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Switching techniques in Communication N/Ws Switching : When N/W transfer stream of data from source to destination it must assign a route (i.e; a sequence of links or channels connecting the src to the destn) and allocate a portion of the capacity or bandwidth of each channel along the route
Circuit Switching
In circuit switching, the route and BW allocated to the stream remain constant over the life time of the stream Capacity of each channel is divided into a number of fixed rate logical channels called circuits Thus circuit switching involves assigning a route and one circuit in each link along the route Circuit switching has 3 phases Connection setup phase Data transfer phase Connection teardown phase Switch computers maintain information about circuits that are busy and routing tables These computers execute algorithms for call admission policies and routing strategies. Also, call duration and other statistics needed for administration, billing and maintenance are recorded.
Circuit Switching
Ckt switching is easy to implement compared to other switching scemes Since stream is assigned a fixed rate ckt, capacity utilization is low in the case of bursty data streams Therefore suitable for voice networks, but not for n/w s designed for data transfer Due to fixed bandwidth assignment, there is no queuing delay in ckt s/w ing and we can guarantee the maximum endto-end delay from src to destn. Guaranteed delay feature is useful in video conferencing and other real time applications.
Packet Switching
Data steram originating at src is divided into packets of fixed or variable size. Time interval between consecutive pkts may vary depending on burstiness of data stream. Pkt switching make use of a store-and-forward mechanism When bits in a pkt arrive at a switch or router, they are read into a buffer and after storing entire pkt, the switch routes the pkt over one of its outgoing links Pkt remain s queued in the buffer until its outgoing link becomes idle. store-and-forward mechanism introduces random queuing delay at each link, because the delay depends on the other traffic sharing the same link In pkt S/w ing Total delay at a switch is the queuing delay plus the time taken to transmit the entire pkt
Packet Switching
Packet Switching nein two ways Datagram packet networks Virtual circuit packet networks Datagram Packet Networks In datagram packet networks, each packet within a stream is independently routed A routing table stored in the router(switch) specifies the outgoing link for each destination The routing table may be static or may be periodically updated Each packet must contain bits denoting the address of the src and destn, though it may be a significant overhead if the average packet size is small The overhead may be negligible if the pkt size is long, but then the transmission time and queuing delay will become large
48 Bytes Payload
Cells from different VCs that occupy same channel or link are statistically multiplexed. ATM switches may treat the cell streams in different VC connections unequally over the same channel in order to provide different QoS.
ATM services
ATM forum specifies Five categories of services that an ATM network can provide:
Constant Bit Rate Variable Bit Rate- Real Time (VBR-RT) Variable Bit Rate- Non Real Time (VBR-NRT) Available Bit Rate Unspecified Bit Rate Guaranteed Frame Rate
ATM Architecture
End system AAL End system AAL
ATM switch
ATM
ATM
ATM
PHY
PHY
PHY
PHY
ATM Architecture
ATM adaptation layer (AAL) is only present in the edges of the ATM network AAL is analogous to the internets transport layer On the sending side, AAL is passed data from the higher level application or protocol (such as IP if ATM is used to connect IP devices) On receiving side it passes data upt o higher layer protocol or application
ATM Architecture
AALs have been defined for different services
AAL for constant bit rate services AAL2 for variable bit rate services AAl5 for IP data gram transport AAL 3 for connection oriented streams AAL4 for connectionless messages Among the services provided by AAL are error detection and segmentation/reassembly Unit o data handled by AAL is referred to as AAL protocol data unit
AAL5 PDU
0-65535 PDU pay load 0-47 PAD 2 Length 4 CRC
PAD bits (0-47 bytes) ensures that PDU is an integer multiple of 48 bytes, because PDU will be segmented to fit into 48 byte payloads of the underlying ATM cells Length field indentifies the size of the PDU payload, so that PAD bits can be removed by he receiver CRC field provides error detection using the same cyclic redundancy check as in Ethernet Payload can be up to 65,535 bytes long
ATM layer
ATM layer lies at the heart of the ATM architecture ATM layer defines the structure of the ATM cell and the meaning of the fields within the cell The first 5 bytes of the cell constitute the ATM header; remaining 48 bytes constitute the ATM payload
IP over ATM
ATM network can be used to provide connectivity between IP devices
Application layer Transport layer Network layer AAL5 ATM layer ATM physical layer Link layer physical layer
IP over ATM
ATM backbone can span very large area and may have hundreds of ATM switches Most ATM backbones have permanent virtual circuits(VCs) between each pair of entry/exit points Since Permanent VCs are used, ATM cells are routed from entry to exit points without having to establish and tear down VCs dynamically.
IP over ATM
Each router interface that connects to the ATM n/w needs two addresses. An IP address and an ATM address. This is similar to the IP and MAC addresses in an Ethernet interface
IP over ATM
Issues: IP datagrams into ATM AAL5 PDUs from IP addresses to ATM addresses just like IP addresses to 802.3 MAC addresses!
ATM network
Ethernet LANs
AAL5 reassembles cells into original datagram if CRC OK, datagram is passed to IP