3G Evolution

Chapter: p

Outline
Introduction g Multi-antenna configurations Multi-antenna techniques Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO Multiple transmitter antennas MISO antennas, Multiple antennas at both RX and TX, MIMO

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Vanja Plicanic vanja.plicanic@eit.lth.se vanja plicanic@eit lth se

Multi-antenna t h i M lti t techniques

Department of Electrical and Information Technology

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Introduction

Multi-antenna configurations
Base station (BS) User Equipment (UE), ex. Mobile station (MS)

Multi-antenna systems Multi-antenna techniques Smart antennas

Single-input multiple-output Single-input single-output

Multiple antennas at the receiver and/or transmitter

Multiple-input single-output

+
Smart signal processing Multiple-input single-output

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Antenna configurations cont.

- Configuration of the antennas is decided by the requirement on the antenna g y q mutual coupling and correlation (low/high) - Thus, configuration decided by choice of - spatial distance between the antennas p g Low mutual coupling and correlation when: BS: >10 wavelengths (due to small AoA in macro cell, shorter distance in micro cells) MS: >0 5 wavelengths (due to wide AoA) >0.5 - polarization directions of the antennas Antennas with diff A t ith different polarizations f b th BS and MS gives l t l i ti for both d i lower mutual t l coupling and correlation.

Antenna configurations cont.

- However, the case of MS at low frequencies < 900 MHz q => 0.5 wavelengths is large distance for low frequencies Common phone size allows for ~0.25 wavelengths distance at 850 MHz! 0 25

=> Polarization diversity hard to implement due to antenna + chassis radiation, difficult to rotate chassis wave-mode

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Multi-antenna techniques cont.

Why?
To improve system capacity (more users per cell), better link reliability

Multi-antenna techniques cont.

DIVERSITY - Antennas at receiver and/or transmitter - Mitigates fading in the radio channel - Low mutual coupling required BEAM-FORMING - Antennas at receiver and/or transmitter - Shaping of antenna beams to maximize gain in certain direction or suppress specific interferer - Low or high mutual coupling required SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING - Antennas at both receiver and transmitter - Sending several data streams on multiple parallel channels - Low mutual coupling required p g q
Figures above Courtesy of Ericsson

How ?
DIVERSITY

To improve coverage (possibility for larger cells)

BEAM-FORMING

To achieve higher data rates per user, higher spectral efficiency

SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING

Figures above Courtesy of Ericsson

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Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

RX diversity
- aims to: mitigate fading suppress specific interferer

Linear receiver antenna combining

All information is exploited by combining copies of the signal from all the antennas (in comparison to switched/selection diversity) Assumes non-time variant channel Weights the signal copies with corresponding amplitude and phase correction Noise limited system: Interference limited system:
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)

Smart signal processing techniques: - RX di diversity i - Receive beam-forming - Adaptive space time processing

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Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

RX diversity
Linear receiver antenna combining in: - N i li it d case: Noise limited

Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

RX diversity
Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) Amplitude d h A lit d and phase weighting i hti
Phase weights- adjustment to assure that signals from two antennas are aligned Amplitude weights- adjustment of the received signals to correspond to the channels gain, higher g g g weight for stronger signals.

Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC)

Diversity gain and array gain For noise limited environments

-I t f Interference li it d system: limited t

- Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) - Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) - Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) 3/26/2009 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 3/26/2009 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

RX diversity
Interference Rejection Combining (IRC)
For interference limited environment Uplink intra-cell interference suppression, Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Able to suppress NR-1 interferers, however large noise increment after combining Nr-1 interferers, however large noise increment after combining

Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

Adaptive space-time processing
Frequency selective channel Linear time domain filtering/equalization, linear processing to signals received at different times (MRC, Zero forcing MMSE) (MRC Zero-forcing, Linear receive antenna combining, linear processing to signals received at different antennas

Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)

Weights to minimize the difference between the estimated and transmitted signal.

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Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

Receive beam-forming
Switched beam antennas
- Antenna array that can form pattern beams pointing in certain discrete direction - switching selects the b b i hi l h best beam f d for down conversion and post processing, goal to i d i l maximize the SNR - simple implementation, since only one signal to post process y, y - limited flexibility, since only fixed directions

Multiple receiver antennas, SIMO

Receive beam-forming

Switched antenna array

Adaptive antenna array

Amplitude and phase weights

MRC => a receiver beam with maximum gain NR in the direction of the target signal IRC => a receiver beam with high attenuation in the direction of the > target signal

Figures above Courtesy of jackwinters.com

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Multiple transmit antennas

Multiple transmit antennas

TX diversity
Does not require channel knowledge at the receiver Techniques:
Delay/Temporal diversity Cyclic-delay diversity Space time/frequency coding (STBC/STFC)

Smart signal processing techniques: - TX diversity - Transmit beam-forming

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Multiple transmit antennas

TX diversity
Delay/Temporal diversity
Time variant channel
=> signals received at different times are uncorrelated => delay diversity already there and can be extracted in advanced receivers (ex. (ex GRAKE)

Multiple transmit antennas

TX diversity
Cyclic-delay diversity
- A li cyclic shift i t d of li Applies li hift instead f linear d l delays

Time in-variant channel

=> create artificial time dispersion (frequency selectivity) => transmit identical signals with different delays from different antennas

Delay diversity usually implemented by forward error correction, ARQ, repetition coding etc. Delay diversity invisible to mobile terminal since it is just additional time dispersion handled by the receiver

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Multiple transmit antennas

TX Diversity
Space-time block coding (STBC)
- Sending same but differently coded information on each of the antennas, ex. Alamouti scheme

Multiple transmit antennas

TX Diversity
Space-frequency block coding (SFBC)
- Space-frequency Transmit Diversity (SFTD)

used in 3G WCDMA standard as Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) Orthogonal STBC => full rate=1, full diversity gain only for two antennas No array gain, only diversity Space-time trellis to provide full diversity, array gain and coding gain
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Multiple transmit antennas

Transmit beam-forming
- Requires channel knowledge - Antenna configurations with high mutual coupling
- S Small antenna distances - Different phase shifts applied to steer the direction of the beam - CLASSICAL BEAM-FORMING - Hi h array gain, no diversity gain High i di i i

Multiple antennas at both RX and TX

Antenna configurations with low mutual coupling

- Large antenna distances or different polarization - Different gain and phase shifts to steer the direction of the beam - Pre-coding decided from: - Channel feedback from mobile terminal average downlink estimate, ex. FDD - Pre-coding for non-frequency-selective fading and white noise
- Maximum Ratio Transmission - instant channel estimate, fast beam-forming - diversity gain and array gain - Recommendation from mobile terminal

Smart signal processing techniques: - Spatial multiplexing Pre-coder based spatial multiplexing

- Pre-coding for frequency-selective fading not possible, NB! OFDM time invariant sub-channels 3/26/2009 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 3/26/2009 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Multiple antennas at both RX and TX

Spatial multiplexing
Background:
SIMO and MISO

Multiple antennas at both RX and TX

Spatial multiplexing

Low SNR => capacity increase ~ SNR increase (NTxNR) High SNR => capacity increase ~ log2(SNR)

- Spatial multiplexing

Thus, capacity i Th it increase ~ min {NT, NR} i 3/26/2009 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 3/26/2009 3G Evolution - HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband

Multiple antennas at both RX and TX

Pre coder Pre-coder based spatial multiplexing
- If SNR low => beam-forming better than spatial multiplexing - If NL=number of multiplexed streams = NT
Pre-coding=> orthogonalizes parallel streams, better signal isolation

Multiple antennas at both RX and TX

Some SM detection techniques
Maximum-Likelihood ML Layered La ered space time architect res (BLAST) architectures Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC)
- Single and Multi-codeword Transmission - P A t Per Antenna R t C t l (PARC) Rate Control

If NL< NT

=> combination of beam-forming and spatial multiplexing used

Depending on the channel information pre-coder code-books chosen

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Chapter summary
Multi-antenna techniques
SIMO MISO MIMO Diversity gain and array gain Diversity gain and/or array gain Diversity gain and/or array gain and/or multiplexing gain

References
[1] Dahlman E. et al., 3G evolution-HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, 2nd edition, Elsevier, UK 2008 El i [2] Paulraj A. et al., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications, Cambridge, UK 2003 [3] Molisch A.F., Wireless Communications, IEEE Press, Wiley & Sons, US 2006

Multiplexing gain Diversity gain Diversity gain and array gain

Spectral efficiency Link reliability Coverage

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