PARTS OF SPEECH According to their functions, words are divided into eight categories which are called parts

of speech. THE NOUN: A word used as the name of a person, a place, a thing or an idea is called noun. Examples: Boy, City, School, love. THE PRONOUN: A word that is used in place of a noun is called pronoun. Examples: He, She, They, You, It THE VERB: A word that is used to describe an action, state or feeling is called verb. Examples: You go. We eat food. THE ADJECTIVE: A word that is used with a noun to add something to its meaning is called adjective. Examples: Small, Great, Honest , Beautiful THE ADVERB: It is a word that adds something to the meaning of any part of speech except noun or pronoun. Examples: quickly, fast, always, slowly. THE PREPOSITION: It is a word that shows the connection of a noun or pronoun with other words in a sentence. Examples: On, In, Above, Under, at, of THE CONJUNCTION: It is a word that joins words or sentences. Examples: and, but, as well as, because THE INTERJECTION: It is a word that shows sudden feeling or emotion. Examples: Ah, Alas, Hurrah, Oh, Ouch THE NOUN Def: A word used as the name of a person, an animal, a place, a thing or an idea is called noun. A noun can be a subject or an object of a verb. Examples: boy, city, school, love, pencil, happiness, table

KINDS OF NOUNS (i) Proper Noun Def: The name of a particular or proper thing, place, person, is called proper noun. Examples: Lahore, Ali, London, Atlantic Ocean, Spain, the moon (ii) Common Noun Def: A common noun is used for the name of a common thing, place, person and idea. Examples: People: man, girl, baby, son, policeman, teacher Animals: Cat, dog, fish, ant, snake Things: bear, book, boat, table, chair, phone Places: bank, school, city, building, shop Ideas: love, hate, idea, pride

(iii) Abstract Noun Def: The name of an idea, quality or such an object that does not have physical existence is called abstract noun. Examples: friendship, peace, sorrow, love, happiness. (iv) Collective Noun Def: A collective noun is the name given to a collection of things or a group of people or animals regarded as one whole. Examples: team, class, committee, jury, army (v) Concrete Noun Def: A concrete noun refers to objects and substances, including people and animals, physical items that we can perceive through our senses. Concrete nouns can be countable nouns or uncountable nouns, and singular nouns or plural nouns. Concrete nouns can also be a common noun, proper nouns and collective nouns.

Examples: Common concrete Noun:

boy, bat, , girl, water. Countable Concrete Nouns (Singular):

chair, computer, boy, book. Countable Concrete Nouns (Plural):

chairs, computers, boys , books. Uncountable Concrete Nouns:

sugar, rice, water, air, oil, salt, butter Proper Nouns:

Ali, Hina, Newton, (vi) Compound Noun Def: The name of a person or thing that is a combination of two or more words is called compound noun. Examples: Brother-in-law, Shopkeeper, Bus driver. (vii) Countable Nouns Def: Countable nouns are the names of things or beings that can be counted. Countable nouns have two forms; singular and plural. Examples: a book, a table, a car, Books, Men (viii) Uncountable Nouns Def: Uncountable nouns are the names of things or beings that can not be counted. Mostly these nouns dont have plural form. Examples: wood, rice, peace, happiness A) GENDER

Gender shows the difference of sex. It is of four kinds. i) Masculine Gender ii) Feminine Gender iii) Common Gender iv) Neuter Gender (I) The Masculine Gender A noun denoting a male animal is said to be of the Masculine Gender; as, boy, horse, king, Alamgir, lion (II) The Feminine Gender A noun denoting a female is said to be in the Feminine Gender; as, girl, mare, queen, Mrs, Madam, lioness (III) The Common Gender A noun denoting an animal of either sex is said to be in the Common Gender; as, student, baby, friend, pupil, parent. (IV) The Neuter Gender A noun denoting a lifeless thing is said to be in the Neuter Gender; as, table, pen, book, knife, ticket, toy, apple. THE PRONOUN Def: A word that is used in place of a noun is called pronoun. Examples: He, She, They, You, It KINDS OF PRONOUNS (i) PERSONAL PRONOUN Def: A personal pronoun is used in the place of the name of a person or a thing. Examples: he, they, I, it, we, you We can distinguish two types of personal pronouns: Personal Subject Pronouns and Personal Object Pronouns.

Personal Pronouns Subject form I You He she it we You They Me You him her it us you them Personal Subject Pronouns We use the Personal Subject Pronouns to refer to the person who is doing the action of the verb or the verb speaks about. A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. He listens to me. They play cricket daily. I read a book. Object form

Personal Object Pronouns We use the Personal Object Pronouns to refer to the person whom the action of the verbs affects. An objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb. I like him. We always help them. He will invite you.

(ii) POSSESSIVE PRONOUN Def: A pronoun that is used to show possession over something is called possessive pronoun. Examples: My, His, Their, our Certain pronouns called possessive pronouns show ownership. Some are used alone;

some describe a noun. Used alone: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose That computer is hers. This computer is mine.

Modify noun: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose That is her computer. This is my computer.

(iii) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN Def: A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a noun or nouns. Examples: This, That, These, Those Ali wrote that. (That is the direct object of the sentence.) These look good. (These is the subject of the sentence.) Amjad brought this. (This is the direct object of the sentence.)

(iv) RELATIVE PRONOUN Def: A relative pronoun is used to connect a subordinate clause to the main clause, and serve as conjunction also. Examples: Who, Whom, That, Which, Whoever, Whomever, Whichever People who speak two languages are called bilingual. This is the book which I bought from the market. This is the same man that I saw in the street.

(v) INDEFINITE PRONOUN Def: A pronoun that does not refer to a particular noun but refers to an unspecified noun or nouns. Examples: Few, Some, Any, some one (vi) Reflexive Pronoun Def: A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same or the action passes back to the subject.

Examples: myself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Singular 1st person 2nd person I talk to myself when I am nervous or excited. You cut yourself while cutting tomatoes.

3rd person (male) He hurt himself playing hockey. 3rd person (female) She enjoyed herself at the party.

3rd person (nonIt saw itself in the mirror. person) Plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person We blame ourselves for the results of the election. You helped yourselves to more ice cream. They believed in themselves.

(vii) RECIPROCAL PRONOUN Def: A reciprocal pronoun is used in order to indicate persons or things mutually affected. There are two reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another The students in this classroom cooperate with one another. Both the friends like each other. They care a lot for one another.

(viii) INTENSIVE/ EMPHATIC PRONOUN Def: An intensive pronoun is used to intensify or emphasize the proceeding noun or pronoun. Examples: himself, myself, herself She herself wanted to join the company. We ourselves believe that is true. She went to the door herself.

(ix) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

Def: An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. Examples: who, whose, whom, what, which Who is this man? Whose shoes are those? Whom have you seen?

(x) DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN Def: The pronouns each, either and neither are called Destributive Pronouns as they denote all of of a class taken separately. Examples: Each of them has performed satisfactorily. Either of the two pencils will do. Neither of them came. THE VERB Def: A word that is use d to describe an action, state or feeling is called verb. Examples: You go to school. We eat food. We play hockey and they enjoy it.

In the given examples the italicized words; go, eat, play and enjoy are verbs. CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS Verbs may well be classified according to their function as well as their formation. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION (i) Transitive Verbs Def: These are the verbs which require an object to pass over the action from the subject to the object. Examples: We believe in one God.

They built a house. They enjoyed music.

In the given examples, the italicized words; believe, built and enjoyed are transitive verbs. (ii) Intransitive Verbs Def: These are the verbs which do not require an object to pass over the action from subject to object. Examples: He died. We slept. We laughed and they cried.

In the above given examples the underlined words; died, slept, laughed and cried are intransitive verbs. Note: A number of verbs can be used as both the kinds of verbs (either transitive or intransitive): Examples: Verb used as transitive Fire burnt his finger. See the fun. John drinks whisky. Mohan wrote a letter to his brother. (iii) Ditransitive Verbs Def: A ditransitive verb is one that takes two complements, a direct object and an indirect object at the same time. Examples Ali gave Hina a book The teacher asked Ali a question. He told the children a story. Verb used as intransitive Fire burns. A blind person cant see. I never drink. Ram writes well.

(iv) Auxiliary/ Helping Verbs

Def: An auxiliary verb is a helping verb used to express tense, mood, or voice. There are two groups primary auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries. Primary Auxiliaries :The primary auxiliaries are: be, have, and do. Examples: I am eating bread. They have eaten bread. You do eat bread. Primary auxiliaries can also work as main verbs. Examples: I am happy to see these names included. I have a new life now and new friends. We do things that are controversial. Modal Auxiliaries : will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need Examples: I shall eat bread. I might eat bread. I could eat bread. Modal auxiliaries cannot work as main verbs and normally appear with a main verb. (vii) Infinitive Def: Infinitive is the base form of the verb. The infinitive form of a verb is the form which follows to. Examples: (to) cry, (to) be,(to) go, (to) fight, (to) understand, The woman seemed to have been crying. She failed to explain the problem clearly I cant afford to go out tonight.

(viii) Bare Infinitives Infinitives may occur with or without the infinitive marker to. Infinitives without to are known as bare infinitives. Examples:

Help me. Open the door. Follow the instructions. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FORMATION

(ii) Regular Verbs Def: A verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed (or in some cases t) to the base form. Present Act Banish Carry Reach Borrow Wish Work Past Acted Banished Carried Reached Borrowed Wished Worked Past Participle Acted Banished Carried Reached Borrowed Wished Worked

(ii) Irregular Verbs The verb in which the past tense is not formed by adding the usual -ed ending for the Past Simple and Past Participle forms. Some irregular verbs do not change; while others change completely. Irregular verbs have no rules for conjugation. These can only be learnt in context. Examples: Present Awake Bear Beat Catch Flee Hide Meet Past Awoke Bore Beat Caught Fled Hid Met Past Participle Awoken Borne Beaten Caught Fled Hidden Met

THE ADJECTIVE Def: A word that is used with a noun to add something to its meaning is called adjective. Examples: Small boy Great leader, Ten rupees, English movies This boy

In the above given examples the italicized words are the adjectives. KINDS OF ADJECTIVES (i) Proper Adjective Def: An adjective that is formed by a proper noun is called a proper adjective. Examples: I always enjoy Indian movies. He is a French boy. Russian wine is famous all over the world.

In the above given examples the italicized words are proper adjectives. (ii) Adjective of Quality Def: An adjective of quality shows the kind , quality or state of a person or thing. Examples: He lives in a big city. Ali is an honest fellow. Bad people always cheat others.

In the above given examples the italicized words are adjectives of quality. (iii) Adjective of Quantity

Def: An adjective of quantity shows how much of a thing is meant. Examples: I bought some rice to cook. There is sufficient sugar in the pot. There is a little milk in the jug.

In the above given examples the italicized words are adjectives of quantity. (iv) Numeral Adjective Def: A numerical adjective shows how many persons or things are meant. Examples: I have three pens in my bag. There are seven students in the class. He has ten rupees in his pocket.

In the above given examples the italicized words are numeral adjectives. (v) Demonstrative Adjective Def: A demonstrative adjective points out which person or thing is meant. Examples: This boy is my friend. These girls are students. I like that book which you gave me yesterday.

In the above given examples the italicized words are demonstrative adjectives. (vi) Interrogative Adjective Def: An interrogative adjective is used with nouns to ask questions. Examples: Which book is yours? Whose pen is this?

In the above given examples the italicized words are interrogative adjectives. (vii) Possessive Adjective

Def: A possessive adjective is used with nouns and does the work of an adjective. Examples: My ideas are criticized by others. I appreciate his work. Our school is famous in the city. In the above given examples the italicized words are possessive adjectives. THE ADVERB Def: An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs may indicate place or direction (where, whence), time (ever, immediately), degree (very, almost), manner (thus, and words ending in-ly, such as wisely), and belief or doubt (perhaps, no). KINDS OF ADVERBS (i) Adverbs of Manner Def: Adverbs of manner modify a verb to describe the way the action is done. Examples: She did the work carefully. We writes neatly They work honestly

(ii) Adverbs of Place Def: Adverbs of place show where the action is done. Examples: They live locally. (ii) Adverbs of Time Def: Adverbs of time show when an action is done, or the duration or frequency. Examples: He did it yesterday. (When) They are permanently busy. (Duration) (iv) Adverbs of Frequency Def: An adverb of frequency shows how frequently an action takes place. Examples:

He always tells a lie. They often come here. PLACEMENT OF ADVERBS

Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). Examples: Their teacher speaks quickly. He writes neatly. They walk briskly.

Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). Examples: I received the letter yesterday. She visited her school last year. They are permanently busy.

Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency are placed before the main verb (not the auxiliary verb). Examples: He often goes to bed late. She always tells a lie. Do you sometimes get up early?

Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree are placed after the verb or entire expression. Examples: He is doing very well. Do you sometimes get up early? Shell attend the meeting as well.

Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of comment are placed at the beginning of a sentence. Examples:

Undoubtedly, Islam is a complete code of life. Luckily, I was able to attend the presentation. Forming Comparative And Superlative Adverbs

LY Adverbs
With LY adverbs (adverbs formed from adjectives by adding -ly to the end) we form the comparative and superlative forms with more and most. Adjective Adverb Comparative Adverb quiet careful happy quietly carefully happily more quietly more carefully more happily Superlative Adverb most quietly most carefully most happily

Ali works more quietly than Aslam does.

She drives more carefully than he does. Of the three drivers, she drives the most carefully. She sings the most happily of all the girls in the group.

OTHER ADVERBS
For adverbs which retain the same form as the adjective form, we add -er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative. Adjectiv Adver Comparative e b Adverb hard fast early hard fast early Harder Faster Earlier He works the hardest. She runs faster than he does. Ali gets to work earlier than I do. Superlative Adverb hardest fastest earliest

Please work harder.

IRREGULAR ADVERBS
Adjectiv Adver Comparative e b Adverb good bad far well badly far Better Worse farther/further Superlative Adverb best worst farthest/furthest

Ali plays tennis better than Aslam does. On our tennis team, Ali plays tennis the best. I did worse on the test than Bart did. On that test, I did the worst in the class. THE USE OF SOME PARTICULAR ADVERBS

1. Very & Much: Very is used (i) with Adjectives and Adverbs of the Positive Degree; as, He was very happy. She runs very fast. (ii) With Present Participles; as, The scenery of Kashmir is very charming. (iii) With the following Past Participles: Pleased. Surprised. Annoyed. Tied. Grieved. Pained. Delighted. Experienced. Contented. Dejected. Much is used (i) with Adjectives and Adverbs of the comparative Degree; as, The patient is much better today. We reached the station much earlier. (ii) With an Adjective in the Superlative Degree to intensify the meaning; as, She is much the tallest girl in the class. (iii) With Past Participles; as, They were much surprised to see his tricks. 2. Before & Ago:

Before means formerly, and is used in respect of a point of time; as, It never happened before. This is what we knew before. Ago is used to denote a period of time from the present dating back wards; as, She came here three years ago. Long, long ago there lived a king. 3. Too, Very & Quite: Too signifies more than enough, and should not be used instead of Very or Much. It is used in a negative sense and is equal to so that..not; as, I shall be too glad to meet. It is too hot to sit inside. It is never too late to mend. Too preceded by only has a positive sense; as, He is only to glad to help the poor. Very conveys the idea of high degree or extent; as, It is very hot inside. This building is very large. Quite conveys the idea of completely or altogether; as His work is quite satisfactory. She was quite innocent. 4. Still & Yet: Still lays emphasis on the continuance of a condition; as, He is still in the bath-room. Yet lays emphasis on an expected even; as, The rain has not yet stopped. 5. Hard & Hardly: Hard is the real Adverb, not Hardly; as, I work hard in winter.

Hardly means scarcely; as, We can hardly work at nights in summer. I had hardly left my room when its roof fell down. 6. At Present & Presently: At Present means at the present time; as, I am very busy at present. At present he is out of work. Presently means shortly or immediately after; as, They will be back here presently. I shall do it presently. 7. Dear & Dearly: Dear, and not Dearly, is used after the Verbs like cost, sell, pay; as, Rice sells dear now-a-days. They paid dear for their folly. It well cost you dear to plot against him. Dearly is used in the sense of tenderly; as, She loved her father dearly. 8. Of Course & Had Better: Of Course means in the course of nature or by a natural consequence; as, I love my mother and, of course, she loves me. Had Better is always followed is followed by a verb in the Present Tense; as, You had better come to terms. We had better hush up this matter. 9. Perhaps & Probably: Perhaps means possibly; as, Perhaps he has forgotten to attend the meeting. Probably means likely or expected to happen; as,

Probably you will get the job. THE PREPOSITION Prepositions are the words which are used to show relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Generally, they come before a noun and never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to. SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS About above across after against along among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond but by despite down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside over past since through throughout till to toward under underneath until up upon with within without.

KINDS OF PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are classified as simple or compound. (I) Simple Prepositions A Simple preposition consists of a single word. Examples: The book is on the table. He is in the room. The train arrived at the station.

(II) Compound Prepositions A compound preposition consists of more than one word. Examples:

He is sitting in front of me Fresh vegetables are available throughout the year. He jumps into the river. Rules for Prepositions

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English: Prepositions of Time English on in Usage at since for ago before to past to / till / until till / until days of the week months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?) from a certain point of time (past till now) over a certain period of time (past till now) a certain time in the past earlier than a certain point of time telling the time telling the time marking the beginning and end of a period of time in the sense of how long something is going to last Example on Monday in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour at night at the weekend at half past nine since 1980 for 2 years 2 years ago before 2004 ten to six (5:50) ten past six (6:10) from Monday to/till Friday He is on holiday until Friday.

by

in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time

I will be back by 6 oclock. By 11 oclock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions of Place English in Usage at room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio left or right of somebody or something on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else lower than something else but Example in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. the bag is under the table the fish are below the

on

by, next to, beside under below

above ground over above across through to into towards covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle higher than something else, but not directly over it getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side something with limits on top, bottom and the sides movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed enter a room / a building movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) movement to the top of something in the sense of where from THE CONJUNCTION Def: It is a word that joins words or sentences. Examples: You and I play cricket.

surface put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall a path above the lake walk across the bridge swim across the lake drive through the tunnel go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed

go into the kitchen / the house go 5 steps towards the house jump onto the table a flower from the garden

onto from

I could not come because I was ill. Ali is a student as well as a player.

In the above given examples, the words and, because and as well as are the conjunctions. Note : Conjunctions must carefully be distinguished from relative pronoun and relative adverbs on the one hand and from prepositions on the other, as This is the house that was sold by me. In this sentence the word that is relative pronoun. Kinds of Conjunctions Conjunctions are mainly divided into two main categories: (i) Co-ordinating conjunctions (ii) Subordinating conjunctions (1) Co-ordinating Conjunctions Co-ordinating conjunctions join the clauses of equal rank. . Examples: We play cricket and they play hockey. It is time to go therefore let us start. In the given examples and and therefore are the coordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions are further divided into four kinds. Lets discuss each kind with examples. (i) CUMULATIVE CONJUNCTIONS These conjunctions merely add one statement to other statement. Cumulative conjunctions are; And, Both and, Also, Not only but also, As well as, Too Examples : Night came on. The room grew dark. Night came on and the room grew dark. He is a fool. He is a knave. He is a fool and he is a knave. He is not only a fool but also a knave. He is a fool as well as a knave. (ii) ALTERNATIVE CONJUNCTIONS These conjunctions describe or express choice between two alternatives.

Alternative conjunctions are; Either or, Else, Otherwise, Or Examples : Make haste. You will be late. Make haste or you will be late. Come in. Go out. Come in or go out. Either come in or go out. Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. Be neither a borrower nor a lender. (iii) ADVERSATIVE CONJUNCTIONS These conjunctions describe or express opposition or contrast between two statements. Alternative conjunctions are; But, Still, Yet, However, Only, Whereas, While Examples: He is slow. He is sure. He is but he is sure. I was annoyed. I kept quite. I was annoyed, still I kept quite. He failed. He persevered. He failed, nevertheless he persevered. He will not oppose my design. I can not approve of it. He will not oppose my design; however, I can not approve of it. He was all right. He was fatigued. He was all right; only He was fatigued. (iv) ILLATIVE CONJUNCTIONS These conjunctions describe or express an inference. Illative conjunctions are; For, So, Therefore, Then Examples : He was obstinate. He was punished. He was obstinate; therefore he was punished. I can not see. It is very dark It is very dark so I can not see. I can not see for it is very dark. It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me. It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me. (2) Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions join the subordinate or dependent clause to a principal

clause. Subordinating conjunctions are; That, Unless, Before, If, As, etc THE INTERJECTION It is a word that shows sudden feeling or emotions. Examples: Ah, Alas, Hurrah, On.

THE ARTICLE
Articles are sometimes regarded as a distinct part of speech. But, properly speaking these are merely adjectives. An article is always placed with a noun like other adjectives. KINDS OF ARTICLES There are two kinds of articles; the indefinite article and the definite article. (I) INDEFINITE ARTICLE A and An are called Indefinite Articles because they do not particularize a noun but generalize it; as, I bought a table. (Here, a table means any table) We read a book. (Here, a book means any book) He ate an apple. (Here, an apple means any apple)

(II) DEFINITE ARTICLE The is called the Definite Article because it particularizes a noun. I saw the doctor who treated me.

(the doctor not any doctor but some particular doctor). Where is the book which I gave you?

(the book not any book but some particular book). THE USE OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE The Indefinite Article A or An is properly speaking, a Numeral Adjective for it originally means one. Examples: A player can be tall or short. (any player). An anchor came to see the stage. (any anchor)

Choice between A and An The choice between A and An is determined by the sound. A is used before a word beginning with a consonant sound; as, a boy, a horse, a useful book, a European An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as, an ass, an inkpot, an hour, an apple, an officer THE USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE The is used; (i) When we speak of a particular person or thing; as, Has he returned from the club? Let us go to the canal.

(ii) When a singular noun is meant to represent a whole class; as, The dog is a faithful animal. The rose is the sweetest of all flowers. The cat s a loving animal.

(iii) But the noun man and woman when used to denote the whole class never have either article; as, Man is mortal. Woman is mans mate. Man is the only animal that uses fire.

(iv) With the names of rivers, seas, oceans, gulfs, groups of Islands and mountain ranges; as, The Ravi, The Chenab, and The Indus the Arabian Sea, the Atlantic Ocean These passengers are bound for the British Isles. (v) Before the name of divine books or newspapers; as, The muslims read the Holy Quran. The Nawa-i-Waqt is published from Lahore.

(vi) Before common nouns which are names of heavenly bodies; as, The moon shines in the sky. The earth moves round the sun. The rich do not like the poor.

(vii) Before an Adjective used as a Noun; as, People always appreciate the brave. The rich do not like the poor.

(viii) When a Proper Noun is used as a Common Noun; as, Lahore is the Paris of Pakistan. He is the Newton of my class.

(ix) Before Superlatives; as, He is the best boy of my class. He is the tallest student.

(x) As an adverb before adjectives in the comparative degree; as, The more we get, the more we desire. The slower you move, the greater time you take.

(xi) Before musical instruments; as, He can play the flute. (xii) Before the names of directions; as, The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

(xiii) Before words denoting natural phenomena; as, The day follows the night.

(xiv) With ordinals; as, He was the first man who came to see me. This is the sixth edition of this book.

(xv) With the qualitative names of Allah.

the Kind, the Merciful etc.

(xv) With an abstract or material noun to specify I; as, The gold of Africa The life of Muhammad (PBUH) The Omissions of the Article The is omitted: Before a common noun used in its widest sense; as, Man is mortal. What kind of flower is it? Before abstract, material and proper noun; as, Honesty is the best policy. Gold is a precious metal. When a common noun is used in the plural number and is not particularized; as, Boys play football. Before titles used in apposition to a proper noun or as the complement of a sentence; as, Mr. Muhammad Ali, Prime Minister of Pakistan, is on tour. He became captain of the cricket eleven. Before names of relations; as, Father has returned. Before languages; as, I learnt French from school. Before names of drinks, meals; such as, Dinner is ready. Before a collective noun used in an indefinite sense; as, Parliament will meet again in April. Government has sanctioned the proposal.

EXERCISES 1. Say whether a and an should be placed before the following: (i) __________ island (ii) __________ big city (iii) __________ umbrella (iv) __________ honest man (v) __________ university (vi) __________ orange (vii) __________ hour (viii) __________ M.N.A (ix) __________ heir (x) __________ European (xi) ___________outstanding performance (xii) ___________ L shaped street (xiii) __________ iron will (xiv) __________ piece of advice (xv) __________ intelligent boy 2. Fill in the blanks with a or the. (i) The sun sets in _________ west. (ii) Japan is _________ big island. (iii) We belong to one and _________ same village. (iv) Many _________ rose will bloom tomorrow. (v) _________ health of my father is falling. (vi) Naseem is _________ cleverer of the two. (vii) Do not make _________ noise. (viii) This is ________ shortest of all the roads. (ix) ________ honesty of this man is praise worthy.

(x) He is ________ Newton of our class. (xi) It is _______ unique idea. (xii) ________ Ravi is a famous river. (xiii) I have ______ piece of work at home. (xiv) I have ______ beautiful pen. (xv) This is _______ first edition of this book.