Nucleon, lambda, sigma, delta, xi, omega

Ari Lehto
August 2010

1 0,75 0,5 0,25 0 -0,33 -0,25 -0,5 0,00

M 3/4 2/4 1/4

All 60 Baryons

N 0
0,33

1/3 0,67 2/3

1,00

3/3

1,33

4/3

1,67

Period doubling is a common property of nonlinear dynamical systems. It has been suggested earlier [1 and references therein] that period doubling may take place in processes involving 1/r type potential. In this presentation we clarify the period doubling model and apply the model to the Baryons. It is shown that the Baryon rest energies accumulate in lattice points determined by period doubling.
1. Ari Lehto, On the Planck Scale and Properties of Matter, Nonlinear Dynamics Volume 55, Number 3, 279-298, February, 2009

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

In the period doubling model the rest energy of a particle is described by mass-energy (3-degrees of freedom) and electromagnetic energy (4-degrees of freedom). Both are subject to period doubling (due to nonlinearity) The rest energy ENM of a particle can be expressed by

E NM

2 N 2 M Eref

where N (=integer/3) and M (=integer/4) represent halvings in the mass-energy and electromagnetic energy respectively. Eref is reference energy (Eref>ENM in this case).
Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010 3

Examples: Proton (938.3 MeV) is taken as reference. EOmega- =2N2M EProton=20.833 Eproton=20.33320.5Eproton
N=1/3 and M=2/4

ELambda =20.25EProton=20 20.25Eproton

N=0/3 and M=1/4

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

1 0,75 0,5 0,25 0 -0,33 -0,25 -0,5 0,00

M 3/4 2/4 1/4

All 60 Baryons

Concentration in theoretical lattice points of 60 Baryons. Protons rest energy is used as the reference energy Eref.

N 0
0,33

1/3 0,67 2/3

1,00

3/3

1,33

4/3

1,67

E NM

2 N 2 M Eref

N represents doublings in the mass-energy (3 degrees of freedom)and M in the electromagnetic energy (4 degrees of freedom) of a particle. Theoretical values for N are 0, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3, 4/3 etc. and values for M are 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 etc. (negative values are allowed).

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

If the mass-energy and EM-energy are assumed to be independent parts of the rest energy of a particle, then

E NM

2 N 2 M Eref

2N

Eref

(1)

where 3N is the total number of doublings (or halvings) of the 3-d mass-energy and 4M the (independent) total number of doublings (or halvings) of the 4-d electromagnetic (EM) energy.

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

ln( E NM / Eref ) ln(2)

(2)

ENM is the rest energy of the particle (e.g. Omega minus) and Eref the rest energy of the reference particle (Proton in this case). One can calculate the value of N+M only.

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

Omega-:
1673MeV

N M

ln(1673MeV / 938MeV ) ln(2)

0.833

20.833 938MeV

20.333 20.5 938MeV

0.25

Lambda:

N M

ln(1116MeV / 938MeV ) ln(2)

1116MeV

20.25 938MeV

20 20.25 938MeV

Omega: (N;M)=(1/3;2/4) Lambda: (N;M)=(0;1/4)

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010 8

Baryon Proton Neutron N(1440) N(1520) N(1535) N(1650) N(1675) N(1680) N(1700) N(1710) N(1720) N(2190) N(2220) N(2250) N(2600)

E (MeV) 938,28 939,58 1440 1520 1535 1650 1675 1680 1700 1710 1720 2190 2220 2250 2600

Baryon E (MeV) Lambda 1116 Lambda (1405) 1406 Lambda (1520) 1520 Lambda (1600) 1600 Lambda (1670) 1670 Lambda (1690) 1690 Lambda (1800) 1800 Lambda (1810) 1810 Lambda (1820) 1820 Lambda (1830) 1830 Lambda (1890) 1890 Lambda (2100) 2100 Lambda (2110) 2110 Lambda (2350) 2350

Baryon Sigma + Sigma 0 Sigma Sigma (1385) Sigma (1660) Sigma (1670) Sigma (1750) Sigma (1775) Sigma (1915) Sigma (1940) Sigma (2030) Sigma (2250)

E (MeV) 1189,37 1192,64 1197,45 1382,8 1660 1670 1750 1775 1915 1940 2030 2250

Source: http://pdg.lbl.gov (14.8.2010)

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

Baryon Delta Delta (1600) Delta (1620) Delta (1700) Delta (1905) Delta (1910) Delta (1920) Delta (1930) Delta (1950) Delta (2420)

E (MeV) 1232 1600 1630 1700 1890 1910 1920 1960 1930 2420

Baryon Ksi 0 Ksi Ksi (1530) Ksi (1690) Ksi (1820) Ksi (1950) Ksi (2030) Omega Omega (2250)

E (MeV) 1314,9 1321,7 1531,8 1690 1823 1950 2025 1672,5 2252

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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Eq. (2) yields the following values for N+M, if Protons rest energy is taken as reference:

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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It is assumed here that the period doubling process in the EM-energy formation is accurate (i.e. M=0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4 ). The corresponding value for N has been calculated from the experimental N+M-value, and N contains the experimental uncertainties and the possibility that the model is bad. (N,M) pairs are plotted in the figure. If the doubling process takes place on the mass-energy, too, then the calculated N-values should concentrate in N=0, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3 This seems to be so.
(the figure does not change much if the doubling process is assumed accurate in the mass-energy side).

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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The N-values concentrate in N=0, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3 , showing that the Lambda mass-energies result from the period doubling process.

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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The N-values concentrate in N=0, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3 , showing that the Sigma mass-energies also result from the period doubling process.

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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The N-values concentrate in N=0, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3 , showing that the Xi and Omega minus mass-energies also result from the period doubling process.

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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The figure shows that the doubling process does not work well with two of the Deltas (1232 MeV and 2420 MeV).

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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The figure shows that all Deltas fit to the period tripling process (which always accompanies period doubling).

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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Baryons concentrate in (N,M)-lattice points, which are characteristic to period doubling in three (N) and four degrees (M) of freedom (massenergy and EM-energy).

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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Planck scale reference

If the Planck energy Eo is used as the reference energy, then the rest-energy of a particle is:
Eijk ;lmnp 2
i j k 3

l m n p 4

Eo

The particle is now characterized by notation: (i,j,k;l,m,n,p) Example: Proton (65,65,65;0,0,0,0) Lambda (65,65,65;0,0,0,1)

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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Previous results of the period doubling model (concerning elementary particles): Electrons rest energy (from the Planck energy) Electrons magnetic moment Elementary electric charge (from the Planck charge) Fine structure constant (geometric factor) Protons rest energy and magnetic moment Neutrons rest energy and magnetic moment

Presentation at Physics Foundations Society Seminar, August 17, 2010

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