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Mira Nblkov
Institute of Slavonic and East European Studies Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague mira.nabelkova@gmail.com
Ausbau languages
Peter Trudgill: Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe, 2004: Polish, Slovak and Czech are Ausbau languages which together form the West Slavic dialect continuum. They are mutually intelligible, especially Polish and Slovak, and Slovak and Czech, but they form three separate languages... - West Slavic dialect continuum Trudgill does not go into details in this direction and does not describe significant differences in Czech-Slovak and Czech/Slovak - Polish language relations, both on the system and language contact level. The differencies originate partly in far language history - development of Czecho-Slovak subgroup - Lechithic subgroup partly in different language contact history - the special CzechSlovak contacts during centures before the common state and during the existence of Czechoslovakia 1918-//-1993 - and in current language contact too In mutual comparison Czech and Slovak are more close to one another on their system level + their contact was and is much more intensive...
BUT!: new frequent reflection of current language relations (especially on Internet forums)
Pro mlad echy, na rozdl od jejich rodi, se sloventina stv cizm jazykem stejn jako poltina nebo rutina. http://www.asimilovani.estranky.cz/clanky/asi-narodnosti-v-cr/Slovaci For young Czechs, unlike their parents, Slovak becomes a foreign language just like Polish or Russian. The quotation shows some changes in perception of Slovak in the Czech environment after the split of Czechoslovakia: - it becomes = it had not been (for older generation...) - a foreign language = a new categorization not used before - just like Polish... (often only Polish is reffered to) ?? what does it mean ?? foreign 1. = not ours, without any special position, normal different language 2. not intelligible, hard to understand (like Polish)
what do we know about correspondences and differencies of West Slavic languages exactly
Czech Slovak comparison of lexicon: M. Sokolov (1991) compared 500 most frequent words: 230 (46 %) completely identical words (bivalent words) 154 (30,8 %) partially identical words 116 (23,2 %) different words Relatively small part of lexicons compared (in the whole lexicon the differencies could be greater) J. Zeman (2004) analyzed 15000 words in Czech and Slovak pairs of texts (the results are text-depended): 40 % semanticly and formally identical words (bivalent word) 53,5 % formally partially differentiated words 6,5 % different words We do not have (at least I do not know about) such data concerning comparison with Polish.
Our measurements in the research project Distances between Slavonic Languages and Their Mutual Comprehensibility (M. Slobodas text analysis - compared with Skandinavian German languages, Ch. Gooskens, 2007)
another bivalent sentences (a school play): Katka pe tento text do prachu cesty: Auto fi po ulici k jasnmu obzoru. Sirna hu na poplach. Jasn luna u vyla nad lesy. Zelen je trva, golf to je hra. Lys chlapi objednali ten zzran medikament s mnohmi voavmi bylinkami.
What had to be (more or less) systematically thrown away (1) different lexemes some forms of tenses infinitive many plural forms of verbs, nouns and adjectives with various different vowel and consonant alternations in the both languages...
some contact synonyms not codified as literary in Slovak, but so common that they are - with special comments incorporated into dictionaries CZ + SL/B krb (SL kozub) fireplace CZ + SL/B zvada (SL chyba, porucha) fault CZ + SL/B kojenec (SL doja) suckling ankle CZ + SL/B kotnk (SL lenok) CZ + SL/B kud (SL pokoj) calm KSSJ krb subt. kozub (subt = substandard) KSSJ zvada sprv. chyba, porucha, kaz, nedostatok (sprv. = correctly) KSSJ kojenec sprv. doja KSSJ zrovna vhodnejie prve, priam (vhodnejie = more appropriate)
formal-semantic analogy
2. formal-semantic analogy: based on lexical polysemy in one language, that is supposed to be (and than it can appear) in the second language too ( balancing semantic asymmetries)
CZ podtrhnout : SL podtrhn 1. podrazi (to trip up) CZ podtrhnout : SL/B podtrhn 2. podiarknu (on the analogy with Czech) (to underline)
CZ pojednvat : SL pojednva CZ pojednvat : SL/B pojednva 1. vies pojednvanie 2. zaobera sa (to discuss) (to deal with)
semantic-formal analogy
3. semantic-formal analogy: based on interlingual word formation similarities in this case word formation rules of the target language are sometimes broken
CZ dret : SL dra CZ obdret : SL/B obdra (SL dosta + CZ) (to hold) (to get) CZ dl : SL diel (a part/volume) CZ dl : SL/B diel (SL iastkov) (partial)
CZ pst : SL psa CZ dopis : SL/B dopis (SL list + CZ) (to write) (a letter)
interplay between literary language dialects contact language Another important fact literary Slovak was codified on the base of the Central Slovak cultural code (in . trs codification, 1846) characterised by the most signifficant differences in comparison with Czech. The West Slovak dialects are naturaly more close to Czech and in some features the East Slovak dialects too. Due to this many words of literary Slovak originate in Central Slovak dialects. In other cases there are literary synonyms having their origin in different macrodialects, mainly in Central and West dialects. But the correspondences with Czech in West Slovakian dialects can be sometimes found among those words that are considered borrowings from Czech and in Slovak not codified as literary ones. Nevertheless, they live to some extent in everyday communication and it is important - can contribute to the intelligibility of Czech. The special interplay between literary language (SL) dialects (SLD) contact language (CZ) has not been given sufficient attention by now.
SL topnky (shoes, boots) is a literary equivalent for CZ boty. But the lexem boty lives in SLWD too. In my childhood I heard boty in my mixed Czech-Slovak family in Bansk Bystrica (Central Slovakia) it was clear bohemism there. Later on when living in Trnava (West Slovakia) I could hear boty everywhere in common talk on the base of its dialectal status there. Lexeme boty was codified in Rules of Slovak orthography (1931) an example of the tendencies to get literary languages more closer (it was removed from dictionaries later). Later on a new word of Czech origin had appeared botnk (shoe cabinet), not codified as literary, but (due to being widespread) incorporated - as incorrect - into new SSSJ (2006): *botnk, sprv. skrinka na topnky What I want to stress is that the newer borrowing of botnk could be considered as strengthened by the dialectal status of the word boty.
CZ regular/straight derivative chain nemoc nemocn nemocnice nemocnin (illness/diseas ill hospital noun - adjective) SL choroba chor / nemocnica nemocnin KSSJ nemoc vhodnejie choroba vhodnejie = more appropriate nemocn vhodnejie chor though they are in SLWD BUT comletely neutral nemocnica nemocnin hospital
LSL synonyms dbn krah DSL heteronyms + dbanek kanov korov (hung.)... CZ dbn (jug)
CZ ledviny SL dialectal heteronyms adviny obliky pokrutky LSL obliky + later adviny too (kidneys)
special evidence of Czech-Slovak closeness: contemporary use of parallel texts on product packages parallel texts in both languages as a norm (a manifestation of a specific kind of common market as a reality in Czech-Slovak social and economic relations) bivalent, parallel, different means of expression various/different special uses of bivalent elements bivalency the source and the tool for creating Czech-Slovak simultaneous texts (sometimes with a special play creating new bivalent graphemes)
contact phenomena SL/B ukuduje instead of SL upokojuje; preposition pre instead of na (cleansing milk... calms... for normal and dry skin)
special arrangements of texts: BV originl puding okolda PAR CZ pchu / SL prchu (chocolate flavour) BV v prku (in powder)
sham/pretended bivalency
references
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