PART A: STARTING BEHAVIOR OBJECTIVES 1. To examine the starting behavior of a capacitor motor. LIST OF REQUIREMENT Equipment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. Voltage supply Pendulum machine Control unit Display panel Starting capacitor Operating capacitor, pluggable Combination panel Coupling collar Coupling cover Shaft cover Current transformer Voltmeter Ammeter Capacitor motor with centrifugal switch (code: 3027400) Connection mask (code: 3125401)

Alternatively 1. Capacitor motor (code: 3027410) 2. Connection mask (3125402) THEORY Where three-phase power is unavailable or impractical, it is single-phase motors to the rescue. Though they lack the higher efficiencies of their three-phase siblings, single-phase motors, correctly sized and rated, can last a lifetime with little maintenance. Occasionally a manufacturing defect can result in early motor failure. However, most failures result from inappropriate application. Not choosing the correct motor type and horsepower can cause repeated motor failure and equipment downtime. Obviously, a motor too small for the application, thus resulting in electrical stresses that cause premature motor failure. But neither should specify a motor too powerful, either because of its power or its inherent design characteristics. It can also have serious effects. For example, a lesson electric motor with high locked-rotor and breakdown torques can damage the equipment it drives. Also, running a motor at less than full rated load is inefficient, costing you money for power wasted. The key: First, size the motor to the application but, just as importantly, understand the characteristics of the major types of single-phase motors characteristics that go right to the heart of matching a motor

to an application. In general, an ac polyphase squirrel-cage motor connected to a polyphase line will develop starting torque. A squirrel-cage motor connected to a single-phase line develops no starting torque, but having been started by some external means, it runs approximately like a polyphase motor. The many types of single-phase motors are distinguished by the means by which they are started. Split-Phase motor appropriately serves small fan that requires no high cycle rate or high torque capability. Capacitor-Start/Induction-Run motor works on sausage linking machine. This application also requires wash down-duty design, which here has an encapsulated electronic switch. CapacitorStart/Capacitor-Run motor works well on grain handling equipment, typically subject to hard to start, hard to move loads.
Torque-speed curve of Single-phase induction motor Depending on the various start techniques, Single-Phase AC Induction Motor is classified: Split-Phase AC Induction Motor, Capacitor Start AC Induction Motor, Permanent Split Capacitor (Capacitor Run) AC Induction Motor, Capacitor Start/Capacitor Run AC Induction Motor, and Shaded-Pole AC Induction Motor. Below is the figure showing the torque-speed curves of various kinds of single-phase AC induction motors. From this figure, you will know more about different types of single phase ac induction motors.

PROCEDURE 1. The connection was established according to figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 2. The motor was switched on and off again upon a short time repeatedly. The results were described. 3. The motor was switched on and the shaft was started carefully to the right. The results were described. The motor were stop.

4. The motor was switch on and the shaft was started carefully to the left. The results were described. 5. The arrangement of the circuit was modified for the examination of the starting behavior of a capacitor motor according to the illustration in figure 5.2.

Figure 5.2 6. Before the circuit was starting, the operating elements of the control units were adjusted as shown in table 5.1. Table 5.1 Operating element Type of power Operating switch on position Switch n const, M const position Switch torque range position Switch speed range position

Value 1000 W Off M const 10 Nm 1500

7. The operating switch was turn from off to M const . the belonging LED glows green. The motor was started at C = 0 F (capacitor is not connected). The starting torque, MA and current IHI . The motor was disconnected immediately upon reading the values again. The measured values was entered into table 5.2. the experiment was repeated with the required capacitance values of the capacitors according to the table.

Table 5.2 0 I IHI 3.8 21.1 4 2.5 17.2 8 6.4 16.8 12 2.1 12.8

8. MA, I, IHI was represented as the functions of the capacitance values C of the capacitors in figure 5.3. Figure 5.3

I,IHi/A versus C/F

I,IHi/A 25

20

15

10

0 0 2 4 6 C/F 8 10 12 14

QUESTIONS/ DISCUSSION 1. Why the capacitor motor will not develop any starting torque without capacitor?  Because the motor develops high starting current of rated. The single coil of a single phase induction motor does not produce a rotating magnetic field, but a pulsating field reaching maximum intensity at 0o and 180o electrical.  Another reason is that the single coil excited by a single phase current produces two counter rotating magnetic field phasors, coinciding twice per revolution at 0o and 180o When the phasors rotate to 90o and -90o they cancel in figure b. At 45o and 45o (figure c) they are partially additive along the +x axis and cancel along the y axis. An

analogous situation exists in figure d. The sum of these two phasors is a phasor stationary in space, but alternating polarity in time.

2. Which influence does the capacitance of the capacitor in the auxiliary winding exert upon the starting torque of the motor?  The main function of power electronic converter is to transform the waveform of the power source to that required by an electric motor in order to achieve the desired performance. Most converters provide adjustable voltage, current and/or frequency to control the speed, torque, or power of the motor. 3. How does the current value in supply line and auxiliary winding change with increasing capacitance value of the capacitor?  When the value of the capacitance of the capacitor is increase, the current value in the supply line will be decrease due to the larger wire in the start circuit. This statement had been proven by refer to the graph. The graph shown that the decreasing of the current value when the value of the capacitance value in the capacitor increase.  Other than that, the increasing of the capacitance value in the capacitor will make the auxiliary winding be many more turns of heavier wire to mitigate excessive temperature rise

4. How does a continuing increase of the capacitance value of the capacitor affect the auxiliary winding?  It will make the start winding an auxiliary winding once the motor reaches running speed.

PART B : STARTING CIRCUIT WITH CENTRIFUGAL SWITCH OBJECTIVES 1. To examine the starting circuit of a capacitor motor with centrifugal switch.

EQUIPMENTS NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. UNIT DESCRIPTION Voltage supply Pendulum machine Control unit Display channel Starting capacitor Operating capacitor, pluggable Combination panel Coupling collar Coupling cover Current transformer Voltmeter Ammeter Capacitor motor with centrifugal switch Connection mask Shaft cover

PROCEDURE 1. The connection was established according to Figure 5.4. The capacitor motor was load with capacity values for starting and operating capacitor according to the Table 5.3.

Figure 5.4 System Starting capacitor CA Running capacitor CB 1000W 30uF 12uF Table 5.3 2. Before starting the circuit, the operating elements of the control unit was adjusted as shown in Table 5.4 Type of power Operating switch on position: Switch n const, M const position: Switch torque range position: Switch speed range position: 1000W Off M const 10Nm 1500

Table 5.4 : Operating element of control unit

Turn on the control unit by using the master switch. Push the reset button, the red glowing LED must not light anymore, otherwise did mistake during the setup.

3. Motor was started observed at which speed the centrifugal switch will disconnect the capacitor CA. The result was described. 4. The starting circuit was describing with centrifugal switch. RESULTS

Operating element Speed

Value 1493 rpm

QUESTION/DISCUSSION

1. Why must a starting capacitor be connected to the system during the running-up of the capacitor motor? Starting capacitor briefly increase motor starting torque and allow a motor to be cycled on and off rapidly. Starting capacitor be connected to the system long enough to rapidly bring the motor to of full speed and is then taken out of the circuit, such as by a centrifugal switch that releases at that speed. The motor runs more efficiently without the capacitor.

2. What will happen in case the starting capacitor is not disconnected after running? When disconnect capacitor it will effect at capacitor motor. It is because when we want to cycle motor, capacitance must have 70 microfarads and above. When starting capacitor is not disconnect after running up the motor still run. Run capacitor will energize the entire time the motor is running. Run capacitor are rated in range of 3-100 microfarads with the classification of 370V or 440V. Run capacitor are designed for continuous duty.

CONCLUSION Part a After doing the experiment, we are able to examine the starting behavior of a capacitor motor. When the capacitor is in series with the start circuit, it creates more starting torque and the starting current is much lower than the motor with the capacitor due to the larger wire in the start circuit. This allows higher cycle rates and reliable thermal protection. For the capacitor that has been designed for continuous used, it cannot provide the starting boost of starting capacitor.

Part b From the experiment that we had done before, We get a lot of knowledge and experiences. Based on the experiment we have know how to examine the starting circuit of a capacitor motor with centrifugal switch. As a student, we know to use the equipment that are provided on this experiment. Besides that, we established the connection according to figure given. The most importance is to know the function of capacitor motor in experiment. Starting capacitor is placed in circuit of the start windings only when the motor is starting and is normally of a higher capacitance than a running capacitor. Start and run capacitors are normally used in AC motors to aid in starting and running efficiency. Both capacitors are wired in series with the start winding of the motor. The reason they are not both called start capacitors is that the start capacitor gives the motor more torque to overcome the fact that it is at standstill, and then automatically disconnects itself from the circuit. The run capacitor gives the motor better running efficiency and remains part of the circuit, it is therefore called the run capacitor. Three phase motors are able to start more effectively due to the nature of three phase power. These capacitors will likely be found in single phase AC motors. This is because a single phase AC source rises and falls from zero, in a three phase source the second phase sine wave starts going upward before the first phase wave has a chance to fall completely to zero. Thus a three phase motor spends more time per cycle at its rated voltage than the single phase motor, and has an easier time starting instantaneously.

REFERENCES 1. Mohamad Abdus Salam (2005). Fundamentals of Electrical Machines 2. NK DE, PK Sen (2006). Electric Drives 3. Ed Merritt (n.d.). http://gearmotorblog.wordpress.com/2010/01/26/hotrodding-capacitormotors/ http://www.clrwtr.com/Single-Phase-Electric-Motors4. Clearwater Tech (2011). Characteristics-Applications.htm 5. Design Science Licence (n.d.). http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_13/9.html 6. Laboratory manual electrical power engineering laboratory 2 7. Lecturer En. Adha 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_capacitor 9. http://www.physicsforums.com 10. Mohamad Abdus Salam (2005). Fundamentals of Electrical Machines 11. NK DE, PK Sen (2006). Electric Drives.