DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Unit I Database: A collection of inter-related relevant data stored together to serve multiple application. DBMS: A collection ofprograms for processing the database. DBMS consists of hardware, software, data, users, and procedures. Hardware:System used for keeping and accessing the database. Software:Actual database management system e.g., oracle,SQL server, MS access, Informix, Sybase, IBM DB2, Universal Database. Data: set of facts represented in a database is called universe of discourse(UOD). User: who can access or retrieve data in demand, DBA, end users, application programmer. Procedure:Integral part of system that control the behaviour of the system. Data is a heart of the DBMS. There are 2 kinds of data: 1. Collection of information needed by organisation. 2. Metadata is information about the database. This information is usually kept in a data dictionary orcatalog. y y y System may be multiuser or single user, the data are usually both integrated and shared and database may be centralized or distributed. Twotier system, different software is required for the server and for the client. Three-tier system, add middleware which provides a way for clients of one database management system to access data from another DBMS.

DBMS Server client

DBMS server client 1

Data Single tier

Data client 2 Two tier Three tire DBMS server DBMS server

Data

Data

 Distributed database management system can be implemented in several ways. Connection of mode in distributed system may be connected in a ring or a network model.

Components of DBMS

Transaction of source Schema into object schema

Data description language (DDL)

source schema

Set of procedure for adding, modifying and retrieving data

a sequence of procedure calls

A query language translator

queries written in a source long

 A DBMS creates and maintain a database loads and manipulates data within a db. 1. Procedure- translates schema and adding new data into the database and modifying and retrieving data from the database. 2. Query language translator translate query in source language to sequence of procedure call for retrieving data from the db. 3. DDL translate schema in source language into object schema. 4. System software modules for file and buffer management, report generation, controls unnecessary, recovery from feature and to enforce security.

Organisation of database A database is organized in 3 independent levels: 1. Physical storage organisation (internal) 2. Overall logical organisation (conceptual) 3. Programmer logical organisation based on the overall logical organisation (external view schema)

View of system Programmer or designer Physical storage organization

Represented by physical data layout

Conversion by DBMS software View of DBA and system analysist Overall logical organization Represented by schema

Conversion by DBMS software View of application porgrammer Programmer logical organization Represented by subschema

Conversion by application program View of terminal User Program and data structure designed for display or entering data at terminal Represented by man-computer dialogue specific software

Objectives  Is acquisition and processing of raw data, can easily be placed into a meaningful context.  Collection and combination of raw facts so that they can easily be form into and meaningful context.

Early information system:

Application program

File system

Disk

Terminal keyboard

Printer

Problems: 1. Lack of co-ordination among the various s/w packages. 2. Lack of integration also lead to agreed deal of redundancy in the collection storage and processing of data. 3. Independent development of information handling packages for difference application creates difficulties in integrating information. Role of DBMS: DBMS Application programs

File access software

DB  DBMS provides the technology for achieving more effective and efficient integrated information system.  Major objective of designing any DBMS is to provides its users high level framework such that relevant interrelated data can be collected and stored together to serve multiple application. Applications of DBMS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Systematic way of organizing data. Maintaining data integrity. Ease of updating the data into db. Faster way of storing and retrieving data from db. Extracting meaningful information from db. Easy distribution of information. Securing the data Maintenance of data and system Easy disaster recovery of deleted data

Evaluation of data base: Data processing systems:An automated system for processing the data for the records of an organisation. Files: customer file, sales representative file, product file, sales file, manufacture file. Application program: A computer program that performs a specific task of practical values in a business situation. Random access processing: a file access method that provides direct access to a specific record. Key: data fields that uniquely identify a record in a file. Information system: an automated system which organize data to produce information.

Management information system:A computerised system that provides information for facts of management decision. Data: isolated raw facts Information: a processed data/ organised or summarized data. Database:a collection of interrelated data items that can be processed by one or more application systems Database system: comprised of a database general purpose s/w Database management system: systems software that facilitates the management of a database. Limitations of file systems: 1. 2. 3. 4. Data redundancy Poor data no centralized control Inadequate data manipulation capabilities Exclusive programming efforts

Homonym a term that has different meanings in different context Synonym terms that means the game things.