Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ttl ers'
trespassi ng on the ceremoni al Camas
fel ds of t he Nez Perce l ndi ans.
Spring. Lily Family.
82
BLUE-EYED-GRASS These star l i ke bl ue or vi ol et fow
ers, with yel l ow centers, are borne at the top of sl ender,
fattened stems, a foot or more hi gh. The narrow, grassli ke
l eaves, l yi ng cl ose to the stems, give the pl ant part of
i t s name. Bl ue-eyed- grass t hrives i n
moi st meadows and open pl aces.
The si mi l ar Gol den-eyed- grass of t he
Paci fc coast i s, of cou rse, yel l ow.
Spring and summer. Iris Fami ly.
83
PI CKERELWEEDS Pi ckerel weeds grow 1 to 3 feet hi gh.
for mi ng extensi ve beds i n s hal l ows of ponds and sl uggi sh
streams. They are often found wi t h Ar r owhead (page
1 50), but the Pi ckerel weed l eaf, someti mes qui te narrow,
i s t hi ck and gl ossy, wi th a rounded base. The ri ch bl ue
fower spi ke of Pi ckerel weed i s at
tracti ve i n l i l y ponds or outdoor
aquar i a. I ts seeds ar e eaten by wi l d
ducks. -Summer and early fall. Pi ck
erel weed Fami l y.
84
LUPI NES Of about 1 50 nati ve Ameri can speci es, most
are confned to the West. Onl y one i s common i n the
Northeast. These beauti ful , fi nger- l eaved pl ants abound
i n fel ds, ar i d pl ai ns, and deserts. Some prefer moi st soi l
al ong streams. Most are l t o 2 feet hi gh, but some al pi ne
lupi nes are 6 i nches or l ess. Fi ve petal s j oi n to form the
typi cal , del i cate pea-type fl owers, whi ch grow i n bl ue,
purpl e, pi nk, whi te, and yel l ow spi kes. Di ferentl y col ored
lupi nes often grow wi t hi n the same area.
The lupi ne l eaf usual ly has 5 to 7 l eafets, r adi ati ng
from a common stal k. The hard, smooth seeds, r i peni ng
i n narrow, fattened pods, ar e a val uabl e food f or some
western gamebi rds. The pl ants, however, are poi sonous
to catt l e. Lupi nes are wi del y cul ti vated as garden fowers.
The Texas state fl ower, t he Bl uebonnet, i s a Lupi ne. Lu
pi nes and Poppi es grow together i n
Cal iforni a fel ds and foot hi l l s, cover
i ng the gr ound wi th a mantl e of bl ue
and gol d.-Spring and summer. Pea
Family.
VI PERS BUGLOSS Vi pers Bugl oss, a nati ve of Europe,
has spread over pastures, roadsi des, and waste pl aces i n
eastern Uni ted States. The l oose spi kes of t ubul ar, showy
fowers r ange in col or from bl ue to purpl e. The cl osed
buds are pi nki sh and change col or as they open. The
hai r i ness of the l ow, branchi ng stems
( 1 to 2 feet hi gh) and narrow l eaves
gives the pl ant a si l very-greeni sh
appearance. I t i s someti mes cal l ed
Bl ueweed. -Summer. Borage Family.
DAYFLOWERS About 1 0 very si mi l ar speci es of Day
fower are quite common i n ri ch, moi st soi l ar ound dwel l
i ngs, al ong stream mar gi ns and fel d borders. The fl ower,
l i ght bl ue to vi ol et, i s usual l y set i n the hol l ow of a heart
shaped l eaf. I t opens for onl y a few hours, on bri ght,
warm days. The l eaves are smooth,
shi ny, and br i ght green. Dayfowers
grow 1 to 3 feet hi gh on mul ti
branched, recl i ni ng stems. - Early
summer and fall. Spiderwort Family.
88
The fol l owi ng pl ants are covered in other secti ons of thi s
book because they are predomi nant l y of some other
col ors, but they i ncl ude one or more speci es that do ft
i nto the PU,RPLE TO BLUE col or group:
. Adderstongues
Beebal ms
Col umbi nes
Fl eabanes
Gerardi as
Gi l i as
Godeti as
Jo
e
pyeweed
loosestrifes
Mal l ows
Mari posas
Meadow Beauti es
Mi l kweeds
Mi l kworts
Morni ng-gl ori es
Monkeyfowers
Orchi ds
Page
1 1 0
1 8
28-9
48
50
20-1
27
5 1
52
30
1 25
39
53
47
23
89
36-7
Purpl e Conefowers 46
Thi stl es 34
Wi l d Gerani ums 43
89
MONKEYFLOWERS Monkeyfowers grow i n moi st
pl aces t hroughout the country. The one common eastern
speci es, pur pl i sh- bl ue i n col or, favors woodl ands. The
more numerous western speci es (general l y gol den yel l ow)
grow al ong stream mar gi ns and i n mount ai n meadows.
Monkeyfl owers are abundant i n
Yosemi te Nat i onal Park. The l eaves,
usual l y smal l and toothed, grow op
posi te on the squari sh stems, 1 to 2
feet hi gh. -Summer and fall. Figwort
Family.
90
WOODSORRELS Of about 30 speci es in the Uni ted
States onl y one (Yel l ow Woodsorrel ) i s very common. I t
i s abundant i n gardens, fel ds, and waste pl aces. The
Vi ol et Woodsorrel -someti mes grown as a potted pl ant
i s a woodl and speci es. The cl over- l i ke l eaves of al l Wood
sorrel s are di vi ded i nto threes and
notched at t hei r t i p. They s hut at
ni ght. The pl ants have a pl easant,
aci d taste. - Spring and summer.
Woodsorrel Fami l y.
BUTTERFL YWEED Butterfyweed, 1 to 3 feet hi gh, is
one of the best- known and most br i l l i ant Mi l kweeds ( page
53). No other Mi l kweed has bri ght or ange to yel l ow
fowers in fat-topped erect cl usters at t he ends of the
br anches. Besi des, Butterfyweed has a watery sap, whi l e
t hat of ot her Mi l kweeds i s mi l ky. The
stem i s usual l y hai ry. I t prefers road
si de embankments and open mead
ows. -Summer and early fall. Milk
weed Family.
92
SUNFLOWERS Of about 60 nati ve speci es of Sun
fowers, about 40 occur east of the Rocki es. The " Russi an
Sunfower, " an i mportant crop pl ant, yi el di ng val uabl e oi l
from i ts seeds, i s a variety of the Common Sunfower,
whi ch may grow up to 12 feet hi gh. The Common Sun
fower i s the Kansas state fower . Another, the Jerusal em
Arti choke, i s grown as a crop pl ant for i ts tasty, edi bl e
tubers, whi ch are cooked and eaten l i ke potatoes.
Most Sunfowers, 2 to 6 feet h i gh, grow i n open fel ds,
meadows, roadsi des. A few tol erate the shade i n wood-
93
l ands. They are al l tal l , wi th r ough, stout stems and
coarse, toothed l eaves. The fowerhead i s composed of
many ray and di sk fl owers. The di sk fl owers vary in col or
and si ze i n di ferent speci es, fr om br awn t o yel l ow or
pur pl e. The r ay fowers, sual l y
from 1 0 to 25, are yel l ow. Wi l d Sun
fower seeds are nutri ti ous and are
an i mportant food for songbi rds and
gamebi rds. -Summer and fall. Com
posite Family.
94
YELLOW CONEFLOWERS These Dai sy- l i ke fowers
are wi del y di stri buted i n fi el ds and waste pl aces, i n dry,
sandy soi l s over central and eastern Uni ted States. Thei r
i nverted, cone- l i ke centers and downward- sl opi ng rays
set them of from the Sunfowers. Most Conefl owers have
gol den- yel l ow petal s. An excepti on are the Pur pl e Cone
fowers ( page 46). The coni cal center of Conefowers i s
at fi rst green and l ater becomes brown . A number of
cu l ti vated garden fowers have been devel oped from
them.
95
The Bl ack-eyed Susan or Yel l ow Dai sy, the state fower
of Maryl and, i s perhaps the best- known Conefower. I t
has l arge, gol den fowerheads and dark purpl e centers,
borne on tal l stems, 1 to 3 feet hi gh. The Tal l Conefower,
3 to 1 0 feet hi gh, wi th several l arge fower heads on the
branchi ng stems, i s another wel l
known member of t hi s group. I t pre
fers bottoml ands or moi st woods
from New Engl and south. -Summer.
Composite Family.
96
TARWEEDS These are heavi l y-scented, sti cky pl ants of
Paci fc coast fel ds, orchards, and dry hi l l si des. Most are
sl ender, 1 to 2 feet hi gh, occasi onal l y up to 3 feet. The
l ower part of the stem has narrow l eaves. The upper part
is more or l ess branched and bears the yel l owi sh or
cream- col ored fowers. The abun
dant Common Tarweed has l arge
yel l owi sh, Dai sy- l i ke " petal s, " ri nged
wi th red. -Summer and fall. Compo
site Family.
SNEEZEWEEDS Sneezeweeds vary in hei ght, form, and
habi tat, but al l hove yel l ow fowerheods, often wi th a
dark di sk. They grow in meadows and fel ds. A very
common southern speci es, Bi tterweed, is a troubl esome
weed i n upl and postures. Cows eat-
i ng it dur i ng a forage scarci ty gi ve
bitter-tasti ng mi l k. Two of the more
attracti ve Sneezeweeds ore cul ti vot
ed. -Summer and early fall. Com
posite Family.
98
JEWELWEEDS Two speci es, al so known as Touch-me
nots, grow i n the East and 3 i n the far West. They l i ke
moi st soi l and shady pl aces and grow l to 5 feet hi gh.
The orange- or yel l ow-spurred fowers droop from sl ender
br anchl ets. The r i pe seed pods expl ode when touched,
scatteri ng thei r seeds, whi ch are
eaten by several ki nds of bi rds. The
nectar of the fower i s a favori te of
hummi ngbi rds, and the sap i s re
puted to be a treatment for poi son
i vy. -Summer and early fall. Jewel
weed Family.
99
DAYLILY Thi s fami l i ar European i mmi gr ant has spread
wi del y. I t propagates by bu l bous roots and forms l arge
col oni es i n fel ds and al ong roadsi des. The fower stal k,
2 to 5 feet hi gh, i s t opped by a number of l arge buds,
one open i n g da i l y t o bec ome a
deep orange fower. The l ong, l i near
l eaves grow at i ts base. Among the
cul ti vated vari eti es of Dayl i l y i s an
attracti ve, fragrant, yel l ow speci es.
-Summer. Lily Family.
1 00
HAWKWEEDS Some 50 speci es of Hawkweeds, both
nati ve and natural i zed from Europe, are wi del y di stri b
uted. They prefer dry cl eari ngs, pastures, and roadsi des.
The erect unbranched, hai ry stem (1 to 3 feet hi gh) bears
yel l ow, orange, or reddish fowerheads at t he top. At
the base i s a rosette of hai ry l eaves.
The attracti ve Rattl esnakeweed i s a
Hawkweed of open, eastern wood
l ands. -Summer to early fall. Com
posite Family.
1 01
BUTTERCUPS There are about 40 speci es of Buttercups
in the Uni ted States, di stri buted wi del y in l ow moi st pl aces,
meadows, and marshes. A few even grow submerged i n
water. Some ar e creepers, but most ar e erect and br anch
i ng. They al l have shi ny, "varn i shed, " butter-yel l ow petal s
(occasi onal l y whi te), encl osi ng nu
mer ous stamens. The Bul b Butter cup
has adapted itsel f to l awns and
meadows. -Spring to fall. Crowfoot
Family.
1 02
CALI FORNI A POPPY The Cal iforni a Poppy, state
fower of Cal iforni a, i s one of the best- known western
fowers. I t i s abundant i n val l eys and foothi l l s of the
Paci fc coast and i n parts of the Rocki es, cover i ng l arge
areas wi th orange- gol den fowers, whi ch open dur i ng
the day. I t i s al so cul t ivated i n hor
ti cul t ur al for ms that vary i n col or t o
pi nk, cream, or whi te. -Spring. Pop
py Family.
DANDELI ONS These common European weeds have
spread to nearl y every l awn. However, they ofer some
compensati on. Thei r roots contai n a drug used i n treati ng
the l i ver. The l eaves, very ri ch i n vi tami ns, are pri zed for
spri ng sal ads, and wi ne i s made from t he fowers. The
nati ve western Dandel i ons are al so
"honey" pl ants. Thei r seeds are eat
en extensi vely by bi rds. -Spring to
fall. Composite Family.
1 04
GOLDENRODS Some 1 25 speci es of Gol denrods grow
i n this country. Al l of them ore nati ve and most ore found
i n the East. Whi l e Gol denrods ore easy t o recogni ze,
speci es i denti fcati on i s di fcul t. Note the form of the basal
l eaves if you wont to be sure what Gol denrod you have
found. Goldenrods prefer open l ocati ons i n meadows
and fel ds and al ong roadsi des. A few ore adopted to
marshes, sandy beaches, deserts, and mountai ns. I n the
East, where they cover acre after acre i n the fal l , Gol den
rods ore very i mpressi ve. As a cause of hoyfever, they ore
not as obnoxi ous as is general l y bel i eved. The Ragweeds
cause pol l en-sensi ti ve peopl e much more suferi ng t han
do Gol denrods.
Gol denrods are general l y 2 to 4 feet hi gh, t hough some
occasi onal l y grow twi ce that hi gh. The stem i s often stout,
br anchi ng consi derabl y near the top. The tiny fower cl us
ters range from deep yel l ow i n the Showy and Seasi de
Gol denrods to pal er yel l ows and creamy whi te i n the
Si l verrod or White Gol denrod. Many ki nds are hai ry
and coarse; others, l i ke the Sl ender and Lance- l eaved
1 05
Gol denrods, are del i cate. Gol denrods usual l y have a
pungent odor, but several are pl easi ngl y fragr ant and
one, Sweet Gol denrod, i s ani se-scented. The l eaves of t hi s
speci es have been dri ed and used l ocal l y as a t ea or
toni c. Try i t; i t i s common through
out the East. Gol denrod i s the state
fower of Al abama, Kentucky, and
Nebraska. -Summer and fall. Com
posite Family.
1 06
RABBI TBRUSHES These resi nous wester n pl ants, wi th
thei r masses of smal l yel l ow fowers i n fati sh cl usters,
may be mistaken for Gol denrod, a near rel ati ve. The
l eaves are narrow and el ongated. Rabbi tbrushes grow
i n shrubby cl umps, about 3 feet hi gh. Over 70 speci es
make up a l arge part of the vegeta
ti on of our ari d pl ai ns, fur ni shi ng
food and cover for rabbits, deer and
antel ope, and other wi l dl ife. -Sum
mer and fal l . Composite Family.
STI CKTI GHTS Sti ckti ghts are common. Thei r fami l i ar
brown, pronged seeds attach themsel ves t o your cl othi ng
dur i ng a wal k i n fel ds or al ong roadsi des. The pl ants are
erect and br anched, 2 to 3 feet hi gh. The fowerheads
consi st of many t ubul ar forets-yel l ow, browni sh- yel l ow,
or green-usual l y wi th a seri es of
petal - l i ke, yel l ow ray fowers al ong
the out er margi n. Beggarti cks and
Bur Mari gol ds bel ong here. -Sum
mer and fall. Composite Family.
1 08
ST. JOHNSWORTS Some of these common pl ants,
wi th bri ght, vari ed-si zed yel l ow fowers, have come to us
from Asi a by way of Europe. They grow 4 i nches to 6 feet
tal l a l ong roadsi des, i n moist, open l ands, and even above
the ti mber l i ne. The erect stems someti mes br anch very
much near the top. The l eaves grow
opposite, cl aspi ng the stem. Some
are spotted wi th t i ny, transparent
dots. -Summer and early fall. St.
Johnswort Family.
YELLOW CLOVERS The yel l ow-fowered Hop and Bur
Cl overs are r el ated to t he r ed, pi nk, and white speci es
(pages 24-25). These l ow pl ants, onl y a few i nches hi gh,
gr ow i n l awns, orchards, fel ds, and roadsi des. The two
Hop Cl overs have tiny, co
m
pact fowerheads. Bur Cl over
has only 2 or 3 fowers i n a c l uster,
whi ch mat ures i nto coi l ed, bur - l i ke
seed pods wi th t i ny curved hooks.
-Spring and early summer. Pea
Family.
1 1 0
ADDERSTONGUES The del i ghtf ul Adderstongues are
l ow pl ants, 5 to 1 0 i nches hi gh, of moi st woodl ands and
mountai ns. The pai r of mottl ed l eaves, wi th a noddi ng,
6-parted fower-yel l ow, vi ol et, or whi te-ri si ng on a short
stal k between them, is characteri sti c.
Adderstongues grow from smal l
bul bs, whi ch ar e edi bl e when cook
ed. Western speci es are al so known
as Aval anche Li l i es. -Spring Lily
Family.
1 1 1
YELLOW ORCHI DS These Yel l ow Orchi ds bel ong wi th
the wel l - known speci es on pages 36-37. The Yel l ow Lady
s l i pper i s wi despread i n ri ch, moi st woodl ands. The Yel
l ow-fri nged Orchi ds bear smal l cl usters of feathery,
orange fowers on erect stal ks. Though qui te diferent
from the Ladysl i pper, they too have
al l the grace and rare beauty of the
Orchi d Fami l y. Fri nged Orchi ds are
al so whi te, pi nk and purpl e. -
Spring and summer. Orchid Family.
1 1 2
YELLOW VI OLETS These i ncl ude one of t he tal l est of
the Vi ol ets (Downy Yel l ow Vi ol et, 6 to 1 8 i nches hi gh) . Al l
Yel l ow Vi ol ets have heart-shaped l eaves and t he typi cal
vi ol et fower borne on rather short stems. Fl owers are a
pal e to l i ght yel l ow, someti mes streaked wi th brown or
purpl e. Hai ry stems and l eaves mar k
t he Downy Ye l l ow Vi ol et . The
smooth Yel l ow Vi ol et has more
l eaves than the Downy Yel l ow.
Spring. Violet Family.
1 1 3
EVENI NG PRI MROSES Some Eveni ng Pri mroses open
i n the l ate afternoon (as thei r name i mpl i es) and cl ose t he
next morni ng. The fowers vary i n si ze from moderate t o
l arge and, t hough general l y pure yel l ow, range to pi nk
or white i n some speci es. The pl ants usual l y have a rosette
of toothed l eaves and, in a few
speci es, there i s no erect stem. I n
others, t h e stems are 1 t o 4 feet hi gh.
-Summer and early fall. Evening
Primrose Family.
GROUNDSELS About 50 native speci es of Seneci o,
known as Groundsel , Ragwort, and Squaw-weed, usual l y
grow on t he open pl ai ns. They are herbs, wi th yel l ow
fl owes in fat-topped c lusters at the ends of stems, some
thi ng
.
l i ke t hose of a Yel l ow Aster. Some have s i mpl e, erect
stems. Others br anch at the base or
above. The l eaves al ternate on the
stem-some hai ry, some poi nted,
some di vi ded i nto narrow l obes.
Summer, fall, and wi nter. Composite
Family.
1 15
FOXGLOVES These erect, branched pl ants, 2 to 4 feet
tal l , grow i n open eastern woodl ands. The 1 0 speci es al l
have l arge, showy, yel l ow, t ubul ar, 5- petal ed fowers.
The l eaves are opposi te; some are fi nel y di vi ded. The
seeds of some speci es are wi nged. Foxgl oves are root
parasi tes. They become attached to
roots of trees and so gai n part of
thei r nouri shment. The Gerardi as
( page 50) wi th purpl e fowers are
cl ose rel ati ves. - Late summer to
early fall. Fi gwort Family.
1 1 6
WI NTERCRESS The 4-petal ed fowers show that these
pl ants bel ong wi th the many speci es of European and
nati ve Mustards. Other Mustards al so have yel l ow fowers
i n smal l c l usters. Wi ntercress or Yel l ow Rocket i s cul ti vated
abroad as a sal ad pl ant. The smooth stem, 1 to 2 feet
hi gh, bears cut and l obed l eaves.
The seed pods are 4-angl ed; 1 to 3
i nches l ong. -Spring and summer.
Mustard Family.
1 1 7
CI NQUEFOI LS The shi ny gol den Ci nquefoi l s, or Fi ve
fngers, bri ghten pastures, meadows, hi l l s, and roadsi des.
Common speci es are creepers, though a n umber grow
erect or even shr ub- l i ke, 1 to 3 feet hi gh. The toothed,
strawberry- l i ke l eaves are 3- or 5- l obed. There are over
1 00 s peci es of Ci nquefoi l , most l y i n
cool er areas. Fl owers, besi des yel
l ow, are white, red, and purpl e.
Summer and early fall. Rose Family.
1 1 8
MULLEI NS Great Mul l ei n is a very common European
pl ant of roadsi des, fi el ds, and dry waste pl aces. The
fower stal k i s a stout, erect candel abra, 2 to 7 feet tal l ,
wi th a basal rosette of l arge soft, hai ry l eaves. The 5- pet
al ed, l i ght yel l ow fowers open a few at a ti me, in a
branched spi ke. The smal l er Moth
Mul l ei n i s more s l ender, wi th smooth
l eaves and yel l ow, whi te, or pi nk
- fowers. -Summer and fall. Figwort
Family.
PARTRI DGE-PEAS These semi tropi cal pl ants have fern
l i ke l eaves and gol den yel l ow fowers. A dozen or so
speci es occur, most of them i n the South i n fel ds, road
si des, and waste pl aces. They are al so known as Sensi ti ve
Pl ants and Bee- bl ossom. The del i -
cate, compound l eaves, control l ed
by an un usual mechani sm, fol d s l ow
l y when touched. The hard seeds are
eat en by quai L-Summer and fall.
Senna Family.
1 20
BUTTER-AND-EGGS Butter- and- eggs, ori gi nal l y from
Europe, has spread over northern fel ds, pastures, road
si des, and ci ty l ots. The erect stems, 6 to 30 i nches hi gh,
are topped by yel l ow and or ange 2- l i pped fowers,
spurred at the base. Were these very bri ght, attracti ve
fowers rarer, they woul d arouse
greater admi rati on. The l eaves are
narrow, al ternate, and gray-green
i n col or. -Summer and early fall.
Figwort Family.
BELLWORTS These gracef ul pl ants grow from under
ground stems i n ri ch woods and bottoml ands. The nod
di ng, straw-col ored or l emon-yel l ow, bel l - shaped fowers
hang from t he sl ender stem, whi ch i s 6 to 1 8 i nches hi gh.
Bel ow t he fowers are l ance-shaped
l eaves, whi ch i n one of t he two com
mon eastern speci es are pi erced by
the stem. The seeds are in a 3-parted
capsul e. -Spring and early summer.
Li l y Family.
1 22
CREAMCUPS Thi s western fower grows i n moi st fel ds,
meadows, and hi l l si des. I t i s especi al l y abundant al ong
the Paci fc coast, where i t may cover enti re fel ds. As i ts
name i mpl i es, thi s pl ant has creamy-yel l ow, 6- petal ed
cup- l i ke fowers, borne on t hi n, l eafess stal ks. Creamcups
are low pl ants wi th nar row, hai ry
l eaves. The seeds devel op in narrow
,
poppy- l i ke pods. - Spring. Poppy
Family.
1 23
ERI OGONUMS Most of thi s l arge western gr oup of
about 200 s peci es have wi del y branched, umbrl l a- l i ke
c l usters of s mal l , yel l ow, white, pi nk, or orange- red fow
ers. The smal l l eaves are usual l y confi ned to a basal
rosette ar ound the l eafl ess stem, l to 3 feet hi gh. These
pl ants favor dry pl ai ns and pl ateaus.
A desert speci es wi th an i nfated stem
i s known as Desert Tr umpet. -Spring
to early summer. Buckwheat Family.
1 24
The fol l owi ng pl ants are covered in other secti ons of thic
book because they are predomi nant l y of some other
col ors, but they i ncl ude one or more speci es that do fl t
into the ORANGE TO YELLOW col or gr oup:
Bl ue-eyed-grass
Brodi eas
Cl overs
Col umbi nes
Gi l i as
Gromwel l s
lupi nes
Mal l ows
Mari posas
Mi l kworts
Orchi ds
Pai ntedcups
Pri ckl ypoppi es
Spi derfowers
Sweetc l overs
Vi ol ets
Page
82
61
24-5
28-9
20-1
1 41
84-5
30
1 25
47
36-7
26
1 51
35
1 42
64-5
1 25
MARI POSAS These graceful whi te, yel l ow, and l i l ac
fowers, up to 1 foot hi gh, grow i n meadows and hi l l si des.
They are common, often bl anketi ng desert foothi l l s in t he
spr i ng. The t ul i p- l i ke fower, sl ender stem, and grassl i ke
l eaves are characteri sti c, as are the smal l edi bl e bul bs,
used by the I ndi ans. They ar e known
al so as Mari posa l i l y, Mari posa Tul i p,
or Segol i l y. The l atter, a whi te spe
ci es, i s the Utah state fower. -Spring
and summer. Lily Family.
1 26
DUTCHMANS-BREECHES Thi s is a fragrant, attractive
pl ant of ri ch eastern woods, often found wi th Spri ng
Beaut y and Yel l ow Adderstongue. The 4 to 8 cream t o
pi nk fowers hang on a sl ender stal k 6 to 1 2 i nches hi gh,
thei r doubl e- spurred cor ol l a stai ned wi th yel l ow. The
l eaves are al most fer n- l i ke. Another
speci es, Squi rrel Corn, has a si ngl e
spurred fl ower, si mi l ar to t hat of
the wester n Bl eedi ng- heart. -Spring.
Fumitory Family.
27
MEADOWRUES These tol l ( 1 to 7 feet), statel y pl ants
prefer meadows, rich woodl and borders, and other moi st,
open pl aces. There ore sever al speci es; those of the West
ore s mal l er t han the eastern ones. I n summer the upper
pdrt of the pl ant i s covered wi th mosses of smal l white or
greeni sh-whi te star l i ke fowers. The
l eaves, dai nti l y di vi ded i nto sub
groups of 3 l eafets, make the pl ants
even more ottrocti ve. -Summer to
early fall. Crowfoot Family.
RUE ANEMONE Thi s is a l ow (5 to 12 i nches), del i cate
woodl and pl ant with attractive, compound l eaves. Its
fowers, arranged i n cl usters of 2 or 3 on a sl ender stal k,
are usual l y white, someti mes ti nged wi th pi nk. The smal l ,
rounded, deep green leaves are l ong-stemmed and are
divided i nto groups of 3, resembl i ng
the fol i age of Meadowrue. Rue Ane
mone is common i n open woods.
Spring. Crowfoot Family.
BUGBANES These tal l herbs, 4 to 6 feet hi gh, of ri ch,
open woodl ands go under such names as Cohosh, Bl ack
Snakeroot, and Fai ry-candl es. The ti ny, whi te, feathery
bl ooms branch i n spi re- l i ke cl usters. Thei r unpl easant,
stal e odor attracts fl i es, whi ch pol l i nate the pl ant. The
l arge, compound l eaves are di vi ded
i nto shar pl y-toothed l eafets. The
frui t i s a many-seeded, purpl e cap
sul e. -Summer. Crowfoot Family.
SAXI FRAGES Most Saxi frages have mats of toothed,
rounded l eaves, growi ng at the base of bare, erect fower
stal ks, 2 to 1 5 i nches hi gh. They are often hai ry or sti cky.
The smal l whi te to greeni sh fowers are 5- petal ed, i n fat
ti sh c l usters. Many Saxi frages are northern pl ants of moi st
meadows and mountai n sl opes.
Some are common i n eastern wood
l ands. The roots were used as medi
ci ne. -