Acknowledgements

I wish to express my thanks to Prof. Dr. Kyi Kyi Aung , Head of Mathematics Dept. and Prof. Thaung Shein, Department of Mathematics, University of Yongon, who permitted me to write this M.Res (Mathematics) thesis. At the same time, my deepest gratituide also goes to Dr.Pyi Aye, Associate Professor, department of Mathematics, University of Yongon, for his valuable supervision, collecting in literature and in preparation of this thesis. Finally, I remember to say my thanks on my adoring parents, for their warmhearted guard and guideline through my student life. Again, I thank my parents,who give me enormous ful lment with eternal kind in preparing this thesis.

May, 2003

KHIN SHWE TINT

Abstract
The existence and regularity of the solution of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations are considered in R3.

ii

Introduction
This thesis concerns the existence, uniqueness and regularity of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations. The existence and uniqueness of weak solution is rst proved by Finn F]. It is also proved by Ladyzhenskaya L] and Fujita F]. We simplify and review the version of Fujita. Also theLp regularity is proved by Vorovich and Yudovich V]. Here we review only for the L2-case for the general elliptic systems with the variable coe cients and we apply the results for the Stokes equations and the stationary Navier-Stokes equations.

iii

Contents
Acknowledgements Abstract Introduction 1 PRELIMINARIES
1.1 Function Spaces and Problem Settings 1.1.1 De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 De nitions and Theorems . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Lemma (1) . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 De nition of Generalized solutions . . . 1.3.1 Remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.2 De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.4 Remark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.5 De nition . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Existence of the Solutions 2.1.1 Theorem . . . . . . 2.1.2 Lemma (1) . . . . 2.1.3 Lemma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i ii iii
. 1 . 4 . 4 . 5 . 8 . 8 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 10 . 10 . . . . 11 11 12 18

2 EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS

11

iv

2.2 Uniqueness of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3 REGULARITY

3.1 Regularity of some Elliptic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.2 Regularity of Stokes and Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations . . . . . . . . . 33

24

Bibliography

40

Chapter 1 PRELIMINARIES
1.1 Function Spaces and Problem Settings
Let be an open bounded subset of Rn and @ be the boundary of , where n 1. If A is a subset of Rn , then the boundary strip of A with width > 0 will be de ned as !( ; A) = !( ) = fx j x 2 A and dist. (x; @A) < g: Here juj is interpreted as 11 0 3 1 3 X 2A 2 X 2! 2 juj = juij or juj = @ juij j ;
i=1 i;j =1

) = C ( ). C n+h ( ) = fu 2 C n( ) : kukCn+h < 1g ; ( ) X X D u(x) D u(y) : kukCn+h ( ) = kD ukC( ) + sup 2 jx yjh j j n j j=n x;y6=y x C0( ) = fu 2 C ( ) : u has compact supportg : C0n+h ( ) = C n+h ( ) \ C0( ); (n = 0; 1; ; 1; 0 h < 1): C 1( ) is the class of solenoidal vector functions u 2 C 1( ), i. e. n o C 1( ) = u 2 C 1( ) j r u = 0 ;

u is a vector fu1g or a tensor fuij g. Suppose C0n(Rn ) is the set of functions u(x) that has n time continuous derivatives and u(x) has compact support. And de ne for any positive integer n, C n( ) = fu j : u 2 C0n(Rn )g ; with the norm kukCn ( ) = 0 maxn sup jD u(x)j j j
If n = 0, we get

C 0(

u2

C n+h ( ) = C n+h( ) \ C 1( ); (n = 1;
1

; 1; 0 h < 1)

We de ne for 1 p 1

Lp( ) = u : ! R; measurable j
with the norm

Z
1 p

jujp dx < 1 ;

dx If there are di erent domains we will use the notation kukp; instead of kukp. When p = 2, we obtain the Hilbert space L2( ) with the norm and the scalar product 1 Z Z kuk = u2 dx 2 ; (u; v) = uv dx ; u; v 2 L2( )

kukp =

jujp

We denote the Sobolev space H m( ), n o H m ( ) = u j D u 2 L2( ); j j m with the norm and the scalar products 0 11 2 X 2 A ; (u; v ) = X (D u; D v ) : @ kukm = kD uk m
j j m j j m

The closure of C01( ) in H 1( ) is denoted by H01( ) and it becomes a Hilbert space with the norm and scalar product kjujk = kruk and ((u; v)) = (ru; rv): Problem Setting Let be a bounded subset of Rn . Let the external force f 2 L2( )n. The Stationary Navier-Stokes equations for the vector u = (u1; u2; :::; un) and the scalar p are ( > 0 is viscosity) u + (u r)u + rp = f in ; r u = 0 in ; u = on @ : Multiplying (1) by a vector function ' in C01( ) and the integrating over v, we obtain (ru; r') + ((u r)u; ') (p; div ') = (f; ') If ' 2 C01; (v), then (5) takes a form not involving the pressure p, !('; u) = ('; f ) with !('; u) = (r'; ru) + ('; (u r)u). Next we consider the tri-linear integral form Z A(u; v; !) = (u; (v r)!) = uivk@k !i dx; where the arguments u; v; ! are required to possess the following properties: 2
v

c1 1. each of them is expressible as the sum of a function in H0; (v) and a function in C 1(v). Hence any one of them, in particular, v is subjected to the condition divv = 0. c 2. Either u or ! belongs to H01; (k), k belong a bounded subdomain of V . For these u; v; ! the de nition of A(u; v; !) in (7) is signi cant. Indeed, we have kuk4;k < 1, kvk4;k < 1 by means of Lemma (2), whereas noting juivj !ij juj jvj jr!j we obtain jA(u; v; !)j kuk4;k kvk4;k k!k2;k in virtue of H lder's inequality, Z jA(u; v; !)j = k uivj @j !i dx Z juivj @j !ij dx Zk juj jvj jr!j dx k kuk4;k kvk4;k k!k2;k c Moreover, if u 2 H01; (k) we have jA(u; v; !)j ckruk2;k krvk4;k kr!k4;k by virtue of (2). c In consideration of (8), we notice that if 'n ! ' strongly in H01; (k). jA('n '; v; !)j c kr ('n ')k2;v kvk4;k kr!k2;k = cjjj'n 'jjj2;v kvk4;k kr!k2;k n nlim A(' ; v; ! ) = A(u; v; ! ) !1 for any u; v; ! admissible as the arguments we have Z A(u; v; !) = v ui vj @j !i dx Z = ui vj @j !i j@v !i@j (uivj ) dx v Z Z = !i ui @j vj dx + !i vj @j ui dx v Zv = !i vj @j ui dx v = A(!; v; u) and in particular, Z A(u; v; u) = v ui vj @j ui dx Z 1 = 2 vj @j u2 dx i vZ = 1 v vj @j u2 dx i 2 1 v u2 j Z u2 @ v dx = 2 j i @v j j v i = 0
3

which are immediately veri ed by partial integration taking account of div v = 0.

A(u; v; u) = 0

1.1.1 De nition
Then a vector function u is called a generalized solution, if following conditions (1) and (2) are both satis ed: c1 1. u b belongs to H0; ( ) for some b such that b 2 C 1( ); b = on @ . 2. u satis es (1) weakly in .i.e. ((u; v)) + A(u; u; v) = (f; v) for all v 2 V : If the boundary condition is homogeneous, we shall obtain

u + (u r)u + rp = f in ; r u = 0 in ; u = 0 on @ :
We shall say that u is a weak solution of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations (*) if

u 2 V ((u; v)) + A(u; u; v) = (f; v) for all v 2 V :

The Stokes equations for the vector u = (u1; u2; :::; un) and the scalar p are ( > 0 is constant)

u + rp = f in ; r u = 0 in ; u = 0 on @ :
We shall say that u is a weak solution of the Stokes equations (*) if

u 2 V ((u; v)) = (f; v) for all v 2 V :

The Stationary Navier-Stokes equations for the vector u = (u1; u2; :::; un) and the scalar p are ( > 0 is constant)

1.2 De nitions and Theorems

Brouwer's Theorem 4

If ' is a continuous mapping of the closed unit sphere B = fx 2 Rn : jxj 1g into itself, then there is a point y in B such that '(y) = y. Theorem(Rellich-Kondrachov) Suppose that has the cone property for some and , and let f 1; f 2; ::: be a sequence in that converges weakly in H m( ) to a function f 2 H m( ). Here p = 2 and m 1. Fix q 1 and 1 k m. let W be any open bounded set. Then (i) If kp < n and q < n np , kp then (ii) If kp = n, then (iii) If kp > n, then f j converges to f in the norm . De nition(Segment Property) We say that has the segment property, if for each x 2 @ we can nd a neighborhood Ux and a vector yx 6= 0, such that for each z 2 Ux the point z + tyx belongs to for all 0 < t < 1. i i We de ned the di erence operators h by ( hu) (x) = 1 (u(x + hei) u(x)); n 6= 0: 2 i = ( i1; i2 ; :::; in) is the cononical basis of Rn . Here e

1.2.1 Lemma (1)

Suppose u 2 Hm( ); m 1;
i

: Assume dist ( 0; @ ) > h > 0: Then

0

h u m 1;

kukm; :

(1)

Proof:
Z x+h f 0(t)dt f (x + h) f (x) = x !2 Z Z Z x+h 2= 0 (t)dt = x+h x+h f 0 (t)f 0(t)dtdz jf (x + h) f (x)j f x x x Z x+ h Z x+h Z x+h n o = h x f 0(t)f 0(z)dt h x (f 0(t))2 + (f 0(z))2 dt = h x jf 0(t)j2dt 2 Thus Z x+h 2 h jf 0(t)j2dt jf (x + h) f (x)j x Integrating we get Z b Z x+h Zb 2dx jf 0(t)j2 dt dx jf (x + h) f (x)j h dx a Zab Z x+x h 0 2 = h jf (t)j dt dx a x Z b Z x+h h jf 0(t)j2 dt dx
a x

For any function f 2 C 0(a; b + h) we have

= h =

Z b+h
a

h2 jf 0(t)j2 dt a Z 2 b+h jf 0 (t)j2 dt = h a Z b+h jf 0(t)j2 dt: h2

a

Z b+h

jf 0(t)j2

Zt
t

! dx dt

Z b f (x + h) f (x) 2 Z b+h jf 0(t)2 dt dx h a a If u 2 C m( ); u(m 1) 2 C 1( ): Then we have Z Z u(m 1)(x + h) u(m 1)(x) 2 dx ju(m)(x)j2 dx 0 h Z (u(x + h) u(x))(m 1) 2 Z dx ju(m)(x)j2 dx 0 h Z Z 2 2 i u (m 1) dx u(m) dx +h 0 But Z Z 2 m j @ j 1 i u 2 dx = m i @xj yj +h @xj j +h @yjj 1u dx; 0 0 for each j. Then Z Z 2 m j i @ j 1 u 2 dx m @xj yj yj @xj j @yjj 1u dx; 0 0 for each j. 2 2 m i m @xj j yj @yjj 1u l2; 0 @xj j @yjj 1u l2; ; for each j. If j=1, then we have i k +h uk2 1; 0 kuk2 : m; m Similarly, we have k i h uk2 1; 0 kuk2 : m; m Thus we obtain k i h uk2 1; 0 kuk2 : m; m

Therefore,

Lemma (2)
Suppose has the segment property. Assume u 2 H m( ) and that there exists a constant i c > 0 such that, for every 0 ; k hukm; 0 c for all h su ciently small. Then X kDiukm; mc; where m = 1:
j j m

Proof:
Assume that m=0. Fix 0 .By the weak compactness property of L2 we nd a sequence i hk of reals hk ! 0 and a function ui 2 L2 such that hk u ! ui: weakly in L2( 0): Since i i limk hk u 0; 0 = limk hk u 0; 0 c; kuik0; 0 c: For any ' 2 C01( ) we have Z 1n Z Z o i u 'dx = lim u(x + hei) u(x) '(x)dx ui'dx = lim 0 hk 0 hk 0 k k Let y = x + hk ei; x = y hk ei; dx = dy: Then Z Z 1 Z 1 ui'dx = lim 0 h u(y)'(y hk ei)dy lim 0 h u(y)'(y)dy 0 k k Z k1 n ok = lim 0 h u(y) '(y hk ei) '(y) dy k Z Z k i u lim hk 'dx = lim 0 u i hk 'dy = 0 k k Z uDi 'dx: = 0 Then we have ui = Diu in the weak sense in 0: Z Z Z Z 'Diudx = 0 (Di u)'dx: uDi'dx = ju'j2 0 ui'dx = 0 0 0 Therefore kDi uk0; m=0. for some i,j. i By given k hukm;

c: Allowing
lim k
0

to vary we obtain the conclusion of the lemma for

j = lim hk ui = kuij k c; k

i hk ui

c: we have
i hk ui 0;
0

Similarly we have for general m,

j hk u 1;

c; and kDiuk1;

c:

kDiukm; kDi ukm;

m

0 1 X A @ 1 c
j j m

c; where

X
j j m

c:

Lemma (3)
Let R>0 and let GR = fjx 2 Rn jjxj < R; xn > 0g. Suppose u 2 L2(G) and assume that i there exists a number c such that, for every R0 < R; k huk0; 0 c for some i 2 1; 2; :::; n 1. Then the weak derivative Di u belongs to L2(GR) and kDi uk0;GR c: i The di erence operators act on each component. The operators h act almost like derivatives: i i i i i i i h (av ) = a h (v ) + h (a) h (v ) = h (a)v + h (a) h(v ) i Here h (a)(x) = a(x + hei) is a translation operator and, of course for small h, it is close to identity.

1.2.2 Lemma
Let v be bounded domain. Then there exists a positive constant c1 depending on v such that kuk2;v C1kruk2;v c1 for any u 2 H0 (v).

Proof:

1.2.3 Lemma
Let be bounded domain or unbounded. Then there exists an absolute constant c such that kuk6 ckruk c for any u 2 H01( ). Moreover, if K is a bounded subdomain of , then we have for any c01( ) u2H kuk4;K ck kruk with a constant ck dependent on K . If is bounded, we have c kuk4;K c2kruk; u 2 H01( ) ; with some constant c2 by putting K = in (3).

Proof:
c1 The following lemmas are concerned with the behavior of a function u 2 H0 (R) near the boundary. We recall the assumption imposed on R. Take and x a component @R of @R. being a su ciently small positive number, ! ( ) means the component of !( ) adjacent to @R . Further = (x) denotes the distance between @R and the point x 2 R. Using these notation we have
8

1.2.4 Lemma
There exists positive constants
0

and c3 = c3( 0) such that u c kruk

2;! ( ) 3 2;! ( ) 0.

c holds for any u 2 H01(R) and any in 0 <

Proof:

1.3 De nition of Generalized solutions

Suppose that a vector function u and a scalar function p are su ciently smooth and obey the stationary Navier-Stokes equations u + (u r)u + rp = f in v; div u = 0 in v; u = on @v; u(x) ! u(1) jxj ! 1 in a domain V R3 , where f is the external force, is the viscosity.

1.3.1 Remark
With the aid of (9), we can show that the generalized solution u of the problem satis es the 1 c1 weak equation not only for every ' in C0; (R) but also for every ' in H0; (R) if f 2 (L2(R))n.

1.3.2 De nition
Let R be unbounded. Then a vector function u is called a generalized solution of the problem, if following conditions (1) and (2) are both satis ed: c1 1. u b belongs to H0; (R) for some b such that b 2 C 1(R); b = on @R. b(x) u1 = O jxj 1 ; rb(x) = O jxj 2 ; jxj ! 1 2. u satis es (1) weakly in R.

1.3.3 De nition
Let u be a generalized solution of the Navier-Stokes boundary value problem. Then a scalar loc function 2 l2 (R) is called the pressure associated with u, if u and satisfy (5) for any ' 2 C01(R). (5) is called the de ning equation of . 9

1.3.4 Remark
When a generalized solution u is given, the associated pressure is unique except an additive constant. In fact, suppose that 1 and 2 are the associated pressure. Then we nd 1 (div'; 1 2) = 0 for any ' 2 C01(R). Substituting ' = rh, h 2 C0 (R), we obtain ( h; 1 2) = 0 and note that 1 2 satis es the Laplace equation weakly. According to a theorem of H. Weyl, this implies that 1 2 is harmonic in V . In particular, from (div'; 1 2) = 0 follows ('; r( 1 2)) = 0. Thus we have r( 1 2) = 0 in R and hence 1 2 =constant in R.

1.3.5 De nition
Concerning the problem a pair of a vector function u and a scalar function is called the strict solution if u 2 C 2(R) \ C 0(R), 2 C 1(R) and (1), (2), (3), (4) are satis ed. However the vector function u alone is also sometimes called the strict solution.

10

Chapter 2 EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS

2.1 Existence of the Solutions
2.1.1 Theorem
Assume that R is bounded and f 2 fL2(R)gn. Then there exists the generalized solution of the problem, if one of the following conditions (1) and (2) ful lled: 1. is the boundary value of a function b 2 C 1(R) with small jb j or jrb j in the sense of > M0C1 to be given below. 2. is the boundary value of a function b 2 C 1(R) expressible in the form b = rot a, a 2 C 1(R) and @R is of class C 2.

Proof:
Firstly, we introduce the notation of Condition (B): namely, a vector function b is said to satisfy Condition (B) if b 2 C 1(R); b = on @R (1) and if jA(b; !; !)j kr!k2 (2) is valid for any ! 2 C01; (R) and with some constant in 0 < . Now, suppose that we are given a b satisfying Condition (B) and then we seek a generalized solution of the form c u = v + b; v 2 H01; (R) :
1 We introduce and x a sequence f ng1 of functions in C0; (R) such that its linear hull n=1 c is dense in H01; (R) but for convenience we normalize it as ( 1 ; (i = j ); i; j = ij = 0 ; (i 6= j ):

11

The linear hull of the rst N functions of f ng is denoted by N . Referred to this base a function uN = vN + b is called on N th order approximation solution if the following two conditions are ful lled: vN = un b (4) W ('; uN ) = (r'; ruN ) + A('; uN ; uN ) = ('; f ) (5) hold for any ' 2 N , or to the same thing,

W ( i; uN ) = (r i; ruN ) + A( i; uN ; uN ) = ( i; f ); (i = 1; 2;
Concerning the existence of the approximation solutions we state

; N ):

2.1.2 Lemma (1)

If b satis es Condition (B) and f 2 fL2(R)gn , then the approximation solution uN exists for each N .

Proof:
During the proof of this lemma, we x N and write simply u; v in place of uN and vN . We put u = b + v = b + 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N (7) with a numerical coe cient vector = f 1; 2; ; N g.

W ('; b + v) = (r'; r(b + v)) + A('; b + v; b + v) = (r'; r(b + v)) + A('; b; b + v) + A('; v; b + v) = (r'; rb) + (r'; rv) + A('; b; b) + A('; b; v) +A('; v; b) + A('; v; v)
Hence the substituting of (7) into (6) gives

W ( i; b + v) = (r i; rb) + (r i; rv) + A( i; b; b) + A( i; b; v) +A( i; v; b) + A( i; v; v)

From this we can solve, ( r i ; rv ) = = = = =

W ( i; b + v ) = ( i; f )

N X j =1

r r r r

i; r

i ; r( i; r
1

1 i; r 1

+ N N) 1+r 2+ +r N N 2 2 + 1 + r i; r + r i; r N N 2 i 2 + r i; r N N 1 + r ;r 2+
1+ 2 2+

r i; r

12

A( i; v; v) =

+ N = ( i; v; 1 1) + ( i; v; 2 2) + = ( i; v; 1) 1 + ( i; v; 2) 2 + N X = ( i; v; j ) j
1 2

i ; v;

1+

2+

+ ( i; v; + ( i; v;

N N)

N) N

j =1

Similarly,

A( i; b; v) = A( i; v; b) =

N X j =1 N X j =1

A( i; b; j ) j A( i; j ; b) j
o
j

Then we have

N Xn j =1

(r i; r j ) + A( i; b; j ) + A( i; j ; b) + A( i; v; j ) (r i; rb) A( i; b; b):

= ( i; f )

In order to rewrite (8) as an equation with the unknown N -vector , we introduce an N N -matrix T ( ) = fTij ( )g, depending on , and an N -vector = f ig by
N X j =1

fTij ( )g j = i; (i = 1; 2; ; N ):

Tij ( ) = (r i; r j ) + A( i; b; j ) + A( i; j ; b) + A( i; v; j ): i (r i; rb) A( i; b; b): i = ( ; f) Then (8) is reduced to the equation T( ) = ;

where

0T () T () T1N ( ) B T11( ) T12( ) T2N ( ) B 22 T ( ) = B .. 21 B. @ TN 1 ( ) TN 2 ( ) TNN ( ) 0 1 0 1 1 B 1 C B 2 C B C B C = B . C; = B .2 C B .. C B .. C @ A @ A

N N

1 C C C C A

for the unknown . From now on we regard as an element of N -dimensional Euclidean space E = EN and use the notation N X 2!1=2 j j= i
i=1

13

and

N X i=1

(i

i)

to denote the norm of 2 E and the scalar product of ; 2 E . We shall show that T ( ) 1exists so that (10) is reduced to = F ( ), where F ( ) = T ( ) 1 . To this end we estimate T ( ) for arbitrary and in E . Associating the vector functions v; ! 2 N C01; (R) with ; 2 E by v = 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N and ! = 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N , we observe that 0T () T () T1N ( ) 1 0 1 1 11 12 B T21( ) T22( ) T2N ( ) C B 2 C CB C B CB . C B. T( ) = 1 2 N B . C B .. C A@ A @. TN 1 ( ) TN 2 ( ) TNN ( ) N 0T () T () T1N ( ) N 1 11 1 12 2 B T21( ) 1 T22( ) 2 T2N ( ) N C C B C B. T( ) = 1 2 N B . C A @. TN 1 ( ) 1 TN 2 ( ) 2 TNN ( ) N N 1

T( ) = + +
Since

1 T11( 1 T21(

) 1 + 2 T12( ) 2 + + N T1N ( ) N ) 1 + 2 T22( ) 2 + + N T2N ( ) N + 1TN 1( ) 1 + 2TN 2( ) 2 + + N TNN ( )

j

Tij ( ) = we can solve

1 T11(

r i; r

+A

i ; b; j

+A

i; j ; b

+A

i ; v; j

) 1 + 2T12( ) 2 + + N T1N ( ) N = r 1 1; r 1 1 + A 1 1; b; 1 1 + A 1 1; 1 1; b + A 1 1; v; 1 1 + r 1 1; r 2 2 + A 1 1; b; 2 2 + A 1 1; 2 2; b + A 1 1; v; 2 2 + + r 1 1; r N N + A 1 1; b; N N + A 1 1; N N ; b +A 1 1; v; N N = r 1 1; r 1 1 ; r 2 2; ; r N N +A 1 1; b; 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N +A 1 1; 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; b +A 1 1; v; 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N = r 1 1; r 1 1; 2 2; ; N N + A 1 1; b; ! +A 1 1; !; b + A 1 1; v; ! = r 1 1; r! + A 1 1; b; ! + A 1 1; !; b + A 1 1; v; ! 14

Similarly, we have
1 T21(

) 1 + 2T22( ) 2 + + N T2N ( ) N = r 2 2; r! + A 2 2; b; ! + A 2 2; !; b + A ) 1 + N TN 2( ) 2 + + N TNN ( ) N = N ; r! + A N N N ; b; ! + A N ; !; b + A

2; v; !

For the last term,

N TN 1(

rN

N ; v; !

Combining (I1) to (IN) = r 1 r! + A 1 1; b; ! + A 1 1; !; b + A 1 1; v; ! r N N ; r! + A N N ; b; ! + A N N ; !; b + A N N ; v; ! r 2 2; r! + A 2 2; b; ! + A 2 2; !; b + A 2 2; v; ! + + r N N ; r! + A N N ; b; ! + A N N ; !; b + A N N ; v; ! = r 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; r! + A 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; b; ! +A 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; !; b + A 1 1 + 2 2 + + N N ; v; ! = (r!; r!) + A(!; b; !) + A(!; !; b) + A(!; v; !)

1;

T( )

T( ) by the virtue of (2.19) and (2.19). Hence we have by (3.4),

kr!k2 A(b; !; !) kr!k2A(b; !; !) kr!k2 jA(b; !; !)j

j T( ) j = kr!k2
(

kr!k2 j T ( ) j
(2.1.1)

)kr!k2 j j j T ( ) j

On the other hand, by means of (3.5) and Lemma (2.1), we obtain

k!k2 = (!; !)
= =
1 1

1+

+
1 2 1

2 + N N; 1 1 + 2 2 + 2 + 1; 1 2 N + 2 1 1 + 2 + N 2 ; 1 + + N N; 1 1 + 2 2 + N N 1 2 + 1; 1 + + 1 1; N 1 ; 2 1 2; 1 + 2 2 + + 2 2; N 1 2 ; 2 1 2 + 1; 1 + + 1 1; N 1 ; 2 1

+
2

2+

N N N

N N N

+ + +

15

+ N N; 2 2 + + 1; 2 + 1 = 1 1; 2+ 1+ 1 2; 1 2; 2 + 2 2 1+ 2 2+ N; 2 N; 1 + 2+ 1+ N N 2 = 12 + 22 + + N N X 2 = i
N N;
1 1 1

2; N

1; N

N;

N; N

+ N+
N N

i=1

k!k =

N X 2!1=2 i=1 i

= jj Combining this with (3.12) we are led to

j j = k!k C1kr!k

16

)j j2

C12j jjT ( ) j C12 jT ( ) j jj ( ) 2 = jT ( ) j; where = ( C1 )

1j j 1

But

jT ( )j
T ( )T ( )

1 1 1 1

jT ( ) j jT ( )jj j jT ( )j
= = = =
1

jT ( )j T ( )
1 1 jT ( )j
1

jT ( )j T ( )
Thus we have T ( ) 1 exists and

T( )

T( )

(2.1.2)

holds, where the left hand side means the norm of the linear transformation T ( ) 1 in E . Since is the constant vector independent on , we thus see that the inequalities jF ( )j = jT ( ) 1 j T ( ) 1 j j = d hold for any 2 E . In particular, the closed sphere of E with center at the origin and radius d is mapped by F into itself. F : S (d) ! S (d): Since, the continuity of F ( ) in is obvious, j j = jT ( ) j jT ( )jj j

jF ( )j = T ( ) jF ( )j jj

T( ) 1 j j T ( ) 1 jT ( )jj j

we are able to apply Brouwer's theorem and conclude the existence of a solution of the equation F ( ) = . This proves the lemma. Concerning the approximating solutions obtained above we have 17

2.1.3 Lemma
There exists a constant K such that

krVN k K: Proof:
Making use of (2.19) and (2.19)' we have

W (v; v + b) = (rv; r(v + b)) + A(v; v + b; v + b) = (rv; rv+; rb) + A(v; v; v + b) + A(v; b; v + b) = (rv; rv) + (rv; rb) + A(v; v; v) + A(v; v; b) + A(v; b; v) +A(v; b; b) = krvk2 + (rv; rb) A(v; b; b) A(b; b; v)
For any v 2 C01; (R). Hence setting ' = vN and uN = b + vN in (3.7) we immediately obtain W (vN ; b + vN ) = (vN ; f ).

Whence follows by virtue of (3.4) and Schwarz's inequality that

krvN k2 + (rvN ; rb) A(b; vN ; vN ) A(b; b; vN ) = (vN ; f ) krvN k2 A(b; vN ; vN ) = (vN ; f ) (rvN ; rb) + A(b; b; vN ):

krvN k2 A(b; vN ; vN ) = j(vN ; f ) (rvN ; rb) + A(b; b; vN )j j(vN ; f )j + j (rvN ; rb)j + jA(b; b; vN )j 2 krvN k jA(b; vN ; vN )j kvN kkf k + j jj(rvN ; rb)j + jA(b; vN ; vN )j krvN k2 krvN k2 kvN kkf k + j jkrvN kkrbk + jA(b; vN ; vN )j
whereas we can estimate as

A(b; vN ; vN ) =

fbibj g @j vNi dx; R (bibj ; rvN )

x2R

jA(b; vN ; vN )j = j (bibj ; rvN ) j kbibj kkrvN k

( (

kvN kkf k + j jkrbkkrvN k + kbibj kkrvN k ckf kkrvN k + (jnujjrbj + kbibj k) krvN k = (c0 + c00) krvN k )krvN k2 ckrvN k c = k krvN k ( )
18

)krvN k2

with appropriate constants c0; c00 and c. Consequently we have krvN k = k: Since krvN k and therefore, kvN k are able to choose a subsequence fvN 0 g of fvN g tending c1 to a v 2 H0; (R) in the sense that vN 0 ! v strong in L2(R) and rvN 0 ! rv weakly in L2(R). We shall show that u = b + v is the desired generalized solution. 1 If ' is a xed function in C0; (R), we have (r'; rvN 0) ! (r'; rv ); A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) ! A('; v ; v ) as N ! 1 But, A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) A('; v ; v ) = A('; vN 0; vN 0 ) A('; v ; vN 0 ) + A('; v ; vN 0 ) A('; v ; v ) = A('; vN 0 v ; vN 0 ) + A('; v ; vN 0 v )

= 'ivj ; @j (vN 0 v ) = ('iv ; r (vN 0 v )) jA ('; v ; vN 0 v )j = j('iv ; r (vN 0 v ))j k'iv k Fix an arbitrary positive integer n. Then for any N n we have W ( n; b + vN 0 ) = ( n; f ). (r n; rb) + (r n; rvN 0 ) + A( n; b; b) + A( n; b; vN 0) + A( n; vN 0 ; b) + A( n; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) = ( n; f ) whence follows by making N ! 1, (r n; rvN 0 ) ! (r n; rv ) A ( n; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) ! ( n; v ; v ) (r n; rb) + (r n; rv ) + A( n; b; b) + A ( n; b; v ) + A( n; v ; b) + A( n; v ; v ) = ( n; f ) (r n; rb + rv ) + A( n; b; b + v ) + A( n; v ; b + v ) = ( n; f ) (r n; r(b + v )) + A( n; b + v ; b + v ) = ( n; f ) W (r n ; b + b ) = ( n ; f ) Further we notice that W ('; u ) = ('; f ) is valid for any ' in . From (3.6), vN = uN b 2 N uN = vN b 2 N u N 0 = vN 0 b 2 N 19

jA('; vN v ; vN )j = k'k4;RkvN v k4;RkrvN k2;R k'k4;RC kr (vN v ) k2;RkrvN k2;R Z A('; v ; vN v ) = R('ivj )@j (vN v )idx; 8x 2 R
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

From (3.7),

W ('; uN ) = ('; f ) W ('; uN 0 ) = W ('; uN 0 + b) = ('; f )

(r'; r(vN 0 + b)) + A('; vN 0 + b; vN 0 + b = ('; f ) (r'; rvN 0 + rb)) + A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 + b) + A('; b; vN 0 + b) = ('; f ) (r'; rvN 0 ) + (r'; rb) + A('; vN 0 ; vN 0 ) + A('; vN 0 ; b) + A('; b; vN 0 ) +A('; b; b) = ('; f ) Whence follows by Making N ! 1 (r'; rv ) + (r'; rb) + A ('; v ; v ) + A('; v ; b) + A('; b; v ) +A('; b; b) = ('; f ) (r'; rv + rb) + A ('; v ; v + b) + A('; b; v b) = ('; f ) (r'; r(v + b)) + ('; v + b; v + b) = ('; f ) (r'; ru ) + A('; u ; u ) = ('; f ) W ('; u ) = ('; f ) 1 c1 Then take an arbitrary ' in C0; (R). Since is dense in H0;sm(R), we can nd a sequence c f'ng wuch that 'n 2 and 'n converges to ' strongly in H01;sm(R). Taking the limit of n ; u ) = ('n ; f ) we arrive at W ('; u ) = ('; f ) by virtue of (2.18). W (' W ('n; u ) = (r'n; ru ) + A('n; u ; u ) = ('n; f )
n nlim A(r' ; u ; u !1 n nlim (r' ; ru !1

) = A('; u ; u ) ) = (r'; ru )

(r'; ru ) + A('; u ; u ) = ('; f ) W ('; u ) = ('; f ) At this stage it has been proved that a generalized solution exists if there exists a function b satisfying Condition (B). We shall show that the condition (1) or (2) in the theorem is su cient for the existence of such a b. Firstly we deal with (1). Let M0 and M1 be constants such that jb (x)j M0 and jrb (x)j M1 hold for any x 2 R. Then by mean of Lemma (2.1) and (2.19) we have jA(b ; !; !)j jb jk!kkr!k M0C1kr!k2 jA(b ; !; !)j = j A(!; !; b )j = k!k2jrb j M1C12kr!k2 20

For any ! 2 C01; (R), where C1 is the domain constant in (2.1). Therefore b itself satis es Condition (B) if either > M0C1 or > M1C12. We turn to (2). We note that Lemma (2.5) is applicable to each component of boundary R and (2.11) remains valid with an appropriate constant C3 if we replace ! ( ) by !( ) = !( ; R) and (x) by (x) = dist.(x; @R). We construct the desired b in the form of b = rot(h( )a) = r (h( )a) with a scalar function h of a single variable de ned by R t j (s)ds 0 h(t) = 1 R 1 j (s)ds ; (t > 0) 0 where j (s) is a function with the following properties: j (s) involves two parameters r and whose values are contained in 0 < < 0, 0 < < 1 and 4 1 0; 1], (i) j (s) 2 C (ii) 0 j (s) 1 ; (s > 0), s (iii) j (s) = 0 ; (0 s ; (1 ) s), s (1 2 ) ). (iv) j (s) = 1 ; (2 s Therefore, h 2 C 1 0; 1) and If 0 t , R j (s)ds h(t) = 1 R01 j (s)ds 0 R 0 0 ds = 1 R 1 j (s)ds 0 = 1 If (1 ) < t , then t ! 1

If t s t + t,

R1 j (s)ds h(t) = 1 R01 j (s)ds 0 = 1 1 = 0 ( 1 0 ; h(t) = 0 ;; (1 t ) < t: R t j (s)ds 0 h(t) = 1 R 1 j (s)ds ; (t > 0) 0 1 d Z t j (s)ds 0 (t) = R h 1 0 j (s)ds dt 0
t min j (s) t
21

R t+ t j (s)ds t t t max j (s) t

Taking the limit Thus

! 0, s = t
j (t)

R t+ t j (s)ds t t j (t)

h0(t) = R t j (t) 0 j (s)ds t h0(t) = R j (s)ds + R (1

0

2)

Moreover, as

! 0,

= R (1 2 )tj (t) 1=s ds = ln(1 2 tj (t) ln( ) )

tj (t) 1 j (s)ds + R(1 2 ) j (s) ds

t h0(t) = ln( )tj (t) ln(0) tj (t) = ln( ) ( 1) = tj (t)

= 0

th0(t) tends to 0 uniformly w.r.t. and t. Therefore by means of the well known formula rot (ha) = r (ha) = h( )(r a) + (rh( ) a) = h( )(r a) (a rh( )) = h( ) rot a a h0( )r As ! 0, h0( ) tends to 0. rot (h( )a) = h( ) rot a If 0 , h( ) = 1. b = rot (ha) = rot a = b = on @R !( ) = !( ; R) = fx 2 R j dist.(x; @R) < rg x 2 !( ) ) (x) = dist.(x; @R) > r = Thus (x) > > (1 ) . We have h( ) = 0, b = rot (ha) = h( ) rot a = 0 outside !( ) and b = h( ) rot a h0( )r belong to C 1(R), because is now of class
22

C 2. Furthermore, for any " > 0, choose j (x)j < jb (x) , j (x)j j (x)jjb (x)j < valid everywhere in R by a suitable choice of . Then we have in view of Lemma (2.5) ! !;! jA(b ; !; !)j = A b ;

j b j ! kr!k! ! 2 C3kr!k
for any ! 2 C01;sm(R). Thus b satis es Condition B by a suitable choice of . This completes the proof of Theorem().

2.2 Uniqueness of the Solution

Let u1 and u2 be two generalized solution of the problem. Then

W ('; u1) = = W ('; u2) = =

Then choose ' = u1

(r'; ru1) + A('; u1; u1) ('; f ) (r'; ru2) + A('; u2; u2) ('; f )

(r'; r(u1 u2)) + A('; u1 u2; u1 u2) = 0 u2 then A(u1 u2; u1 u2; u1 u2) = 0 by virtue of (). (r'; r(u1 u2)) = = r(u1 u2) = u1 u2 = u1 = 0 0 0 u2 (r(u1 u2); r(u1 u2))

Therefore the generalized solution of the problem is unique.

23

Chapter 3 REGULARITY
3.1 Regularity of some Elliptic Systems
The operator

for all x 2 G; 2 Rn we shall consider two kinds of domain G, balls and half balls: GR = fx 2 Rn j jxj < Rg GR = fx 2 Rn j jxj < R; xn > 0g

! n X @ @ aij (x) @x j i;j =1 @xi is said to be uniformly elliptic in a domain G if there exists M>0 such that 1 j j2 X a (x) 2 ij i j Mj j ; M i;j

g We shall denote by GR the set g GR = fx 2 Rn j jxj < R; xn 0g : ~ A function whose support is compact and included in GR may not vanish for points on xn = 0

Lemma
Let 0<R'<R. Consider a weak solution v,p of the system ! @ a (x) @vm + b (x) @vm + g (x) @P = f j @xi ij 2xj @xj mj @xj m (x) = gmk (x) @vm @xk 24

m = 1; 2;

; n:

where

aij 2 C 1(GR); gmj 2 C 2(GR); bj 2 C 0(GR); and n f = fm 2 L2(GR ) ; 2 H 2(GR): The principal part of (7) is assume to be uniformly elliptic, i.e,(3) holds. The domain GR is either a ball (4) or a half ball (5). Suppose v 2 (H01(GR0 ))n ; P 2 L2(GR0 ): Assume that the supports of v; p are compact in (GR0 )(GR0 in case of the half balls).Then there exists a constant c depending on R; R0 and the coe cient of (7),(8) such that i h kDi vkH 0(GR) C kf kL2(GR ) + kvkH 0(GR) + k kH 2(GR) + kP kL2(GR)
where i = 1; 2; ; n if GR; GR0 are balls and i = 1; 2; ; n if GR; GR0 are half balls.

Proof:
According to lemmas (2) and (3) all we need to show is that the 00right hand side of (9) is an i upper bound for k hvkH 0(G00 ) for all R0 < R00 < R and jhj < R 2R : R (The index i is xed and not summed below.) The sense in which (7) is satis ed is the following: for every ' 2 (c1 (GR))n one has, 0 multiplying (7) by ' 2 (C01(GR))n and then integrating over GR; we obtain Z Z Z Z @ akj @vm @'m dx + G bj @vm 'm dx G p @x (gmj @m) dx = G fm'm dx: @xj @xk GR R @xj R j R 1 (GR ))n : Since C 1 (GR ) is dense in Clearly (10) is true, by continuity, for every ' 2 (H0 0 H 1(GR); n can nd a sequence @m such that ' 2 C01(GR) and 'm converges to ' 2 we (G1(GR)) : We obtain 0 Z @vm @' dx + Z b @vm ' dx Z p @ (g ') dx = Z f ' dx: ak j mj m GR j @xj @xk GR @xj GR @xj GR If jhj < R 2R00 then if ' 2 (C01(GR00 ))n we may apply (10) with ' replaced by 'h = we obtain Z @vm @ i ' dx Z b @vm i ' dx ak j h m @xj h m GR j @xj @xk Z Z @ fm i h 'm dx: + p @x gmj i h 'm dx = j But, @ i ' = @ 1 ' (x hei) ' (x) m @xk h m @xk ( h m ) ! 1 @'m (x hei) @'m (x) = i @'m : = h @x h @x @x
k k k i h ':

25

Z
= = =

Z Z Z Z

= = =

! @vm i @'m dx akj @x h @x j k ( ) Z @vm (x) 1 @'m (x hei) @'m (x) dx akj (x) @x h @xk @x j Z Z k @vm 1 @'m 1 akj (x) @vm h @'m (x hei) dx + akj (x) @x @xj @xk h @xk (x) dx j Z akj (y + hei) @vm (y + hei) 1h @'m (y) dy @yk ! @yj 1 akj @vm (y) h @vm (y)dy @yj ! @yk ! 1 a @vm (y + hei) @'m (y) dy int 1 a @vm (y) @vm (y)dy kj h ( kj @xj ! @yk @yk ! h) @yj 1 a @vm (y + hei) a @vm (y) @'m (y)dy kj h kj @yj! @yj @yk @vm @'m dx: i h akj @x @x
j k i

Therefore, from (11) we have ! Z Z @vm i a @vm @'m dx bj @x kj h @xj @xk j Z i @ dx: = fm h m

Z @ 'm dx + p @x gmj h j

h @m

dx

we treat the three terms on the left-hand side of (12) separately. The rst one using (2) can be computed ! Z i a @vm @'m dx I = h kj @x j @xk !! ! Z @'m dx + Z i (a ) i @vm @'m dx i @vm = akj h @x h kj h @x @xk i i @xk ! Z i i = a hv; ' + h akj hi @vm @'m dx @xi @xk ! Z i i i @vm @'m dx I a hv; ' = h (akj ) h @x @x
i k

In view of the fact that akj are uniformly Lipschitz we obtain. ! Z i v; ' i (a ) i @vm @'m dx I a h h kj h @x j @xk ! Z i @vm @'m dx i (a ) h @x h kj j @xk ! n 1 a (a + hei) a (x)o i @vm kj h @x h kj j 26

L2 (GR00 )

@'m @xk

L2 (GR00 )

We estimate the second term using Lemma (1) Z Z @vm bj @x i h 'm dx jII j = bj @vm i h'm dx @xj j Z @vm bj @x i h 'm dx j Z @vm jbj j @x i h 'm dx j i ' jbj j @vm i h h m L2 (GR00 ) @xj L2 (GR00 ) kikvkH 1(GR00 ) k'kH(1GR00 ); for some constant k1; where R000 = R+2R00 : In order to estimate the third term we write rst, using (2) @ g i ' = g @ i ' + @gmj i ' mj @xj mj h m @xj h m @xj h m @ But we have, gmj @xj i h'm = gmj i h @'m and @xj ! ! ! @'m : @'m = i g @'m i (g ) i i gmj h @x h mj @x h mj h @x j j j Thus, ! ! @ g i ' = i g @'m @'m + @gmj i ' : i (g ) i h mj @x h mj h @x @xj mj h m @xj h m j j 2 e Now since supp is compact in GR0 (GR0 ) we can nd 2 C0 (GR00 ) such that p = p: Thus ! ! @'m @ g i ' = (x) i g @'m i (g ) i (x) h mj h (x) @x mj h m mj h @xj @xj j @ + (x) @x (gmj ) i h'm : But
j

@'m 1 C h jx + hei xj @vm @xj L2 (GR00 ) @xk L2(GR00 ) C jeij kV kH 1(GR00 ) kr'kL2(GR00 ) C kV kH 1(GR00 ) k'kH 1(GR00 ) The constant C is independent of h and will change during the proof. Z @vm @!m a(v; !) = akj @x @x dx:
j k

! @'m = h gmj @x j @ (x) @x gmj i h'm =

i j

! ! @'m i ( ) i g @'m h gmj @x h h mj @x j j ! ! @'m i i ( ) i g @'m h gmj @x h h mj @x j j ! @gmj i (x) i h (gmj ) i h @'m + (x) @x h'm: @xj j
i

27

Multiplying (14) by p 1 p @ g i ' @xj mj h m =

p 1 i p i h

! ! @'m p 1 i ( ) i g @'m h gmj @x h h mj @x j j ! gmj i h @'m + p @gmj i h 'm: @xj @xj

dx !

jIII j =
+ But, we have Z
p 1 i h

Z Z Z

@ g @xj mj

p 1 i p i h

Z gmj @'m dx + h @xj ! @'m dx + Z i gmj h @x j Z

p 1 i p 1

h 'm

p 1 i

@'m h ( ) h gmj @x j p @gmj i ' dx : @xj h m

i

dx

! @'m dx gmj @x j

minj j L2(GR00 ) h 1 k pk L2 (GR00 ) minj j k1kpkL2 (GR00 ) k

for some constant k1. Z

pj

! @'m dx h gmj @x j ! @'m i h gmj @x L2 (G 00 )

R

gmj @'m @xj

h i

L2 (GR00 )

pk 2 L (GR00 )

L2 (GR00 ) ! @'m gmj @x j L2 (GR00 )

gmj @'m @xj

L2 (GR00 )

! @'m dx p 1 i ( ) i g h h mj @x j ! Z p 1 i ( ) i g @'m dx h h mj @x j ! Z 1 n (x hei) (x)o i g @' dx p 1 h mj @x h j ! Z 2 p : i g @'m dx h mj @x h j ! 2 i g @' k pkL2 (GR00 ) h mj @x h j L2 GR00 ) ( 2 g @'m h mj @xj L2(GR00 ) kpkL2 (GR) k2kpkL2 (GR)k'k1 (GR000 ); H for some constant k2
28

! @'m dx p i (g ) i h mj h @x j ! Z @'m dx p i (g ) i h mj h @x j ! Z @'m dx p: i i (g ) h @x h mj !j C kpkL2(GR00 ) i h @'m @xj L2(GR00 ) C kpkL2(GR )kr'kL2(GR00 ) C kpkL2(GR )k'kH 1(GR000 ); the constant C is independent of h. Z @gmj p i ' dx @xj h m Z @gmj p i @xj h'm dx @gmj Z p i h 'm dx @xj k3kpkL2(GR00 ) i h 'm L2(G 00 ) R k3kpkL2(GR ) k'kH 1(GR000 ); for some constant k3 since gmj 2 C 2(GR). ! @'m + k2kpkL2(GR )k'kH 0(G000) jIII j k1kpkL2(GR ) i h gmj @x R j L2 (GR00 ) + C kpkL2 (GR)k'kH 0(G000) + k3kpkL2 (GR)k'kH 0(G000) R R 2 3 ! @'m k4kpkL2(GR ) 4 i h gmj @x + k'kH 0(GR000 )5 ; j L2 (GR00 ) for some constant k4. Z Z fm i h'm dx fm i h 'm dx kfm kL2(GR00 ) i h'm L2(GR00 ) kf kL2 (GR)k'kH 0(GR000 ) Summing up, we obtain Z I = II III fm i h'm dx Z i a + (I a) = II III fm i h'm dx; wherea = a hv; ' Z a = II III fm i h'm dx (I a) Z jaj jII j + jIII j + fm i h 'm dx + j(I a)j Z
29

i h v; '

i h v; '

i h v; '

C kvkH 0(GR00 )k'kH 0(GR00 ) + k1kvkH 0(GR00 )k'kH 0(GR000 ) + kf kL2(GR) k'kH 0(GR00 ) + k4kpkL2 (GR)k'kH 0(GR000 ) ! @'m i + k4kpkL2(GR ) h gmj ) @x j L2 (GR00 ) i h k5k'kH 0(GR000 ) kvkH 0(GR ) + kpkL2(GR ) + kf kL2(GR) ! @'m i + k4kpkL2(GR ) h gmj @x ; for constantk5 j L2 (GR00 ) h n o k6 k'kH 0(GR000 ) kvkH 0(GR) + kf kL2(GR ) + kpkL2(GR) 3 ! @'m 5;; for constantk6 + kpkL2(GR ) i h gmj @x
j L2 (GR00 )

i Valid for every ' 2 (C01(GR00 ))n. Now for each xed h ,(small) hv 2 (H01(GR00 ))n : There (`) i 1 exists a sequence '(`) 2 (C0 (GR00 ))n converging to hv in (H 1(GR00 )n.But then gmj @'m con@xj (`) i i verges in L2(GR00 ) to the corresponding expression gmj i h @vm : It follows that h gmj h gmj @'m @xj @xj i @vm : There exist ! 2 L2(GR000 ) such that 2 (GR000 ) to i converges weakly in L h gmj h @xj (`) i ! !; i h gmj h @'(m`j) !; i h gmj @'m @xj @x ! Z ! @ '( ` ) i v = @ '( ` ) i v i g i !; h mj @x m h m ! h gmj @x m h m dx GR00 j j But we have, 8 ! ! 1 < g @ '( ` ) i v @ '( ` ) i v i ! h gmj @x m h m = !(x) h : mj @x m h m j j (x hei ) ! 9 = @ ` i gmj @x '(m) hvm ; j (x) 8 ! 1 <!(x) g @ '(`) i v = mj h: @xj m h m (x hei ) ! 9 = @ '( ` ) i v !(x) gmj @x m h m ; j (x) 8 ! 1 <!(y + hei) g @ '(`) i v = h: mj @xj m h m (y) ! 9 = @ '( ` ) i v !(y) gmj @x m h m ; j (y ) n o @ ` i = 1h !(y + hei) !(y) gmj @x '(m) hvm j @ ` i i = h(!) gmj @x '(m) hvm j

30

!;

h i

! @ '( ` ) i v = @ i !; h gmj @x m h m h !; gmj @x j j Now this last expression can be computed using (2). ! i i i @vm i = i h h gmj f@vm@xj h gmj h @x h( j i i = h i h( ) i h h( gmj ) hi
=
i i h h(

Then we obtain

@ ` gmj @x '(m) j

i h vm

dx =

i h (! )

@ ` gmj @x '(m)
j ` '(m)

i h vm i h vm

dx

gmj ) hi

i gmj i h h i i ( g ) i i @vm h h mj h h @x j i i But, i h h @vm = @vm and i h hi @vm = h @vm : @xj @xj @xj @xj ! ! @vm i g i @vm i i g i i @vm = i i ( ) mj h h h h h gmj h @x @xj h mj h @xj j !! @vm i @vm i i i( ) i i g mj h gmj h @x h h h h 2 (GR000 ) + L @xj L2(GR000 ) j L2 (GR000 ) ! i i + h gmj h @vm @xj L2 (GR000 ) i i i h ( ) H 1 (GR00 ) + h h ( gmj ) kv kH 1(GR00 ) i i + h( gmj ) hv H 1(G 00 )

@vm @xj ! @vm @xj

@vm !! @xj

!!

k7 ) H 1(G 00 ) + kvkH 1(GR) iR i vk 1 +k h H (GR00 ) ;

i h(

for some constant k7. Here we used the fact that gmj is C 2, Lemma (1) and the fact that supports of v and are actually in GR0 . Since i h gmj @'(j`) converges weakly in L2(GR000 ) as ` ! 1 to @x i @vm we may assume, by passing to a subsequence, if necessary, that their norm i h gmj h @xj in L2(GR000 ) are uniformly bounded by the right-hand side of (16) (with a larger constant). ! `! `! @'(m) @'(m) i @vm i i i = h gmj h @x h gmj @x h gmj @x j j j L2 (GR000 ) ! i + i h gmj h @vm @xj L2 (GR000 ) 31

@ l gmj @x '(m) j
L2 (GR000 ) L2 (GR000 )

i h vm i

!
L2 (GR000 )

gmj

i @vm h @x j

!
L2 (GR000 )

i i

h h

`! @'(m) apgmj @x j `! @'(m) apgmj @x j

i gmj h @vm @xj i n(

!
L2 (GR000 ) i + kvkH 1(GR) + k hvkH 1(GR00 ) :

k7

H 1 (GR00 )

Reading (15) for '(`):

i (`) h v; '

k6 '(`)

H 1 (GR00 ) i h

kvkH 1(GR ) + kpkL2(GR ) + kf kL2(GR )

(`) gmj @'m @xj

+ kpkl2 (GR) and passing to lim`!1 sup we obtain

l2 (GR00 )

3 5

i i h v; hv

k6

i h v H 1(GR00 ) kv kH 1(GR ) + kpkL2 (GR ) + kf kL2 (GR ) i i +kpkL2(GR ) h( ) H 1(G 00 ) + kvkH 1(GR) + hv H 1(G 00 ) R R

i i h v; h v

k8

+kpkL2 (GR) kvkH 1(GR ) +

i h v H 1 (GR00 )

kf kL2 (GR) + kvkH 1(GR) + kpkL2 (GR)

i h(

H 1 (GR00 )

for some constant k8. Now from the uniform ellipticity 1 1 i 2 1 i 2 i i i 2 a hv; hv M r hv L2 (G 00 ) = M hv H 1(G 00 ) M hv L2 (G 00 ) R R R and thus with Lemma (1) 1 i 2 1 i i a hv; hv M hv H 1(G 00 ) k9kvk2 1(GR ); k9 = M : (18) H R Now we use (17), (18) and Young's inequality to deduce
i 2 h v H 1 (GR00 )

Mk9 kvk2 1(GR) + Mk8 H n o i h v H 1 (G 00 ) kf kL2 (GR ) + kpkL2 (GR ) + kv kH 1(GR )

+kpkL2 (GR) kvkH 1(GR ) +
i h v H 1 kv kH 1
R

i h(

H 1 (GR00 )

But,

Mk8

= 2Mk8 kvk2 1 H h

32

Mk8

i h v h1 kpkL2

i h i i + kvkH 1 kpkL2 = Mk8 kpkL2 hv H 1 + kvkH 1 3 = Mk8 h kpkL2 kvkH 1 3 Mk kvk2 + kpk2 L2 H1 2h 8
2 = h Mk8 kvkH 1 kf kL2 1 Mk kvk2 + kf k2 H1 L2 h 8
i h(

Mk8
i 2 h v H (GR00 ) i 2 h v H (GR00 )

i h v H 1 kf kL2
00

+ Mk8 kvk2 1(GR ) + kf k2 2(GR) + Mk8 kpk2 2(GR ) H L L h

kvk2 (GR ) + 2Mk8 kvk2 (GR) + 23h Mk8 kvk2 1(GR) + kpk2 2 (GR) H L H H h
)

k10 kvk2 1(GR) + kpk2 2 (GR) + kf k2 2(GR ) + kpk2 2(GR ) ih( ) H L L L

H 1 (GR00 ) H 1(GR00 )

for some constant k10. i But,k h( )kH 1(GR00 ) k kH 2(GR ): Since 2 C02(GR00 ); k kH 2(GR) k11k kH 2(GR); for some constant k11: Thus i kpkL2 (GR) h( ) H 1(GR00 ) k11kpkL2(GR)k kH 2(GR) k11 kpk2 + k k2 : H2 L2 2 for some constant k12.
i 2 h v H 1 (GR00 )

k12 kvk2 1(GR) + kf k2 2 (GR) + kpk2 2(GR ) + k k2 (2GR ) ; H L L H C 2 kvk2 1(GR) + kf k2 2 (GR) + kpk2 2(GR ) + k k2 (2G H L L H C kvk2 1(GR) + kf k2 2 (GR) + kpk2 2 (GR) + k k2 (2G H L L H
2
R)

for some constant C . By Lemma (3), we have

00

i 2 h v H 1 (GR00 ) i 2 h v H 1 (GR00 )

R)

kDivkH 1(GR ) C jvk2 1(GR) + kf k2 2 (GR) + kpk2 2(GR ) + k k2 (2GR) : H L L H

The proof of Lemma (4) is complete.

3.2 Regularity of Stokes and Stationary Navier-Stokes Equations

A bounded open set with boundary @ : Each point y0 2 @ has a neighborhood U equipped with a C 3 di eomorphism :T ! Rn such that U T is the preimage under U of the upper half plane xn > 0 and U @ is the preimage of xn = 0: 33

Restricting and U to the preimage of half ball in Rn containing x0 = (y0) it is easy to see that one can constant open sets Uj0 such that
r j =1

Uj0 ; U 0j Uj :

There exists j de ned in open neighborhoods of U j ; C 3 di eomorphism such that (Uj \ ) = GRj ; (Uj0 \ ) = GRj ; 0 < R0j < Rj : If u0j then GR0j and GR0j are balls. If Uj0 \ @ is not empty, then GRj and GR0j are half balls. Let us consider a partition of unity X 1 0 : j = 1; sup p j j 2 C0 (Uj ); 0 j 1;
j =1

Let u; p be a weak solution of the stokes system 4u + rp = F r:u = 0 n 1 in : We assume that u 2 (H0 ( )) and p 2 L2( ); F 2 (L2( ))n : We write r r X X u= j p: j u; p = Let us x j 2 1; 2; Let us de ne

; r and consider the pair j u; j p: We drop the index j for convenience.

j =1

j =1

v(x) = ( u)( 1(x)); q(x) = ( p)( 1(x)): The supports of v; q are included and compact in GR0 (GR0 in the case of half balls). sup p(v) = sup p( ) \ sup p(u): 1 Since 2 C0 (u0j ); sup p( ) is compact.sup p(u) is closed. Then sup p(v) is compact because the intersection of closed set and compact set is compact. sup p(q) = sup p( ) \ sup p(p) Since 2 C01(Uj0 ); sup p( ) is compact. sup p(p) is closed .Then sup p(q) is compact. Di erentiating the identity, if y = 1(x); then x = (y)
(y)u(y) = v( (y)) ! @ui (y) = @ m (y) @vi ( (y)) @ (y)u (y) @yk @yk ! m @x @yk i @ 2ui (y) + @ (y) @ui (y) 2 @yk @yk @yk 2vi 0 = @ m (y) @@ym (y) @x@ @x 0 ( (y)) @yk k m m 2 2 m @v + @@y2 (y) @x i ( (y)) @@y2m (y)ui(y) @ m (y) @um (y): @yk @yk m k k 34

@ gmk (x) = @y k ( 1(x)) m @ k ( 1(x)) @ k ( 1(x)) aij (x) = @y @ym m Since is a C 3 di eomorphism, gmk 2 C 2 and (gmk ) is an invertible matrix.Then aij is an invertible matrix and aij 6= 0. But 4is elliptic, aij is a diagonal matrix. Then @ @ det(aij ) 6= 0: 1; @yki ; @yki are continuously di erentiable with bounded derivative. Thus 1 1 there exists upper and lower bound of aij . Choose M = maxx sup; inf and M inf. Therefore aij satis es the property (3). Taking the trace in (23) we have @ k @vm = @ u : @ym @xj @yk k Thus, @ (x) = gmk @vm = @y ( 1(x))ui( 1(x)): @x
k i

We are lead to de ne thus

! @ 2ui (y) = @ m (y) @ m0 (y) @ 2vi ( (y)) + @ 2 m (y) @vi ( (y)) 2 2 @yk @yk @yk @xm@xm0 @yk @xm 2 @u 2 @ m (y) @y i (y) @ 2 (y)ui(y) @y @y
k k k

We multiply (20) by we obtain for f appropriate de ned, kf k = k F k j j kF k i h kf kL2 (GR) k1 kpkL2 ( ) + kukH 1( ) + kF kL2( ) ; for some constant k1: We apply (19).We use for in (19) the function e (x) = ( 1(x): The reason we can do this is that q(x) = e(x)p( 1(x)): Now from (27) we see that e (x) = @ ( 1(x)): e(x)u1:( 1(x)): @yk The need to consider e instead of arose from the fact that itself is not an expression in v. Now ! i ( e ) = i @ (y ) (y )u (y ) i h h @y i " # 1 @ (y + hei) (y + hei)u (y + hei) @ (y) (y)u (y) = h @y i i @yi i " 1 @ (y + hei) (y + hei)u (y + hei) @ (y) (y + hei)u (y + hei) = h @y i i @yi i @ @ + @y (y) (y + hei)ui(y + hei) @y (y) (y)ui(y + hei) i i # @ (y) (y + hei)u (y + hei) @ (y) (y)u (y) + @y i i @y
i i

35

"( ) # 1 @ (y + hei) @ (y) ( u )(y + hei) i i h ( e ) = h @y @yi i " # 1 @ (y) n (y + hei) (y)o u (y + hei) + h @y i " i # 1 @ (y) (y) nu (y + hei) u (y)o + h @y i i i ! o ni i @ i @ i i = h @y h( ui) + @y (y) h h ui + hui i i ! @ @ = dtih @y hi ( ui) + @y ih( ui) i i
i h( e i h( e

) )

L2 (GR00 ) H 1 (GR00 )

i h i h

! @ i @yi h ( ui) ! @ i h ( ui ) @yi

L2 (GR00 ) H 1 (GR00 )

Since 2 Co1(Uj0 );
i h( e i h( e

@ i + @y h( ui ) i L2 (GR00 ) i + @ h vi @yi H 1 (GR00 )

i h (vi ) H 1 (GR00 )

) )

H 1(GR00 ) H 1(GR00 )

i h

k2

! @ @ i h (ui) H 1 (GR00 ) + @y @yi i i h v H 1 (G 00 ) + kukH 1( ) ;

R

for some constant k2. Using (29) we can bootstrap in (19),we obtain h iv 2 k10 kvk2 1(GR) + kpk2 2 (GR) + kf k2 2(GR ) h H 1 (G 00 ) H L L
R

i +kpkL2 (GR) + h( e ) H 1(G 00 ) R h 2 2 2 + kpk2 2 k10 kvkH 1 + kf kL L i +kpkL2 k2 hv H 1(G 00 ) + kukH 1(

R

But

k 2 kpk2 + kuk2 k2kpkL2 kukH 1( ) L2 ( ) H 1( ) 2 i k2kpkL2 hv H 1(G 00 ) = 2k2kpkL2 kvkH 1( ) k2 kpk2 2( ) + kvk2 1( L H
R

i 2 h v H 1 (GR00 )

k10 kvk2 1 + kf k2 2 + kpk2 2 (GR) + k22 jpk2 2( ) L H L L # k2 kuk2 + k kpk2 + k kvk2 + 2 H 1 ( ) 2 L2 ( ) 2 H 1 ( ) i h k3 kvk2 1( ) + kP k2 2( ) + kuk2 1( ) + kf k2 2( ) ; H L H L
36

"

for some constant k2.

i 2 h v H 1(GR00 )

h i c kpk2 2 ( ) + kuk2 1( ) + kF k2 2( ) ; L H L

; n 1: Using Lemma(3). kDivkH 1(GR ) cE; i h where we denote E = kpk2 2( ) + kuk2 1( ) + kF k2 2( ) L H L From (31) we know that Di Dj v belongs to L2(GR) for all i; j except (i; j ) = (n; n). As in the2case of a single elliptic equation we need to use the equation to get information v about @x@n@xn . In order to do so we rst study the pressure. We shall use the expression "belongs to H 1"(resp."belongs to L2") to mean that the corresponding quantity has a norm p as a linear functional on H 1 (resp. norm in L2) bounded by c E for an appropriate We di erentiate (7) in a tangential (k < n) direction. 3v @ @ @2 @2 @ 2q gmj @x @x = @fm + aij @x@@x m@x + @x aij @x vm + @x aij @x vm @xk k j i k j i k @xj k i@xj 2aij @v 2 vm @ @ b @vm @ g @q : @ + @x @x @xm bj @x @x j @x @x @x mj @x
i k j k j k j k j @ m Since k < n and @x2kv@xj 2 L2; r 1 for ' 2 H0 (GR); we have ! ! @ 2vm ; ' = r @x @x k j @ 2 vm @xk @xj

for some constant c. where v = ( u)( 1(x)) and i = 1; 2;

2 H 1(GR);
@ 2 vm @xk @xj @ 2 vm @xk @xj

! @ 2vm ; r:' @xk@xj

L 2 ( GR ) L 2 ( GR )

kr:'kL2(GR) k'kH01(GR):

@fm ; ' @xk @ g @q ; ' @xk mj @xj

! !

= = = =

since g 2 C 2, for some constant k . 2 We infer that gmj @x@@xj belongs to H 1 (GR). k

Z @fm 'dx GR @xk Z @' 'fm j@GR fm @x dx kfm kL2 k'kH01 GR k Z @ @q gmj @x 'dx GR @xk j ! Z @ @ g dx @ g 'q j q @x ' @x mj @xk mj @GR j j kkqkL2 k'kH01(GR);

37

Since gmj is invertible, we have " @ 2q = g 1 @fm + a @ 3vm + @ a @ 2vm + @ a ij mj @x @xk @x` @xi@xk@xj @xi ij @xk@xj @xk ij # k @2 @ @ @2 @q + @x aij @vm bj @x vm @x bj @vm @x gmj @x : @xj i@xk @xj k @xj k k j belongs to H 1(GR ) for all ` = 1; 2; ; n: @q Therefore @xk 2 L2(GR); 8k = 1; 2; ; n 1: (32) @ Let us take (27) and di erentiate with respect to the normal direction @xn : 2 vm n 1 X @2 @ @ gmn @@x2 + gmk @x vm = @x ( (x)) @x gmk @vm @xk n@xk n n n k=1
2v belongs to L2(GR). From (31), Di Dj v 2 L2(GR) we have gmn @@x2m 2 L2(GR) (33) n Let us now return to equation (7). Using (31) ! X X X @ 2vm + n 1 g @q = n 1 a @ 2vm + n 1 a @ 2vm + a @ 2vm ann @x2 mj ij in @xj @xi@xn ni @xn@xi n j =1 i;j =1 @xi @xj i=1 n n X @vm X @ bj + fm + @x aij @vm i;j =1 i @xj j =1 @xj

belongs to L2(GR): Using (32) ! X X @ 2vm + g @q = n 1 a @ 2vm + n 1 a @ 2vm + a @ 2vm ann @x2 mj @x ij in @xi@xn ni @xn@xi j n i;j =1 @xi@xj i=1 n 1 X @q @ gmj @x @x aij (x) @vm bj @vm + fm @xj @xj j i j =1 belongs to L2(GR): 2v @q Multiplying by gmn and summing in m we get anngmn @@x2m +(gmn gmn ) @xn belongs to L2(GR): n 2 @q Multiplying (33) by ann we get anngmn @@xv2m 2 L2(GR ): Therefore (gmn gmn @xn 2 L2(GR): n @q Since the matrix gmn is invertible (actually gmn gmn = ann) ann @xn 2 L2(GR ): It follows that @q @q @ 2 vm 2 2 2 @xn 2 L (GR ): Therefore @xk 2 L (GR ); 8k = 1; 2; ; n: From (34), ann @x2 2 L (GR ) and n 2 vm since ann 6= 0 nally we have @@x2 2 L2(GR): (26). In order to conclude that q 2 H 1(GR). n Multiply (20) by and use (24), we have 2vi 2 2 @v amm0 @x@ @x 0 ( (y)) @@y2m (y) @x i ( (y)) + @ 2 ui(y) @yk m m m k @ @u +2 @y (y) @y i (y) + rp = F:
k k

k rpkL2(GR )

2 vi amn @x@ @x

+ 2

m0 L2 (GR ) @ @ui @yk @yk L2 (GR) + k

@ 2 m pvk 2 @yk @xm F kL2(GR)

L2 (GR )

@ 2 u (y ) 2 @yk i

L2 (GR )

38

j jkpkH 1 (GR)

c E:

kpkH 1 (GR) for some constant c and j j 6= 0: h i c2 kvkH 2 + kukH 1 + kF kL2 ]2 c kvk2 2 + kuk2 1 + kF k2 2 kpk2 1(GR) H H H h 2 i L 2 2 + kF k2 2 2 1 + kF k2 2 c kukH 1( ) + kpkH ( ) L L ( ) + kukH h 2 i c kukH 1( ) + kpk2 2( ) + kF k2 2( ) H L p 21 kpkH (GR) c E: p Similarly we have v 2 H 2(GR ) and kvkH 2(GR) c E: From the de nitions of v and p it follows that (y)u(y) 2 H 2( ) and (y)p(y) 2 H 1( ) respectively with norms bounded by p

@ + 2 @y kukH 1 + j jkF kL2 k 2 + kukH 1 + kF kL2 ] ; c kvkH

2 2 jamm jkvkH 2 + @@y2m kvkH 1 + @ 2 kukL2 @y

0

39

Bibliography
1] Avner Friedman Modern Analysis, Dover Publications,Inc, New York, 1982. 2] R E Showalter Hilbert Space Methods for Partial Di erential Equations, Pitman Publishing Limited, London, 1977. 3] Yosida, K. Functional Analysis, 6th ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1980. 4] Dunford, N and Schwartz, J, T Linear Operator Part I, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1967. 5] R.Courant and D.Hilbert Methods of Mathematical Physics I,II, Interscience, 1962.

40