INTRODUCTION:

Language:
The word language is derived from the Latin word langue means tongue. It is a mean of conveying or communicating ideas: specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds. Language is the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives. When it is used in contexts of communication and it is bound up with culture. Language is a communication system to pass real-time information about individual states, feelings, etc. to another member of the same species like (I am hungry) Language is a Cooperation system to pass real-time information about group states and to maintain the cohesion of the group like (There is danger in the trees!) Language is a consideration system to talk about unreal states. Unreal states include possibility like (I can walk), probability (I might go there), future (I will go), negativity (It isn't warm), and falsehood (I am a beautiful 3' woman wearing a rubber man suit). It allows the planning of group activity and the evaluation of consequences (If we hide in the trees, we can catch the deer as they start to drink, kill them, and have plenty of food to eat). Language is a continuation system to talk about past events and technology with the purpose of teaching them to the next generation like (George Washington was a great man because he never told a lie. We learned that you must hammer the nail this way or else you hit your thumb every time)

Ideology:
The term "ideology" was first coined by the philosopher Destutt de Tracy to refer to a "science of ideas It is the body of doctrine, idea and belief etc that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group in a specific direction. Ideology refers to beliefs, values and attitudes with reference to religious, social, political life which shape the individuals perceptions and through which reality is constructed. It always influence from the society. An ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's goals, expectations, and actions. It always proposed by the dominant class of the society and it is abstract in nature.

Gender:
Gender can be defined in such a way that it is a range of characteristics distinguishing between male/masculinity and female/femininity, particularly in the cases of men and women. It includes the differences between women and men within the same household and within and between cultures that are socially and culturally constructed and change over time. These differences are reflected in: roles, responsibilities, access to resources, constraints, opportunities, needs, perceptions, views, etc. held by both women and men. Thus, gender considers both women and men and their interdependent relationship.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The story which we have selected for our project in order to carry out the male and female analysis with respect to language, gender and ideology is Eveline which is written by James Augustine Aloysious (2 February 1882 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the early 20th century. The story was published in 1914.The author wrote most of short stories volume by name Dubliners (1914), novels, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and large sections of Ulysses, the play, Exiles (1918). In 1907 Joyce published a collection of poems, Chamber music. Each of Joyces major works reflects his extension of the boundaries of traditional narrative Forms. In Eveline he demonstrates his sympathetic understanding of ordinary young people who represent a cross section of contemporary urban life in Dublin. Eveline recalls her childhood as she has fed up from her fathers cruel behavior. she wants to free herself from her hard life .Eveline faces a difficult dilemma either remain at home like a dutiful daughter, or leave Dublin with her lover, Frank, who is a sailor. But when she decides to go with Frank and thinks about her future and bright life her dead mothers promise immediately comes in her mind as she is advised by her mother to take care of home in a better way. At last she doesnt go with frank and returns towards home and rejects the future and bright life.

LITERATURE REVIEW
One of the first academic studies to examine the relationship between gender and language was written in 1922 by the male linguist, Otto Jesperson. Jespersons book, Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin, contained a chapter on sex differences in language called The woman (reprinted in Cameron 1998c) in which Jesperson identified a range of male-female lexical variations. He claimed that womens language is more polite and more refined than that of men, and that women are considerably less inventive and have a much smaller vocabulary than men. They have a fondness for hyperbole, favouring adverbs of intensity like awfully pretty and terribly nice (Jesperson 1998:2367). Finally, women speak more quickly than men, frequently breaking off what theyre saying mid-sentence as with Did you ever! and Well, I never, for example (1998:238). Jespersons study has been criticized by feminists because it is sexist, self-serving and patronizing. Based in folk linguistics stereotypes about womens language, it provides a purportedly scientific account of an alreadyassumed female inferiority (Cameron 1992:36). Feminist linguistic research began in the 1970s as part of feminisms second wave. Collectively, these studies have shown that language is not an equal opportunity phenomenon (McConnell-Ginet 1988, cited in Cameron 1992:71). While most feminists agreed that there are sex differences in language, both in terms of the way men and women are represented in the language (the form of language) and the way they use language (the function of language), they differ in terms of what they perceive those differences to be, and in terms of how we might account for those differences. Researchers in the gender and language field have interpreted male-female linguistic differences in three main ways: first, as evidence for womens powerlessness and subordinate status vis--vis men (the deficit framework); second, as an example of male dominance and control of the language (the dominance framework); or third, as an example of men and womens different but equally valid communicative styles (the difference framework).

Representation of women by the language:

Lakoff highlights a number of linguistic disparities in the use of purportedly parallel, or Symmetrical terms that have taken on non-equivalent meanings for men and women: While a woman may be referred to as a cleaning lady or a cleaning woman, a saleslady or a saleswoman, there are no such alternatives for men: a man cannot be referred to as a garbage gentleman or a sales gentleman, only as a garbage man or a salesman. Women are more often referred to as girls, whatever their age, than men are as boys. The terms master and mistress have taken on non-equivalent meanings: whereas master is used to refer to a man who has acquired a comprehensive grasp of an object, activity, or field, mistress is used in its sexual sense, and usually refers to a Womans relationship to somebodytypically a man. The same is true of the categories bachelor and spinster: whereas the category bachelor is considered a positive, desirable one, a status that may be chosen by men who do not want to marry, the

category spinster is, by contrast, a negative and undesirable one. There are different address terms for men (Mr) and women (Mrs/ Miss), and women (and not men) are defined in terms of their marital status. In addition, most women take their fathers name at birth and their husbands name on marriage. Finally, when it comes to professional naming women are more likely to be referred to by their first name, or by their first name and last name, than men, who may be referred to by their last name alone, or by their title and their last name. Just as with their use of language, the representation of women in the language reflects and perpetuates womens subordinate position within society. As Lakoff puts it, men are defined in terms of what they do in the world, women in terms of the men with whom they are associated (1973:64).

Language and ideology: gender stereotypes of female and male artists in Taiwanese tabloids
This study adopts the Critical Discourse Analysis approach in order to examine gender stereotypes in Taiwanese tabloid culture. Focusing on a gossip-filled entertainment column in a tabloid, this study collected 111 news reports released in May 2008. All news entries were probed to discern pervading gender stereotypes held regarding female and male artists. A subsequent online survey investigated any stereotypical depictions that had been identified. Administered to 120 respondents, this survey attempted to evaluate how representative views held throughout society were pervading gender stereotypes in media discourse. Results showed that female artists, as portrayed in the tabloids, were commonly associated with belligerence, money worship, and social pressures with respect to marriage and sexuality. By contrast, portrayals of male artists focused on personal defects in physical appearance and love affairs, and invariably involved manipulation of how the private lives of these artists were viewed. Most stereotypical depictions were further shown to be highly defined beliefs shared among the survey respondents.

ANALYSIS:
Language and Style:
The story is narrated in the third person point of view. The illumination of the situation, events and characters is through the main character Eveline's mind .The language is simple, straightforward and easy to understand .The writer has used the stream of consciousness which allows the reader to enter in the mind of the main character and presents her thoughts, feelings and emotions in a continuous flow. The narrative tone of writing is sad and sympathetic.

Plot:
Except for the first paragraph, the plot of the story is according to the order of Eveline's thoughts as they occur. Her thoughts begin in the present, then flash back, then return to the present. From time to time, they again flash back. Occasionally, Eveline attempts to glimpse the future, speculating on what her life would be like in Argentina. Eveline sits in her house and reflects on her life, beginning with her childhood including some happy memories as well as her father's drunken brutality to her and her siblings. Then she reviews her decision to elope with her lover, Frank, to Argentina .Her memories makes her passive and week in her decision to leave her home. This shows that women are more caring about their home. Eveline also loves her home and things. Eveline wonders if she has made the correct choice to leave her home and family. Her constant review of the pros and cons of her decision demonstrates her willingness to please everyone but herself, it also shows the lack of decision making power. Her final resolve to stay in Dublin with her family depicts her as a woman trapped in domestic and familiar duties and afraid to embrace the unpredictable.

Themes:
In the story of Eveline there are five major themes, love, respect, responsibility, sacrifice and paralysis.

Love:
Love plays an important role in every one's life especially women as they are very emotional and sensitive. It makes the dull and boring life colourful and gives the courage to fight the difficulties of life. Eveline like all women also needs love in her had and tough life. But she does not get it from her father. Because of this reason she tries to find out love out side her family and then she realizes that Frank is the only person who would give her love.

Respect:
Eveline also wants respect from her family but her father abuses her and mistreats her. She does lots of work for her family but he does not appreciate her. In the place of job, she also does not get any respect because she is unmarried. She is single so her boss looks her down than the others. So she thinks that after the marriage she could get respect from society and thus decides to leave the home.

Responsibility and sacrifice:

Responsibility and sacrifice is another major theme of the story. Eveline is a very responsible girl and does hard work for her family. Major responsibility for fulfillment of need the family is on her father and he is responsible for the family maintenance but he does not fulfil his duty properly. This shows that females are more responsible than males. Eveline sacrifices for her family and keeps the promise that she had made to her dead mother. This story reveals that in society mostly females sacrifice in order to maintain relationships. Eveline also sacrifices for her family because of norms of the society.

Paralysis:
Eveline is unable to escape the paralyzed existence of the "duties" and inhibitions of home and the life under her father's abusive control. The vision of her mothers death inspires Eveline's desperate and terrified desire to escape. But it also reminds her of her promises to stay at home. Thus her chance to flee to the freedom and motion of a new life across the sea fails and she remains locked into the paralyzed role of housewife. Eveline denies the possibility to escape precisely because she is paralyzed, she clings to the iron railing at the harbor passively, "like a helpless animal" unable to move or even think of her own wish.

Characters: Eveline:
Nurturance, passivity, sensitivity are behaviours that are considered feminine. Being highly emotional, weak, relational, domestic and caring are also characteristics associated with femininity. Eveline, the protagonist of this short story has all these characteristics. She is a very caring and domestic girl as she takes good care of her home and family after her mother's death. She has a bundle of responsibilities over her shoulders and she works hard to fulfil them. Thus she has a rough and tough life as 'she had hard work to keep the house together and to see that the two young children who had been left to her charge went to school regularly and got their meals regularly'. Eveline is devoted to her family. She not only takes care of her father and siblings but also the objects in her house which ' she had dusted once a week for so many years. She feels emotionally

attached to even the objects as she thinks 'those familiar objects from which she had never dreamed of being divided'. She is timid and hesitant in nature as she is unable to decide whether to elope with Frank or stay at home. She is also aware of the societal pressure as she thinks 'what would they say of her in the stores when they found out that she had run away with a fellow? ' Like other women Eveline wants love, care and wants to live a happy and contended life. Her father abusive behaviour forces her to decide to leave the home as she 'felt herself in danger of her father's violence. She knew that that had given her the palpitations'. Her father used to take away her wages as 'he said she used to squander the money, that she had no head, that he wasn't going to give her his hard-earned money to throw about the streets' .Yet Eveline pays the bill and feeds her siblings. Her father attitude is due to a common stereo type that women are not capable of balancing finances. Traditionally, women are viewed as subordinate and inferior to men. That is why her father mistreats her as she is a female. He views female as less than the worth of men and is not proud of her daughter Eveline carries on her sad existence by the strength of her will. Dreams are the only means of escape to her. As she thinks then she would be married-she Eveline, People would treat her with respect then'. This shows that at in her society the single women are not given respect. She is excited as 'she was going to explore another life with Frank. Emotionally she is passionate to her brothers and nostalgic for the past as she remembers her childhood friends Dunns, Divine, little Keogh , the cripple and Waters. She remembers once she was ill and her father was nice to her, 'he had read her a ghost story and made toast for her at the fire'. She is unable to decide and is stuck between her desire to leave and her duty to family. This shows she is an indecisive state and lacks power to take decision. Also she wants to keep her promise, with her mother, 'promise to keep the home together'. Eveline's conflict in her heart reaches the highest level when she remembers her mother's life. This reveals the awakening of her female consciousness. Epiphany occurs when she suddenly realizes that 'she had a right to happiness.' To Eveline, Frank represents a new and exciting lifestyle that she has not had the opportunity to experience after taking over the mother role. She is fanciful and optimistic and thinks, ' Frank would save her. He would give her life, perhaps love, too. This depicts that Eveline thinks that only man can provide support to woman as she is financially and emotionally dependent on him and can not live independently. Then Eveline asks God to help her, 'she prayed to God to direct her', this shows that she is in bewilderment and distress and that is why she asks for God 's help.

At the end she stands on the pier and is confused. Then finally she decides not to leave, ''no! no! It is impossible; her hands clutched the iron in frenzy'. 'She is afraid to trespass the boundary. This depicts Eveline is a lowly female who must stay to take care of her family. She is trapped in domestic and familiar duties. She could not put her needs above the needs of her family. This shows that Eveline lacks the strength to make her own decision. Thus Eveline is 'passive, like a helpless animal', stripped of human will and emotion. When Frank calls to her, she turns her helpless face to him without a glimpse of love or farewell or recognition. '

Symbols:
'The odour of dusty cretonne': Cretonne is a heavy printed cloth. Usually of cotton or linen which is used to make draperies and upholstery coverings. It symbolizes monotony, dullness, confinement or backwardness. As Eveline had a rough and tough life and had to live under restriction of her father. 'The sea': It is the symbol of freedom or the hope of a new life, but also danger and death or uncertainty. So the sea actually embodies her dilemma, it offers her escape and life but also makes her fearful of the unknown, and unseen. 'The iron railing': It symbolizes the fixed, stiff and confined life which Eveline lived. It was a cage for the bird Eveline. It also symbolizes her duty to her family and her limitations being a woman. 'The picture of priest': It signifies that Eveline belonged to a religious family, and foreshadows that she could not free herself from religious ideas and atmosphere.

CONCLUSION:
Language is the key instrument and medium by which gender ideologies are constructed, perpetuated and propagated. Gender ideology is a system of beliefs by which people explain, account for and justify their behaviour. In the short story 'Eveline' the ideology that is created through the character of Eveline and her mother is that females are domestic, sacrificial and devoted to their family, but they do not have the right to determine or control things independently, even their own life. They have to accept their unbearable life passively and endure miseries silently and obediently. They are forced to dwell within the confines that are deemed acceptable by social and religious standards. The character of Eveline's father reveals that males have dominance over females and they conduct themselves as head of the household and make major decisions. They view females as less than the worth of men. But Eveline's awareness of her mother's miserable life and her desire to seek a new life and real happy marriage reveals her awakening of females consciousness.

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