423 Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering/November 2010/429

A Study on the Damping Ratio of Rubber Concrete

Ching-Yao Lin*
1
, George C. Yao
2
and Chung-Hong Lin
3
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, National Cheng-Kung University,
Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Kao-Yuan University, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
2
Professor, Department of Architecture, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
3
Master Student, Department of Architecture, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental result of the damping ratio and related mechanical properties of
rubber concrete made by partially replacing the ne aggregate in concrete with rubber powder. The goal is
to study the relationship of them with various rubber replacement ratios. First, the effect of the mixing ratio
on the mechanical properties, the compression strength and Young's Modulus, of concrete cylinders with
different rubber admixtures, including #10 and #40 rubber powders, is discussed. Second, the results of
impulse experiments to determine the damping ratios of the rubber concrete cantilever beams are presented.
The results reveal that rubber powder increased the damping ratio, and the addition of not more than 7.5%
admixture caused at most a 156% increase in the damping ratio with #10 rubber powder, and 194% with #40
rubber powder. Simultaneously, however, the compression strength is reduced by 10-27% with #10 rubber
powder, and by 13-41% with #40 rubber powder.
Keywords: damping ratio; impact hammer test; ambient vibration; natural frequency
1. Introduction
Because the precision machinery used in the
semiconductor industry is very sensitive to vibration,
the foundation of the machinery in these factories must
conform to strict ambient vibration limits. In order to
maintain a high semiconductor production yield during
the manufacturing process, the structural system of
the factory should thus dampen the environmental and
ambient vibration as much as possible.
More often than not, it is found that ambient
vibration caused by pipelines or other equipment
transmits via RC floors to the precision machines
and therefore disturbs the manufacturing process.
Because the sources of vibration are diverse and the
key technologies used for its reduction are proprietary
to certain structural design consulting companies,
the academic community has yet to nd an adequate
solution to deal with this problem.
In order to mitigate the effects of ambient vibration
in high-tech factory buildings, we first need to
categorize different types of environmental vibration
and transmission paths. For instance, one kind of
oscillation may directly vibrate the equipment,
while another kind is transmitted to the bottom of
the precision machinery via the building's structural
components
1)
. Regardless of the transmission paths,
the nal object receiving the oscillation is the precision
machinery located on the oor.
This paper aims to study the feasibility of reducing
the vibration transmitted to RC floors to ensure the
regular operation of precision machinery. The strategy
is to increase the damping ratio of the RC floor by
replacing some fine aggregates in the concrete with
rubber to increase damping capacity of structural oors
because rubber is a high damping material.
The number of aut omobi l es i n t he wor l d i s
overwhelming, consequently, there is also an incredible
amount of discarded tires, which are mostly made of
rubber and may lead to environmental pollution if not
properly processed. According to statistics from the
Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan,
about 100,000-120,000 kilotons of tires are recycled
annually. There are different approaches to reuse these
tires such as: Tire Derived Fuel (TDF) or Asphalt
Rubber in roadway engineering, has gained popularity
recently
2),3),4)
. The discarded tires can also provide
the rubber needed for the above-mentioned damping
material.
However, studies also reveal that although partly
replacing the fine aggregate with rubber in concrete
can improve its ductility, tensile strength and damping
*Contact Author: Ching-Yao Lin, Ph.D. Candidate, Department
of Architecture, National Cheng-Kung University, No.1,
University Rd., East Dist., Tainan City 701, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Tel: +886-6-2757575-54136 Fax: +886-6-2387031
E-mail: cylin@cc.kyu.edu.tw
( Received October 7, 2009 ; accepted May 27, 2010 )
424 JAABE vol.9 no.2 November 2010 Ching-Yao Lin
property, it also reduces its compressive strength
5),6),7)
.
Specifically, the compressive strength is reduced
signicantly when the rubber replacement ratio is over
8%
8),9),10)
. This paper thus examines the correlation
between various rubber replacement ratios and the
dynamic properties of concrete.
Chen et al.
11)
studied the damping of rubber concrete
in small deformation. Six different amounts of rubber
powder were added in the concrete, from 0% to 7.5%
weight, to investigate the property of the rubber
concrete. Plain concrete with 35 MPa compression
strength was used in the study. The compression
test and the impact hammer test were performed to
investigate the stress-strain relationships and damping
ratios of the rubber concrete when the specimen
age reached four weeks. The results revealed that
the damping of the rubber concrete is 50-60% and
130-230% higher than the plain concrete when 0.5-2.5%
and 5.0-7.0% weight of rubber powder were added
into the concrete, respectively. The Young's modulus
linearly decreased as the amount of added rubber
increased.
Xiong et al.
12)
performed a study on the compressive
strength of the rubber concrete with coarse aggregate
replaced by rubber powder and pieces. In their study,
the concrete had the compressive strength of 53.5 MPa,
with the high-effect water-reducing admixture. The
testing results showed that the compressive strength
of the rubberized concrete decreased as the amount of
rubber increased, and the sizes of rubber affected the
strength signicantly.
Xu et al.
13)
studied the damping of concrete with
12% rubber pellet per unit volume, and 1% of water-
reducing admixture was also added to the specimens.
The testing results showed that the damping ratio
was 4.55% and 5.9% of the plain concrete and rubber
concrete, respectively.
As mentioned above, the studies showed that
adding rubber into the concrete would increase the
damping ratio; however, it simultaneously reduced
the compressive strength of the concrete. This paper
thus examines the correlation between various rubber
replacement ratios and the dynamic properties of
concrete. Several concrete specimens with design
compressive strength of 34 MPa have been made to
investigate the effects of replacing fine aggregate
with rubber powder on the damping property of the
concrete. A series of two experiments were carried out.
Firstly, the effect of the mixing ratio on the mechanical
properties, such as the compression strength, with
different rubber admixtures, including #10 and #40
rubber powders, was studied. Secondly, the impulse
experiments were performed to determine the damping
ratios and natural frequencies of the rubber concrete
cantilever beams at the age of 8 weeks and 24 weeks.
The testing results were analyzed and some findings
were then addressed as the conclusion.
2. Fundamental Theory
For a single degree of freedom system, with mass (m),
stiffness (k) and damping (c), the power equation can
be expressed as follows:
If , and , into the equation (1)
where the damping ratio , and
c
c
is the critical damping coefcient.
When n < , then , is called a subcritically
damped system. Such a system will exhibit attenuation
of the vibration.
The free-vibration of the system was measured by
accelerometers, and the damping ratio of the specimen
can be determined by the logarithmic decrement
method. Fig.1. shows the curve of a free-vibration
wave, where x
i
is the amplitude of the i
th
cycle, t
i

is the time point corresponding to x
i
, and T
d
is the
fundamental period of the vibration wave. If j cycles
are considered, the equation for the damping ratio is:
3. Experimental Plan
In order to investigate the compressive strength,
Young's modulus and dynamic characteristics of rubber
concrete, compressive and impact tests were performed
on cylinders and cantilever beams, respectively.
3.1 Specimens for testing compressive strength and
Young's modulus
Previous studies reveal that replacing some of the
fine aggregate in concrete with rubber increases the
damping ratio
10),11),14)
. However, the size of the rubber
Fig.1. A Free-vibration Wave Curve
1
Figure 1. A free-vibration wave curve
425 JAABE vol.9 no.2 November 2010 Ching-Yao Lin
particles signicantly affects the resulting compressive
strength
12)
. In this study, two different sizes, #10
and #40 rubber, were used to partly replace the fine
aggregate.
Rubber concrete specimens, utilizing #10 and #40
rubber, were compared to a plain concrete specimen.
The rubber was obtained from recycled tires, which
were heated and then cut into tiny pieces. Pieces which
pass the #8 sieve but are collected on the #16 sieve
are called #10 rubber, while those which pass the #30
sieve but are collected on the #50 sieve are called #40
rubber.
Because the strength of concrete is reduced by partly
replacing ne aggregate with rubber, the compressive
strength of the plain concrete specimen was designed to
be 34 MPa, higher than that of regular RC oors, and
the water cement ratio was 0.48. The replacement ratio
of different rubber concrete specimens was formulated
to compare with this plain concrete specimen. The
concrete cylinders used in the compressive tests, with
dimensions of 150300mm, were cast following
CNS1230 (Method for making and curing concrete test
specimens in the laboratory), and the mix design.
The notations used for the specimens are described as
follows:
(1) #10-n%: The fine aggregate was partly
r epl aced wi t h t he #10 r ubber by n%
in concrete, where the proportion was
calculated by the replacement weight.
(2) #40-n%: The fine aggregate was partly
r epl aced wi t h t he #40 r ubber by n%
in concrete, where the proportion was
calculated by the replacement weight.
3.2 Specimens for the impact test
In general, the exact damping ratio of a material can
only be determined by experiment. In this study, the
impact test was used to determine the damping ratio
of several specimens based on their free vibration
responses. The specimen details are shown in Fig.2.:
each specimen was reinforced with a #3 steel bar to
prevent the concrete from cracking due to internal
stress and strain caused by the change in temperature
12)
,
and the base was reinforced by four #3 steel bars to
increase its rigidity and prevent damage during testing.
The natural frequency of the specimens was designed
as 30 Hz, to match the measured natural frequency of
the RC oor in a high-tech factory.
3.3 Test methods
(1) Compression test
The cylinders were tested according to CNS
1232 (Method of test for compressive strength
cylindrical concrete specimens).
(2) Test to determine the Young's modulus
As shown in Fig.3., the compression force and the
compressive deformation were measured by the load
cell and the strain gauge, respectively. It is difcult to
determine the exact Young's modulus (E
c
) of concrete
since it has nonlinear properties, and thus three
common methods are used to estimate it
11),15)
.
Method 1: Draw a straight line from the origin to the
point on the curve corresponding to 0.4
u
,
and set the slope of the line as the Young's
modulus. The equation is as follows:
where

u
= ultimate stress of the specimen

1
= strain corresponding to 0.4
u
Method 2: Draw a straight line from the point on
the curve corresponding to the strain of
0.00005 to the point corresponding to
0.4
u
, and set the slope of the line as
the Young's modulus. The equation is as
follows
where

u
= ultimate stress of the specimen

1
= strain corresponding to 0.4
u
Method 3: Draw a straight line from the point on the
curve corresponding to the stress of 0.4
u

to the point corresponding to 0.45
u
, and
set the slope of the line as the Young's
modulus. The equation is as follows:
where

u
= ultimate stress of the specimen

1
= strain corresponding to 0.4
u

0
= strain corresponding to 0.45
u
(3) Impact test
An i mpact hammer
16)
was used t o exci t e t he
cantilever specimens. Generally, the head of an impact
hammer with greater hardness generates an impulse
signal with a wider frequency-band in the frequency
domain. The signal generated by the head used in this
study is shown in the following section.
Fig.2. Impact Test Specimen
2

Figure 2. Impact test specimen
426 JAABE vol.9 no.2 November 2010 Ching-Yao Lin
The natural frequency and the damping ratio can be
determined from the response signal of the specimen
impacted by the hammer. The test setup is shown in
Fig.4. First, the cantilever specimen was mounted on
the foundation using eight bolts with 22 mm diameters.
The accelerometers were then set on the free-end of the
specimen to measure the free vibration response.
4. Test Results
4.1 Compressive strength
It was found that the rubber powder added into
the concrete absorbed water during mixing, so the
workability of the rubber concrete decreased as the
replacement ratio increased. Similar results were found
in a previous study by Li
17)
.
The compression tests were conducted to calculate
the mean strength of each rubber replacement ratio
from three identical cylinder specimens tested at
28 days. The results show that rubber concrete' s
compressi ve st rengt h decreased as t he rubber
replacement ratio increased, regardless of the rubber
size. The linear trend of the compressive strength
versus rubber replacement ratio is shown in Fig.5. In
comparison, the strength of the rubber concrete with
#10 rubber was higher than that with #40 rubber.
The lower strength of rubber concrete compared to
plain concrete may be caused by the following:
1. Rubber is an elastic material with much lower
strength than aggregate; therefore, the compressive
performance is reduced when firm aggregate is
replaced with more supple rubber.
2. The binding force between concrete and rubber,
an organic polymer, is weak; therefore, cracks occur
easily along the surface between the cement and rubber
or rubber and other aggregate when the concrete is
subjected to compressive forces.
4.2 Rubber replacement ratio and Young's modulus
Due to the nonlinearity of concrete's stress-strain
curve, it is difficult to determine its exact Young's
modulus, and the Young's modulus of rubber concrete
has also not been studied extensively. Therefore, this
study compares the calculated values of the Young's
modulus of rubber concrete using the methods
introduced in Section 3.3 as well as an empirical
equation. In general, the empirical equation for
estimating plain concrete's Young's modulus is as
follows:
where
E
c
= Young's modulus of concrete, in kg/cm
2
f
c
' = compressive strength of concrete, in kg/cm
2
The empirical equation is used for rubber concrete
as well as for plain concrete in this study because as
yet no equation exists for this new material.
The results show that the Young's modulus of rubber
concrete is smaller than that of plain concrete, as
shown in Tables 1. and 2. Similar to the compression
test results, the Young's modulus decreased linearly
as the rubber replacement ratio increased, as shown
in Figs.6. and 7. The figures also show that, among
the three methods in Section 3.3, the results estimated
from Method 1 best match those from the empirical
equation.
4.3 Impact test responses
Impact testing was performed using the procedures
introduced in Section 3.3. The free-end of each
cantilever specimen was hit, and the acceleration
responses measured in the direction of the impulse.
A previous study revealed that the damping ratio
signicantly affects the response amplitude, especially
when resonance occurs
18)
. This study estimated the
damping ratio by the specimen's rst mode vibration,
Fig.3. Concrete Stress-strain
3
) (
) (
u

u
45 . 0
u
40 . 0
Figure 3. Concrete stress-strain
Fig.4. Dynamic Experimental Setup
4
Figure 4. Dynamic experimental setup
Fig.5. #10 and #40 Average Compressive Strength
5
y = -1.2768x + 34.18
R
2
= 0.7697
y = -1.7616x + 32.218
R
2
= 0.9544
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Replacement Ratio (%)
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)
#10
#40
#10 Trend Line
#40 Trend Line
Figure 5. #10 and #40 average compressive strength
427 JAABE vol.9 no.2 November 2010 Ching-Yao Lin
whose modal frequency was about 30 Hz. In order
to eliminate noise, the response signals were filtered
through a band pass lter of 5-55 Hz. Therefore, the
natural frequency and damping ratio of the cantilever
specimens were estimated using the ltered signals.
Moreover, i mpact t est i ng was performed on
specimens with ages ranging from 8 to 24 weeks to
investigate the effects of varying water content
13)
.
When the amplitude of the acceleration response
was smaller than 20 gal, it was found that the signal
was disturbed by external noise or torsion mode
deformation. This condition can be found in the
records of all specimens. Therefore, the damping ratio
was estimated using signals larger than 30 gal to ensure
there was no signicant noise contamination.
4.4 Amplitude of vibration vs. damping ratio
(1) Calculation of damping ratio
The logarithmic decrement method was used to
estimate the damping ratio of the specimens, and the
results show that the peak amplitude of the response
did not always occur in the rst cycle, but instead some
peaks occurred in the second or third cycle. Therefore,
all analyses in this study started from the peak of the
vibration rather than from the rst cycle.
In the logarithmic decrement method, the resulting
damping ratio varies depending on the number
of cycles and their amplitudes
19)
. The mean value
resulting from 10 cycles is generally acceptable, so the
damping ratio was estimated by taking the mean value
resulting from 10 response cycles. As shown in Fig.8.,
for example, we can calculate the damping ratio from
peak A1 to peak A11, named RA1, the damping ratio
from peak A2 to peak A12, named RA2, and so on. The
nal damping ratio, R10, is the mean value resulting
from RA1, RA2, RA3, , and RA10.
(2) Damping ratio vs. peak amplitude
Fig.9. shows the results from the impact testing
response of the R#10-0% at 8 weeks. The peak
amplitude varied from 600 gal to 100 gal depending on
the impulse force. Each of the amplitudes was tested
with three records to analyze. The results show that
R10 increased with increasing peak amplitude in a
logarithmic trend.
4.5 The effect of different replacement ratios on the
damping ratio
Since the damping ratio varies with the amplitude of
vibrations, it is necessary to know the actual amplitude
of the floors in a high-tech factory. Therefore,
ambient vibration measurements were performed on
a floor in one such factory in Taiwan. A portion of
the measurement results showed that the maximum
amplitude was about 100 gal, as shown in Fig.10.
Therefore, this study uses R10 at peak response of 100
gal, in the following discussion.
The damping ratio curves for 8-week specimens
versus the rubber replacement ratios are shown in
Fig.10. It reveals that the relation between the damping
ratio and rubber replacement ratio is significantly
Table 1. #10 Young's Modulus of Fresh Concrete (MPa)
Rubber
replacement ratio
(%)
0 1.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.5
Empirical 27941 26471 25172 24564 25172 23849
Method-1 29183 26557 25049 24928 24739 23769
Method-2 27005 25297 23752 23697 23301 21824
Method-3 24105 20727 20472 19750 18114 17161
Table 2. #40 Young's Modulus of Fresh Concrete (MPa)
Rubber
replacement ratio
(%)
0 1.5 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.5
Empirical 27236 25429 23985 23713 22303 20849
Method-1 28973 27101 23223 21789 21160 17515
Method-2 26819 24752 21470 20978 19083 16354
Method-3 22497 20860 19713 17024 16607 13426
Fig. 6. The Relationship between Young' s Modulus and
Replacement Ratio using #10 Rubber
6
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Replacement Ratio (%)
Y
o
u
n
g
's

M
o
d
u
l
u
s

(
M
P
a
)
Empirical
Method-1
Method-2
Method-3
Figure 6. The relationship between Youngs modulus and replacement ratio using #10 rubber
Fig. 7. The Relationship between Young' s Modulus and
Replacement Ratio using #40 Rubber
7
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Replacement Ratio (%)

Empirical
Method-1
Method-2
Method-3
Figure 7. The relationship between Youngs modulus and replacement ratio using #40 rubber
Fig.8. Calculating the Damping Ratio
8
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
sec
gal
A1
A11
RA1
A2
A12
RA2
R10
Figure 8. Calculating the damping ratio
428 JAABE vol.9 no.2 November 2010 Ching-Yao Lin
nonlinear. The detailed results of both 8 and 24-week
specimens are shown in Table 3., and the damping ratio
of each specimen was divided by the damping ratio of
the plain concrete specimen to obtain the damping ratio
rate. In the experimental results, the R#10-2.5% and
the R#40-2.5% specimens had optimal damping ratios,
which were 56% and 94% higher than the damping
ratio of the plain concrete specimen, respectively.
Among the literature review, Reference
11)
has the
most similar testing method to the present study,
and the #40 rubber powder was also added into the
concrete. However, the methods of admixture and
testing measurement, as well as the testing ages of the
specimens were different in the two studies. Testing
results of Reference
11)
showed that the damping
ratio of the rubber concrete increased linearly as the
rubber powder increased, which is very different
from the nonlinear behavior found in the present
research especially at the 3.5% rubber ratio. Because
Reference
11)
lacks the data at this rubber ratio, as
described in the introduction, this nding indicates the
complex behavior of rubber-added damping.
Taking into consideration that the moisture content
in rubber concrete may vary with time, each specimen
was tested at two different ages, 8 and 24 weeks,
with the results, shown in Fig.11., revealing that the
specimens had different damping ratios at different
times. With the aging effect, the water content in
concrete is reduced, causing the concrete to become
relatively dry. In contrast, the hydration of the concrete
causes the inner molecules of the concrete to combine
more firmly, and as a result the damping increases.
Similar results were found in a study by Yan
19)
.
5. Conclusions
This paper studied the compressive strength, Young's
modulus, damping ratio and natural frequency of
rubber concrete using compression and impact testing.
The properties of rubber concrete obtained from the
test results were then compared to those of plain
concrete. From the results and discussion, it can be
concluded that:
(1) Rubber concrete's compressive strength and
Young's modulus decreased with an increased rubber
replacement ratio. For replacement with #10 rubber of
1.5-7.5% and #40 rubber of 1.5-7.5%, the compressive
st r engt hs decr eased by 10- 27% and 13- 41%,
respectively. Both decreased linearly as the rubber
replacement ratio increased.
(2) The damping ratios for the 8-week rubber
concr et e wer e hi gher t han t hose f or 24- week
specimens. For calculations based on the amplitude
of 100 gal and replacement with #10 rubber of 2.5%
and #40 rubber of 2.5%, the specimen's damping ratio
increased by 156% and 194%, compared to plain
concrete respectively.
Table 3. Detailed Results of the 8- and 24-week Specimens
Type
Rubber
replacement
ratio
(%)
8- week
damping
ratio
(%)
8-week
damping
ratio
magnication
24-week
damping
ratio
(%)
24-week
damping
ratio
magnication
#10
0 1.11 1.00 1.49 1.00
1.5 1.06 0.96 1.07 0.72
2.5 1.73 1.56 1.41 0.95
3.5 1.02 0.92 1.16 0.78
5.0 1.36 1.23 1.04 0.71
7.5 1.39 1.25 1.53 1.03
#40
0 1.01 1.00 1.42 1.00
0.5 1.00 0.99 1.13 0.80
1.5 0.92 0.91 0.87 0.61
2.5 1.96 1.94 1.68 1.18
3.5 1.21 1.20 1.62 1.14
5.0 1.71 1.69 ---- ----
7.5 1.73 1.71 1.43 1.01
Fig.10. Damping Ratio and Replacement Ratio for 8-week
Rubber Concrete at 100 gal
10
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Replacement Ratio (%)
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

R
a
t
i
o

o
f

M
a
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
)
#10
#40
Figure 10. Damping ratio and replacement ratio for 8-week rubber concrete at 100 gal
Fig.11. The Damping Ratio and Replacement Ratio for 8 and
24-week Rubber Concrete at 100 gal
11
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Replacement Ratio (%)
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

R
a
t
i
o

(
%
)
#10-8 weeks
#10-24 weeks
#40-8 weeks
#40-24 weeks
Figure 11. The damping ratio and replacement ratio for 8 and 24-week rubber concrete at 100 gal
Fig.9. Damping Ratio and the Largest Initial Amplitude for
8-week Plain Concrete
9
y = 0.1424 Ln(x) + 0.4890
R
2
= 0.9331
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
R10 Amplitude (gal)
D
a
m
p
i
n
g

R
a
t
i
o

(
%
)
Plain Concrete(8-weeks)
Trend Line
Figure 9. Damping ratio and the largest initial amplitude for 8-week plain concrete
429 JAABE vol.9 no.2 November 2010 Ching-Yao Lin
(3) The nonlinear relation between rubber ratio
and damping ratio shown in Fig.10. will need further
investigation to understand the complicated rubber-
added damping behavior.
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