The Reformation and the Council of Trent y Reformation a religious movement within the Church of the sixteenth century

y Martin Luther (1483 1546) the movement originated in his preaching and writing preached [from the New Testament text] the certainty of the Fathers acceptance of Jesus as the foundation of our salvation y John Calvin (1483 1546) the main organizer and clearest exponent of the movement taught that the Holy Spirit created repentance and faith in the believer salvation unto righteousness y Council of Trent clarified the Churchs teaching on how the baptized receive the gift of eternal life explained how the sacraments of the Church bring about Christians transformation renewed the liturgical and sacramental life of the Church

1517 Luther was professor of Bible at the University of Wittenberg In October 31, he published in Latin a list of ninety-five theses in which he attacked the Churchs teaching on indulgence The theses were translated into German

1518 Luther became a popular hero In November, he appealed from Wittenberg for a decision on his teaching from future council 1519 Luther was teaching that the supremacy of the Roman church was unsupported He denied the infallibility of general councils

1520 Pope Leo X (1515 1521) condemned Luthers teaching Luther answered the condemnation in 3 works: To The Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and The Freedom of a Christian The Pope excommunicate Luther

1521 Luther refused to retract his writings before the Reichstag and the Emperor The Emperor Charles V (1500 1558) condemned Luther Frederick of Saxony (1486 1525), Luthers ruler, protected him Luthers view gained acceptance in Northern Europe

1526 Germany began to follow Luthers German Mass and Order of Divine Service

1529 Reichstag demanded that the Lutheran territories should return all the Churchs assets the Lutheran territories launched a formal protest, the Frostestatio the reformers were called Protestants Protestant territories formed a military alliance

1531 Calvin began to read Luthers writing while in College de France

1534 Calvin had undergone a religious conversion Francis I (1515 1547) accused his Protestant subjects of supporting anarchy

1536 Calvin, who fled France for Switzerland, replied to the accusation of Francis I with his Institute of the Christian Religion His work spread Protestantism to Low Countries and British Isles

1537 Pope Paul III (1534 1549) summon a council The council did not meet

France and Germany had declared a war on one another Protestantism had spread into Switzerland and France y 1542 The Pope summoned a council to meet at Trend y 1545 The council began and continue until 1563 y 1552 Protestant theologians appeared The council condemned Protestantism and refuted Luther and Calvin The Council of Trent enacted a program for the renewal of the Church

The First and Second Vatican Councils Gallicanism y 1685 Louis XIV expelled French Protestants from his realm y 1682 Louis XIV had the French clergy issue a proclamation of the liberties of the Gallican (French) church y 1789 French Revolution the Church suffered severe persecution and the government temporarily established a national Church y Voltaire (1694 1778) and other intellectuals prominent in The Enlightenment excoriated it and the Church. Vatican I y Pope Pius IX (1846 1878) felt sufficiently sure of that loyalty to summon a council to deal with the issue over which the Council of Trent was forced to adjourn by the nascent Gallicanism of the French bishops y Vatican Council I defined the primacy of the Church of Rome among the churches and if its bishop, the pope, among the bishops declared that the Church was infallible and that the pope exercises that infallibility when he definitively teaches religious truth disbanded prematurely because of the outbreak of war between France and Germany y 1815 Napoleons downfall occasioned a revival of the values of medieval times. The revival benefited the Church in deepening religious devotion and rekindling loyalty to the papacy

1861 Victor Emmanuel (1849- 1878) who in forming a united Italy had annexed most of the territory of the Papal States 1870 September 20, Italian forces captured Rome and in a plebiscite the inhabitants voted overwhelming to join Italy.

The Twentieth Century y 1917 Russian Revolution had been deflected into a Communist regime which aggressively spread Marxism throughout Eastern Europe and Asia y 1959 Europeans constituted less than twenty per cent of the Churchs membership Vatican II y Pope John XXIII realized that the Church needed aggiornamento (updating) and he died during the council y Paul VI (1963 1978) successor of Pope John XXIII, brought the council to a successful conclusion y Three documents of the council are especially important: The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium)  revised the rites of the Mass and encouraged adaptation of worship in forms meaningful to the culture of a given area The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Dei Verbum)  explained the crucial role that human religious experience plays in Gods manifestation of himself, of his will and of his intentions The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium)  completes the picture of the Church which Vatican I drew only partially