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Lecture1:IntrotoSustainableEnergy

Dr.Lily(Weihong)Wang l ( h )
Brookdale CommunityCollege Fall2011

Agenda
Introduction Syllabus Whysustainableenergy? Acloserlookoffossilfuels
Oil Coal Naturalgas

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ClassIntroductions
Yourname Youracademicplan Your academic plan Whyareyouhere? Whatisyourcomfortwithscience? Somethinginterestingaboutyourself.

Dr.Lily (Weihong)Wang Officephone:7322242408 Email:wwang@brookdalecc.edu

Illreplyyouremailsin48hoursexceptweekendsandholidays.

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Textbook: Energy,itsuseandtheenvironmentbyHinrichs andKleinbach,4th edition

ANGEL:
YouhavetoknowhowtouseANGEL(ANGELdoesnot supportSafari) WecommunicatethroughANGELemail ItakeattendanceinANGEL I post lecture slides in ANGEL IpostlectureslidesinANGEL IpostassignmentsthroughANGEL IpostgradesinANGEL

Pleasewritedownonapieceofpaper
Please write down your name, cell phone number, on a Pleasewritedownyourname,cellphonenumber,ona pieceofpaper. Andwhatdoyouexpecttolearnfromthisclass?Which topicsdoyouwanttoknowmore?

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Pleaseform6Groups
Findagroupleader
Eachmemberisexpectedtoparticipateingroupactivities Yourpoorperformancemayinfluenceothermemberspoints sincethesamepointswillbetogiventoeachmemberinthe groupforsomeofthegroupactivities. Eachstudenthastherighttoreporttomeaboutindividualspoor performance,thisindividualmaygetdifferentpointsfromother membersforthesameactivity.

Groupleadersneedtowritedownthenamesofyour

groupmemberandturnitintomeNOW.

Syllabus

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CourseObjectives
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Becomewellinformedonthetopicofenergyanditsuseinoursociety,sothat youmayparticipateinthenationaldebateandmakesmartdecisions Understandthephysicalconceptofenergyandlearntoidentifyitintheworld aroundus Addressenergyconservationandlearntocalculateenergycontent/conversion Evaluateandcomparethetruecostofdifferentenergysources,suchasoil, coal,gas,nuclear.Andunderstandtheconnectionbetweenenergy,socialjustice andpublichealth Learndifferentsustainableenergysources,andunderstandtheirbenefits,cost, anddownsides

Buildyourpresentationskills Buildyourcriticalthinkingandproblemsolvingskills

HowdoIevaluateyouinthisclass?
Exams xams

quizzes Inclassactivities(suchasdiscussion,quizzesandother
groupactivities)

Group Project (project report and presentation OR a GroupProject(projectreportandpresentation,ORa

debate)

Attendance

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TheformatofEXAMS
Multiplechoicequestions Matchingquestions TRUEorFASLEquestions Shortanswerquestions

Concepts
AlternativeEnergy
referstoanynonfossilfuelenergysource,butitdoesnotnecessarily havetoberenewable.
Forexample,nuclearenergy

Renewable Energy RenewableEnergy

energyarisesfromsourcesthatareconsumedatthesameratethey areproduced.
Forexample,biodiesel Renewable=Sustainable?

SustainableEnergy
referstoenergysourcesthatcreatenopollutionintheconventional sensebutmayhaveotherundesirableenvironmentalconsequences andhencearenotgreen.
Forexample,windenergy,hydroelectricenergy

GreenEnergy
Greenenergyisthemostenvironmentallybenign.Itcreatesno pollutionandhasnodetrimentalenvironmentalimpacts.
Forexample,solarenergy.ButwhatabouttheproductionofthePVpanels?

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SustainableEnergy
Sustainableenergysourcesaremostoften regardedasincludingallrenewablesources, d d i l di ll bl suchasbiofuels,solarpower,windpower, wavepower,geothermalpowerandtidal power.Itusuallyalsoincludestechnologies thatimproveenergyefficiency.

Whyarewediscussingsustainableenergy?
Fossilfuelsareafiniteresource(nonrenewableenergy). Weareinterestedinsecurityofenergysupply. Fossilfuelconsumptionisrelatedtoourenvironmentandclimatechange. Itisnotonlyaboutus,butalsonextgenerations..

Whichenergysourcessupplymostofthecommercialenergy? FossilFuels!

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HistoryofFossilFuelsintheUS
ThisFigureshowstheamountof energyconsumptionintheUSby year.Fromthisgraphthereare severalitemstonote: l
Overallenergyconsumptionhas increased Thetopthreesources=oil,coaland naturalgas. Coalwasthedominantenergy sourcethroughoutmostoftheearly 1900s
Coalrepresented88%ofenergy sourcein1920.Thiswasdueto furnacesandsteamengines..

Crudeoilbecamethedominant energysourcein1951(chemical engineersdiscoveredhowtouseit tomakeplastics,petrochemicals, etc.)

Thetopthreeenergysources(crudeoil, naturalgas,andcoal)comprise85% oftotal USenergyconsumptionand87% ofthe S i d8 % f h worldsconsumption.

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WorldEnergyTypeUsageToday
Thisfigureshowsa piechartofenergy pie chart of energy usageworldwide

Whydoweconsumesomuchoil?
Becauseweareusedtoit?Anditishardto changeourlifestyle? Becauseitischeap? Becausewehaveunlimitedsupply?Andwe canpumpasmuchaswewant?

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WhatareallTheseFossilFuelsUsedforAnyway?

FossilFuelsareusedin millionsofways.Justto listafewexamples:

http://www.msnbc.com/news/2027856.jpg http://www.irri.org/irrc/nutrients/images/g)%20Fertilizer%202ok.jpg

http://www.illinois.gov/gasprices/images/gasprices3.jpg

http://www.rrtenviro.com/images/Plastics%20Recycling.JPG http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/images/photo_10926.jpg http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/photos/coal/Coal_startPage2.jpg

UnitedStatesOilProductionandConsumption

U.S.
85%ofenergyfromfossilfuels gy 39%fromcrudeoil Produces9%ofworldscrudeoil Has2%ofprovencrudeoilreserves Uses25%ofworldproduction

USimported49%ofcrudeoilin2010. Whatistheproblemhere?

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USRelianceonForeignOil
Since1980sconsumptionhasbeenrising(orangeline), productionhasbeenfalling(blueline),andforeignoilhas beenincreasing(greenline)

HowdependentistheUnitedStatesonforeignoil? In2010,about49%ofthepetroleumconsumedbytheUnited Stateswasimportedfromforeigncountries.

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FossilFuels
Whatarefossilfuels?Wheredotheycomefrom? They are any organic compound of hydrogen and Theyareanyorganiccompoundofhydrogenand carbon(thatswhytheyarecalledhydrocarbons) thatcanbeusedtoproduceenergy
Theyarefossilplants(mainly)andanimalsthathavebeenburied foraverylongtime(millionsofyears)insediments

coal,petroleum,naturalgas Coalisasedimentaryrock!

Typesoffossilfuels
Coal
Itisformedinswamps Different kinds of coals: Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite Differentkindsofcoals:Peat,lignite,bituminous,anthracite

Petroleum
Itisformedinshallowbasinswithincontinents,lagoonsoron continentalshelves

Naturalgas
Usuallyfoundontopofpetroleumreservoirs
Whichcountryhasthelargestportionoftheworld'sprovencrudeoilreserves(20%)? Whi h t h th l t ti f th ld' d il (20%)? Whichcountryhasthelargestportionoftheworldsprovennaturalgasreserves(25%)? Whichcountryhasthelargestportionoftheworldsprovencoalreserves(27%)?

SaudiArabia,Russia,UnitedStates

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Thehydrocarbons
Allfossilfuelsare essentiallyhydrocarbons, exceptcoal,whichis mostlyjustcarbon NaturalGasiscomposed ofthelighter hydrocarbons(methane throughpentane) Gasolineishexane(C6) throughC12 LubricantsareC16 andup

HydrocarbonReactions
Methane reaction: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + energy +2O +2H +energy 1g 4g 2.75g 2.25g 55kJ Octane reaction: 2C8H18 +25O2 16CO2 +18H2O +energy 1g 3.51g 3.09 1.42g 48kJ For every pound of fuel you burn you get about Foreverypoundoffuelyouburn,yougetabout threetimesthatinCO2
onegallonofgasoline ~20poundsofCO2 occupiesabout5cubicmeters(1300gallons)ofspace

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Fossilfuelformation
http://vimeo.com/19478872 Time Anaerobicconditions saturated lackofO2 l k f O2 Pressure Temperature

FossilFuelFormation

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OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries

17%

83%

UAEUnitedArabEmirates

Abriefhistoryoffossilfuels

Heretoday,gonetomorrow What will our future hold? Whatwillourfuturehold?

Willitbebacktoasimplelife? Orwillwefindnewwaystoproducealltheenergy wewant? Orwillitbesomewhereinthemiddle?

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FindingOil

Oilistrappedinspecial(rare)geologicalstructures Mostoftheoilintheworldcomesfromafewlargewells Aboutoneintenexploratorydrillingsstrikeoil

andthisinplacesknowtobeoilrich:getnothinginmostofworld

Discoverymustleadproduction
Theremustbealagbetweenthefindingofoiland deliverytomarket IntheU.S.,discoverypeakedaround1950,production peakedin1970 k d

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WorldwideDiscoveryandProduction
discoverypeakedbefore1970;productionpeaksoontofollow

wevebeenusingoilfasterthanwefindnewoilsince1983

OilRecovery
Oilisoftencontainedwithinporespacesofsedimentary rocks. rocks. Primaryrecovery(thefirstextractionoftheoilfromthe ground)canremoveonly25%oftheoilintheoilfield Additionalrecoveryusesmorecostlymeasurestoextractoil. Upto50%extractionispossiblewithinjectingbrineorother substances(CO2). substances (CO2) Oftenawellisabandonedwhenthecapitalinvestmentis morethantheprofitmarginEconomicdepletion!

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1970sEnergyCrises
OPECwasformedin1965 Th ThemajorityofthecountriesareArab. j it f th ti A b In1967Jordan,Iraq,andSyria,andEgyptinvadedIsrael.Theywere defeatedbytheIsraeliarmy(SixDayWar). In1973EgyptandSyriafoughtawarwithIsrael(again),theYom KippurWar.Israelwonthiswartoo.

I InretaliationagainstproIsraelicountries,OPECplacedanOil t li ti i t I li t i OPEC l d Oil Embargo(ArabEmbargo). TheUShavingdevelopedadependencyonforeignoilwascaught offguard.The1973ArabEmbargohadadevastatingeffectonthe USeconomyandpromptedtheEnergyCrisisofthe1970s.

EnergyCrisisof1970s
1974:FirsttimesinceWWIItherewasafuelshortageintheUS. Gaswasrationed,longlinesatthepump,andspeedlimitsonUSInterstateswere reducedto55mph PublicannouncementsontheTVrequestingthatpeoplesetthermostatsnohigher than68 Finthewinterandtowearasweater. Thepeople/governmentrespondedintwoways 1)increasedomesticproduction.OilexplorationoccurredinAlaskaandinthe GulfofMexico.Formerlyclosedoilwellswerereopenedandthemore costlysecondary(andtertiary)recoverymethodswereapplied.TheUSoil industrydidverywelltowardstheendofthe1970s,early1980sOilbusiness wasbooming. 2)decreasethedemandforoil.Therewasamultitudeofresearchinto renewableenergysources,suchassolar,wind,andhydroelectricpower USGovernmentrequestedthatconsumersreducefuelconsumption Automanufacturers(especiallytheJapaneseautomobileindustry) producedsmaller,moregasefficientvehicles. Speedlimitswereputinplace.

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OilGlutofthe1980s
Inthemid1980sforeignoilbecame readilyavailable,andcheap($12to $40perbarrel).USdomestic productionslowedandtheoil industrybusted.USdependencyon i d t b t d US d d foreignoilonceagainbecamevery high. Speedlimitsincreased,vehiclesgot bigagain(SUVs) Oilwascheapanddemand skyrocketed. skyrocketed Thosewhocannotlearnfromhistory aredoomedtorepeatit. (Santayana).Doesisseemlikeweare onthevergeofanotherenergycrisis?
http://www.cars.com/features/mvp/lincoln/navigator/images/main_navigator.jpg

http://www.dieselstation.com/wallpapers/HummerSUT/HummerSUT009.jpg

CostofFossilFuels
OilGlut Oil Glut

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Howlongwilltheworldoilsupplylast?

Not as long as you might think/hope Notaslongasyoumightthink/hope Wellbespentbeforethecenturyisdone,butwellhave toscaledownoilusagebeforethen(inthenextfew decades)

Excerptsfromcurrent
Country Saudi A bi S di Arabia Russia U.S. Iran China Mexico Norway U.A.E. Canada Kuwait Prod (Mbbl/day) 9.03 9 03 7.98 5.73 3.74 3.41 3.34 2.86 2.35 2.24 2.18 Reserves (Gbbl) 262.7 262 7 69.1 29.4 130.7 23.7 16.0 10.1 97.8 16.9 96.5 54,061 790 833 No. Prod. Wells 1,560 1 560 41,192 521,070 1,120 72,255 years left 80 24 14 96 19 13 10 114 21 121

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Letsgetourbarrelsstraight
Anoilbarrel(bbl)is42gallons,or159liters IntheU.S.,weuseabout24bblperyearper person Thats7.4billionbbl/yrfortheU.S.
20millionbbl/day

F th Fortheworld,its30billionbbl/year ld it 30 billi bbl/

85millionbbl/day

Notes
NotasinglecountrymatchingU.S.demandof20Mbbl/day Reserves: NonOPECprovedreserves:173Gbbl (17%) OPECreserves:882Gbbl (83%) Total:1055Gbbl Tomaintaincurrentproductionof85Mbbl/day thiswilllast34years maynotbepossibletoextractoilfastenoughfordemand SaudiArabiausedtoproduceatlessthan100%capacity, nowrunningfullout

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PrimaryandSecondaryEnergySources
Morethan33%ofallfossilfuelsinUSareusedforelectricity. The energy in the fossil fuels is used to generate electric power This Theenergyinthefossilfuelsisusedtogenerateelectricpower.This representsaconversionfromaprimaryenergysourcetoa

secondaryenergysource
Primarysourceisusedtoderivethesecondary Theconversionefficiencyisfarlessthan100%;theamountofwasteis usuallyhigh.
PrimarySource Pi S (BurningCoal) SecondarySource Electricity

Heatgivenoff(wasted)

PathwayfromPrimaryenergytoendusesintheUS

82%

65% 69%

67%

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COAL
Fossilized,condensed oss ed, co de sed carbonrichfuel

10Xreservesofoil/gas, last200yearsatpresentrate

Coalmines

Surface(strip)mine Underground(shaft)mine

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Coalcheaper, butpolluting
MuchEasternU.S.coalhas highsulfurcontent, moreexpensivetomine MuchWesternU.S.coalhas lowsulfurcontent, cheapertomine ButmininginsemiaridWest moredamagingtoland.

DirtyCoal CleanCoal

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Heatvalueofcoaltypes
Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite

Coalprovides51%ofelectricityusedinUS

SourcesofNitrogenOxides
Transport ation Electrical plants Other

Nitrogen oxides Nitrogenoxides andsulfurdioxide createacidrain Tallstacksdeposit farther f h

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Coalscrubbers

NATURALGAS
Methane,other Methane other Gasesinbedrock

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Advantagesofnaturalgas
Cleaner to burn Cleanertoburn
HalfasmuchCO2ascoal

60yearsupplyatcurrentrates

Disadvantagesofnaturalgas
Difficulttotransport
Pipelines Liquified NaturalGas(LNG)tankers

Can be polluting dangerous when Canbepolluting,dangerouswhen extracted

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Whydoweneedtodecreasefossilfuel consumption?
Nonrenewableresources N bl EnvironmentalDegradation Pollution Climatechange

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ClimateChangenaturalormanmade?

GlobalCarbonCycle

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OceanAcidification

(1)LessCO32 availableSlowerformationofcalcareousshells (2)CaCO3 dissolutionOceaniccalcareousorganismslossshells

Effectsonhealth

BlackLungDisease g (miners) Respiratory illnesses (public)

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Effectsonland Coalsludgereleases Hardpanatstrip mines Mountaintopremoval p Hugewateruse

Slurrypipelines

Effectsonair

Greenhouse gases Greenhousegases

sulfurdioxide nitrogenoxides carbondioxide

T i Toxics
Mercury

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Acidrain

Acidityofrain

pHof6.0
Killsinsects,crabs

pH<5.0
Killsfish,trees

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WhatCanBeDone?
SupplysidePolicies increasingdomesticproduction
Publicpoliciestoincreasedomesticsupplyandreducerelianceon foreignoil.Asanexample,someofthefollowingarefromThe f i il A l f th f ll i f Th NationalEnergyPolicyReport(2001):
OpenANWRforoil/gasexploration Addmorecoalburningpowerplants ExtendnaturalgaspipelinesfromAlaska

DemandsidePolicies decreasingdomesticconsumption Conservation Betterenergyefficiency Bettergasmileagevehicles Betterhome/officeenergyusage Developingnonfossilfuelenergysources

NextClass
quiz Lecture2:Airpollution,ozonedepletionand climatechange(Chapter8,9)

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