Troubleshooting High CPU Utilization

This document includes these sections:

CPU Utilization Overview, page 1 When High CPU Utilization Is a Problem, page 2 Determining the Root Cause, page 6 Helpful Information, page 21 Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request, page 23

CPU Utilization Overview

After the switch completes the boot process, the switch CPU simultaneously performs two distinct functions:

It runs the different system processes required for a switch operating in a network. It sends and receives packets to and from the switch hardware.

CPU utilization increases when a system process requires more time or when more network packets are sent and received. Under normal operating conditions, on a nonstackable switch, the CPU is busy at least 5 percent of the time. If the switch is stacked, the CPU is busy at a minimum of 7 or 8 percent utilization. In a switch stack, CPU utilization is measured only on the master switch. The number of members in the stack affects the overall CPU utilization. Because background Cisco system processes on switch timers execute multiple times per second, the switch never reports CPU utilization at 0 percent, even in the simplest deployments.

Note

Normal packet switching of data traffic is done in the switch hardware and does not involve the CPU, so it is not affected by an overly busy CPU.

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When High CPU Utilization Is a Problem

The CPU becomes too busy when the CPU receives too many packets from the switch hardware or when a system process consumes too much CPU time. When either of these functions uses CPU resources to the detriment of the other, the CPU is too busy. For example, if the CPU is receiving many packets because of a broadcast storm on the network, it is so busy processing all the those packets that the other system processes do not have access to CPU resources. To determine switch CPU utilization, enter the show processes cpu sorted privileged EXEC command. The output shows how busy the CPU has been in the past 5 seconds, the past 1 minute, and the past 5 minutes. The output also shows the utilization percentage that each system process has used in these periods.
Switch# show processes cpu sorted CPU utilization for five seconds: 5%/0%; one minute: 6%; five minutes: 5% PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process 1 4539 89782 50 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Chunk Manager 2 1042 1533829 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Load Meter 3 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 DiagCard3/-1 4 14470573 1165502 12415 0.00% 0.13% 0.16% 0 Check heaps 5 7596 212393 35 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Pool Manager 6 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Timers 7 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Image Licensing 8 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 License Client N 9 1442263 25601 56336 0.00% 0.08% 0.02% 0 Licensing Auto U 10 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Crash writer 11 979720 2315501 423 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 ARP Input 12 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 CEF MIB API <output truncated>

In this output, the CPU utilization for the last 5 seconds shows two numbers (5%/0%).

The first number, 5%, tells how busy the CPU was in the past 5 seconds. This number is the total CPU utilization for all the active system processes, including the percentage of time at the interrupt level. The second number, 0%, shows the percentage of time at the interrupt level in the past 5 seconds. The interrupt percentage is the CPU time spent receiving packets from the switch hardware. The percentage of time at interrupt level is always less than or equal to the total CPU utilization.

Two other important numbers are shown on the same output line: the average utilization for the last 1 minute (6 percent in this example) and the average utilization for past 5 minutes (5 percent in this example). These values are typical for a nonstacked switch in a small and stable environment. There can be hundreds of active system processes on the CPU at any time. This number can vary, based on the switch model, the Cisco IOS release, the feature set, and (if applicable) the number of switches in a switch stack. For example, on a stack of Catalyst 3750 switches running the IP base image, there are typically 475 active system processes. The Catalyst 2960 switch running the LAN base image has a smaller number of active processes than a stack of Catalyst 3750 switches. In general, the more features in the Cisco IOS image, the more system processes.

When High CPU Utilization Is a Problem

These sections tell how to identify high CPU utilization and determine if it is a problem:

Normal Conditions with High CPU Utilization, page 4 Network Symptoms Caused by High CPU Utilization, page 5 Determining Interrupt Percentage, page 6

In some instances, high CPU utilization is normal and does not cause network problems. High CPU utilization becomes a problem when the switch fails to perform as expected.

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When High CPU Utilization Is a Problem

Enter the show processes cpu history privileged EXEC command to see the CPU utilization for the last 60 seconds, 60 minutes, and 72 hours. The command output provides graphical views of how busy the CPU has been. You can see if the CPU has been constantly busy or if utilization has been spiking. In this example, the CPU spiked to 100 percent 46 hours ago, shortly after the switch was rebooted. It spiked to 87 percent within the past hour.

CPU utilization spikes caused by a known network event or activity are not problems. Even an 87-percent spike might be acceptable, depending on the cause. For example, an acceptable spike could be caused by the network administrator entering a write memory privileged EXEC command on the

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When High CPU Utilization Is a Problem

CLI. A spike is also a normal reaction to a topology change in a large Layer 2 network. See the Normal Conditions with High CPU Utilization section on page 4 for a list of events and activities that cause the CPU utilization to spike. Over time, the switch operates within a certain sustained CPU utilization range, which is considered the normal operations baseline. You can use the output of the show processes cpu history privileged EXEC command to determine normal operating baseline utilization for the previous 72 hours. CPU utilization exceeding the normal operating baseline for an unknown reason indicates that there is a problem. In the previous example, the CPU utilization was between 40 and 56 percent for the past 37 hours. We consider anything below 50 percent CPU utilization to be acceptable. A sustained level of approximately 50 percent, such as this example, is also acceptable. A sustained CPU utilization of over 50 percent is potentially problematic. While the switch might appear to operate fine at this CPU utilization level, when the switch CPU sustains a 50 percent utilization, its ability to react to dynamic network events is compromised. Frequent unexplained spikes to the established normal operating baseline or sudden utilization jumps with no explanations are causes for concern. See the Determining the Root Cause section on page 6 to identify the source of a high CPU utilization problem.

Normal Conditions with High CPU Utilization

In some network deployments, a busy CPU is normal. In general, the larger the Layer 2 or Layer 3 network, the greater the demand on the CPU to process network-related traffic. These are examples of operations that have the potential to cause high CPU utilization:

Spanning Tree, page 4 IP Routing Table Updates, page 4 Cisco IOS Commands, page 5 Other Events Causing High CPU Utilization, page 5

Spanning Tree
A Layer 2 spanning-tree instance runs for every VLAN configured on a Layer 2 switch by the per-VLAN spanning-tree (PVST) feature. The CPU time utilized by spanning tree varies depending upon the number of spanning-tree instances and the number of active interfaces. The more instances and the more active interfaces, the greater the CPU utilization.

IP Routing Table Updates

When a Layer 3 switch enabled for IP routing receives a large routing table, the switch must process the routing information updates. The CPU utilization spike during processing depends on these factors:

The size of the routing information update The frequency of the updates The number of routing protocol processes receiving the updates The presence of any route maps or filters

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When High CPU Utilization Is a Problem

Cisco IOS Commands

Some Cisco IOS commands cause a spike in the CPU utilization. These include:

The show tech-support privileged EXEC command. The write memory privileged EXEC command (particularly if the switch is in a stack). The show-running configuration privileged EXEC command on a switch stack master. The debug privileged EXEC command to enable debugging of a feature. Printing debug messages to the console increases the CPU utilization as long as debugging is enabled.

Other Events Causing High CPU Utilization

Frequent or large number of IGMP requeststhe CPU processes IGMP messages . Large number of IP SLAs monitoring sessionsthe CPU generates ICMP or traceroute packets. SNMP polling activities, particularly MIB walkthe Cisco IOS SNMP engine executes SNMP requests. Large number of simultaneous DHCP requests, such as when links are restored to numerous clients (when the switch is acting as DHCP server). ARP broadcast storms. Ethernet broadcast storms.

Network Symptoms Caused by High CPU Utilization

A CPU that is too busy affects the ability of the system processes to execute as expected. When the system processes do not execute, the switch (or the directly connected networking devices) react as if there was a network problem. For Layer 2 networks, a spanning-tree reconvergence could occur. In a Layer 3 network, a routing topology could change. Known symptoms that can occur when the switch CPU is too busy:

Spanning-tree topology changeWhen a Layer 2 network device does not receive timely spanning-tree BPDUs on its root port, it considers the Layer 2 path to the root switch as down, and the device tries to find a new path. Spanning tree reconverges in the Layer 2 network. Routing topology change, such as BGP route flapping or OSPF route flapping. EtherChannel links bounceWhen the network device at the other end of the EtherChannel does not receive the protocol packets required to maintain the EtherChannel link, this might bring down the link. The switch fails to respond to normal management requests:
ICMP ping requests. SNMP timeouts Telnet or SSH sessions that are slow or cannot be started

UDLD flappingThe switch relies on keepalives from its peer in aggressive mode. IP SLAs failures due to SLAs responses beyond the acceptable threshold. DHCP or IEEE 802.1x failures if the switch cannot forward or respond to requests. Dropped packets or increased latency for those packets routed in software. HSRP flapping.
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Determining Interrupt Percentage

The CPU utilization history shows only the total CPU utilization over time. It does not show the CPU time spent at interrupt. Knowing the time spent at interrupt is critical for determining the cause of CPU utilization. The CPU utilization history shows when the CPU is consistently receiving network packets, but it does not show the cause. Enter the Cisco IOS show processes cpu sorted 5sec privileged EXEC command to show the current the CPU utilization and which IOS processes are using the most CPU time. In this example, the CPU is too busy because the sustained utilization is over the baseline of 50%. The arrow is pointing to the interrupt percentage value. It is the second number in the 5 second utilization percentage.
Interrupt percentage (19%)
Switch# show processes cpu sorted 5sec CPU utilization for five seconds: 64%/19%; one minute: 65%; five minutes: 70% PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process 186 19472027 64796535 300 35.14% 37.50% 36.05% 0 IP Input 192 24538871 82738840 296 1.11% 0.71% 0.82% 0 Spanning Tree 458 5514 492 11207 0.63% 0.15% 0.63% 2 Virtual Exec 61 3872439 169098902 22 0.63% 0.63% 0.41% 0 RedEarth Tx Mana <output truncated>

Its normal for the interrupt percentage to be greater than 0 percent and less than 5 percent. It is acceptable for the interrupt percentage to be between 5 percent and 10 percent. An interrupt percentage over 10 percent should be investigated. See the Analyzing Network Traffic section on page 8 for investigation information.

Determining the Root Cause

When you suspect the CPU is too busy, first determine if it is busy because a system process is taking too much CPU time or because it is receiving too many network packets. The debugging techniques are different for these two root causes. These sections tell you how to identify and troubleshoot the cause:

Identifying the Cause as System Process or Network Traffic, page 7 Analyzing Network Traffic, page 8 Debugging Active Processes, page 19

Note

Always refer to the release notes for the specific platform and software release of your switch for any known Cisco IOS bugs. You can eliminate these issues from your troubleshooting steps. When the switch CPU is busy, management tools such as Telnet or SSH are usually not very useful. We recommend that you use the switch console for debugging CPU utilization issues.

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Identifying the Cause as System Process or Network Traffic

To determine how busy the CPU is and which operating system processes are using the most CPU time, enter the show processes cpu sorted 5sec privileged EXEC command. In the output, for CPU utilization for five seconds, the second number is the interrupt percentage. Use the interrupt percentage to determine if the problem is caused by a system process or high network traffic. If the interrupt percentage is too high relative to the total CPU utilization percentage, the CPU utilization problem is caused by receiving too many packets from system hardware. See the Determining Interrupt Percentage section on page 6 for how to identify a high interrupt percentage.

A high interrupt percentage indicates too much network traffic. This is the most common cause of high CPU utilization. To troubleshoot, see the Analyzing Network Traffic section on page 8. High CPU utilization percentage with a low interrupt percentage indicates a problem with an operating system process. To troubleshoot, see the Debugging Active Processes section on page 19. When both percentages are high or if you cannot determine whether or not the interrupt percentage is a significant contributor to CPU utilization, first see the Analyzing Network Traffic section on page 8. If the information provided in this section does not resolve the high CPU utilization problem, see the Debugging Active Processes section on page 19.

In this example, the CPU utilization is 64 percent, and the interrupt percentage is 19 percent, which is high.The utilization problem is caused by the CPU processing too many packets received from the network. In this case, see the Analyzing Network Traffic section on page 8.
Interrupt percentage (19%)
Switch# show processes cpu sorted 5sec CPU utilization for five seconds: 64%/19%; one minute: 65%; five minutes: 70% PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process 186 19472027 64796535 300 35.14% 37.50% 36.05% 0 IP Input 192 24538871 82738840 296 1.11% 0.71% 0.82% 0 Spanning Tree 458 5514 492 11207 0.63% 0.15% 0.63% 2 Virtual Exec 61 3872439 169098902 22 0.63% 0.63% 0.41% 0 RedEarth Tx Mana 99 10237319 12680120 807 0.47% 0.66% 0.59% 0 hpm counter proc 131 4232087 224923936 18 0.31% 0.50% 1.74% 0 Hulc LED Process 152 2032186 7964290 255 0.31% 0.21% 0.25% 0 PI MATM Aging Pr 140 22911628 12784253 1792 0.31% 0.23% 0.26% 0 HRPC qos request 250 27807274 62859001 442 0.31% 0.34% 0.34% 0 RIP Router 139 4061081 1603201 2533 0.15% 0.13% 0.15% 0 HQM Stack Proces 261 197818 12440845 15 0.15% 0.02% 0.00% 0 CEF: IPv4 proces 266 85849 3778063 22 0.15% 0.04% 0.00% 0 LLDP Protocol 100 8870886 42013366 211 0.15% 0.13% 0.10% 0 HRPC pm-counters 37 1025376 7967083 128 0.15% 0.11% 0.08% 0 Per-Second Jobs 14 0 2 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 AAA high-capacit 13 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 AAA_SERVER_DEADT 15 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Policy Manager 16 260 12 21666 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Entity MIB API 17 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IFS Agent Manage 20 24444 7964457 3 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Periodic Tim 21 0 20 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC Managed Time <output truncated>

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Determining the Root Cause

In the next example, the interrupt percentage is low compared to the CPU utilization percentage (5 percent compared to 82 percent). A high CPU utilization and relatively low interrupt percentage indicates that one or more system processes is taking too much time. In this case, see the Debugging Active Processes section on page 19.
Switch# show processes cpu sorted 5sec CPU utilization for five seconds: 82%/5%; one minute: 40%; five minutes: 34% PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process 217 135928429 493897689 275 45.68% 18.61% 16.78% 0 SNMP ENGINE 47 61840574 480781517 128 23.80% 8.63% 7.43% 0 hrpc <-response 158 58014186 265701225 218 1.11% 1.36% 1.35% 0 Spanning Tree 46 1222030 67734870 18 0.47% 0.14% 0.08% 0 hrpc -> request 75 1034724 8421764 122 0.15% 0.06% 0.02% 0 hpm counter proc 223 125 157 796 0.15% 0.13% 0.03% 2 Virtual Exec 213 2573 263 9783 0.15% 2.43% 0.71% 1 Virtual Exec 150 578692 3251272 177 0.15% 0.02% 0.00% 0 CDP Protocol 114 8436933 3227814 2613 0.15% 0.17% 0.16% 0 HRPC qos request 105 1002819 96357752 10 0.15% 0.10% 0.06% 0 Hulc LED Process 28 701287 68160 10288 0.15% 0.01% 0.00% 0 Per-minute Jobs 215 9757808 42169987 231 0.15% 0.58% 0.56% 0 IP SNMP 12 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IFS Agent Manage 13 8 67388 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 IPC !<Output truncated>

Analyzing Network Traffic

When the interrupt percentage is high, the root cause of the problem is that the CPU is receiving too many packets. To resolve the problem, you need to find the source of the packets, and either stop the flow, or modify the switch configuration. See these sections:

System Processes and Network Packets, page 8 System Processes and Punted Packets, page 9 Identifying Network Packets Received by the CPU, page 10 Limiting Network Packets to the CPU, page 15 Identifying Packets Punted from the Switch Hardware, page 16 Identifying TCAM Utilization Issues, page 17 Resolving TCAM Utilization Issues, page 18

System Processes and Network Packets

You can identify the type of network packets that are flooding the CPU by the system processes that the switch uses to manage the packets. When the CPU interrupt percentage is high compared to the overall CPU utilization percentage, enter the show processes cpu sorted 5sec privileged EXEC command to determine the most active system process. The CPU can receive multiple packet types and have multiple active system processes. The output lists the most active processes first. The most active system processes are probably responding to the receipt of network packets.

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Switch# show processes cpu sorted 5sec CPU utilization for five seconds: 64%/19%; one minute: 65%; five minutes: 70% PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process 186 19472027 64796535 300 35.14% 37.50% 36.05% 0 IP Input 192 24538871 82738840 296 1.11% 0.71% 0.82% 0 Spanning Tree 458 5514 492 11207 0.63% 0.15% 0.63% 2 Virtual Exec 61 3872439 169098902 22 0.63% 0.63% 0.41% 0 RedEarth Tx Mana 99 10237319 12680120 807 0.47% 0.66% 0.59% 0 hpm counter proc 131 4232087 224923936 18 0.31% 0.50% 1.74% 0 Hulc LED Process 152 2032186 7964290 255 0.31% 0.21% 0.25% 0 PI MATM Aging Pr 140 22911628 12784253 1792 0.31% 0.23% 0.26% 0 HRPC qos request 250 27807274 62859001 442 0.31% 0.34% 0.34% 0 RIP Router !<Output truncated>

Table 1 lists some common system processes and the associated packet types. If one of the listed system processes is the most active process in the CPU, it is likely that the corresponding type of network packet is flooding the CPU.
Table 1 Processes Associated with Network Packet Processing

System Process Name IP Input IGMPSN ARP Input SNMP Engine

Packet Types IP packets (includes ICMP) IGMP snooping packets IP ARP packets SNMP packets

See the Identifying Network Packets Received by the CPU section on page 10 to find the source of the packets and how to troubleshoot.

System Processes and Punted Packets

On a Layer 3 switch, when the IP route is not known, the switch hardware punts (sends) IP packets to the CPU for IP routing. Punted packets are handled at the interrupt level and can cause the CPU to become too busy. If the interrupt percentage shown in the command output is high, but the most active processes are not those shown in Table 1, or no processes seem active enough to justify the CPU utilization, the high CPU utilization is most likely caused by punted packets, as shown in the example output.
Switch# show processes cpu sorted 5sec CPU utilization for five seconds: 53%/28%; one minute: 48%; five minutes: 45% PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process 78 461805 220334990 2 11.82% 11.53% 10.37% 0 HLFM address lea 309 99769798 1821129 54784 5.27% 1.53% 1.39% 0 RIP Timers 192 19448090 72206697 269 1.11% 0.87% 0.81% 0 Spanning Tree 250 25992246 58973371 440 0.63% 0.27% 0.29% 0 RIP Router 99 6853074 11856895 577 0.31% 0.46% 0.44% 0 hpm counter proc 131 3184794 210112491 15 0.31% 0.13% 0.12% 0 Hulc LED Process 140 20821662 11950171 1742 0.31% 0.28% 0.26% 0 HRPC qos request 139 3166446 1498429 2113 0.15% 0.11% 0.11% 0 HQM Stack Proces 67 2809714 11642483 241 0.15% 0.03% 0.00% 0 hrpc <- response 223 449344 16515401 27 0.15% 0.03% 0.00% 0 Marvell wk-a Pow 10 0 1 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Crash writer 11 227226 666257 341 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 ARP Input !<Output truncated>

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Table 2 lists the most active system processes when the CPU is busy acting on punted IP packets. CPU processing of punted packets is not associated with a listed process.
Table 2 Processes Indicating Punted Packet Handling

System Process Name HLFM address lea Check heaps Virtual Exec RedEarth Tx Mana hpm counter proc

Packet Types IP forwarding manager process Memory collection process Cisco IOS CLI process Microprocessor communication process Statistics collection

See the Identifying Packets Punted from the Switch Hardware section on page 16 for troubleshooting procedures for punted packets.

Identifying Network Packets Received by the CPU

These techniques to determine the type of packets being sent to CPU can complement each other or can be used individually.

The switch hardware counts the packets in each CPU receive queue. You can use this count to determine the type of packets being received. See the Monitoring Packet Counts for CPU Receive Queues section on page 10. You can use the debug privileged EXEC command to print to the console all CPU-received packets. The debug command can debug each receive queue separately. See the Debugging Packets from the Switch CPU Receive Queues section on page 12. The switch counts all IP packets that are sent and received. This information is useful to identify any counts that are particularly high and incrementing rapidly. See the Monitoring IP Traffic Counts section on page 14.

Monitoring Packet Counts for CPU Receive Queues

If the switch is being flooded by a specific packet type, the hardware places that packet type into the appropriate CPU queue and counts it. Enter the show controllers cpu-interface privileged EXEC command to see the packet count per queue.
Switch # show controllers cpu-interface ASIC Rxbiterr Rxunder Fwdctfix Txbuflos Rxbufloc Rxbufdrain ------------------------------------------------------------------------ASIC0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ASIC1 0 0 0 0 0 0 cpu-queue-frames ----------------rpc stp ipc routing protocol L2 protocol remote console sw forwarding host broadcast retrieved ---------726325 16108 56771 3949 827 58 0 0 382 dropped ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 invalid ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hol-block ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 stray ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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cbt-to-spt 0 igmp snooping 3567 icmp 11256 logging 0 rpf-fail 0 dstats 0 cpu heartbeat 322409 <output truncated>

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The switch also counts the CPU-bound packets that are discarded due to congestion. Each CPU receive queue has a packet-count maximum. When the receive queue maximum is reached, the switch hardware discards packets destined for the congested queue. The switch counts discarded packets for each queue. Increased discard counts for a particular CPU queue mean heavy usage for that queue. Enter the show platform port-asic stats drop privileged EXEC command to see the CPU receive-queue discard counts and to identify the queue discarding packets. This command is not as useful as the show controllers cpu-interface command because the output shows numbers for the receive queues instead of names, and it shows only the discards. Because the switch hardware sees the CPU receive-queue dropped packets as sent to the supervisor, the dropped packets are called Supervisor TxQueue Drop Statistics in the command output.
Switch #show platform port-asic stats drop Port-asic Port Drop Statistics - Summary ======================================== RxQueue Drop Statistics Slice0 RxQueue 0 Drop Stats Slice0: 0 RxQueue 1 Drop Stats Slice0: 0 RxQueue 2 Drop Stats Slice0: 0 RxQueue 3 Drop Stats Slice0: 0 RxQueue Drop Statistics Slice1 RxQueue 0 Drop Stats Slice1: 0 RxQueue 1 Drop Stats Slice1: 0 RxQueue 2 Drop Stats Slice1: 0 RxQueue 3 Drop Stats Slice1: 0 !<Output truncated> Port 27 TxQueue Drop Stats: 0 Supervisor TxQueue Drop Statistics Queue 0: 0 Queue 1: 0 Queue 2: 0 Queue 3: 0 Queue 4: 0 Queue 5: 0 Queue 6: 0 Queue 7: 0 Queue 8: 0 Queue 9: 0 Queue 10: 0 Queue 11: 0 Queue 12: 0 Queue 13: 0 Queue 14: 0 Queue 15: 0 ! <Output truncated>

The queue numbers in this output for Supervisor TxQueue Drop Statistics are in the same order as the queue names in the show controllers cpu-interface command output. For example, Queue 0 in this output corresponds to rpc in the previous output;. Queue 15 corresponds to cpu heartbeat, and so on.

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The statistics do not reset. Enter the command multiple times to review active queue discards. The command output also shows other drop statistics, some of which are truncated in the example. See the CPU Receive Queues section on page 21 for more information about CPU queues.

Debugging Packets from the Switch CPU Receive Queues

The hardware inserts packets received from the network into 16 different queues for the CPU. You can identify packets sent to the CPU by enabling debugging for a queue. Use the output from the show controllers cpu-interface privileged EXEC command to learn which queues to start debugging first. See the Monitoring Packet Counts for CPU Receive Queues section on page 10. If the output from the show controllers cpu-interface command does not indicate a good place to start, we recommend that you enable debugging on one queue at a time until the console is flooded with debug messages. You use a different debug command to turn debugging on and off for each CPU receive queue. Before you start debugging the receive queues, use this procedure to prevent other applications from writing to the console, to increase the system log buffer (if it is at the default size), and to put a detailed timestamp on the debug messages. When the debugging session is over, the debug messages are in the system log. Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to prepare for debugging the CPU queue: Command
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Purpose Enter global configuration mode. Disable logging to the console terminal. Enable system message logging to a local buffer, and set the buffer size to 12800 bytes. Configure the system to apply a timestamp to debugging messages or system logging messages. Return to privileged EXEC mode. Be ready to enter the undebug all privileged EXEC command to stop any packet flooding on the console. Even though you do not see a command prompt, the switch accepts the undebug all command at any time. After you enter the command, allow some time for the buffered debug messages to subside and for the debugging message buffer to empty. The debug messages can help to determine the source of the packet flood. This is useful if the packets are all the same type or originating from the same source.

configure terminal no logging console logging buffered 128000 service timestamps debug datetime msecs localtime exit

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This is an example of turning on the CPU queues one at a time until console floods.

The sequence of actions in the examples:

After the debug platform cpu-queue host-q command was entered, a single packet was received. This is normal. When the next command, debug platform cpu-queue icmp-q, was entered, the flood began. All packets received on icmp-q are the same. Only three packets are shown. Thus, the CPU is receiving an ICMP packet flood.

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Examine the output for information about the source, including the VLAN (200) and source MAC address (0000.0300.0101) of this packet (shown in bold text).
*Mar 2 22:48:16.947: ICMP-Q:Dropped Throttle timer not awake: Remote Port Blocked L3If:Vlan200 L2If:GigabitEthernet1/0/3 DI:0xB4, LT:7, Vlan:200 SrcGPN:3, SrcGID:3, ACLLogIdx:0x0, MacDA:001d.46be.7541, MacSA: 0000.0300.0101 IP_SA:10.10.200.1 IP_DA:10.10.200.5 IP_Proto:1 TPFFD:ED000003_008B00C8_00B00222-000000B4_00040000_03090000

Enter the show mac address-table privileged EXEC command for the VLAN to see the MAC address table and to find the interface where this MAC address was learned. The output shows the packets are being received on interface Gigabit Ethernet 1/0/3 (shown in bold text).
Switch# show mac address-table dynamic vlan 200 Mac Address Table ------------------------------------------Vlan ---200 Mac Address ----------0000.0300.0101 Type -------DYNAMIC Ports ----Gi1/0/3

!<Output truncated>

You can use these steps for the different packet types when the CPU is being flooded by a single flow. Continue to enable the debugging of the different CPU queues until the console is flooded. See the CPU Receive Queues section on page 21 for details about the CPU queues. Beginning in privileged EXEC mode, follow these steps to view the system log with the debug messages: Command
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Purpose Set the number of lines on the terminal screen for the current session to 0. Display the contents of the standard system logging buffer. Set the terminal length to 30, or reset back to the original value. Exit the CLI.

terminal length 0 show logging terminal length 30 exit

Note

If you modified the configuration before debugging by increasing the system log buffer or adding a timestamp, consider returning these settings to the default configuration when debugging is complete.

Monitoring IP Traffic Counts

The switch counts all IP packet types received by the CPU. These packet counts do not include the IP packets switched or routed in hardware. Enter the show ip traffic privileged EXEC command to display the IP packet type counts. The output breaks down the IP packets into Layer 4 types (that is, ICMP, multicast, ICMP, or ARP). When a particular count is incrementing rapidly, the IP packet type is probably flooding the CPU.
Switch# show ip traffic IP statistics: Rcvd: 12420483 total, 840467 local destination 0 format errors, 0 checksum errors, 0 bad hop count 0 unknown protocol, 222764 not a gateway 0 security failures, 0 bad options, 0 with options Opts: 0 end, 0 nop, 0 basic security, 0 loose source route 0 timestamp, 0 extended security, 0 record route 0 stream ID, 0 strict source route, 0 alert, 0 cipso, 0 ump 0 other

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Frags: 0 reassembled, 0 timeouts, 0 couldn't reassemble 0 fragmented, 0 couldn't fragment Bcast: 0 received, 0 sent Mcast: 0 received, 0 sent Sent: 834640 generated, 928020828 forwarded Drop: 189206 encapsulation failed, 0 unresolved, 0 no adjacency 0 no route, 0 unicast RPF, 0 forced drop 0 options denied, 0 source IP address zero ICMP statistics: Rcvd: 0 format errors, 0 checksum errors, 834640 redirects, 0 unreachable 0 echo, 0 echo reply, 0 mask requests, 0 mask replies, 0 quench 0 parameter, 0 timestamp, 0 info request, 0 other 0 irdp solicitations, 0 irdp advertisements Sent: 834640 redirects, 0 unreachable, 0 echo, 0 echo reply 0 mask requests, 0 mask replies, 0 quench, 0 timestamp 0 info reply, 0 time exceeded, 0 parameter problem 0 irdp solicitations, 0 irdp advertisements TCP statistics: Rcvd: 5830 total, 0 checksum errors, 0 no port Sent: 0 total UDP statistics: Rcvd: 0 total, 0 checksum errors, 0 no port Sent: 0 total, 0 forwarded broadcasts PIMv2 statistics: Sent/Received Total: 0/0, 0 checksum errors, 0 format errors Registers: 0/0 (0 non-rp, 0 non-sm-group), Register Stops: 0/0, Join/Prunes: 0/0, Asserts: 0/0, grafts: 0/0 Bootstraps: 0/0, Candidate_RP_Advertisements: 0/0 State-Refresh: 0/0 IGMP statistics: Sent/Received Total: 0/0, Format errors: 0/0, Checksum errors: 0/0 Host Queries: 0/0, Host Reports: 0/0, Host Leaves: 0/0 DVMRP: 0/0, PIM: 0/0 EIGRP-IPv4 statistics: Rcvd: 0 total Sent: 0 total ARP statistics: Rcvd: 0 requests, 0 replies, 0 reverse, 0 other Sent: 92 requests, 87 replies (0 proxy), 0 reverse Drop due to input queue full: 444087

Hellos: 0/0

Limiting Network Packets to the CPU

You can prevent problem network packets from impacting the CPU utilization by stopping them at the ingress interface:

To limit Ethernet broadcast or multicast packet storms, use the storm-control {broadcast | multicast | unicast} level {level [level-low] | bps bps [bps-low] | pps pps [pps-low]} interface level configuration command. See the Configuring Port-Based Traffic Control chapter in the switch software configuration guide. If the root cause of the high CPU utilization is a Layer 2 loop, the spanning tree configuration could be the problem. See the Configuring STP chapter in the switch software configuration guide. Policing traffic can limit the number of packets that enter a switch. Policing can deny ingress traffic, limit it to a specific bits-per-second rate, or permit some traffic while limiting other traffic. You can police traffic on the MAC address, the IPv4 header, the IPv6 header (if IPv6 is supported on the
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switch), or the Layer 4 port number. See the chapters on Configuring Network Security with ACLs, Configuring IPv6 ACLs (if supported on the switch), and Configuring QoS in the switch software configuration guide.

To prevent IP ARP packets from affecting the CPU utilization on Layer 3 switches, configure Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI), and enter the ip arp inspection limit {rate pps [burst interval seconds] | none} interface configuration command to use the rate-limiting feature. See the chapter on Configuring Dynamic ARP Inspection in the switch software configuration guide.

Identifying Packets Punted from the Switch Hardware

As part of normal Layer 3 switch operation, when the IP route is not programmed into the switch hardware, the hardware punts IP packets to the CPU for IP routing. Punting occasional IP packets to the CPU is normal and expected, but if too many IP packets are punted, the CPU becomes too busy. The switch counts every IP packet that the hardware punts to the CPU for IP routing. You can use the show controllers cpu privileged EXEC command to see the number of packets put into each CPU receive queue. When the switch hardware is punting packets, the row named sw forwarding is incrementing. Enter the command several times to see if the counts for sw forwarding are rapidly incrementing.
Switch# show controllers cpu-interface ASIC Rxbiterr Rxunder Fwdctfix Txbuflos Rxbufloc Rxbufdrain ------------------------------------------------------------------------ASIC0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ASIC1 0 0 0 0 0 0 cpu-queue-frames ----------------rpc stp ipc routing protocol L2 protocol remote console sw forwarding host broadcast cbt-to-spt igmp snooping icmp logging rpf-fail dstats cpu heartbeat retrieved ---------2811788 944641 280645 813536 8787 2808 65614320 25 794570 0 18941 0 0 0 0 1717274 dropped ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 invalid ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hol-block ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 stray ---------0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

You can also use the show platform ip unicast statistics privileged EXEC to show the same information about punted packets. The punted IP packets are counted as CPUAdj, shown in bold in this example.
Switch# show platform ip unicast statistics Global Stats: HWFwdLoc:0 HWFwdSec:0 UnRes:0 UnSup:0 NoAdj:0 EncapFail:0 CPUAdj:1344291253 Null:0 Drop:0 Prev Global Stats: HWFwdLoc:0 HWFwdSec:0 UnRes:0 UnSup:0 NoAdj:0 EncapFail:0 CPUAdj:1344291253 Null:0 Drop:0

These statistics are updated every 2 to 3 seconds. Enter the command multiple times to see the change in the CPUAdj counts. When the CPUAdj counts are rapidly incrementing, many IP packets are being forwarded to the CPU for IP routing.

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Identifying TCAM Utilization Issues

On a Layer 3 switch, the hardware uses the TCAM to contain the IP routing database. TCAM space for Layer 3 routing information is limited. When this space is full, new routes learned by Cisco IOS cannot be programmed into the TCAM. If IP packets received by the switch hardware have a destination IP address that is not in the TCAM, the hardware punts the IP packets tothe CPU. To see if the TCAM is full, enter the show platform tcam utilization privileged EXEC command.
Switch# show platform tcam utilization CAM Utilization for ASIC# 0 Unicast mac addresses: IPv4 IGMP groups + multicast routes: IPv4 unicast directly-connected routes: IPv4 unicast indirectly-connected routes: IPv4 policy based routing aces: IPv4 qos aces: IPv4 security aces: Max Masks/Values 6364/6364 1120/1120 6144/6144 2048/2048 452/452 512/512 964/964 Used Masks/values 31/31 1/1 4/4 2047/2047 12/12 21/21 30/30

Note: Allocation of TCAM entries per feature uses a complex algorithm. The above information is meant to provide an abstract view of the current TCAM utilization

In the example, the IP indirectly-connected routes resource is full even though the output shows only 2047 of 2048 maximum as in use. If the switch TCAM is full, the hardware routes packets only for destination IP addresses that are in the TCAM. All other IP packets that had a TCAM miss are punted to the CPU. A full TCAM and increasing sw forwarding counts from the show controllers cpu-interface command output means that punted packets are causing high CPU utilization. Cisco IOS learns about routes from routing protocolssuch as BGP, RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and IS-ISand from statically configured routes. You can enter the show platform ip unicast counts privileged EXEC command to see how many of these routes were not properly programmed into the TCAM.
Switch# show platform ip unicast counts # of HL3U fibs 2426 # of HL3U adjs 4 # of HL3U mpaths 0 # of HL3U covering-fibs 0 # of HL3U fibs with adj failures 0 Fibs of Prefix length 0, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 1, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 2, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 3, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 4, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 5, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 6, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 7, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 8, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 9, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 10, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 11, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 12, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 13, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 14, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 15, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 16, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 17, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 18, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 19, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 20, with TCAM fails: 0 Fibs of Prefix length 21, with TCAM fails: 0

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Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs Fibs

of of of of of of of of of of of of

Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix

length length length length length length length length length length length length

22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,

with with with with with with with with with with with with

TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM TCAM

fails: fails: fails: fails: fails: fails: fails: fails: fails: fails: fails: fails:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 693 0

This output shows 693 failures. You can use this statistic to determine how many additional TCAM resources are needed to hold the routes being advertised in the network at this time. To view the number of the number of route entries used by each routing protocol, enter the show ip route summary privileged EXEC command.
Switch# show ip route summary IP routing table name is Default-IP-Routing-Table(0) IP routing table maximum-paths is 32 Route Source Networks Subnets Overhead Memory (bytes) connected 5 0 320 760 static 0 0 0 0 rip 0 2390 152960 363280 internal 1 1172 Total 6 2390 153280 365212 Switch#

Resolving TCAM Utilization Issues

We recommend these solutions:

Changing the SDM Template Optimizing IP Routes

Changing the SDM Template

The switch database management (SDM) template allocates the limited TCAM resources for different forwarding types. To resolve TCAM utilization issues, you should choose the appropriate SDM template for the switch application. Enter the show sdm prefer privileged EXEC command to see the active SDM template on a switch:
Switch# show sdm prefer The current template is "desktop default" template. The selected template optimizes the resources in the switch to support this level of features for 8 routed interfaces and 1024 VLANs. number of unicast mac addresses: number of IPv4 IGMP groups + multicast routes: number of IPv4 unicast routes: number of directly-connected IPv4 hosts: number of indirect IPv4 routes: number of IPv4 policy based routing aces: number of IPv4/MAC qos aces: number of IPv4/MAC security aces: 6K 1K 8K 6K 2K 0 0.5K 1K

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The default template on this switch allows only 2048 indirect Layer 3 routes in the TCAM. To allocate more TCAM resources to indirect Layer 3 routes, you must reduce some other TCAM resources. Use the sdm prefer template-name global configuration command to change to a template that reserves more resources for IP routing. To see a list of available SDM templates for your switch, enter the show sdm templates all privileged EXEC command.
Switch# show sdm templates all Id Type Name 0 desktop desktop default 1 desktop desktop vlan 2 desktop desktop routing 3 aggregator aggregate default 4 aggregator aggregate vlan 5 aggregator aggregate routing 6 desktop desktop routing pbr 8 desktop desktop IPv4 and IPv6 default 9 desktop desktop IPv4 and IPv6 vlan 10 aggregator aggregate IPv4 and IPv6 default 11 aggregator aggregate IPv4 and IPv6 vlan 12 desktop desktop access IPv4 13 aggregator aggregator access IPv4 14 desktop desktop IPv4 and IPv6 routing 15 aggregator aggregator IPv4 and IPv6 routing 16 desktop desktop IPe 17 aggregator aggregator IPe

Note

See the chapter on Configuring SDM Templates in the switch software configuration guide to see the templates available on your switch and the reserved TCAM resources for each template.

Optimizing IP Routes
When it is not possible or practical to change the SDM template on a Layer 3 switch, you can reduce the number of routes in the TCAM by using summary routes or by filtering routes. Using summary routes reduces the routing table size. You enable summary routes on peer routers. Route summary is enabled by default for RIP and EIGRP and disabled by default for OSPF. To learn about route summary, see the Configuring IP Unicast Routing chapter in the software configuration guide (only Layer 3 switches). You can use route filtering to prevent unwanted routes from being programmed into the TCAM. For information about OSPF route filtering, see the feature guide at this URL: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/12_0s/feature/guide/routmap.html

Debugging Active Processes

If the CPU utilization percentage is high and the interrupt percentage is low, the high CPU utilization is caused by one or more system processes consuming the CPU resource. This is less common than high CPU utilization caused by the receipt of network packets. When a system process is consuming most of the CPU resources, an event usually triggered the process to become active. Review the syslog for any unusual events. Table 3 lists some processes that consume CPU resources with normal and high percentages, possible root cause for the process, and suggested actions.

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Table 3

System Processes that Consume CPU Resources

Percentage of Active Resources Process Name Normal Considered High Possible Root Cause Physical link flapping. Suggested Action Review the syslog for a physical link losing and gaining connectivity. Review the syslog for reports of a failed power controller. Hulc LED Process 0 to 2 % 24 ports or less: More than 5 % 48 ports: More than 8 % Inline Power Twt HACL 0 0 More than 5 % More than 50 % Bad power supply.

Too many ACLs configured Consider changing the SDM on the switch in a short time template. period. This can occur when the ACLs are being applied in an automated fashion (from a script). See the SNMP Engine Process section on page 20.

SNMP Engine

More than 40%

SNMP Engine Process

The SNMP engine system process is only active when the switch is receiving SNMP queries. The required CPU time is directly proportional to the number of SNMP query packets received. Each received SNMP query packet is processed at the interrupt level before it is forwarded to the SNMP engine system process. When the SNMP engine process is busy, the interrupt percentage shown in the output of the show processes cpu sorted command also shows some non-zero interrupt percentages. The interrupt percentage is minor compared to the percentage of CPU utilized by the SNMP engine system process. It is important to determine the switch baseline CPU utilization when evaluating CPU utilization for the SNMP engine system process. The switch typically receives SNMP queries at regular intervals, and the SNMP Engine system process consumes CPU resources handling the queries. The intervals are shown in the output for the show processes cpu history command. See the examples in the When High CPU Utilization Is a Problem section on page 2. These scenarios can cause heavy CPU usage by the SNMP engine system process:

Multiple servers simultaneously performing an SNMP query. SNMP query of the flash file system on the switch. Accessing the flash file is a CPU-intensive operation for SNMP Gets or SNMP GetNext operations. A complete or partial SNMP MIB walk.

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Helpful Information
CPU Receive Queues
A packet sent to the CPU by switch hardware goes into one of 16 CPU queues, depending on the packet type. Each queue is given a priority, allowing the CPU to drain higher priority queues before lower priority queues. Each queue has some reserved memory in hardware to hold packets for the queue so that one queue or packet type cannot use all the available memory. These are the CPU queues with their uses:

rpcRemote procedure call. Used by Cisco system processes to communicate across the stack. stpSpanning Tree Protocol. A Layer 2 protocol with its own queue. ipcInterprocess communication. Used by Cisco system processes to communicate across the stack. routing protocolUsed for routing protocol packets received by other network devices. L2 protocolUsed for protocol packets such as LACP, UDLD, and so on. remote consoleUsed for packets when you enter the session switch-number privileged EXEC command on a stack master switch to open the console on another switch member. sw forwardingUsed for packets punted by the hardware for the CPU to route. hostUsed for packets with a destination IP address matching any switch IP address. Also IP broadcast packets. broadcastReceives Layer2 broadcast packets. cbt-to-sptReceives multicast packets for PIM_SM. igmp snoopingA queue for IGMP packets. icmpA queue for ICMP redirect packets. loggingUsed for receive packets generated by hardware for ACL logging. rpf failA queue for reverse path forwarding failures. dstatsdrop stats. Not used during normal operation. cpu heartbeatUsed by the CPU receiving the packets it sends to itself.

Commands Used for CPU Troubleshooting

Table 4 show and debug Commands for CPU Troubleshooting

Command show controllers cpu-interface show ip route summary show ip traffic

Purpose Shows packet counts for all CPU receive queues. Shows the number of route entries used by each protocol. Shows a count of IP packet types received by the switch.

Usage Identify the type of packets that are flooding the CPU. Use to help determine if additional TCAM resources are needed for IP routing. A rapidly incrementing packet type indicates that packet type is flooding the IP stack.

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Table 4

show and debug Commands for CPU Troubleshooting

Command show platform ip unicast counts

Purpose Shows routes that are not programmed into the TCAM.

Usage Use to determine how many additional TCAM resources are needed to hold the current network routes. Enter the command several times. If the CPUAdj value increments rapidly, packets are being punted from switch hardware.

show platform ip unicast statistics CPUAdj output identifies punted packets. show platform port-asic stats drop show platform tcam utilization

Shows CPU packets discarded due Identify CPU receive queues that are dropping to congestion. packets due to flooding. Shows TCAM maximum capacity and usage. Determine if the TCAM is full. If the IPv4 unicast indirectly-connected routes output is at maximum, the IP routing database is full, and packets to other IP addresses are punted.

show processes cpu history

Shows a history of CPU utilization Determine baseline CPU usage, and identify for 60 seconds, 60 minutes, and 72 when spikes occur. hours. Shows percentages for CPU utilization and CPU time spent on interrupts and lists the most active system processes in order of CPU utilization. Lists the SDM templates available on the switch. Debugs CPU queues. Determine if a CPU utilization problem is the result of too many network packets or of an active system process running on the switch.

show processes cpu sorted [5sec]

show sdm templates all debug platform cpu-queue queue

Enter to determine if you can reallocate TCAM resources as needed. Enter the command for each suspect CPU receive queue. The console floods at the problem queue.

Additional Documents
Another document on Cisco.com focuses on specific high utilization issues in the Catalyst 3750 switch, although the information also applies to other switches. See Catalyst 3750 Series Switches High CPU Utilization Troubleshooting.

Unresolved Issues
If the troubleshooting steps in this document do not help you to determine the root cause of high CPU utilization, you should contact the Technical Assistance Center (TAC) for Cisco. The technical assistance engineer will want to see the same information that you have gathered in the debugging efforts. Have this information ready when you contact Cisco technical support to reduce the time to resolve the problem.

Note

See the next section for a link for submitting a service request.

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Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request

For information on obtaining documentation, submitting a service request, and gathering additional information, see the monthly Whats New in Cisco Product Documentation, which also lists all new and revised Cisco technical documentation, at: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/whatsnew/whatsnew.html Subscribe to the Whats New in Cisco Product Documentation as a Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feed and set content to be delivered directly to your desktop using a reader application. The RSS feeds are a free service and Cisco currently supports RSS Version 2.0.

CCDE, CCENT, Cisco Eos, Cisco Lumin, Cisco Nexus, Cisco StadiumVision, Cisco TelePresence, Cisco WebEx, the Cisco logo, DCE, and Welcome to the Human Network are trademarks; Changing the Way We Work, Live, Play, and Learn and Cisco Store are service marks; and Access Registrar, Aironet, AsyncOS, Bringing the Meeting To You, Catalyst, CCDA, CCDP, CCIE, CCIP, CCNA, CCNP, CCSP, CCVP, Cisco, the Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert logo, Cisco IOS, Cisco Press, Cisco Systems, Cisco Systems Capital, the Cisco Systems logo, Cisco Unity, Collaboration Without Limitation, EtherFast, EtherSwitch, Event Center, Fast Step, Follow Me Browsing, FormShare, GigaDrive, HomeLink, Internet Quotient, IOS, iPhone, iQuick Study, IronPort, the IronPort logo, LightStream, Linksys, MediaTone, MeetingPlace, MeetingPlace Chime Sound, MGX, Networkers, Networking Academy, Network Registrar, PCNow, PIX, PowerPanels, ProConnect, ScriptShare, SenderBase, SMARTnet, Spectrum Expert, StackWise, The Fastest Way to Increase Your Internet Quotient, TransPath, WebEx, and the WebEx logo are registered trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and certain other countries. All other trademarks mentioned in this document or website are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership relationship between Cisco and any other company. (0809R)

Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses. Any examples, command display output, and figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses in illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental. 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

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