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Resistencia pleiotrpica
- un mecanismo de R que afecta a antibiticos de diferentes familias
P. aeruginosa con mecanismos de R por eflujo S. pneumoniae con alteraciones ribosomales
& Kasiakou. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005:11:1049-50 2Paterson & Doi. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1179-81
Patgenos multirresistentes
Enterobacteriaceae - beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) - carbapenemasas: metalo-betalactamasas
oxacilinasas (OXA) carbapenemasas de clase A (KPC)
Capitalismo gentico
Patgenos multirresistentes
Las Enterobacteriaceae y bacilos-gram-negativos no fermentadores son el paradigma del capitalismo gentico1,2
3.- Predecir el fenotipo previamente determinado e inferir la actividad de los antibiticos sobre los microorganismos que presente este fenotipo
Patrice Courvalin, ASM News, 1992
Identificacin Microorganismo
+
antibiograma
Deduccin del fenotipo de resistencia Inferencia del fenotipo de resistencia con trascendencia clnica Deduccin del mecanismo de resistencia implicado
Informe de resultados
TCC
S S I/R R R S S R R S S R S S S
PIP
S I/R S/I/R I I/R S/I R R R R S I/R I I I
PTZ
S S S/I/R I I/R S S R R S S I/R I I I
CAZ
S S S I R R R R R I/R S I/R S S S
PIP
IPM CAZ
S S S S S S
R I
TCC
CAZ
IPM
MPM
FEP
AMC
ATM
FAM
GM
TOB
AK
CIP
Mex AB-OprM
PIP DOX FOX SXT
R R R R R S
R R
www.eucast .org
19852000 19952005
Prevalencia ++ ++++ +
+/-
Endemic
Spordic reports
2007
2005
Aumento en pacientes no hospitalarios (influx to hospitals) Incremento mundial, pero diferente segn unidad, reas, E. coli (+++), K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter (++) Salmonella (+) Infecciones urinaria Fluoroquinolonas TEM / SHV <<<< CTX-M Aumento del nmero de variantes
AMC
I/S
TIC
R
PIP
R
P/T
S/I
KZ
R
CXM
I/R R
FOX
S
CTX
S/I/R R
CAZ
S/I/R R
FEP
S/I/R R
ATM
S/I/R R
IMP
S
S/I
I/R R
S/I/R
S/I/R R
S/I/R R
S/I/R R
S/I/R R
S/I
P. aeruginosa
S/I/R R
S/I/R R
S/I/R R
Haemophilus spp
S/I/R R
Klebsiella pneumoniae
- limitaciones:
- aislados con alteracin de permeabilidad - hiperproductores de TEM-1/SHV-1 - BLEE + IRT (beta-lactamasas tipo CMT)
CPM
CAZ
CTX
CTX
ATM
AMC
CAZ
ATM
AMC
CAZ
AMP
AMP
CXM
CAZ
FOX
CTX
AMC
FEP
ATM
IPM
R R R S S R S R R S? S? S? S
Proteus vulgaris
CTX
CTX+CLAV-4 g
Cefotaxima
Cefotaxima + clavulanate
S R R R R
S S S/r R R
S S S S R
S S S/R S r/R
S S S/R S S
S S S/R S r/R
S S S S S
Enterobacter aerogenes
CPM CPM
No utilizar: - cefotaxima/ceftazidima - piper/tazobactam Posible uso de: - cefepima - carbapenems - no--lactmicos Control epidemiolgico - disp. clonal
CTX
IMP
CAZ
CTX
IMP
CAZ
AMP
AMP
AmpC inducible
CPM
AmpC
No utilizar: - cefotaxima/ceftazidima - cefepima - no -lactmicos (perfil)
CAZ
CPM CPM
CTX
AMC
CAZ
CTX
AMC
Posible uso de: - carbapenems Control epidemiolgico - dispersin. clonal - elementos genticos
AMP AMP
AmpC
+ BLEE
BLEE
Debemos modificar siempre el valor de sensibilidad a resistente en una cepa con BLEE?
Podemos tratar las infecciones por microorganismos productores de BLEE con cefalosporinas de amplio espectro?
Clinical outcome of 3er/4th gen. cephalosporins treatment in patients with serious infections due to ESBL-organisms
% of clinical failure with cephalosporin treatment
100 80 60 40 20 0 <1 2 4 8 16
1 mg/L EUCAST susceptible breakpoint 8 mg/L CLSI susceptible breakpoint
(without confirmatory test)
- PK/PD breakpoint is independent of resistance mechanisms - The -lactam MIC of an ESBL-producing isolate can be used to predict likely human outcomes from PK/PD models
Andes & Craig. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11 (Supp. 6): 10-7
S R
EUCAST breakpoints 1 mg/L / >2 mg/L
9.1* If R or I to any 3rd or 4 th gen. oxyimino-ceph. (i.e. cefepime, cefotaxime, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime or ceftriaxone) or aztreonam, test for ESBL. If positive, edit the S result for any of these cephalosporins, including 4 th gen. agents and for aztreonam, to I and edit the I result to R. ESBL producers may appear susceptible to penicillin/ lactamase inhibitor combinations. The use of these combinations against ESBL producers remains controversial, and should be approached with caution. If ESBL negative see rule 9.2.
* Enterobacteriaceae (for Klebsiella oxytoca and Citrobacter koseri see 9.3)
A few ESB producers may C appear S in vitro to some 3rd or 4 th gen. oxyiminocephalosporin or aztreonam. Efficacy of cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone against ESBL-producing isolates with MICs lower than 2 mg/L remains to be fully documented
A. There is clinical evidence that reporting the test result as susceptible leads to clinical failures B. Evidence is weak based only on a few case reports or on experimental models. It is presumed that reporting the test as susceptible my lead to clinical failures C. There is currently no clinical evidence, but microbiological data suggest that clinical use of the agent should be discouraged
Identificacin Microorganismo
+
antibiograma
Deduccin del fenotipo de resistencia Inferencia del fenotipo de resistencia con trascendencia clnica Deduccin del mecanismo de resistencia implicado
Informe de resultados
VIM-2