The telegraph ceased to be the favorite when it invented the telephone.

This invention wasa breakthrough because it was a media transmitting voice. The ability to send and receive voice messages became more attractive because it allowed direct communication.People no longer dependent on specially trained telegraph operators to transmit and receive messages. These terminals transmit and receive, better known today astelephones, telegraph also differed in that not only installed in central offices andtelecommunications companies, but eventually also came to the home. Centralized telephone companies were established in most countries. In the United States, the American Bell Telephone Company, also known as AT & T (American company telephone and telegraph) and, later, as Bell System, was the main provider of telephone services in the United States, until its dissolution in early 1980. In other countries, the telephone was the responsibility of government agencies were also in charge of the mail. These entities, often, offices are called "Mail, Telegraph and Telephone" or CTT. The CTT own the lines that connect users and teams, installed andmaintained. Soon, the need to lay cables was evident with increasing demand for mobile offices, shops and homes. The wiring needs a network of telegraph were limited to the few linesneeded between stations or telegraph offices connected. In addition, a telephone networkneed to run cables between each residence or business and requires a central telephoneoffice. Thus was born the use of cable installer, and the demand for skilled workers has not diminished. In recent years, the telephone network has grown beyond the limitationsimposed by the cables. Today, wireless networks, with its radio wave extensions in the form of cell phones, satellite phones and other wireless devices, enable users to receive and make phone calls from virtually anywhere. With the widespread acceptance of the phone, the quality of the connections became important. Users requiring quality connections. At the same time, it became clear the need for standardized installation practices, equipment and materials. This standardization has resulted in the emergence in the United States of a telephone network system consistent, reliable and offering almost identical services throughout the country. The same principles have been applied to data networks, and the results have generally been positive.

Analog telephony concepts Telephony is the science of converting sound into electrical signals and transmit them fromdistant stations. Alexander Graham Bell, Elisha Gray and other pioneers found they couldcreate vibrations that reproduce the spoken word. These vibrations are a type of analog signal, ie, waves that vary continuously, representing the actual sound. When a persontalking on the phone, the vibrations are converted into an analog signal that is sent through the telephone cable. When the signal reaches the local exchange, strengthens and sent to another telephone that is en route to the desired destination. When it comes to the

earpiece of the other person, the analog signal results in vibrations that reproduce the voice and the words of the caller.
Analog telephone The first phone using a single cable connecting the phone to the ground to provide a full path. In 1881, Alexander Bell patented the concept of two-wire circuit. This consisted of two telephone wiring cables that allowed a complete electrical circuit between thecustomer and the installation of the telephone company central. These two wires are twisted around each other to prevent the signs of an infiltrate on the other. This type of cabling is called twisted pair. It is also used for data networks. Braidedsystem was established in the late 1890's. For the phones are completely interconnected, the wires must be connected to all phoneswith each other. Although you only need a cable to connect two phones, to connect fourphones require six cables. As you increase the number of phones, the number of wiresgrows exponentially. The following is an equation that describes the amount of cables needed to configure a full mesh between several phones: N * (N-1) / 2 This equation is equivalent to the number of cell multiplied by the number of phones except one, all divided by two. In other words, to connect five phones in a full mesh, the following is required: (5 * (5-1)) / 2 = 10 cables. History of computer cabling The other main user of the wiring is the computer industry. While telephone companies dictating the type of cable you should use the first network systems were their own, ie that defined the company that developed. In many cases, the choice of a computer peripheral elements dictated permissible. This, in turn, dictated the wiring so that printers can use wire only for printers, mobile storage devices were used only removable storage cables, and terminals could use only cables for terminals. The differences between the cables were not simple differences could be resolved easily with the use of adapters or other devices. Thus, often requiring several types of cables (coaxial Thicknet, twinax cable type and wire RS-232, for example) within the same office to connect computers, peripherals and other hardware. As a result, many network designers chose a single manufacturer for all equipment and thereby ensured that there were no incompatibilities.

Due to increasing popularity began to have personal computers, network hardware became standardized, especially for wiring. The first type of wiring that had the most acceptance was a sort of copper wire, called coaxial, which is discussed in detail in Chapter 4, through COBRA. It was soon replaced by another type of wiring called twisted pair copper (also discussed in Chapter 4). The twisted pair was the same cable that was used for phones. As demand grew faster connections with less noise on the line, the manufacturers introduced improved twisted pair cables with more peers, more of twisted and shielding materials. The modern twisted pair cables, such as Category 5, 5e and 6, have four pairs of twisted wires with more than did the first types of cables. The quality and data transmission capacity of these cables is higher than earlier versions, to the point that it has become possible using a single cable system for phones and computers. Emerging technologies Wiring

It is important to understand the history of the wiring, but is even more important to know your future. New technologies should be studied carefully, because for them it is necessarywiring. Moore's Law, formulated by Gordon Moore of Intel in the early 1970's, states thatthe processing power of a microchip doubles every 18 months. In cable systems, this means that cables enhance its features so fast that the cable installer install new types of cables every 18 or 24 months or so. It is therefore important that the cable installers know the new technologies are under development. Installers should know the advantages and disadvantages of new technology, and when you get the approval of organizationsresponsible for setting standards.

Most of these new technologies focus on increasing the data capacity. Others focus onnew media, such as wireless or fiber optics. Another important trend that must be takeninto account is the integrated wiring, meaning that all the signals travel in the same type ofcable. Technologies such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) use a single type of cablefor both voice and data. Wireless Systems. At present, some of the most important ideas in communicationsrevolve around the use of radio or microwave as a tool for data or voice. For example, cell phones are part of a wireless network. Other technologies are also being developed usingcellular technology. For example, you can install a wireless network of computers withproducts designed to meet the 802.11 standards from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Ratio of high quality cabling and wiring costs The cabling is the physical medium that connects the modern communication systems withdata systems. Without a proper cabling, communications could not

exist. The cable installer's task is to provide a technically good and proper wiring of all communication devices such as telephones, fax machines, computers or automated industrial equipmentthat keep businesses running. Cabling installations remain in place for years. It is more economical for customers to pay a little more up front to make sure the job is done correctly, meet the standards and bescalable. The figure shows a comparison between network components and their cost relative to their useful life. A network that reduces costs through a lower grade wiring, hiring inexperienced installers or do not meet the standards will cost more to customerswhen users complain about slow speed or connection problems. Network managersspend their time solving problems caused by poor facilities and network needs exceed the capabilities of the installed cables.

Relationship between a high quality cabling and reliability There are three costs that are attributable to poor cabling: The first is that the network might not work reliably or may operate with faults. There might be a performance degradation that reduces the speed of each process carried out on the network. This is the specific case of the type most widely accepted network, Ethernet, in which the fall of a few packets of data results in a waste of bandwidth, because thesepackets to be transmitted again. Ultimately, this can lead to network stops. This downtime can cost a company significant revenue. The second problem of poor cabling costs is the increased need for maintenance. Aproper structured wiring system includes documentation and test results that record if the network worked fine after installation. If years later a technician had to go back to determine why certain link developed a problem, these would be very useful initial references. A third problem in a network is poor installation of the increased risk of forfeiture. The wiring is the foundation of the network. Standardization is the safety net. If a company has installed a structured cabling system according to standards, and technology advances, many people are faced with the same expiration and creative solutions can be applied in all cases. However, if the network cabling is riddled with errors and undocumentedshortcuts, these updates may not apply. The relationship between a high quality cabling and security In a world where network managers are increasingly concerned about the reliability of systems, structured cabling system is a necessary investment. An important aspect ofsecurity is the ability to survive. As explained in the previous section, the structured cablingpractices contribute to the reliability, which in turn contributes to the survivability and security.

Security also is reinforced by standards that require network equipment to be installed intelecommunications rooms closed. This practice helps greatly to improve security, since it is much harder to steal or disable wired networking equipment or concentrated in these areas.
Wiring the labor market

The task of a cable installer requires several skills. First, the installer tends wiring throughbuildings and houses. Once the cables are placed and secured in the right place, the installer ends with the appropriate connectors or block secured to a puncture. Next, theinstaller test to see if the cables are connected correctly and if they go to the correctworkstation. The installer can also participate in the certification of the cables. This involves generating performance documents from the testing data. These documents can be usedlater in case of any problems and can guide plans for expansion and modification of networks. Safety codes and standards Safety should be the responsibility of everyone in the workplace. There are three types of security: The first is the safety of employees. Learn to work with power tools and manuals so as not to endanger the hands, feet, sight or hearing of people. Be alert, plan and use the equipment and accessories suitable protective helps maintain the safety of employees. The second type of security is the security in the workplace. Learn to work with others so as not to expose them to danger. Keep the workplace free of hazards and unnecessarytoxins and any other unsafe condition. Do solvents used with adequate ventilation? Istemporary wiring is waterproof if part of the work should be done outdoors? The third type of security is public safety. Ensure that pedestrians, vehicles, aircraft and the environment are not subjected to unnecessary risks. Take precautions in all work situations, such as the movement of equipment, temporary changes of structures,application of paints and trash removal