Eca SW

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering
ECA Lab
1. COMMON EMMITER AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE: 1. To simulate the common emitter amplifier using P-spice software and study the transient and frequency response. 2. To determine the phase relationship between the input and output voltages by performing the transient analysis. 3. To determine the maximum gain, 3db gain, lower and upper cut off frequencies and bandwidth of CE amplifier by performing AC analysis. SOFTWARE TOOL: P- Spice/ Multisim- 10 / THEORY: The practical circuit of CE amplifier is shown in the figure. It consists of different circuit components. The function of these components is as follows: (i) Biasing Circuit: The resistances R1, R2 and RE form the voltage divider biasing circuit for the CE amplifier. It sets the proper operating point for the CE amplifier. (ii) Input Capacitor C1: The capacitor couples the signal to the transistor. It blocks any DC component present in the signal and passes, only AC signal for amplification. Because of this, biasing conditions are maintained constant. (iii) Emitter Bypass Capacitor CE: An emitter bypass capacitor is connected in parallel with the emitter resistance RE, to provide a low resistance path to amplified AC signal. If it is not inserted, the amplified AC signal passing through RE will cause a voltage drop across it. This will reduce output voltage, reducing the gain of CE amplifier. (iv) Coupling Capacitor C2: The coupling capacitor couples the output of the amplifier to the load or to the next stage amplifier circuit. It blocks DC and passes only AC part of the amplified signal. OPERATION: When positive half cycle of the signal is applied the voltage between base and emitter (VBE) is increased because it is already positive with respect to ground. So forward bias is increased i.e., the base current is increased. Due to transistor action the collector current IC is increased times. When this current flows through RC, the drop across RC is ICRC increases considerably. As a consequence of this, the voltage between collector and emitter (VCE) decreases. In this way, amplified voltage appears across RC. Therefore the positive going input signal appears as negative going output signal i.e., there is a phase shift of 180 between input and output.
Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology Page 1
ECA Lab
PROCEDURE: 1. SCHEMATIC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the components form the symbol library and place it on Schematic window. The selected symbol is displayed on the screen in red. Move the symbol to the desired location using the mouse. User can change the view of most symbols by performing the following operations: rotate, mirrors and flip. Wires and junctions are used to wire together parts and indicate electrical connection. To draw a wire, select the wire menu command, move the cursor to the wire starting position and click the left mouse button or press enter. Now you can move the other end of wire to the desired location. The junction symbol (a large dot) indicates an electrical connection between wires or between a wire and a part pin. Most parts (components) require to specify following set of attributes by user: reference name, value or model name and optional parameters. User can also change the attributes by double-clicking on a part on the schematic. Once circuit designing completes, the circuit has to be analyzed. To simulate a circuit, select the Analysis/Run Simulation from menu list of Schematic option. If there are any errors during the simulation the simulator writes any applicable error messages to the simulation output files. Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any. 2. CIRCUIT FILE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The spice circuit file (default file name with extension .cir) is the input file for the simulator program. This is a text file, which contains the circuit netlist, simulation command and device model statement. Write the circuit file for the given schematic assuming the node numbers. Save the circuit file. To simulate the circuit file, select the analysis/Run simulation from the menu list of circuit file option. If there are any errors during the simulation, the simulator writes any applicable error messages to simulation output file.
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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology
ECA Lab
6. 7. 8. 9.
Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT FILE: Rs R1 R2 Rc Re RL C1 Ce C2 Vs Vcc Q1 1 3 0 5 0 0 2 0 5 1 4 5 2 4 3 4 6 7 8 6 7 0 0 8 500 47K 5K 10K 2K 10K 1u 10uF 1uF AC 10m SIN 0 10m 1K 12V 6 2n2222
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ECA Lab
EXPECTED GRAPH:
INFERENCE: 1. From the transient analysis the phase relationship between input and output is found to be _________ and the output amplitude is __________ for and input of ________. From AC analysis the following observations are made: Maximum Gain (absolute) Maximum Gain (dB) 3dB gain Lower cut off frequency (fL or f1)
Upper cut off frequency (fH or f2) Bandwidth (f2 f1)
2.
: : : :
: :
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ECA Lab
2. COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE: 1. To simulate the common emitter amplifier using P-spice software and study the transient and frequency response. 2. To determine the phase relationship between the input and output voltages by performing the transient analysis. 3. To determine the maximum gain, 3db gain, lower and upper cut off frequencies and bandwidth of CE amplifier by performing AC analysis. SOFTWARE TOOL: Top Spice/Multisim/Microsim/P-Spice student version
THEORY: The practical circuit for common source amplifier which uses self biasing is shown in figure. The resistors RG, RD and RS provide stable operating point over a wide range of temperatures and transfer characteristics. The capacitors C1, C2 blocks the dc components present in signal. Capacitor CS connected in parallel with source resistor RS provides low resistance path such that output gain is increased. The operating point for the FET should be so chosen that it lies in pinch-off region, to act FET as an amplifier.
PROCEDURE: 1. SCHEMATIC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the components form the symbol library and place it on Schematic window. The selected symbol is displayed on the screen in red. Move the symbol to the desired location using the mouse. User can change the view of most symbols by performing the following operations: rotate, mirrors and flip. Wires and junctions are used to wire together parts and indicate electrical connection. To draw a wire, select the wire menu command, move the cursor to the wire starting position and click the left mouse button or press enter. Now you can move the other end of wire to the desired location. The junction symbol (a large dot) indicates an electrical connection between wires or between a wire and a part pin. Most parts (components) require to specify following set of attributes by user: reference name, value or model name and optional parameters. User can also change the attributes by double-clicking on a part on the schematic. Once circuit designing completes, the circuit has to be analyzed.
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6. 7. 8. 9.
ECA Lab
10. 11.
To simulate a circuit, select the Analysis/Run Simulation from menu list of Schematic option. If there are any errors during the simulation the simulator writes any applicable error messages to the simulation output files.
12. 13. 14. 15.
Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any. 2. CIRCUIT FILE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
The spice circuit file (default file name with extension .cir) is the input file for the simulator program. This is a text file, which contains the circuit netlist, simulation command and device model statement. Write the circuit file for the given schematic assuming the node numbers. Save the circuit file. To simulate the circuit file, select the analysis/Run simulation from the menu list of circuit file option. If there are any errors during the simulation, the simulator writes any applicable error messages to simulation output file. Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any.
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ECA Lab
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT FILE:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
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ECA Lab
2.
: : : :
: :
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ECA Lab
3. TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE: 1. To simulate Two stage RC coupled amplifier using P-spice software and study the transient and frequency response. 2. To determine the phase relationship between the input and output voltages by performing the transient analysis. 3. To determine the maximum gain, 3db gain, lower and upper cut off frequencies and bandwidth of Two stage RC coupled amplifier by performing AC analysis. SOFTWARE TOOL: Top Spice/Multisim/Microsim/P-Spice student version THEORY: The practical circuit of Two stage RC coupled amplifier is shown in the figure. It consists of different circuit components. The function of these components is as follows: (i) Biasing Circuit: The resistances R1, R2, RE1, R3, R4 and RE2 form the voltage divider biasing circuit for amplifier. It sets the proper operating point for the amplifier. (ii) Input Capacitor C1: The capacitor couples the signal to the transistor. It blocks any DC component present in the signal and passes, only AC signal for amplification. Because of this, biasing conditions are maintained constant. (iii) Emitter Bypass Capacitor CE: An emitter bypass capacitor is connected in parallel with the emitter resistance RE, to provide a low resistance path to amplified AC signal. If it is not inserted, the amplified AC signal passing through RE will cause a voltage drop across it. This will reduce output voltage, reducing the gain of CE amplifier. (iv) Coupling Capacitor C2 and C3: The coupling capacitor couples the output of the amplifier to the load or to the next stage amplifier circuit. Here, in this circuit C2 couples the output of 1st stage to 2nd stage whereas C3 couples the signal to load. Both blocks DC and passes only AC part of the amplified signal. OPERATION: When positive half cycle of the signal is applied the voltage between base and emitter (VBE1) is increased because it is already positive with respect to ground. So forward bias is increased i.e., the base current is increased. Due to transistor action the collector current IC1 is increased times. When this current flows through RC1, the drop across RC1
Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology Page 9
ECA Lab
is IC1RC1 increases considerably. As a consequence of this, the voltage between collector and emitter (VCE1) decreases. In this way, amplified voltage appears across RC1. Therefore the positive going input signal appears as negative going output signal i.e., there is a phase shift of 180 between input and output of 1st stage. The same process occurs at the second stage and at the output of second stage is an amplified signal which is in phase with the input signal applied, i.e., phase shift of 360 between input and 2nd stage output. PROCEDURE: 1. SCHEMATIC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the components form the symbol library and place it on Schematic window. The selected symbol is displayed on the screen in red. Move the symbol to the desired location using the mouse. User can change the view of most symbols by performing the following operations: rotate, mirrors and flip. Wires and junctions are used to wire together parts and indicate electrical connection. To draw a wire, select the wire menu command, move the cursor to the wire starting position and click the left mouse button or press enter. Now you can move the other end of wire to the desired location. The junction symbol (a large dot) indicates an electrical connection between wires or between a wire and a part pin. Most parts (components) require to specify following set of attributes by user: reference name, value or model name and optional parameters. User can also change the attributes by double-clicking on a part on the schematic. Once circuit designing completes, the circuit has to be analyzed. To simulate a circuit, select the Analysis/Run Simulation from menu list of Schematic option. If there are any errors during the simulation the simulator writes any applicable error messages to the simulation output files. Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any. 2. CIRCUIT FILE The spice circuit file (default file name with extension .cir) is the input file for the simulator program.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
1.
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ECA Lab
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
This is a text file, which contains the circuit netlist, simulation command and device model statement. Write the circuit file for the given schematic assuming the node numbers. Save the circuit file. To simulate the circuit file, select the analysis/Run simulation from the menu list of circuit file option. If there are any errors during the simulation, the simulator writes any applicable error messages to simulation output file. Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT FILE:
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ECA Lab
EXPECTED GRAPH:
2.
: : : :
: :
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ECA Lab
4. CURRENT SHUNT AND VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
AIM: 1. To simulate the current shunt feedback amplifier using P-spice software and study the transient and frequency response. 2. To determine the maximum gain, 3db gain, lower and upper cut off frequencies and bandwidth of amplifier by performing AC analysis. 3. To determine the effect of feedback on gain and bandwidth.
SOFTWARE TOOL: Top Spice/Multisim/Microsim/P-Spice student version
THEORY: The circuit of current shunt feedback amplifier is shown in figure. In this the output current Io is fed back to the input, as a current in parallel with the input current Ii with a feedback factor = If/ Io. This amplifier is also known as Current Amplifier. If there is no feedback the gain of the amplifier is A = IO/II. The output signal obtained is 360 phase shifted with input.
PROCEDURE: 1. SCHEMATIC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the components form the symbol library and place it on Schematic window. The selected symbol is displayed on the screen in red. Move the symbol to the desired location using the mouse. User can change the view of most symbols by performing the following operations: rotate, mirrors and flip. Wires and junctions are used to wire together parts and indicate electrical connection. To draw a wire, select the wire menu command, move the cursor to the wire starting position and click the left mouse button or press enter. Now you can move the other end of wire to the desired location. The junction symbol (a large dot) indicates an electrical connection between wires or between a wire and a part pin. Most parts (components) require to specify following set of attributes by user: reference name, value or model name and optional parameters. User can also change the attributes by double-clicking on a part on the schematic.
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6. 7. 8.
ECA Lab
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Once circuit designing completes, the circuit has to be analyzed. To simulate a circuit, select the Analysis/Run Simulation from menu list of Schematic option. If there are any errors during the simulation the simulator writes any applicable error messages to the simulation output files. Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any. 2. CIRCUIT FILE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
CIRCUIT FILE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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ECA Lab
EXPECTED GRAPH:
INFERENCE: 1. 2. From the transient analysis the phase relationship between input and output is found to be _________ and the output amplitude is __________ for and input of ________. From AC analysis the following observations are made: Maximum Gain (absolute) Maximum Gain (dB) 3dB gain Lower cut off frequency (fL or f1) : : : :
3.
4.
Upper cut off frequency (fH or f2) : Bandwidth (f2 f1) : Gain*Bandwidth : Gain with feedback : Gain without feedback : Gain _______________ due to feedback. Bandwidth with feedback : Bandwidth without feedback : Bandwidth _____________ due to feedback.
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ECA Lab
7. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING TRANSISTORS

OBJECTIVE: 1. To simulate RC phase shift oscillator using P-spice software and study the transient response. 2. To determine the frequency of oscillations and compare its value with theoretical value. SOFTWARE TOOL: Top Spice/Multisim/Microsim/P-Spice student version THEORY: The circuit of RC phase shift oscillator is shown. It consist of a CE amplifier stage followed by cascaded arrangement of capacitors and resistors. The output of last RC combination is fed back to the base of transistor. If the loading of phase shift network is neglected; the amplifier will provide a 180 phase shift to any voltage appearing at the basr and the RC network shifts the phase by an additional amount which s precisely equal to 180 i.e. the total phase shift between input and output is 0, thereby satisfying Barkhausen criteria. The phase shift ; given by each RC section is = . If R is made zero, then phase shift becomes 90. But making R=0 is impractical because if R=0, then voltage across it will become zero. Therefore in practice the value of R is adjusted such that =60. If the value of R and C ar chosen such that, for given frequency fr the phase shift of each section is 60. Thus such a RC ladder network produces a total phase shift of 180 between its input and output voltages for given frequency.
PROCEDURE: 1. SCHEMATIC 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the components form the symbol library and place it on Schematic window. The selected symbol is displayed on the screen in red. Move the symbol to the desired location using the mouse. User can change the view of most symbols by performing the following operations: rotate, mirrors and flip. Wires and junctions are used to wire together parts and indicate electrical connection. To draw a wire, select the wire menu command, move the cursor to the wire starting position and click the left mouse button or press enter. Now you can move the other end of wire to the desired location. The junction symbol (a large dot) indicates an electrical connection between wires or between a wire and a part pin.
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6.
ECA Lab
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Most parts (components) require to specify following set of attributes by user: reference name, value or model name and optional parameters. User can also change the attributes by double-clicking on a part on the schematic. Once circuit designing completes, the circuit has to be analyzed. To simulate a circuit, select the Analysis/Run Simulation from menu list of Schematic option. If there are any errors during the simulation the simulator writes any applicable error messages to the simulation output files. Basically three different circuit analyses can be performed: DC, AC (Frequency Response) and Transient response. Before simulation, user has to do analysis setup. Once analysis set is over, then perform Run simulation. From the analysis, plot the desired graphs, note the readings from the pots and do calculation if any. 2. CIRCUIT FILE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
CIRCUIT FILE:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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ECA Lab
EXPECTED GRAPH:
INFERENCE: Theoritical value: f = 1/ (2 RC (6+4K), where K = Rc/R Practicle value:
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ECA Lab
9. CLASS B COMPLIMENTARY SYMMETRY POWER AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE: To simulate Class B Complimentary Symmetry power amplifier using P-spice software and calculate its efficiency. SOFTWARE TOOL: Top Spice/Multisim/Microsim/P-Spice student version THEORY: Power amplifiers are built using different circuit configurations with the sole purpose of delivering maximum undistorted power to a load. The drawback of class-A amplifier that its efficiency is low and the limitation of class-B in push pull arrangement is use of two transformer (limits frequency response) and distortion in output, are overcome by complimentary symmetry amplifier. The practical circuit of Class-B complimentary circuit is shown in figure. Each one of the transistors acts as emitter follower, with emitters connected together. They are biased to cutoff. During the positive half cycle, the npn transistor conducts and pnp transistor is cutoff. During negative half, the pnp transistor conducts. Therefore when the output is tapped through RL we get a complete amplified waveform of the input signal. The two transistors compliments each other and the circuit is symmetrical; hence the name complimentary-symmetry amplifier. The amplifier may be operated under class A or class B conditions. PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Drag and drop the require component models from the library of spice tool. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram. Assign the values to the components. Apply 3V and 10 KHz sinusoidal ac input signal. Perform the transient analysis by making setup of step time as 0seconds and stop time as 1millisecond. Calculate efficiency of the amplifier. By varying input voltage as 5V, 10V repeat 5th and 6th steps.
CIRCUIT FILE:
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ECA Lab
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
EXPECTED GRAPH:
CALCULATIONS: When AC input voltage VIN = 1V, Vcc = 23V Input dc power = Irms = Iac/ Output power Pac = (Vac*Iac)/2 Efficiency = Pac/Pdc *100
INFERENCE:
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ECA Lab
The overall efficiency of class-B complimentary symmetry power amplifier is calculated as ___________. It is observed that as input voltage is increased the crossover distortion is reduced.
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Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

1. COMMON EMMITER AMPLIFIER

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

2. COMMON SOURCE AMPLIFIER

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

12. 13. 14. 15.

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

3. TWO STAGE RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

4. CURRENT SHUNT AND VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

SOFTWARE TOOL: Top Spice/Multisim/Microsim/P-Spice student version

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

7. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING TRANSISTORS

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

INFERENCE: Theoritical value: f = 1/ (2 RC (6+4K), where K = Rc/R Practicle value:

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

9. CLASS B COMPLIMENTARY SYMMETRY POWER AMPLIFIER

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Vishnu Sree Institute of Technology

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