar i n the Southwest. Hi gh
mountai ns wi th north sl opes catch
and hol d snow u nti l l ate spri ng.
Popul ar ski runs, most wi t h rope
tows or chai r l ifts, i ncl ude:
I n Col orado: Aspen, Wol f Creek Pass,
South Pork, and Gunni son. I n Utah:
Cedar City and Beaver. I n Nevada: Mt .
Charl eston, near Las Vegas. I n New
Mexi co: Cl oudcroft; Rat on; Madera; AI
buquerque; Tres Ri tos; Taos; and Aspen
Basi n, Santa Fe. I n Ari zona: Ari zona
Snow Bowl , Fl agstaf; Upper Sabi no Can
yon, Tucson; Bi l l Wi l l iams, Wi l l i ams; Mi n
gus Mountai n, J erome; and Sai nt Agathe,
near Prescott.
Other s ki i ng centers i n the Southwest ( see a l so p. 5) :
Mt. Whi tney, Cal i f., 1 4,495 ft.
Mt. El bert, Col o. , 1 4,43 1 ft.
Kings Peak, Utah, 1 3,498 ft.
Wheel er Peak, N. Mex. , 1 3 , 1 51 ft.
Boundary Peak, Nev. , 1 3, 1 45 ft.
Humphreys Peak, Ariz., 1 2,655 ft.
bPLKb 1
55
1 56
OTHER INTERESTING PLACES
TRI PS: Boat Tri ps on Col orado River; rugged, pri mi ti ve; from
Marbl e Canyon Ari z. , Mexi can Hat, or Green Ri ver, Utah.
D.&R.G.W. Narrow-gage Rail roadDu rango t o Si l ver
ton, Col o. , onl y road of its ki nd in U. S.
"Trai l Riders of the Wil derness" Pack Tri psWri te
Ameri can Forestry Assoc. , 9 1 7- 1 7th St. N.W. , Washi ngton 6,
D. C. Si mi l ar pack tri ps may be arranged with l ocal gui des.
"Mi l l ion Dollar Highway"Ouray to Durango, Col o. ;
rugged.
"Four Corners" ( onl y pl ace i n U. S. where four states meet)
and Goosenecks of San Juan, Col o.
Inner Grand Canyon Trai ls-Mul eback or foot. Pri mitive
roads to Grand Canyon Nat. Mon., Ari z.
Deep-sea Fi shingGul f of Cal iforni a at Punta Penasco, 60
mi l es south of border, from Organ Pi pe Cactus Nat. Mon. ,
Ari z. Other tri ps i nto Mexi co from border ci ti es: J uarez, Sono
i ta, Nogal es, Mexi cal i , Agua Prieta, etc.
PLACES: Astronomi cal observatories-McDonal d at Ft.
Davi s, Tex.; Lowel l at Fl agstaf, Ariz.; Pal omar and Mt.
Wi l son i n Cal if.
Other Nati onal and State Parks and Monuments
Write to National Park Servi ce, Box 1 728, Santa Fe, N. Mex. ,
and to state capi tal s.
Nati onal Forests-Wri te to Regi onal Forester, U.S. Forest
Servi ce, Federal Bui l di ng, Al buquerque, N. Mex. for l i st.
Los Alamos, N. Mex-Atom Bomb City. Gate pass needed.
Navajo Indian ReservationCheck road condi ti ons frst.
Mormon Temples-St. George and Manti, Utah; Mesa,
Ariz. No admittance, but beautiful bui l di ngs from outsi de.
Sal ton Sea and I mperial Val l ey, Calif.
ACTI VI TI ES TO WATCH: Logging at Fl agstaf, Ariz. Cattle
ranchi ng ( brandi ng, roundups, etc. ) i n many areas.
Footbal l GamesSun Bowl , El Paso; Sal ad Bowl , Phoeni x.
Rocket and Guided-mi ssile TestsWhite Sands Provi ng
Grounds, N. Mex. ( No admittance; observe from a di stance. )
l MDt
Asteri sks ( *) denote pages on whi ch the subj ects are i l l ustrated.
Acaci a, Cotcl aw, * 1 01
Acoma Vi l l age, * 1 39
Agate, Moss, * 1 1 2
Agri cul ture, * 1 48
I ndi an, 21 -37
Al ami l l o Creek, 1 3 1
Al amosa, 45
Al buquerque, 46
Al der, *96
Al l thorn, 90
Al pi ne, 4.
Al t us, 4.
Amari l l o, 4.
Amethyst, * 1 1 2
Anasazi , 2 1 , 22, 23, 26
Ani mal s:
anci ent , * 1 07- * 1 09
l i fe zones, .0-.1
modern, *53- *76
refuges, * 1 49
Ant, Fi re, *70
Antel ope, *72
Apaches, 34, 3., 38
Arches, * 1 32
Arches N. M. , * 1 32
Ari z. - Sonora Mus. , * 1 47
Arrowheads, *20, *2.
Arts, I ndi an, *25, *29-
*31 ' *36-37
Ash, Ari zona Mt. , *95
Aspen, Quaki ng, *96
Aster, Leafy-bract, *78
Aztec Rui ns N. M. * 1 36
Azuri te ore, * 1 1 4
Basal t, * 1 1 6
Basketmakers, * 21
Baskets, *2., *31
Bear, Bl ack, *71
Beatty, 47
Beaver, *71
Bee, Car penter, *68
Beepl ont, Rocky Mt. ,
* 81
Beetl es, *68- *69
Bi g Bend N. P. , * 1 24
Bi ghorn, *72
Bi rclt Water, *94
Bi rds, *.3- *.9, 1 .4
Bi sbee, 41
Bi son, *72
Bl ack Canyon of the
Gunni son, * 1 23
Bl ack Mesa, 1 38
Bl ack Wi dow, *67
B l ankets, *39
Bl azi ng-Star, *81
Bl i nd Pear, *88
Bl uebi rd, Mt. , *54
Bl uebonnet, 82
Boat tri ps, 56
Bobcat, *73
Botani cal gardens, * 1 47
Boul der Dam, * 1 .0
Box el der, *99
Boxel der Bug, *69
Boyce Thompson Arbor-
etum, 1 47
Bri dges, natural , ' 1 33
Bri t t l ebush, *83
Bryce Canyon, 1 1 9
Nat i onal Park, * 1 22
Buckbrush, *94
Bufal o, *72
Bumbl ebee, *70
Butterfel d Route, 43
Buttes, ' 1 1 8
Cactuses, *85- *89, * 1 46
pl ants l i ke, *90
Cal ci te, * 1 1 1
Cal endar of Events, 1 3
Camel Rock, * 1 1 9
Campi ng, * 1 1
Canyon d e Chel l y N . M. ,
* 1 3.
Canyons, * 1 2 1 - * 1 25,
* 1 3., * 1 37
Capi t ol Reef N. M. , * 1 2.
Cardenas, 31
Carl sbad, 46
Carl sbad Caverns, 44,
* 1 29
Carnoti te, * 1 1 4
Corson, Ki t, 36, 41
Coso Gr ande N. M. ,
*22, * 1 36
Cathedral Val l ey, 1 26
Caul deras, 1 3 1
Caverns, * 1 29
Cedar, Col o. Red, *97
Cedar Breaks, * 1 23
Cedar Ci ty, 47
Cent i pede, *67
Century Pl ants, *90
Cephal aspi s, * 1 08
Cercocarpus, *95
Ceremoni al s, 1 3, 26-3 1 ,
3., 37, 1 38
Cereus, *86
Chaco Canyon N. M. ,
* 1 37
Chal cedony, * 1 1 2
Chal copyri te, * 1 1 4
Chemehuevi s, 32
Ch i ckadee, Mt. , * .4
Chi huahuan Hwy. , 43
Chi pmunk, *74
Chi ri cahua N. M., * 1 26
Chokecherry, *95
Chol l a, *87
Chrysocol l a, * 1 1 4
Chuckwal l a, *63
Churches, old, 1 41
Ci cada, *69
Ci t i es, 4.-47; map, 8-9
Cl i f dwe l l i ngs, *24,
* 1 34-* 1 37
Cl i mate, 4, 6
Coati , *76
Cochi se cul ture, 20, 22
Cocopahs, 32
Col o. N. M. , * 1 2.
Col o. Spri ngs, 4.
Col umbi ne, *78
Comanches, 34, 35
Cone- nosed Bug, '70
Cont i nental Di vi de, 8- 9
Copper, 1 1 4, 1 .2
Coral bean, * 1 04
Coronado, 30, 3 1 , 40
Cottonwood, *99
Cougar, *73
Cowboy, *4
Coyote, *7, *73
Cranesbi l l , *79
Creosotebush, *1 03
Crownbeord, Gol den,
*81
Cypress. * 1 02
1 57
Dams, 8-9, * 1 50- * 1 51
Datura, Sacred, *82
Davi s, Fort, 1 43
Dead horse Poi nt, * 1 25
Death Val l ey, * 1 46
Deer, *72
Del i cate Arch, * 1 32
Desert-Mari gol d, *82
Deserts, 5, * 1 26
Desert-Senna, *84
Desertwi l l ow, * 1 02
Devi l Dance, 35
Di abase, * 1 1 6
Dodge Ci t y, 45
Dougl as, 46
Drouth, Great, 2 1 , 24
Dude ranches, 1 2
Durango, 45
Eagl e, Gol den, *56
Earth, story of, 1 06- 1 1 9
El Centro, 47
El Paso, 45
El y, 47
Eohi ppus, * 1 09
Eryops, * 1 08
Escal ante, 34, 40, 42-43
Events:
cal endar, 1 3
ti metabl es, 40, 44
Foi ryduster, * 1 04
Far mi ng centers, 1 48
Fees, 1 6
Fel si te, * 1 1 6
Fi l aree, *84
F i l l more, 47
Fi nch, Rosy, *55
Fi re Dance, *35
Fi rs, *92, *93
Fi shi ng, * 1 54, 1 56
Fl agstaf, 47
Fl eabane, *79
F l owers, *77-*84
F l uori te, * 1 1 4
Fl ycatcher, * 59
Fool ' s Gol d, * 1 1 1
Footbal l games, 1 56
Forests, nat i onal , 1 56
Forts, 42-43, 1 43
"Four Corners, " 1 56
Foxes, *73, *76
Freedom, 45
1 58 l MDtA
Gahan Ceremoni al , 35
Gai l l ardi a, *80
Gal l up, 35, 46
Garden Ci ty, 45
Geckos, *63
Gems, * 1 1 1 , * 1 1 2
Gent i an, *79
Geography, 4-6
Geol ogy, 1 05- 1 1 9
Gerani um, *79
Geroni mo, 35, 41
Ghos t towns, * 1 2, 42-
43, * 1 42
Gi l a Monster, *67
Gi l i a, Skyrocket, *78
Gl obe, 47
Gl yptodonts, * 1 09
Gnei ss, * 1 1 5
Gol d, * 1 1 3, 1 52
Gol dpoppy, *82
Goodni ght-lovi ng
Cattl e Dri ve, 42- 43
1 1 Goosenecks, " * 1 1 9,
1 56
Gopher, Pocket, *75
Gourd, *80
Governor' s Pal ace, * 1 45
Grand Canyon, 44,
* 1 2 1 , 1 56
Grand Juncti on, 45
Grani te, * 1 1 6
Great Sand Dunes N. M. ,
* 1 28
Green Ri ver, 47
Grouse, Dusky, *54
Gui ded mi ssi l es, 1 56
Gypsum, * 1 1 1
Gypsum Cave, 20
Harebel l , *78
Havasu Canyon, 1 39
Havasupai s, 32, 1 39
Hawks, *5, *58
Hel i um, 1 53
Hi ghways, map, 8-9
Hi stori cal SW, 4Z-43
Hi stori cal ti metabl e, 40
Hogan, Navaj o, *38
Hohokam cul t ure, *22,
* 1 36
Honeybee, *70
Hoover Dam, * 1 50- 1 51
Hopi , 26, 31 , * 1 38
Horseback tri ps, 1 56
Hot spri ngs, 1 53
Hummi ngbi rd, *54
Hunt i ng, 1 54
I mpressi ons, l asti ng, 7
I ndi ans, 1 7-41
books, 1 7
events, 1 3
hi story, 1 7-39
prehi stori c, 1 7- 25,
* 1 34- * 1 39
Reservati ons, 1 8- 1 9
vi si t i ng, 1 1
I nformati on, travel , 1 0,
1 20
I nsects, *68- *70
I ronwood, * 1 01
I rri gati on, *47, * 1 48
I vy, Poi son, *94
J ackrabbi t, *75
J asper, * 1 1 2
Jays, *55, * 57
Jerome, * 1 42
Jewel ry, *25, *29-31
Joj oba, * 1 04
Joshua Tree, * 1 47
J uni per, *91 , *93, *97
Koch i na, 28, 1 38
dol l s , * 1 , *31
Kenton, 45
Ki no, Father, 40, 1 40
Ki owas, *34
Ki ssi ng Bug, *70
Ki va, 23, 28
land forms, * 5
las Vegas, 47
lava, 1 1 6, 1 1 7, 1 3 1
lead ore, * 1 1 3
li beral , 45
life zones, 50-51
l i mestone, * 1 1 5
Li zards, *60, *62, *63,
*67
locoweed, *80
locust, *99
loggi ng, 1 56
los Al amos, 1 56
lubbock, 45
Lupi ne, .82
Magpi e, *56
Mahogany, Mt. , *95
Mal achi te ore, * 1 1 4 Museums, 1 45; see al so Phoeni x, 46, *48
Mammal s, *71 - *76, 1 54 Parks; Monuments Phytosaurs, * 1 09
Mammoth, * 1 08 Pi mas, 22, 33, 40
Mapl e, Rocky MI. , *96
Noti onal Monuments
Pi nes, *92, *93, *98
Maps:
and Parks, * 1 2 1 -
Pi pe Spri ng N. M. , 1 43
Hi storical SW 42-43
* 1 37; map, 8-9
Pi thouses, * 21
Modern SW, 8- 9
Natural Bri dges N. M. ,
Pl ai ns I ndi ans, 34
Reservati ons, 1 8 1 9
* 1 33
Pl anni ng tri ps, 1 0
Ri a Grande Puebl os,
Natural gas, * 1 53
Pl ants, 77- 1 04
27
Navaj o N. M. , * 1 35
l i fe zones, 5-52
topographical , 5
Navaj os, * 1 7, 36-39,
Pl ateaus, 5
tours, 1 4
41
Pl ume, Apache, * 1 00
vol cani c fel ds, 1 1 7
Ni ghthawk, *59
Poppy, *82
Marmot, *74
Ni ghtshade, 83
Popul ati on, 4
Mead, Lake, 1 50
Nutcracker, *55
Porcupi ne, *74
Meadowl ark *56
Nuthatch, *55
Potas h mine, 1 1 52
Mesas, * 1 1 8 Pottery, *25, *29, *30
Hopi , 3 1
Oak, Gambel , *99
Prai ri e Dog, *75
Mesa Verde N. P. , *24 Prehi stori c man, 1 725
Mescal bean, * 1 04
Oak Creek Canyon,
Prescott, 47
Mesqui te, * 1 01
* 1 23
Pri ckl y Pear, *88
Meteor Crater, * 1 30
Observatori es, 1 56
Pri ckl y poppy, *83
Mexi co, tri ps to, 1 56
Obsi di an, * 1 1 6
Pri mrose, *80
Mi l kvetch, *80
Ocoti I I a, *90
Products (tabl e) , 49
Mi l l i on Dol l ar Hi gh-
Oi l fel ds, * 1 53
Projecti l e poi nts, *20,
way, 1 56
Ol dest house, * 1 44
*25
Mi neral s, * 1 1 1
Opal i n matri x, * 1 1 2
Pronghorn, *72
Mi ni ng, 1 1 1 - 1 1 6, * 1 42,
Open-pi t mi nes, * 1 52
Puebl o, 45
* 1 52
Orai bi , 3 1 , 1 39
Puebl o Boni to, * 1 37
Mi ssi ons, * 1 40, * 1 41
Ores, 1 1 3
Puebl o I ndi ans, 2 1 -31
Mi st l etoe, *91
Organ Pi pe Cactus
Puebl os, modern, 26-3 1
Modern SW, 44; map,
N. M. , * 1 46
Pumi ce, * 1 1 6
8- 9
Ouzel , Water, *55
Purpl emat, *84
Mogol l on cul ture, 22
Owachomo Bri dge,
Purpl e Ti nge Pear, *88
Mohaves, 32
* 1 33
Monkshood, *79
Owl, *57
Quai l , Gambel , *59
Montezuma Castl e N. M. , Quartz, * 1 1 2
* 1 35 Pack tri ps, 1 56 Qui j otoa, * 1 39
Montezuma Wel l , 1 35 Pai nted Desert, * 1 26
Monuments, Nat . , * 1 2 1 Pai utes, 3 2 Rabbi tbrush, * 1 00
* 1 37, 1 56 Pal m Spri ngs, 47 Racerunner, *63
Monument Val l ey, * 1 25 Pal overde, Yel l ow, Rai nbow Bri dge, * 1 33
Mormon Battal i on, 42 * 1 01 Rai n dance, 31
MormonTea, * 1 03 Papago Park, 1 47 Rai nfal l , 6, 50-51
Mormon Templ es, 1 56 Papagos, 22, 33, 1 39 Rai n maki ng cul t , 28
Mosasaurs, * 1 09 Paperfower, *84 Rancheri as, 32
Moths, *68, *69 Parks, 1 2 1 - 1 37, 1 56 Ranches, 1 2
Mountai neeri ng, * 1 55 Patayan cul ture, 22 Raspberry, Wi l d, *95
Mountain Lion, *73 Pear, Engel mann' s, *88 Rat, Kangaroo, 176
Mountai ns: Penstemon, *81 Raton, 46
formati on of, * 1 1 8 Petri fed Forest N. M. , Rattl esnakes, *66
hi ghest, 5, 1 55 * 1 27 Rattl eweed, *84
l i fe on, 50-51 Phai nopepl o, *58 Raven, *53
Mourni ng Dove, *56 Phoebe, Soy, *57 Refuges, wi l dl i fe, 1 49
l MDt 1 59
Rel i gi on, 28, 3 1 ; see
al so Ceremoni al s
Repti l es, *60- *67
Reservati ons, map, 1 8
Ri ngtai l , *76
Road map, 8 -9
Roadrnner, *58
Rockchuck, *74
Rocket tests, 1 56
Rocks, * 1 1 1 , * 1 1 2,
* 1 1 5- * 1 1 6
Rocky Mts. , 5 , 1 05, 1 1 8
Roosevel t Dam, 44
Roswel l , 46
Royal Gorge, * 1 23
Rugs and bl ankets, *39
Rui ns, 22-27, 1 37
Sagebrush, Bi g, * 1 00
Saguaro, *86
Saguaro N. M. , * 1 47
St. Franci s of Assi si
Mi ssi on, * 1 41
Sal i da, 45
Sal monberry, *94
Sal tbush, * 1 03
San Angel o, 45
Sanctuari o de Chi mayo,
* 1 41
Sand dune areas, 1 28
Sandi a cul ture, 20
Sand pai nti ng, *36
Sandstone, * 1 1 5
Sandverbena, *83
San Francisco Peaks,
* 1 05
San Jose de Tumaca
cori , * 1 40
San J uan Gooseneck,
* 1 1 9
San Mi guel , * 1 41
Santa E l ena Canyon,
* 1 24
Santa Fe, 46, * 1 44-
* 1 45
Santa Fe Trai l , 40-43
San Xavi er, * 1 41
Schi st, * 1 1 5
Scorpi on, *67
Seasons, travel , 1 6
Sel l s, 1 39
Servi ceberry, * 1 00
Shal ako, *3, 30
Sheep, Mt. , *72
1 60 I NDEX
Shi prock, * 1 31
Shooti ngstar, *79
Shri ke, *5
Shrubs, *91 , *93-*97,
* 1 00, * 1 03, * 1 04
Si dewi nder, *66
Si ghtseei ng, 1 20, 1 5
Si l i ca, * 1 1 2
Si l ver, *. 1 3, 1 52
Si l ver Ci ty, 46
Si l versmi th, *37
"Si ngs/' Navaj o, 37
Ski i ng, * 1 55
Skunkweed, * 81
Sky Harbor, *48
Sloth, Ground, * 1 09
Smoketree, * 1 04
Snakebite, 66
Snake dance, 3 1 , 1 38
Snakes, 60, *64- *66
Snakeweed, * 81
Sobai puri s, 1 40
Spani sh conquest, 1 7,
26, 30, 31
Spear poi nts, *20
Spruces, *92
Squi rrel s, *74, *75
Statisti cs, 49
Stickl eaf, *81
Sunset Crater, * 1 30
Supai Vi l l age, * 1 39
Swift, *63
Sycamore, *1 02
Tamari sk, * 1 02
Taos I ndi ans, *26, *28
Tarantul a, *67
Tarant ul a Hawk, *68
Temperatures, 6
Tesota, * 1 01
Texti l es, *29, *39
Thi mbl eberry, *94
Thorns, *90
Thrasher, Crissal , *59
Ti metabl es of events,
40-41 , 44
Ti me zones, 8-9
Ti tanotheres, * 1 08
Toad, Horned, *62
Tombstone, 41 , * 1 42
Tonto N. M. , * 1 35
Topography, 5
Tortoise, Desert, *61
Tours, 1 4- 1 6, 1 5
Towhee, Brown, *57
Travel i nformati on,
1 0- 1 2, 1 20
Trees, *91 - *93, *96-
*99, * 1 01 , * 1 02
Tri ps, 1 4- 1 6, 1 56
Tucson, 46
Tumacacori , 1 40
Turquoi se, * 1 1 1
Turtl es, *60, *61
Tuzi goot N. M. , * 1 36
Tyrannosaurus, * 1 08
Uni on, Fort, * 1 43
U. S. Fi sh and Wi l dl ife
Servi ce, 1 49
Urani um ore, * 1 1 4
Uta, Cl imbi ng, *62
Ute I ndi ans, 34
Val l ey of Fire State
Park, * 1 26
Val l ey of Gobl i ns, * 1 26
Vol canoes, 1 1 6, * 1 1 7,
* 1 30, 1 31
Wal apai , 32
Wal ki ngsti ck, *68
Wal pi , Ol d, * 1 38
Waterpocket Fol d, * 1 25
Weavi ng, Navaj o, *38
Whi te House Ruin, * 1 35
White Oaks, * 1 2
White Sands N. M. ,
* 1 28
Whi te Sands Provi ng
Grounds, 1 56
Wi l d- potato, *83
Wi l l ow, Peachl eaf, *96
Wi nsl ow, 47
Wol fberry, * 1 03
Woodpeckers, *54, *59
Wrens, * 56, *58
Wupatki, N. M. , * 1 36
Yarrow, Western, *78
Yel l ow Jacket, *70
Yuccas, *90, 1 24
Yuman I ndi ans, 32
Zinc ore, * 1 1 3
Zi nni a, *80
Zi on N. P. , * 1 22
Zones, l ife, 5-51
Zuni I ndi ans, 26, 30
THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
A GOLD E N R E GI ONAL G U I D E
NA TT N. DODGE i s a Regi onal Natural ist i n
the National Park Service, and a l ong-ti me
resi dent of the Southwest. Hi s knowl edge of
the regi on and i ts l ore is encycl opedi c. He has
contri buted many arti cl es on nature subj ects
to both sci enti fc and popul ar magazi nes.
HERBERT S. ZI M, Ph. D. , outstandi ng authority
on sci ence educati on and Professor of Educa
ti on, University of I l l i nois, is wel l known i n pro
fessional ci rcl es and to a wi de readi ng publ i c.
He i s co-author of the Gol den Nature Gui des:
Birds, Flowers, Insects, Stars, Trees, Reptiles
and Amphibians, Mammals, and Seashores.
MI RIAM and ARCH HURFORD l ive in Santa
Fe, contri bute to a variety of nati onal mag
azi nes, and have i l l ustrated l iteral l y hundreds
of textbooks.
T H E
MAN-MADE WONDERS
S O U T H W E S T
I ncl udi ng New Mexi co, Ari zona and
adj acent areas of Utah, Col orado,
Kansas, Okl ahoma, Texas, Nevada,
Cal i forni a, and the Mexi can border.
A G O L D E N R E G I O N A L G U I D E
ANCIENT RUINS PLANTS
WILDLIFE
NATURAL WONDERS