S.

Rengasamy Madurai Institute of Social Sciences Compiled by

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Contents History of Social Welfare/ Social Work ......................................... ................................................................................ .3 The need to understand history of social work ............................... ..............................................................................3 Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work ................ ..............................................................4 Understanding Hi story through Historical Phases ................................................ .......................................................5 Photos of Walter Friedl ander & Simon Patten 9who used the term social work first time) ................ ....................9 The Settlement House ..................................... ................................................................................ .......................10 Understanding the History of Social Welfare from vario us Welfare Traditions .......................................................11 Social Work in historical perspective .......................................... ............................................................................11 2 . Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various welfare Traditions .. ..................................................11 Three Social Welfare / Soci al Security Tradition .......................................................... ..............................................11 The Poor Law tradition ........ ................................................................................ .......................................................11 Poor Law Tradition ... ................................................................................ ...............................................................12 The Poor Law T radition ....................................................................... ........................................................................12 Work House Conditions ............................................................... ......................................................................14 Work Ho uses ........................................................................... ...........................................................................14 So cial Insurance Tradition ....................................................... ...............................................................................1 4 Welfare Tradition ............................................................ ................................................................................ .......17 The Welfare State .................................................... ................................................................................ ............17 The Welfare State Why did it all start? ......................... ................................................................................ ........17 Three Social Security Strategies .................................... ................................................................................ .............18 The Social Assistance strategy originating in the Poor law tradi tion ..........................................................................1 8 Social Insurance Strategy .................................................... ................................................................................ ........18 Social Allowance Strategy ........................................... ................................................................................ ................18 Founders of the Welfare State-Photo Album ................... ................................................................................ .........19 History of Social Welfare in USA ................................... ................................................................................ ...............20 1 ............................................................ ................................................................................ ..................................20 3 ......................................... ................................................................................ .....................................................23 4 ...................... ................................................................................ ........................................................................24 Celeb rating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers ..........................................

....................................................................25 Elizabeth Gurney Fry .................................................................... ...........................................................................25 Oc tavia Hill ..................................................................... ................................................................................ .........26 Arnold Toynbee ..................................................... ................................................................................ .................27 Jane Addams ................................................ ................................................................................ ...........................28 Mary Richmond..................................... ................................................................................ ..................................29 George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moo re, Tolly Toynbee, Gnther Wallraff, Barbara Ehrenreich ............30 Sir William Beveridge ..................................................................... .........................................................................32 Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) ............................................................ .............................................................................33 Joel Fischer ................................................................... ................................................................................ ...........35 Understanding Social Work history by understanding the history of fields of social work .....................................36 Indian History Tim eline .......................................................................... .....................................................................37 Evolutio n of Social Welfare Ministry in India........................................... ....................................................................38 Table: Es tablishing an Independent Ministry of Social Welfare Timeline ................... ..............................................39 Subjects allocated to the Minis try of Social Justice & Empowerment -India ..................................... .........................41 Ministry of Women and Child Development -India ..... ................................................................................ ................42 Subjects allocated Ministry of Women and Child Development -I ndia .......................................................................43 2

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work History of Social Welfare/ Social Work The need to understand history of social work The need to understand history of social work The diversity of social work represents a great challenge for social work resear ch, education and practice in the rapidly internationalizing and globalizing wor ld. This challenge can be met successfully only with a deep philosophical and hi storical understanding of the characteristics of a particular country - and welf are regime including the specific traditions of welfare systems and the position and role of social work within them. Research into the philosophy and history o f social work strengthens this understanding through analyzing the conceptual an d genealogical fundamentals of the traditions of social work. This kind of resea rch contributes to the theoretical self-conception of social work which is neces sary for the development of social work as a modern professional system, a scien tific discipline and a research-based activity. The development of social work a s a modern social system depends on its intellectual capacity based on this kind of theoretical selfconception. . Issues within the philosophy of science, polit ical philosophy and the general theory of social action play an important role i n the philosophy of social work. Philosophical analyses are closely connected wi th the history of concepts of social work, but also contribute to the history of social work as a professional social system and social work practices in indivi dual countries. There are several specific areas in practical social philosophy dealing significantly with the theoretical self-conception of social work, for e xample the philosophy of family, educational philosophy, the philosophy of law, and the theory of human rights. In addition to this, issues of philosophy of sci ence are of great importance for the development of the science of social work. http://eris.osu.eu/index.php?kategorie=35174&id=5176 IN AN ERA OF CHANGE to reach an understanding of what Social Welfare / Social Work is?.. the issues i t should address.. how it should be carried out? social workers travelled a long pathand it is worth knowing 3

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding history through historical phases / Chronological history Understa nding history by understanding different Welfare traditions Understanding the So cial Welfare / Social Work history in UK & USA that shaped the global history Framework to understand History / evolution of Social Welfare / Social Work can be understood in several ways Understanding history by understanding contributions of pioneers of Social Work Understanding William Beveridge Contribution that shaped global welfare policies Understanding the historical development of various fields of social work Medica l & Psychiatric Social Work, School/Correctional Social Work etc Understanding t he evolution of Social Welfare in India, largest democratic & welfare state in t he world 4

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding History through Historical Phases Understanding History through Historical Phases History of Social Work UK & USA Social Work during primitive stage (before 1200 AD) Social Work during 1200 -1500 A.D Social Work during 1500 1600 A.D. Social W ork during 1500 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. Social Work during 1900 onwards Toflers Agricultural Society: spe cial values about caring for individuals evolve. Emergence of unconditional char ity toward individuals in times of hardship Almshouses for the poor and handicap ped are established in England. Bubonic plague kills nearly 1/3 of European popu lation. Labor shortages force the State to intervene. Laws passed to compel all able-bodied men to accept employment. Alms to able-bodied beggars were forbidden . Christianity legalized by Roman Emperor, Constantine. Church sanctioned to use donated funds to aid the poor. Charitable attitudes and behaviors expected of t he rich; redistribution of wealth not part of charitable principles The Statute of Laborers is issued in England, requiring people to remain on their home manor s and work for whatever lords want to pay. Begging and Almsgiving is outlawed ex cept for the aged and those unable to work. For the first time, a distinction is made between the "worthy poor" (the aged, handicapped, widows, and dependant ch ildren), and the "unworthy poor" (able-bodied but unemployed adults). Henry VIII in England broke from the Roman church. State confiscates Church wealth, leavin g it without means to carry out charity expectations. Spain introduces first Sta te organized registration of the poor. Phases Prior to 1600 1600-1800 Prior to 1600 1084 1300s 1313 1348 1500 Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. 1600 - 1800 1600s Poor Law principles introdu ced to New World by Plymouth colonists. Poor and unfortunate divided into two gr oups: "deserving" sick, disabled, widows, orphans and thrifty old; and "undeserv ing" offenders, unmarried mothers, vagrants, unemployed and the old without savi ngs. 1601 The Elizabethan Poor Law is established. Built on the experiments of t he earlier Henrician Poor Law (1536) and the Parish Poor Rate (1572), this legis lation becomes the major codification of dealing with the poor and disadvantaged for over 200 years. It also becomes the basis for dealing with the poor relief at the colonial level, taxes people in each parish pay for their own poor, estab lishes apprentice programs for poor children, develops workhouses for dependant people, and deals harshly and punitively with able bodied poor people. 1650 The influence of Luther, Calvin, and others has become established and manifested as the Protestant ethic, a philosophy that becomes influential in England, parts o f Europe, and American colonies. It emphasizes self-discipline, frugality, and h ard work and leads many of its adherents to frown on those who are dependant or unemployed. 1662 The Law of Settlement and Removal is established in England as one of the worlds first "residency requirements" in determining eligibility to re ceive help. Municipal authorities to help only poor local citizens and to expel from their jurisdictions anyone else who might become dependant for assistance. This law causes authorities to evaluate people as to the likelihood of their bec oming poor. Thus, though the law is basically harsh and punitive, some efforts t oo look at 5 the causes of poverty are codified.

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 1697 1700 1782 1795 The workhouse system is developed in Bristol and soon spreads throughout England and parts of Europe. It is designed to keep down poor taxes by denying aid to a nyone who refuses to enter a workhouse. These institutions are usually managed b y private entrepreneurs who contract with the legal authorities to care for the residence in exchange for the residence in exchange for using their work. Reside nce - including very young children, the handicapped and very old people are oft en given minimal care and are worked long hours as virtual slaves. Humanitarian groups in Quebec establish centers for the relief of the poor; Nova Scotians ado pt English Poor Laws. The Gilbert Act is passed in England, enabling humanitaria ns, appalled by the exploitation of workhouse residence, to institute reforms in many English jurisdictions. Many workhouses are closed, assistance to the poor in their own home is established, and children under 6 are placed with families. Many private entrepreneurs are replaced by municipal employees as managers of t he remaining workhouses. Speemhamland system establishes earliest "poverty line" based on the price of bread and number of dependents in a workers family; subsi dization provided when wages dipped below the poverty line. 1800 -1900 1600-1800 Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. 1800-1900 1800s Reforms to Elizabethan Poor L aws. Denigrating principles of "less eligibility" and "perception of need" imbed ded in societys attitudes toward the poor and less able bodied. Reform activists work for the abolition of illiteracy, preventable diseases, sweated labor, slums and overcrowding, unemployment and poverty. Charity Organization Societies (COS ) form in England with an emphasis on detailed investigations. Volunteers recrui ted to befriend applicants, make individual assessments and correct their proble ms. Thomas Malthus, British East India Company economist, documents population n umbers multiplying faster than production of goods to meet their needs. Coincide s with Darwins theory of evolution based on natural selection. Applied to human c ondition by Herbert Spencers declaration that poverty was part of natural selecti on; helping the poor would only perpetuate unfit laziness and non industriousnes s. Protestant Ethic emphasizes self-discipline, frugality and hard work; encoura ged disapproval of dependence on others. Feminists in America convene to declare the goal of equal rights for women; suffrage, equal opportunities in education and jobs, and legal rights. 1819 Scottish preacher and mathematician Thomas Chal mers assumes responsibility for Glasgows poor. He develops private philanthropies to help meet the economic needs of the poor and organizes a system of volunteer s to meet individually and regularly with disadvantaged people to give them enco uragement and training. 1833 Antoine Ozanam established in the Saint Vincent de Paul Society in Paris, using lay volunteers to provide emergency economic and sp iritual assistance to the poor. 1834 The new Poor Law is established in England to reform the Elizabethan Poor Law (1601). The underlying emphasis of the new la w is on self-reliance. Public assistance is not considered a right, and governme nt is not seen as responsible for the unemployed. The principle of "less eligibi lity" (a recipient of aid can never receive as much as does the lowest-paid work ed) is enforced. 1844 1844: The first YMCA is established in London, England. 18 67 1867: The British North America Act created a political union between New Bru nswick, Nova Scotia, Canada East, and Canada West -- the Dominion of Canada. Res

ponsibility for social welfare given to the provinces. Welfare was not seen as a major function of governments. 6

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 1883 1887 1800 -1900 1889 1898 1897 Chancellor Bismarck of a newly united Germany introduces first national health i nsurance system. Royal Commission on the Relations of Labor and Capital reported on conditions for workers in the Dominion of Canada. In Chicago, Jane Addams an d Ellen Gates Starr open Hull House, which becomes one of the most influential s ocial settlement houses in the United States. The first school for social worker s is established. The New York School of Philanthropy (later to become the Colum bia University School of Social Work) grows out of a series of summer workshops and training programs for volunteers and friendly visitors and offers a one-year educational program. Faculty member and COS administrator Mary E. Richmond publ ishes Friendly Visiting Among the Poor. Herbert Ames' study of the poor in Montr eal was published. Social Work during 1900 onwards 1900 - 1950 1900 Educator Simon N. Patten coins the term "social workers" and applies it to friendly visitorsand settlement hous e residences. He and Mary Richmond dispute whether the major role of social work ers should be advocacy or delivering individualized social services. 1910-21 Jan e Addams and Mary Richmond trade leadership positions in the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (NCCC). Later renamed National Conference of Socia l Work. 1911 Great Britain passes the National Insurance Act, which organizes a health and compensation program paid for by contributions from workers, employee s, and public. 1914 Canadas first school of social services at the University of Toronto; emphasis of first curriculum on social economics, social psychology and social ethics theories; practice emphasis on social settlements and community w ork, penology, medical social services, recreation, immigration, labor, and chil d welfare. Canadas first womens right to vote legislation in Manitoba. 1915 Einste ins special law of relativity; forerunner of quantum physics and subsequent scien ces of complexity in the 20th century. In an address to the National Conference on Social Welfare, Abraham Flexner declares that social work has not yet qualifi ed as a profession, especially because its members do not have a great deal of i ndividual responsibility and because it still lacks a written body of knowledge and educationally communicable techniques. 1917 Mary Richmond publishes Social D iagnosis. Social workers use her book as a primary text and as an answer to Flex ner. The first organization for social workers is established. The national Soci al Workers Exchange exists primarily to process applicants for social work jobs. 1919 The 17 schools of social work that exist in the United States and Canada f orm the Association of Training Schools for Professional Social Work to develop uniform standards of training and professional education. This group is later re named the American Association of School of Social Work (AASSW), eventually beco ming the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). Social workers employed in sch ools organize as the National Association of Visiting Teachers. The Charity Orga nization Societies (COS) becomes oriented increasingly toward helping families. Many local societies change their names to Family Welfare Agency. The National A lliance for Organizing Charity is renamed the American Association for Organizin g Family Social Work. By 1946 this Organization is known as the Family Service A ssociation of America (FSAA), renamed Family Service America (FSA) in 1983. 1927 Canada introduces social security; subsidized old-age pension program for over 70 year old citizens, based on a strict and often humiliating means test -- Old Age Pensions Act 7 1900 -1950

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 1928 1928 International Permanent Secretariat of Social Workers founded; Canada is a chart er member; spear headed by Dr. Rene Sand, Belgian advocate of social medicine; p redecessor to International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW). The Milford Con ference convenes to discuss whether social work is a disparate group of technica l specialties or a unified profession with more similarities than differences am ong its specialties. In 1929 the report of the conference is published as Social Case Work: Generic and Specific. 1929 1900 -1950 1930 1931 1937 1939 1940 1941 1942 1945 1946 Famous Five women from Alberta (Murphy, McClung, Parlby, Edwards, McWhinney) win approval from Privy Council in England that women are included as "persons" mak ing them eligible for appointment to Canadas Senate. Stock market crashes and Gre at Depression begins. Gordon Hamilton extends Richmonds "man in his environment" concept to "person-insituation" within a organist context; Bertha Reynolds saw s ocial work in a "between client and community" context. Social worker Jane Addam s becomes co recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. The AASSW declares that be ginning in 1939 the requirement for social work accreditation will be a two-year masters degree program. The MSW becomes a requirement to be considered a profess ional social worker American Association of Schools of Social Work, the accredit ing body for social workers, declared MSW degree as the minimum requirement to b e a professional social worker. Mary Parker Folletts posthumous book Dynamic Admi nistration is published; it becomes an influence in the field of social welfare administration. Atlantic Charter; historical meeting between Churchill and Roose velt, formulated as one of its agreements citizen rights to social security. The Beveridge Report is issued in Great Britain, recommending as integrated social security system that attempts to ensure cradle-to-grave economic protection for its citizens. Many of the reports recommendations go into effect after World War II. World War II ends. On October 24, the United Nations is established. Great B ritain establishes its National Health Service. Social Work during from 1935 onwards 1950 - Present 1950 Canada has 8 graduate s chools of social work offering two-year professional programs Maritime School, L aval, University of Montreal, McGill, St. Patricks, Toronto, Manitoba and UBC. 19 52 The CSWE is formed through a merger of the AASSW and the NASSA the two competi ng organizations that had been setting standards for schools of social work. CSW E is soon granted the authority to accredit graduate (MSW) schools of social wor k. 1954 In social casework, the so-called "diagnostic" and "functional" schools begin to merge and lose their separate identities. The functional school had bee n oriented toward a highly focused, goaloriented approach to casework interventi on. The diagnostic school had been influenced by Freudian theory, but adherents of this approach develop more of a psychosocial orientation in the 1950s. 1955 O n October 1, the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) is created throug h the merger of seven organizations the AASSW, plus the American Association of Medical Social Workers (AAMSW), the American Association of Psychiatric Social W orkers (AAPSW), the National Association of School Social Workers (NAASW), The A merican association of Group Workers (AAGW), the Association for the Study of Co mmunity Organization (ASCO), and the Social Work Research Group (SWRG). Membersh ip is limited to members of the seven associations and subsequently to masters de

gree-level workers graduating from accredited schools of social work. 8 1950 to the Present

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 1958 1959 1962 1966 1972 1974 1975 1977 1982 1983 1987 Working Definition of Social Work Practice, headed by Harriett Bartlett, defines person-inenvironment as social works comprehensive domain of practice; published in 1970 by Bartlett in Common Base of Social Work; reaffirmed in two special is sues of Social Work on conceptual frameworks in 1977 and 1981. Social Work Educa tion Curriculum Study, headed by Werner Boehm, claimed a broad-based orientation for social work that recognized five specialization methods: casework, group wo rk, community organization, administration, and research. NASW organises the Aca demy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW), restricted to NASW members with accredi ted MSW degrees, two years agency experience under certified social work supervis ion, and adherence to the NASW Code of Ethics. ACSW membership requirements are subsequently revised to include testing and professional recommendations. CSWE r ecognizes community organization as a legitimate specialization for social work education. Canada Assistance Plan introduced; a cost-sharing conditional grant f rom federal government on an open-ended basis: 50% of provincial expenditures fo r welfare and social services of all kinds. Canadian Association of Schools of S ocial Work (CASSW) becomes Canadas accrediting body for social work education. Co uncil of Social Work Education, social works new accrediting body in the U.S., re vises former standard to include the BSW as a professional social worker. CASW r eorganized into a federated structure of 11 organizational members: 10 provincia l and 1 territorial associations. CASW develops comprehensive code of ethics, ba sed on Canadian Bar Association guidelines; revised in 1983; accepted as a natio nal standard in 1984; updated in 1994. Global definition of social work approved by the 44 nation members of IFSW; Members from Canada and Spain had the special honor of preparing and presenting the final draft to the federations General Mee ting for approval. NASW establishes the National Peer Review Advisory Committee and trains social workers to evaluate the work of other social workers to promot e accountability and to meet quality control requirements of government and thir d-party funding organizations. The CSWE issues a Curriculum Policy Statement for baccalaureate as masters degree programs in social work education. BSW education is recognized as the first level of professional social work education. The NAS W Center for Social Policy and Practice is established to co-ordinate the exchan ge of information, education, and policy formulation pertaining to social work a nd social welfare in the United States. 1950 to the Present Photos of Walter Friedlander & Simon Patten 9who used the term social work first time) Walter Friedlnder (1891- 1984) 1900 Educator Simon N. Patten coins the term "social workers" and applies it to friendly visitors and settlement house residents. He and Mary Richmond dispute w hether the major role of social workers should be advocacy or delivering individ ualized social services. 9

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work The Settlement House The settlement House The settlement house, an approach to social reform with roots in the late 19th c entury and the Progressive Movement, was a method for serving the poor in urban areas by living among them and serving them directly. As the residents of settle ment houses learned effective methods of helping, they then worked to transfer l ong-term responsibility for the programs to government agencies. Settlement hous e workers, in their work to find more effective solutions to poverty and injusti ce, also pioneered the profession of social work. The term "neighborhood center" (or in British English, Neighbourhood Centre) is often used today for similar i nstitutions, as the early tradition of "residents" settling in the neighborhood has given way to professionalized social work. The first settlement house was To ynbee Hall in London, founded in 1883. The first American settlement house was T he Neighborhood Guild (later the University Settlement), founded by Stanton Coit , begun in 1886. The best-known settlement house is perhaps Hull House in Chicag o, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams with her friend Ellen Starr. Lillian Wald and the Henry Street Settlement in New York is also well known. Other settlement hou ses, like Both of these houses were staffed primarily by women, and both resulte d in many reforms with long-lasting effect and many programs that exist today. O ther individuals known as settlement house leaders include John Lovejoy Elliott and Mary Simkhovitch. Mary McDowell, Alice Hamilton, Florence Kelley, Francis Pe rkins, John Dewey and Eleanor Roosevelt are among the many women and men connect ed at some point in their careers with settlement houses. 10

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions 2. Understanding the History of Social Welfare from various Welfare Traditions Any religion that professes to be concerned with the souls of men and is not conc erned with the slums that damn them, the economic conditions that cripple them, is a dry-as-dust religion The Poor Law tradition Three Social Welfare / Security Traditions The Social Ins urance tradition The Welfare State tradition Social Work in historical perspective Social Work in Historical Perspective Liberalism Democrat Institutional View of Social Welfare Encourage moderate chan ge. Government regulation and intervention is necessary and required. The modern welfare state is a European invention - in the same way as the nation state, ma ss democracy, and industrial capitalism. It was born as an answer to problems cr eated by capitalist industrialization; it was driven by the democratic class str uggle; and it followed in the footsteps of the nation state (Flora 1986: XII) Liberalism Vs Conservatism Is there a middle, or more rational, way? In the 20th Century there was a move t owards developing a middle, and more rational, approach to the polar opposites o f liberalism & conservatism. Conservatism Republican Residual View of Social Welfare Resistance to change. In dividuals are autonomous Government regulation and intervention should be avoide d Historic Shift Historically the social welfare needs of individuals were handled by less formal means. Everyone knew each other and problems were more visible t han they are today. With the rise of the industrial society that changed. A need for a different model of delivering social welfare services was required. The B usiness of Social Welfare When the less informal means of meeting social welfare needs were inadequate the business of social welfare evolved. 11

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Poor Law Tradition Debate The Residual versus Institutional View of Social Welfare The debate between the residual and institutional views of social welfare has be en in existence throughout history it is as old as humankind. The debate will co ntinue. There is probably no right or wrong answer to the debate both sides have their positive aspects. Intelligent people, people of good intent can and do di ffer on their views in this area. The Rugged Individualism Approach Funds and se rvices are not a right (something you are entitled to) but a gift. Whoever recei ves that gift has certain responsibilities and obligations. Usually associated w ith wanting to help the deserving poor. General belief that, in general, a persons misfortunes (with few notable exceptions) are of their own making. A societal s tigma attached to receiving services. The Poor Law Tradition It originates from the secularization of poor relief stated in the English Poor Law Acts from 1598 and 1601 under the reign of Queen Elizabeth the 1st. It is rooted in economic li beralism and Christian values, with respect to the principle of individual respo nsibility and work ethics. It distinguishes between ''deserving poor'' (=orphans , aged, disabled) and ''undeserving poor'' (=vagrants and beggars) The Poor Law Tra dition represents important values in social welfare and service delivery today: Rugged individualism and self reliance or self sufficiency: public assistance s hould be a last resort Importance of the family in supporting its own members Le gal residence and duration of settlement is still an issue for immigrants and re fugees. The latter are given short time limited benefits on arrival which are cu t off after one year when they are on their own. Fear of a powerful central gove rnment leads to decentralization of services and great variability in programs, and benefit rates The Institutional View Social welfare is an acceptable, and le gitimate, function of modern industrial society in helping individuals achieve s elf-fulfillment. Difficulties are often beyond the persons immediate control. So cial Insurance programs such as Old Age, Survivor, and Health Insurance are exam ples of institutional programs as are public assistance programs. ELIZABETH I 1558-1603 The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From first to last she wa s popular with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors . Drake, Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England res pected and feared. The Spanish Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleig h's first Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots mar red what was a glorious time in English history. Shakespeare was also at the hei ght of his popularity. Elizabeth never married. 12

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Feudalism Three elements existed and characterize the period: lords, vassals and fiefs. Feudalism is defined by how these three elements fit together. A lord wa s a noble who owned land. A vassal was a person who was loaned land by the lord. The land was known as a fief. In e xchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feuda lism. Decline of Feudalism By the thirteenth century Europe's economy was involved in a transformation from a mostly agrarian system to one that was increasingly mone y-based and mixed. Industrialism, trade, and money were Replacing land. Many peo ple were displaced from the land and their communities Events of the middle ages : Famines Wars Crop failures Pestilence Breakdown of the feudal system. Former ethods of providing for relief (church, family, etc.) were ineffective. Widespre ad begging ensued. The Early Middle Ages All societies develop ways to meet the needs of those who are unable to do it for themselves. Societies do this for hum anitarian as well as utilitarian (Genuine interest in relieving suffering & Inte rest in avoiding social unrest) reasons: As the Church became steadily more powe rful In the Middle Ages it developed and provided a variety of human services. Monasteries served as sanctuaries, refuge, and places of treatment for the mentally ill. Belief that the wealthy or those w ith adequate resources had a duty to help the less fortunate. Little interest in finding out the cause of poverty or other social problems. People were helped s imply because they needed the help. The Elizabethan Poor Law England passed several Poor Laws between the mid-1300s and the mid-1800s. The most significant was the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 ena cted during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The fundamental provisions of this l aw were incorporated into the laws of the American Colonies. Fundamental purpose was NOT to alleviate poverty but to eliminate, or at least control, widespread begging. Who Received Relief? Three categories of relief recipients were establi shed. 1. Able-bodied Poor Given low-grade employment, and citizens were forbidde n to offer them financial help. Anyone who refused help was placed in stocks, or in jail. 2. The Impotent Poor People unable to work. This included the elderly, blind, deaf, mothers with young children, and those with physical or mental dis ability. They were placed together in an almshouse unless they had a place to re side, and it was cheaper for them to stay there. People living outside the almsh ouse were given outdoor relief usually in kind (food, clothing, and fuel). 3. Depend ent Children Children with parents or grandparents unable to support them were a pprenticed out to other citizens. Boys were taught a trade and had to serve unti l their 24th birthday. Girls were brought up as domestic servants and were requi red to remain until they were 21 or married. How It Worked People were ineligibl e if parents, spouse, children, or other relatives were able to provide for them . The parish (town or community) was assigned the responsibility of implementing the provisions using donations and tax revenue. Residency requirements: The par ish responsibility extended only to its residents (usually being born there or r esiding there for 3 years) 13

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Work House Conditions Management of Work Houses - Pamphlet issued during that period Work Houses What were workhouses? Before 1834, poor people were looked after by buying food and clothing from mone y collected from land owners and other wealthy people. The Poor Law Amendment Ac t of 1834, ensured that no able-bodied person could get poor relief unless they went to live in special workhouses. The idea was that the poor were helped to su pport themselves. They had to work for their food and accommodation. Workhouses were where poor people who had no job or home lived. They earned their keep by d oing jobs in the workhouse. Also in the workhouses were orphaned (children witho ut parents) and abandoned children, the physically and mentally sick, the disabl ed, the elderly and unmarried mothers. Workhouses were often very large and were feared by the poor and old. A workhouse provided: *a place to live * a place to work and earn money *free medical care *food *clothes *free education for child ren and training for a job. The staff of a workhouse included: *a Master *a Matr on *a Medical Officer *a Chaplain *a porter *a school-teacher Workhouses provide d almost everything that was needed onsite: Why were workhouses feared by the po or and old? The government, terrified of encouraging 'idlers' (lazy people), mad e sure that people feared the workhouse and would do anything to keep out of it. How did they do that? What were workhouses like? Women, children and men had dif ferent living and working areas in the workhouse, so families were split up. To make things even worse they could be punished if they even tried to speak to one another! The education the children received did not include the two most impor tant skills of ocial Insurance Tradition all, reading and writing, which were ne eded to get a good job. The poor were made to wear a uniform. This meant that ev eryone looked the same and everyone outside knew they were poor and lived in the workhouse. Upon entering the workhouse, the poor were stripped and bathed (unde r supervision).The food was tasteless and was the same day after day. The young and old as well as men and women were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs. Children could also find themselves 'hired out' (sold) to work in factorie s or mines. 14

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Social insurance Social insurance is a program that is implemented and carried o ut by the government with the aim of providing economic assistance to people who are unemployed, disabled, injured or part of a group of senior citizens or the elderly. Social insurance aims to provide economic assistance by providing these people with financial assistance that is mainly obtained from the monetary cont ributions of employed individuals, employers and those who are paying taxes. Fin ancial assistance may also be taken from the revenue of the government. Social Insurance Tradition Bismarck in Germany introduced the first rudimentary state social insurance sche me Germany became the first nation in the world to adopt an old-age social insuranc e program in 1889, designed by Germany's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck. The idea was first put forward, at Bismarck's behest, in 1881 by Germany's Emperor, Will iam the First, in a ground-breaking letter to the German Parliament. William wro te: ". . .those who are disabled from work by age and invalidity have a well-gro unded claim to care from the state." Bismarck was motivated to introduce social insurance in Germany both in order to promote the wellbeing of workers in order to keep the German economy operating at maximum efficiency, and to stave-off cal ls for more radical socialist alternatives. Despite his impeccable right-wing cr edentials, Bismarck would be called a socialist for introducing these programs, as would President Roosevelt 70 years later. In his own speech to the Reichstag during the 1881 debates, Bismarck would reply: "Call it socialism or whatever yo u like. It is the same to me." The German system provided contributory retiremen t benefits and disability benefits as well. Participation was mandatory and cont ributions were taken from the employee, the employer and the government. Coupled with the workers' compensation program established in 1884 and the "sickness" i nsurance enacted the year before, this gave the Germans a comprehensive system o f income security based on social insurance principles. (They would add unemploy ment insurance in 1927, making their system complete.) 15

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Social insurance is any government-sponsored program with the following three ch aracteristics: * The benefits, eligibility requirements and other aspects of the program are defined by statute; * It is funded by taxes or premiums paid by (or on behalf of) participants (although additional sources of funding may be provi ded as well); and * The program serves a defined population, and participation i s either compulsory or the program is heavily enough subsidized that most eligib le individuals choose to participate. Social insurance has also been defined as a program where risks are transferred to and pooled by an organization, often go vernmental, that is legally required to provide certain benefits. Similarities to private insurance Typical similarities between social insurance programs and private insurance programs include: * Wide pooling of risks; * Spec ific definitions of the benefits provided; * Specific definitions of eligibility rules and the amount of coverage provided; * Specific premium, contribution or tax rates required to meet the expected costs of the system. Social Insurance Vs Private Insurance Typical differences between private insura nce programs and social insurance programs include: * Equity versus Adequacy: Pr ivate insurance programs are generally designed with greater emphasis on equity between individual purchasers of coverage, while social insurance programs gener ally place a greater emphasis on the social adequacy of benefits for all partici pants. * Voluntary versus Mandatory Participation: Participation in private insu rance programs is often voluntary, and where the purchase of insurance is mandat ory, individuals usually have a choice of insurers. Participation in social insu rance programs is generally mandatory, and where participation is voluntary, the cost is heavily enough subsidized to ensure essentially universal participation . * Contractual versus Statutory Rights: The right to benefits in a private insu rance program is contractual, based on an insurance contract. The insurer genera lly does not have a unilateral right to change or terminate coverage before the end of the contract period (except in such cases as non-payment of premiums). So cial insurance programs are not generally based on a contract, but rather on a s tatute, and the right to benefits is thus statutory rather than contractual. The provisions of the program can be changed if the statute is modified. * Funding: Individually purchased private insurance generally must be fully funded. Full f unding is a desirable goal for private pension plans as well, but is often not a chieved. Social insurance programs are often not fully funded, and some argue th at full funding is not economically desirable. 16

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work The Welfare Tradition Welfare Tradition It originates in the ideas of Lord Beveridge exposed in his reports: Social Insu rance and Allied Services (1942) and Full Employment in a Free Society (1944). I t is rooted in humanistic convictions that there is a common responsibility of t he society as a whole for the well-being of all citizens. It is to promote socia l integration and progress towards an equal society with full employment by stat e intervention: social expenditure is seen as desirable. The Welfare State The Welfare State Why did it all start? A long time ago. The We lfare state began during the second World War. During the war, the government ap pointed a committee under Sir William Beveridge to investigate the problems of s ocial insurance The report said that there were five evil giants facing Britain which had to be destroyed The Five Evil Giants 1. Want Many people were living in poverty through no fault of their own because they were sick, widowed or unempl oyed. This was attacked by the introduction of National Insurance 1945 - 51 2. D isease Although medical insurance had been introduced, there was no free medical treatment and many people could not afford to see a doctor when they were ill. This was attacked by the establishment of the National Health Service. Providing free hospital treatment for everyone. 3. Ignorance Secondary education was only available to those who could pay or who passed a scholarship at the age of 11. Most children left school at the end of elementary education when they were 14. This was attacked by 1944 education act which introduced secondary education and raised the school leaving age to 15. 4. Squalor Although council housing had been introduced at the end of the ninete enth century, there was not enough and many people were still living in slums. T his was attacked by a massive council housing program and the New Towns Act. Thi s enabled the setting up of new towns in the countryside; removed from the slums of the big cities. 5. Idleness At the start of the war over 10% of the workforc e was unemployed. This was however, there own choice. This was attacked by the g overnment nationalizing some industries and setting up boards to help industries in high areas of unemployment. 1. The Welfare State today. The Welfare State in the UK uses National Insurance and taxes to provide Free education for everyone u p to the age of 18, and help with university education. Free doctors and hospita ls for everyone. Help with dentistry, opticians and prescriptions. Payments for the unemployed Social security so that everyone has a minimum income. Pensions f or old people Child benefit for children under 19 in full time education Housing benefits Job centers for setting up in employment. 2. It provides training so e veryone can find work. Definition of Welfare State The Welfare State consists of a number of programs t hrough which governments pursue the goal of social protection against economic a nd social risks of life & well-being 17

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Born Died Nationality Education Occupation Title 5 March 1879Rangpur, India (now Bangladesh) 16 March 1963 (aged 84) Oxford, Oxfo rdshire, England. British Charterhouse School and Balliol College, Oxford. Econo mist 1st Baron Beveridge Work towards founding Britain's welfare state. William Beveridge Father of Social Welfare Known for http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp /hi/pds/19_07_05_beveridge.pdf Three Social Security Strategies From these three social security traditions eme rged three types of social security strategies in Europe The Social Assistance s trategy originating in the Poor law tradition The redistributive goal is to redu ce poverty that is to provide a socially acceptable minimum support. Vertical re distribution. Social assistance is targeted on individuals meeting certain crite ria of neediness. Criticism: economists have argued that it can discourage labou r supply because of the risk of poverty-traps and that it can increase costs of administration and surveillance Social Insurance Strategy The redistributive goa l is horizontal redistribution from workers to retired old, from childless to fa milies with children, from healthy to the sick, etc. Benefit entitlement is depe ndent on and related to past contributions or earnings The social security goal is poverty prevention. It provides a social security the market can hardly suppl y. Criticism: it leaves outside of the coverage the non regular full-time employ ees: self-employed, atypical forms of contracts, etc. Social Allowance Strategy This strategy aims at universal coverage and vertical redistribution is consider ed as a goal. It considers a guaranteed minimum income as a right of nation-stat e citizenship. Social allowances are granted according to demographic criteria s uch as children and age. Criticism: very expensive, today facing financial crisi s; risk of inadequate levels of benefits with persistent poverty; risk of welfar e-dependent underclass 18

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Founders of the Welfare State-Photo Album Founders of The Welfare State Sir Edwin Chadwick 1800 1890 Josephine Butler 1828-1906 Joseph Chamberlain (1836 - 1914) Octavia Hill (1838-1912) Edwin Chadwick Josephine Butler Joseph Chamberlain Octavia Hill Charles Booth Eb enezer Howard The Webbs R.I. Morant Lloyd George Seebohm Rowntree Eleanor Rathbo ne William Beveridge R.H. Tawney Aneurin Bevan Richard Titmuss Charles Booth 1868-1921 Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) Beatrice Webb (18581943) Sidney Webb (18591947) David Lloyd George (18631945) Seebohm Rowntree (18711954) Eleanor Rathbone (18721946) William Beveridge (18791963) Richard Henry Tawney (1880-1962) Aneurin Bevan (18971960) Richard M Titmuss (19071973) R.I. Morant 19

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work History of Social Welfare in USA 1 Poor Laws of 1601 - Elizabethan laws lay the groundwork for social policy in Ame rica. Puritan Beliefs and Charity-Religious beliefs of the Pilgrims shape attitudes America's foundation for social welfare comes from the laws and traditions of En gland. English welfare practices had been codified into law by Parliament during the reign of Elizabeth. Main principles included local control, with administra tive units made up of parishes, and select residents of the parish designated "o verseers of the poor." These overseers had responsibility for the poor of the pa rish, including finding work, taking care of neglected children and providing re lief for "the lame, impotent, old, blind, and such other among them, being poor and not able to work." Emphasizing care for the disabled and aged made a distinc tion between "deserving" and "undeserving" poor. For neglected children, whose p arents were found by the overseers to be unfit to "keep and maintain" them, care took the form of being apprenticed to a local tradesman. Local control of socia l welfare under the Poors of 1601 also meant local financing, with overseers giv en broad authority to levy taxes on parish residents The 1601 Poor Laws were the basis of English social policy until the mid-1800's. Their influence on America n practice, particularly in New England, was tremendous. In fact, until recent t imes, New Hampshire welfare case-workers were called "overseers of the poor." History of Social Welfare in USA Puritan beliefs became the foundation for early America's social welfare philoso phy. These Puritans believed in an ordered, hierarchical universe with God reign ing supreme. The world, as God's creation, reflected this hierarchy and the pres ence of a permanent underclass fit into this world view. Believing in predestina tion, Puritans could look at poverty as revealing a flaw in the poor person's ch aracter; a sign that he or she was out of favor with the higher power. While act s of charity to help the needy were an important part of religious practice, the re was not an expectation that such charitable acts would raise the underclass o ut of poverty. Charity was viewed as comfort to those unfortunates doomed to suf fer in this world, and the charitable act a sign of the goodness of the giver. A New Nation -Democratic spirit and new religious fervor The newly independent U nited States of America enjoyed great prosperity and expansion in the early nine teenth century. An invigorating democratic spirit influenced all aspects of soci ety. Responsibility for governing was now in the hands of the people. The nation 's elite saw a need to educate, improve, and uplift the people to best prepare them for this ne w challenge. The creation of societies for civic improvement was widespread and social movements like temperance and abolition got their start. A similar spirit of optimism and hope was alive in the Church. A movement called "The Great Awak ening," begun in the 1700's, had challenged the deterministic view of the Purita ns. Emphasizing spiritual rebirth and salvation, this view held more hope for th e underclass. Monarchy had relied on rigid class distinctions that allowed no up ward mobility. Religion had reinforced acceptance of a permanent impoverished cl ass. With its space and abundant resources, egalitarian philosophy, and a renewe d religious vigor, America enthusiastically tackled social ills. 20

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Social Workers begun their great journey as friendly visitors In the 1850s, rapid urbanization &Industryalization, increased city social probl ems. Poverty & its accompanying difficulties forced society to address needed se rvices. As a result, new charities, both public and private, responded to the ch allenge. As charity resources expanded, experienced workers saw the need for imp roved organization and management and they began to to apply order to the proble ms in their communities. The hardship and slow economy of the 1870s threw millio ns of men out of work and sparked riots and strikes. The strikes shut down most of the nation's railroad traffic and, as a result, commerce came to a halt. Elec ted officials, shocked and frightened by the poverty, destitution and general un rest, expanded local relief efforts hoping to moderate the depression's severity and to re-establish social order. During this time, a new movement of charitabl e organizations began to appear that we now associate more directly with the evo lution of early social work. The charity organizations were created to reorganiz e the public and private resources that had proliferated during the 1870s. In 18 77, the first American charity organization society was established in Buffalo, New York. At the turn of the century, virtually every major urban area in Americ a hosted some form of charity organization society. Leaders believed poverty cou ld be eradicated through planned intervention or treatment rather than by direct relief (i.e. monetary assistance) alone. Many were disturbed by what they saw a s an inefficient and chaotic array of urban philanthropy. Therefore, a central r ecord keeping system was created to track those who received assistance and prev ented the indigent from receiving relief from more than one agency. Someone, tho ugh, had to perform the crucial tasks of investigation and treatment, and that s omeone was the friendly visitor, and yielded the birth of what would be the social work profession was born. In the early 1890s, Mary Richmond, then director of t he Baltimore Charity Organization, began developing training programs. In 1898, the New York Charity Organization started the first school for social workers. T he original curriculum was designed as a six week set of summer classes and incl uded formal lectures and field work. Mary Richmond 21

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 2 Early Reforms - "Outdoor" relief moves "Indoor" The social welfare practices of colonial America and the early United States wer e a legacy of English practice. Appointed overseers of the poor in each communit y made provision for the needy: securing pensions, apprenticing wayward youth to tradesmen, and, in some cases, auctioning off care of people to the lowest bidd er. The low bidder would be paid to care for an indigent person in his home, wit h little financial incentive to provide quality care. This decentralized system was called "outdoor" relief because care took place in people's homes, outside a n institution. While at times abused by its disinterested overseers, outdoor rel ief was also criticized for delivering service in homes, instead of motivating t he needy to get out and help themselves. Reformers of the time stressed the envi ronmental factors that shaped social ills, such as poverty and alcoholism. They built institutions to provide corrected, safe environments. Homes for the disabl ed, mental institutions, even prisons grew out of this movement. Many states cre ated institutions for the impoverished. "Indoor" relief was born, and the era of the poorhouse began. Civil War - War redefines balance between state and federal. The Gilded Age - In dustrialized economy booms for some. History of Social Welfare in USA The US Civil War was a conflict between state and federal power. One consequence , though perhaps coincidental, was a change in the federal government's role in social welfare, particularly in public health. At the War's outset, appalling nu mbers of troops succumbed to disease, due largely to poor sanitation. A very eff ective Sanitary Commission was established to disseminate proper health practice s. Though it was not a government agency, the Commission demonstrated to federal and state governments that a nationally led organization could be effective in promoting the public welfare. It also demonstrated that some issues, like public health, were larger than local concerns and required cooperation between units of government. The Commission also created new roles for women by putting nurses near the front. In 1869, the just-completed transcontinental railroad connected the West to the East. With North and South no longer at war, the nation moved solidly in the dir ection of commerce. The railroad united new industries and vast fortunes were ma de in steel, oil, and banking. While some tycoons, like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, would become legendary philanth -rapists ,so-called "robber-bar ons" viewed the world exclusively as a competitive arena where every possible ad vantage should be exploited. These "Social Darwinists" extrapolated the "Surviva l of the Fittest" theories of Charles Darwin to mean the pursuit of individual w ealth was natural and right. Darwin's work challenged prevailing religious views about Man's origins. Just as some religious interpretation had led to acceptanc e of a permanent underclass, this interpretation of Darwin's work served the pur pose of the wealthy Cities and Settlement Houses - Immigration, urbanization challenge cities. Post-Civil War industrialization and immigration lead to enormous city growth, a s many newcomers to America were crowded into cramped and filthy tenements. The settlement house movement sought to relieve the pressures of urban immigrant lif e by providing community social services in an informal, neighborly setting. The most famous example is Chicago's Hull House, founded by social reformer Jane Ad dams. Less concerned with providing the moral improvement charitable organizatio ns sought, Hull House offered some practical services to its community, like the first childcare and kindergarten in Chicago.

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S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 3 The Progressive - Era Government gets involved. The Social Worker - The rise of the profession. History of Social Welfare in USA Around the turn of the last century, the excesses of the Gilded Age became polit ically unpalatable. The laissez-faire style of government that had allowed unres tricted commerce did little to protect the rights of workers or provide for the needy. In Wisconsin, Bob LaFollette fought political corruption. In Washington, President Theodore Roosevelt broke up the trusts that had monopolized whole sect ors of the economy. And around the country, farmers and laborers organized for p olitical unity. Journalistic endeavors in this era of muckraking shed light on d angerous work conditions and squalid housing. Famous examples include Jacob Riis 's photography and writing about tenement life and Upton Sinclair's exposure of unsafe meatpacking practices. A 1909 White House Conference on Dependent Childre n signaled a change in government interest in children's welfare. Previously con sidered a local or private charitable concern, children's welfare received feder al attention with the creation of a US Children's Bureau. In 1921, at a Milwaukee conference, the American Association of Social Workers w as established. This movement toward a more professional approach evolved throug hout the early decades of the 20th century. The complexity of modern life and th e social ills associated with city growth were thought too daunting for the trad itional untrained charity worker. The social work profession devised standards a nd training and advocated social research and scientific methods. While such pro fessionalism lead to more consistent and focused care for individuals in need, m uch of the reformist zeal and desire for social change, so vital in the 19th cen tury, fell by the wayside. The Great Depression - Millions of unemployed; "alphabet soup" of agencies After the 1929 stock market crash, and President Hoover's ineffectual response, America faced its greatest economic crisis. Millions of newly unemployed were ex hausting private relief organizations. In New York state, Governor Franklin Roos evelt viewed the unemployed as a vast social problem that could only be fixed by government. An emergency temporary relief agency delivered funds to local work projects and relief providers. As President, Roosevelt's first major act was cre ation of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA, the first of an "alp habet soup" of relief agencies) to fund locally administered unemployment relief . The principle of locally funded, locally controlled welfare dates back to Amer ica's colonial era and the Poor Laws of 1601. But the problems of the Depression proved too great for local governments or charities. Federal funding came with guidelines, including the hiring of social workers. Many private charity social workers now entered government service. Social Security - Wisconsin economist directs effort After the Band-Aid work of emergency relief, Roosevelt turned to developing a mo re permanent safety net to keep Americans from destitution in the future. A Comm ittee of Economic Security was established with University of Wisconsin Professo r Edwin E. Witte as its director. Witte was an economist who had worked on Wisco nsin's pioneering unemployment insurance program. The committee devised a widesp read program of social insurance that became law in 1935, little more than a yea r after the committee began its work.Old age pensions and unemployment insurance were funded by payments from both employers and employees. Funding was provided

to states to administer relief to the disabled, widowed, and to single-parent f amilies in a program that would become AFDC. For the first time in US history, a certain amount of assistance was federally guaranteed to all citizens as an "en titlement." 23

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 4 War and Postwar - Wartime factories retooled for prosperity History of Social Welfare in USA "The more women work, the sooner we win" read this recruiting poster from World War II. Millions of men were away in the military. To keep them supplied in the field, factories hired women for jobs that had previously been only done by men. After so many years of widespread unemployment, the enormous needs of the natio nal war effort brought unprecedented opportunities for women and for minorities. Just a few years before, aid to support single mothers at home had been passed as part of the Social Security Act. Now a very different public image of women w as being projected. Although "Rosie the Riveter" was expected to return to homem aking after the war, seeds of social transformation were planted. Wartime produc tion gave way to postwar prosperity, as factories turned out consumer items for a growing middle class. But amid the apparent affluence and anti-Communist fever of the postwar era, there was a growing "Other America" rural areas and inner c ities that had not enjoyed an economic boom. The Great Society -War on poverty, and war in Vietnam. Having grown up in the remote Texas Hill Country, Lyndon B. Johnson understood t he "Other America" places like Appalachia where poverty persisted. Having seen e lectricity come to the Hill Country, Johnson felt government could do great thin gs. A die-hard New Deal Democrat who had idolized FDR, LBJ wanted to make a simi lar mark. Taking many initiatives started under Kennedy, Johnson created a progr am dubbed the "Great Society." Central to the program was a "War on Poverty." Al though Edwin Witte was able to devise Social Security in a matter of months, spe ed worked against the War on Poverty. The crisis mentality of War meant many pro grams were poorly conceived and badly administered. Meanwhile, another war, a re al one in Vietnam, consumed more of Johnson's attention. Protests against the wa r and urban rioting showed that Johnson was ineffective at providing either guns or butter. His effort to fight Communism overseas divided the country. A riotou s underclass destroyed the image of a prosperous, united nation. Government seem ed impotent at quelling rebellion, on one extreme, and a failure at providing ec onomic justice for the largely minority underclass, on the other extreme. While there were some Great Society successes like Head Start and adding two-parent fa milies to AFDC, Johnson Era programs would become the prototype of the "Big Gove rnment" approach neoconservatives would fight against for years to come. 1996 Welfare Reform Bill Ending welfare as we know it. The 1994 Congressional elections would be dubbed the "Republican Revolution," as Newt Gingrich engineered a majority-taking election effort. Republicans united by the "Contract with America" made welfare reform a top priority. Core to these Republicans' philosophy was a belief in "devolution" the ceding of federal powe r to state or local government. Local government should be more empowered and mo re responsive than a federal bureaucracy could ever be. History had expanded the federal role in social welfare through the Civil War, Progressive Era, and grea tly so during the Depression. This new approach called back upon the principles of local control codified in the Poor Laws of 1601, the original model for Ameri can social policy. As Gingrich praised the idea of orphanages, he approached the reformist zeal of early American "indoor" relief advocates. Negotiating with a Republican Congress, President Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Wo rk Opportunity Reconciliation Act in 1996. Wisconsin had for many years been exp erimenting with programs to emphasize work over welfare. The bill's passage pave d the way for even more bold experimentation, and for states to follow Wisconsin

's lead. 24

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Elizabeth Gurney Fry Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Elizabeth Gurney Fry (1780-1845) Elizabeth Gurney Fry (1780-1845) is most known for her successful reform of Brit ish prisons. It was a complete innovation that a woman would do this kind of wor k. It was also new that she established a voluntary committee of women for this work. Fry became known as the angel of the prisons. Since 2002 she is honored for her work through being depicted on the British five pound note. Betsy Gurney gre w up in a well off Quaker community in Norfolk, the east of England. The Quakers had strong ideals about equality and peace. They belong to the early opponents of slave trade and were very active in a wide range of philanthropic projects. T he death of her mother when Betsy was 12 years old had a significant impact on t he young girl and cast a shadow over her youth. At the age of 17 she started org anising a primary school for poor children at her home. After her marriage with Joseph Fry (in 1800) she gave birth to eleven children. Even so she continued he r social work, such as taking care of lonely sick neighbours. It is 1813 when El isabeth Fry First entered Newgate prison (in London, closed and demolished early 20th century). She was shocked by the inhuman circumstances in which women and children were imprisoned. The reports on her conversations with the women in New gate prison were impressive. She also invited important people to come and visit the prison to see the poor living conditions themselves. Fry opposed the solita ry imprisonment, which was standard procedure at the time. She argued it was bad practice for the health and mental sanity of the prisoners. Fry became the firs t prison reformer to focus on the moral improvement of prisoners through persona l contact, conversations, education and work. To accomplish this work, she estab lished a voluntary committee of women. The method used by Elizabeth Fry had thre e core ingredients: Male and female prisoners had to be separated. Guards had to be same gender as the prisoners. This became international practice since. For the visits of female prisoners, women committees had to be established. The volu nteers had to take care of education, paid work and support after their clients were discharged from prison. This task developed into professional probation ser vices. Prisoners had to get opportunities for education and paid work. Fry visit ed many prisons across the UK. Her actions were effective for her approach was ( partially) incorporated in the British prison law of 1823. She was consulted by Queen Victoria, Parliament and became a source of inspiration for nursing pionee r Florence Nightingale. She also took her work internationally, e.g. to the Neth erlands. Thanks to the work of Elizabeth Fry, treatment of prisoners became more humane. To commemorate the contribution Fry made to social work, the school of social work of the university of Stanford is housed in a building named after he r. Read more Young, A. F., & Ashton, E. T. (1956), British social work in the ni neteenth century, http://www.steyaert.org/canonpdfs/1965,%20Young%20Ashton,%20Br itish%20social%20work% 2019th%20century%20OCR.pdf 25

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Octavia Hill Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Octavia Hill (1838-1912) It is 1864 when teacher and artist Octavia Hill (1838-1912) starts to work in th e poor neighborhoods of Late Victorian London (in what is now Marylebone burough and one of the most expensive places to live). She works with people at the bot tom of the social ladder: poor, unemployed, living in cold and damp dwellings. H ousing is her main focus. Hill sees a well-maintained house, however small, with light, air and space and with neighbours who care about each other as life nece ssity # 1. Money from the art critic John Ruskin enables her to buy three houses in what is now central London. Each week, she personally collects the rent and discusses issues with the tenants. Housing is the basis, but also the starting p oint of other activities: development of gardens, play gardens for the children, excursion. Octavia Hill starts living in the Marylebone borough of London herse lf, and builds an accommodation behind her house to host weekend- and evening ac tivities for children, women and elderly persons. As a result of careful housing management, she succeeds in having a 5% return-on-investment. Her housing proje cts become an attractive investment. She expands her work, gathers more funds an d support. Many women receive training enabling them to act as social workers. O ctavia Hill works in a way that strengthens self respect and trust in own capabi lities. These days, we would call that empowerment and resilience. She hates phi lanthropy that creates dependency. In 1869, she is one of the founding members o f the Charity Organization Society that aims to modernize poverty work. Its orig ins go back to Elberfeld, Germany. Octavia Hill starts advocacy work for nature in and around London in 1975. She becomes one of the three founding members of t he National Trust in 1894. The organization is still an important actor in the m aintenance of parks, castles and nature in the UK. Octavias influence is far reac hing, and has links to Amsterdam, Berlin and Chicago. Her 1883 publication The h omes of the London poor (http://www.victorianlondon.org/publications/homesofthel ondonpoor.htm) helps spreading her ideas across the world. Although by the end o f her life, interest in her thinking declined because of her great emphasis on i ndividual and small-scale social work, the past few decades have seen a renewed interest. Hill refused to acknowledge that significant government intervention c ould be needed to deal with major social problems such as poverty, housing and u nemployment. In her thinking, government initiatives should never replace volunt ary action. With the emergence of the welfare state, her popularity eroded. With in the current discussion about the sustainability of the welfare state, parts o f Hills work emerge again. Octavia Hill is remarkable in the history of social wo rk because she rejected alms. Those would only bring curses and keep citizens at the edge of pauperism. Hill believed in a paternalistic approach that changed t he attitudes of poor people. More and better houses wouldnt help to get rid of sl ums: The peoples homes are bad, partly because they are badly built and arranged, they are tenfold worse because the tenants habits and lives are what they are. Tr ansplant them tomorrow to healthy and commodious homes and they would pollute an d destroy them (1875) Read more 1. Smith, Mark K. (2008), Octavia Hill: housing, space and social refo rm, 2. Hill, Octavia (1883), Homes of the London Poor 3. Lewis, J. E. (1991), Oc tavia Hill, 1838-1912, 4. Lewis, J. E. (1991), Women and social action in Victor ian and Edwardian England, Links The Octavia Hill society (and birthplace) Wikip edia about Octavia Hill 26

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Arnold Toynbee Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Arnold Toynbee (1852-1881) Arnold Toynbee (1852-1881) didnt get to live long, but was much appreciated in hi s short life as a scholar. He lectured economical history in Oxford where he was very critical about the industrial revolution he saw emerging all around him. H is key message was that: The effects of the Industrial Revolution prove that free competition may produce wealth without producing well-being". The biggest pover ty became concentrated in urban slums. This didnt allow for indifference. As a co nsequence, he urged his students to show some real engagement. Using the ideas o f Edward Denison (1840-1970), Toynbee argued for conditions. The confrontation w ith the harsh reality of social inequality would not only sharpen their Universi ty Extension, an outreaching type of learning in which students worked with the poorer parts of the population and applied their course material as a way of vol untary work. Students thus would become more aware of daily living sense for soc ial responsibility, but also bridge class segregation. This idea was later label led Practical Socialism (1888) by Toynbees think-alike and Anglican priest Samuel Barnett. It received plenty of support in Oxford and Cambridge, from which it g ained international recognition. After Toynbees death, Barnett continued work on the University Extension. Students would not only work to enhance the living con ditions of the poor, they would also live among them for at least a year. The Un iversity Settlement was born. This would guarantee a stronger link between schol ars and urban slums, and achieve better results. In 1884 Toynbee Hall opened in East London. Graduated students cam and lived there, while often working elsewhe re, and contributed to neighbourhood development. They studies the living condit ions and necessities of the working class, and organised activities to contribut e to community building, (informal) education and social liberation. They worked to achieve improvements in the poor law, better pension rights and an overall e nhancement of living conditions. Toynbee Hall quickly became an inspiring exampl e of community development in both the US and Europe. In the beginning of the 20 th century, one of the people to live and work at Toynbee Hall for a short perio d of time was William Beveridge. (http://www.historyofsocialwork.org/details.php ?id=4) Extra Toynbee Hall celebrated it's 125th anniversary in 2009. On the 1st of June, there was a party for the volunteers. This was also the launch of the m ovie "Celebrating Volunteers at Toynbee Hall". (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f wHo55IzD6Y&) Read more Additional information Barnett-Rowland, Henrietta (1913), Canon Barnett, his life, work and friends, (http://www.archive.org/stream/canon barnetthisl01barnuoft) Links Wikipedia on Arnold Toynbee (http://en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee) Toynbee Hall now (http://www.toynbeehall.org.uk/) Sett lements and social action centers (http://www.infed.org/association/b-settl.htm) 27

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Jane Addams Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Jane Addams (1860-1935) Jane Addams (1860-1935) was born in Cedarville, Illinois in a well-off Quaker fa mily. After her studies, she visited Toynbee Hall in London and inspired by it, she developed a very similar initiative in Chicago. Together with her friend Ell en Starr, she started the first settlement house in 1889 in Near West Side, a ne ighbourhood with plenty of European immigrants: Hull House. It quickly developed into a real action centre with plenty of room for children, education for adult s, culture and focus on social progress. Addams however didnt only work with the poor but also engaged in political action aimed at establishingnew laws to prote ct the poor. Addams assembled a group of very committed young women. They became the female face of the democratisation movement in the Progressive Era. From 19 00 onwards the United States saw a wave of interest in womens emancipation, new s ocial laws and attention for social and racial tensions. The Hull House group pr ofessionalised the contribution of women in social work. With their neighbourhoo d work, they contributed to a more structural political focus. They started from a profound analysis of real situations and by doing so contributed to later soc ial science research. In the Hull house maps and papers they reported on the eff ects of concentration of different ethnicities and their living conditions, abou t labour circumstances in the sweatshops, about child labour. This was work done by e.g. Julia Lathrop and Florence Kelley. This approach to mapping contributed t o the start of the famous Chicago school in urban sociology with key figures lik e George Herbert Mead and John Dewey. For the academic researchers, Addams and h er colleagues were just data collectors, while for themselves their research was a tool and starting point for social action. With the strong combination of pro fessional interventions and structured reseach, Addams succeeded in establishing a specific basis for American social work which raised international interest. From the very beginning, Hull house received numerous visitors from abroad. Many initiatives were launched from Hull house. Julia Lathrop later became the first director of the Childrens Federal Bureau (1912). She succeeded in raising concer ns about child labour and child deaths. The power of the settlement work transla ted to a broad social engagement of Jane Addams in which she combined here work for Hull House with an at least equally passionate contribution to the peace mov ement during the First World War. That earned her the nickname Saint Jane. Four years before her death, she received the Nobel Prize for the peace (1931). ] Extra Jane Addams is still actively being remembered in the US. The social work department of the University of Illinois at Chicago is named after her: Jane Add ams College of Social Work. (http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/college/) Read more Alle n, J. D. (2008), Jane Addams (1860-1935): social worker and peace builder, Addit ional information Addams, Jane (1910), Twenty Years at Hull-House, (http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EHYPER/ADDAMS/title.html) Hull House museum in Chicago (http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/) The urban experi ence in Chicago: Hull House and its neighborhoods (http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hu ll/urbanexp/) 28

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Mary Richmond Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Mary Ellen Richmond (1861-1928) With her book Social Diagnosis from 1917, Mary Ellen Richmond (18611928) constru cted the foundations for the scientific methodology development of professional work. She searched for the causes of poverty and social exclusion in the interac tion between an individual and his or her environment. Mary Richmond can be desc ribed as the mother of social casework. Richmond spent her youth in Baltimore on the American east coast. Aged 4, she became an orphan. She was an intelligent y oung lady and was raised by her feminist grandmother. After having worked for ei ght years in a bookshop, she dedicated the rest of her live from 1889 onwards to modernizing and professionalizing of care for the poor. She started her career with the Charity Organization Society (COS) in Baltimore, a US branch of the org anization Octavia Hill established in the UK. Richmonds capacities didnt remain un noticed and soon she was offered leading position in COS in Baltimore and Philad elphia. From 1909 until her death, she was director of the charity department of the Russell Sage Foundation in New York, an influential fund supporting social science research. In modern social work, about everybody agrees there is a need for diagnosis and research to happen before care provision. It was Richmond who systematically developed the content and methodology of diagnosis in the period around 1910. Her first principle was that care had to focus on the person within her or his situation. Building on extensive research, she developed what she la beled as social diagnosis. Her famous circle diagram visualized the correspondence of client and environment. Richmond identified six sources of power that are av ailable to clients and their social workers: sources within the household, in th e person of the client, in the neighborhood and wider social network, in civil a gencies, in private and public agencies. This is a precursor of the system theor y that was so popular in 1970s social work. Through her approach to research, Ric hmond gave social work clients a voice for the first time. In this way, she open ed a new and fruitful area of social research which is up to now a cornerstone o f social work. With her broad instructions on how to gather information, intervi ew methodologies, establishing contact and conducting conversations, Richmond ga ve social casework a strong professional status. In her second big publication W hat is social casework? (1922) Mary Richmond introduced the methodology of learni ng from cases. She provided extensive comments to six elaborately described pract ice situations. New was her plea to also cover psychological elements. First cam e however an open and honest communication with clients, without encumbering for malities. Strengthening the resilience of clients is a natural component of this approach. Richmonds plea to involve clients in the solving of their problems sti ll provides inspiration, even a century later. The work of Mary Richmond was hig hly influential in the US, UK and internationally. There are few countries where current social work has not been influenced by her work and thinking. Additiona l information Richmond, Mary Ellen (1899), Friendly Visiting among the Poor. A H andbook for Charity Workers Richmond, Mary Ellen (1908), The good neighbor in th e modern city Richmond, Mary Ellen (1913), A study of nine hundred and eighty-fi ve widows known to certain charity organization societies in 1910 Richmond, Mary Ellen (1917), Social diagnosis Richmond, Mary Ellen (1922), What is social case work? An introductory description 29

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore, Tolly Toynbee, Gnther Wallraff, Ba rbara Ehrenreich Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers George Orwell, John Howard Griffin, Pat Moore,Tolly Toynbee, Gnther Wallraff, Bar bara Ehrenreich There was a time when Eric Blair wasnt yet know as George Orwell, the author of 1984 and Animal Farm. It was a time in which he was so poor that he needed to move to Paris where the cost of living at the time was much lower. He wrote up his experiences combined with those upon his return to London and th us provided a great description of what poverty really looked like. He provided a view on the (in)humanity behind statistics with more vividness than any quanti tative research could ever achieve. To give one example, Orwell describes how he and his Russian friend Boris are short of food and spent their last money on so me bread and garlic. The combination is part of their survival skills: "the poin t of rubbing garlic on bread is that the taste lingers and gives one the illusio n of having fed recently." Others wrote similar accounts of poverty and injustic e. Well known examples include John Howard Griffin, a white man who decided to d ye himself black to experience society like a black. During some months in 1959, h e lived like a black citizen in the segregated deep south of the US. The diaries he kept were published the year after as Black like me and showed the many (ugl y) faces of day-to-day racism. Griffin became a respected civil rights activist but also received death threats and was at one time severely beaten by members o f the Ku Klux Klan. Similar to Griffins work is Pat Moores Disguised, a true story from 1985. A student of gerontology, Moore wanted to get a better understanding of what it meant to be a senior citizen and started being one by applying a gra y wig and e.g. blurring her sight by applying baby oil to her eyes. Travelling t hrough the US and Canada in this disguised way, she organized her own excursions into the world of the elderly. Although somewhere in the intro to her book she is described as not being a social worker, she most definitely is. Her project b ecame a great example of how bad design of products (incl. buildings, transport, ...) excludes people with impairments. She also clearly illustrated how working on social progress can go hand in hand with business interests. Griffin and Moor e worked in North America and are not very known in Europe. The same approach ha s however gained widespread fame in Europe through the work of the German journa list Gnther Wallraff. Around the same time as Pat Moores work, Wallraff disguised as a Turkish immigrant worker. He worked for several companies, including Germans steal industry giant Thyssen and the fast food champion McDonalds. His book Ganz Unten was translated in many languages and made a great impact as it illustrate d both the exploitation of immigrant workers in the labour market as well as day to day racism from German people. All of the above are prime examples of the us e of immersive research and role play techniques to highlight situations of soci al injustice. This is not something from the past, but still being done in our t ime. Examples include the UK journalist Tolly Toynbee who worked as a low-skille d employee and published her experiences in Hard work, the US writer Barbara Ehr enreich who did the 30

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work same and published Nickled and dimed, and the French journalist Florence Aubenas who lived for six months as a low-skilled single woman in a poor area of the Fr ench city Caen. All three of these recent examples of immersive research illustr ate life at the bottom of society is not easy. If three well educated woman with plenty of life experiences did not manage to remain out of poverty when acting as a low-skilled person, how could somebody really in that situation do it? Thei r research shows that society still has not succeeded in building ladders out of poverty. Additional information Orwell, G. (1933), Down and out in Paris and Lond on Griffin, J. H. (1960), Black Like Me Moore, P., Conn, C. P., & Conn, P. (1985 ), Disguised: A True Story Wallraff, G. (1985), Ganz unten, translated as 'Lowes t of the low' Toynbee, P. (2003), Hard work, life in low-pay Britain Ehrenreich, B. (2002), Nickel and dimed, undercover in low-wage USA Aubenas, F. (2010), Le Quai de Ouistreham 31

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Sir William Beveridge Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Sir William Henry Beveridge Most social work in Western countries is currently provided within the context o f the welfare state, whose origins can be traced back to the work of sir William Henry Beveridge at the time of the second World War. Beveridge was born in 1879 in India, at that time part of the British Empire. He studied law in Oxford and quickly became fascinated by early forms of social security, rapidly turning in to an authority on pensions and unemployment benefits. At the beginning of the t wentieth century, his thinking already had an impact on the development of natio nal insurance and policy on poverty in the UK. Soon after the First World War, h e was knighted. His work was greatly influenced by the Fabian society, who clear ly also liked his work for they gave him the post of director of the London Scho ol of Economics (LSE). Early on during the Second World War, the Minister of Hea lth commissioned a report on the state of social insurances in the UK and invite d Beveridge to be chair. In 1942, they published their report Social Insurance a nd Allied Services, which quickly simply became know as the Beveridge report. It w as followed in 1944 by a report entitled Full Employment in a Free Society. Both reports were to have far reaching consequences, way beyond the governments initi al intentions. Beveridges work labeled the main challenges for social policy as th e five giants: avoid squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. Social insur ance was but one element to address these challenges. Equally important were edu cation, health care, and housing and employment services. Each of these is curre ntly a sector where social workers are active. Beveridge argued for a central ro le of the state in guaranteeing the necessary resources for the welfare state, a s well as being the main provider of services. Every citizen would contribute to this universal system of solidarity according to his/her capabilities, and woul d be able to make use of it according to his/her needs. Key to all this was full employment. In 1945, the Labour party won the elections and defeated Churchill. They quickly announced the intention to build a welfare state as described by B everidge. This resulted in, among other things, the start of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. The relevance of Beveridge was however not limited to th e United Kingdom. Many leading politicians from across the world spent time in L ondon during the Second World War, and were well aware of the ideas proposed in the Beveridge report. Once peace established, the ideas were exported e.g. by Ar ie van Rhijn to the Netherlands and Louis Major to Belgium. As such, it can be s aid that Beverigde was the architect of the global building plans for the welfar e state. There may have been one building plan, but it was not one welfare state that developed. Implementation of the ideas in the Beveridge report was influen ced by local politics, and as a consequence welfare states across the world diff ered from each other and from the original plans. Well known classifications of welfare states to describe this diversity have been made by Richard Titmuss (197 4) and later by Gsta Esping-Andersens (1990). Additional information Beveridge, W . (1942), Social insurances and allied services the first 20 pages of 'the Bever igde report' (http://www.canonsociaalwerk.eu/1942_ENG_Beveridge/1942,%20Beveridg e,%20social% 20insurance%20and%20allied%20services.pdf) Beveridge, J. (1954), Be veridge and his plan 32 Timmins, N. (1996), The five giants, a biography of the welfare state

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) More than anyone else, Jane Jacobs (1916-2006) influenced our thinking about cit ies and city life during the second half of the twentieth century. A lack of any formal education in city planning or related subjects didnt put a brake on her i nfluence. At a very early age, she moved to Greenwich Village, a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York, where she had to take several different jobs to survive am idst the economic crisis. Times of unemployment were filled with long walks thro ugh the city. During that time, her eloquent writing and sharp analytic eye beca me to be noted. She married an architect and started writing for Architectural F orum. In this way, she developed a keen interest in cities and city life. Jacobs published here best-known book in 1961: The death and life of great American ci ties. It was a protest against the megalomaniac plans of Robert Moses, the city architect of New York. He wanted to build huge traffic gateways through the inne r city to give maximal freedom to car transport. Jacobs was furious about these drawing board plans, and argued a city is not created on maps but grows like a l iving organism. Cities are like bodies, and streets are the arteries. Through he r publications and protest actions, Jacobs together with many others succeeded i n stopping the building of the Lower Manhattan Expressway. She had been wrestlin g with Moses, and won. In 1968, Jane Jacobs moved to Toronto as a protest agains t the war in Vietnam and to avoid military service for her sons. Shed stay in Tor onto until her death in 2006. The situation Jacobs found in Toronto wasnt that di fferent to New York. Plans existed to build the huge Spadina Expressway all the way through the center of town. Jacobs became one of the most visible activists against these plans, and again she and her companions succeeded in stopping the further planning and building of this expressway. In many cities across the West ern world, the notion of make room for car mobility has gradually been replaced by the notion that other transport is equally relevant and car-free zones are a benefit for the city. 33

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work A few key elements in Jacobs vision on the city are still present in our present day thinking. She argued that a mix of functions on the local level was a key el ement for general attractiveness of a neighbourhood. If functions would become g eographically separated, we get neighborhoods that are only partially used, e.g. places where people only come to sleep, places where people only shop, places t hat are only used during office hours. Jacobs had a strong preference to intertw ine these functions in the same locality, thus making for continuous activity. R elated to this Jacobs introduced the notion of eyes on the street. Plenty of peo ple that make use of the city at different hours would create a light form of so cial control that would enhance public safety. Robert Putnam would later use and expand this notion in his work on social capital. Another still very popular id ea from Jane Jacobs is her saying that old ideas can sometimes use new buildings, but new ideas must use old buildings. City development is not about destroying o ld buildings and constructing new ones, but about giving old buildings a new pur pose. Numerous examples exist, such as Tate Modern in London, housed in an old p ower station. To commemorate Jane Jacobs, several cities have installed Janes wal ks: city tours focuses on the current live in neighborhoods, guided by citizens themselves. These give a view on the living city, not on the historical dead city. They are also called urban safaris. Read more Hospers, G.-J. (2006), Jane Jacob s: her life and work, (http://www.dimeeu.org/files/active/0/Jane%20Jacobs.pdf) A dditional information Jacobs, J. (1961), The death and life of great American ci ties Sparberg Alexiou, A. (2006), Jane Jacobs, urban visionary Flint, A. (2009), Wrestling with Moses, how Jane Jacobs took on New York's master builder and tra nsformed the American city. Goldsmith, S., & Elizabeth, L. (Eds.). (2010), What We See, Advancing the Observations of Jane Jacobs, 34

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Joel Fischer Celebrating Social Welfare / Work Pioneers Joel Fischer It is early 1973 when the at the time little known Joel Fischer publishes a pape r in Social Work, the journal of the US National Association of Social Workers. A fter the professionalization of social work through the work of Mary Richmond an d the establishment of higher education for social work, Fischer asks the questi on whether there is any indication on the effectiveness of social casework. Are the goals one expects to reach also reached? To the surprise of many, research a t the time indicated that social casework was not very effective and that about 50% of the clients were worse off after treatment than before. Fischer consequen tly argues social work should not be satisfied with good intentions, but look cr itically into the effects of its actions The issue of effectiveness of practice a lways must be of paramount concern to the profession and cannot be brushed aside . Joel Fischers article caused a debate in the subsequent issues of Social Work an d other scholarly social work journals. It is probably one of the most reprinted and most cited single publication in the entire social work literature. The art icle and the ensuing debate can be seen as the start of professional doubt. No d oubt in a cynical way, but as a healthy level of scrutinizing ones work and monit or the effects of social interventions as a foundation for continuous improvemen ts. Fischer did not linger in questioning the effectiveness of social work, but in the decades after 1973 published several manuals on how to liaise science and social work. His Evaluating practice (together with Martin Bloom and John Orme) received its sixth edition in 2009. It focuses on the use of single-system desi gns to evaluate social work practice. Fischer had an infectious enthusiasm and o ptimism about science and social work growing close. He wrote e.g. in 1993: By th e year 2000, empirically based practice the new social work may be the norm, or well on the way to becoming so. You could argue that scientific based social work is still not the norm, but the discussion about why and how is certainly domina ting a great number of discussions within the profession. Professional doubt as the driving force behind innovation has gained much attention since 1973. Social work followed in the footsteps of medicine and invests in evidence based practi ce. Whole libraries have been written on this subject by now and organizations s uch as Social Care Institute of Excellence (SCIE) or the Campbell Collaboration (C2) make it a core part of their reason of existence to contribute to the scien tific grounding of social work. Additional information Fischer, J. (1973), Is ca sework effective? a review, (http://lyceumbooks.com/pdf/Toward_EvidenceBased_Pro logue.pdf) Bloom, M., Fischer, J., & Orme, J. (2009), Evaluating Practice Guidel ines for the Accountable Professional, Fischer, J. (2009), Toward evidence-based practice: variations on a theme, (http://lyceumbooks.com/iTowardEvidence-BasedP rac.htm) 35

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding Social Work history by understanding the history of fields of soci al work Practice of Social Work with Individuals, Families and Groups Social Work with Organizations, Communities and Larger Systems Correctional / Forensic Social Work Gender and Social Work Practice Social Work Practice in HealthCare Settings Gerontological Social Work Social Work with Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender People Psychiatric Soci al Work Social Work with Disabled Poverty: Opportunities for Social Work Social Work in Industries/ Labour Welfare Addictions and Social Work Practice Social Work and Familiy Welfare Rural Social Work / Community Development School Social Work 36

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Indian History Timeline This will help the students to compare Indian welfare efforts with UK & USA from 1600 AD (CE) Indian History Timeline

1600 East India Company is formed in England. Gets exclusive trading rights with India. Chera Empire 300 BCE200 CE Chola Empire 250 BCE1070 CE 1605 Akbar dies, d is succeeded by his son Satavahana 230 BCE220 CE Jehangir. Kushan Empire 60240 E 1628 Jehangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside Gupta Empire 280550 Pala Emp ire 7501174 his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a Chalukya Dynasty 5 43753 personal hearing with the emperor. Jehangir dies, Rashtrakuta 753982 and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan. Western Chalukya Empire 9731189 Hoysala Empire 1 0401346 1630 Birth of Shivaji. Kakatiya Empire 10831323 1644 Shivaji takes oath of Independence at Islamic Sultanates 12061596 Raireshwar. Delhi Sultanate 12061526 1658 Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jama Deccan Sultanates 14901596 Ahom Kingdom 12281826 Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial treasuries drained by Vijayanagara Empir e 13361646 architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Mughal Empire 1526185 8 Jahan dies, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb. Maratha Empire 16741818 Sikh Confederacy 17161799 1659 Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Sikh Empi re 17991849 Afzal Khan in a thrilling fashion. British East India Company 17571858 1674 Forces led by Shivaji defeat Aurangzeb's British Raj 18581947 Modern States 1947present troops, and establishes Maratha Empire. 1680 Shivaji dies of fever a t Raigad. 1681 Aurangzeb invades the Deccan 1707 Aurangzeb dies, and is succeede d by son Bahadur Shah I. 1717 Pamheiba decrees Vaishnavism as the state religion of Manipur 1719 Bajirao I is appointed the Peshwa by Maratha Emperor Shahu. 173 5 Annexation of Rajputana by Peshwa Bajirao 1737 Bajirao I conquers Delhi, Mugha l Emperor is spared and kept as titular head. 1740 Bajirao I annexes Bengal and Orissa. 1740 Bajirao I dies, with the distinction of winning every battle he fou ght. He is succeeded by Balaji Bajirao 1757 The British East India Company's pri vate army under Robert Clive annexes Bengal for the company in the Battle of Pla ssey. Edmund Burke has Robert Clive arrested for the act. 1760 Marathas comprehe nsively defeat the Nizam; Maratha Empire reaches its zenith. 1761 The Marathas a re defeated in the Third battle of Panipat bringing an end to their expansion. 1 766 -1769 First Anglo-Mysore War 1772 Young Madhavrao Peshwa dies of tuberculosi s. 1773 Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao's wife in front of Raghunathrao. 37

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 1774 Chief Justice of the Maratha Empire, Ram Shastri passes death sentence agai nst the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew. 1777 -1782 First An glo-Maratha War begins and ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai. 1779 Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the British army at the Bat tle of Wadgaon. 1780 -1784 Second Anglo-Mysore War begins. ends with the Treaty of Mangalore. 1789 -1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War begins. 1790 The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne comprehensively defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and th eir Mughal allies at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed a nd the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independ ence from external influence 1798 1799 Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins. ends with the death of Tipu Sultan and the restoration of the Wodeyar dynasty. 1803 1805 Second Anglo-Maratha War 1817 - 1818 Third Anglo-Maratha War begins and ends wit h the defeat of Bajirao II and the end of the Maratha Empire leaving the British with control of almost the whole of India Evolution of Social Welfare Ministry in India Evolution of Social Welfare Ministry in India For social welfare three important dates occur in the evolution of the Ministry of Social Welfare in India. These are 14 June 1964 when the Department of Social Security was created; 24 January 1966 when the Department of Social Security wa s redesignated as Department of Social Welfare; and 24 August 1979 when the Depa rtment of Social Welfare was elevated to the status of an independent Ministry. A memorandum was submitted on 12 May 1956 by the Indian Conference of Social Wor k (now Indian Council of Social Welfare) to the then Prime Minister, urging the creation of a Central Ministry of Social Welfare. The Conference felt that the e arly establishment of a Social Welfare Ministry at the Centre was very necessary not only to integrate the administration of social welfare in the country, but also to provide the policy of social development with a driving force which can only be given through a well-formulated philosophy of social progress The Study Team on Social Welfare and Welfare of Backward Classes constituted in 1958 by th e Committee on Plan Projects of the Planning Commission under the chairmanship o f Smt. Renuka Ray pointed out inter-alia that various social welfare subjects ar e dealt with in different Ministries. The Team was of the view that the plans an d policies of social welfare have not had the advantage of an integrated approac h and direction. It, therefore, recommended the setting up of a Department of So cial Welfare. The Study Team further suggested that the work relating to youth w elfare, recreational services, education and welfare of the handicapped, social work research and training dealt with by the Ministry of Education; and the work relating to beggary and vagrancy, juvenile delinquency and probation, social an d moral hygiene and rehabilitation of persons discharged from correctional and n on-correctional institutions dealt with by the Ministry of Home Affairs, be tran sferred to the new Department of Social Welfare. The Study Team also suggested t hat administration of a national social welfare policy; initiating, reviewing an d 38

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work watching implementation of social welfare legislation by State Governments; coor dination of social welfare schemes of the State Governments on a broadly uniform pattern; promotion of social research, and constitution and administration of a Central cadre of welfare administrators should be the other functions of the su ggested Department of Social Welfare. Table: Establishing an Independent Ministry of Social Welfare Timeline Establishing an Independent Ministry of Social Welfare Timeline Although a separate social welfare sector has been in existence ever since the b eginning of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56), a separate Department of Social Welfare came into being only after about thirteen years. A memorandum was submit ted by the Indian Conference of Social Work (now Indian Council of Social Welfar e) 1956 to the then Prime Minister, urging the creation of a Central Ministry of Social Welfare 1958 1964 1966 1967 1979 198586 1998 1999 2007 The Committee on Plan Projects of the Planning Commission under the chairmanship of Smt. Renuka Ray recommended the setting up of a Department of Social Welfare . The Department of Social Security was created The Department of Social Securit y was renamed as Department of Social Welfare Administrative Reforms Commission suggested to group various subjects with the Department of Labor and Employment to constitute a Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Welfare -Transfer of ch aritable and religious institutions from the Ministry of Law to the proposed Dep artment and also to transfer child welfare from Social Welfare Ministry of Healt h, Family Planning and Regional Planning The Department of Social Welfare was el evated to the status of an independent Ministry The erstwhile Ministry of Welfar e was bifurcated into the Department of Women and Child Development and the Depa rtment of Welfare. Simultaneously, the Scheduled Castes Development Division, Tr ibal Development Division and the Minorities and Backward Classes Welfare Divisi on were moved from the Ministry of Home Affairs and also the Wakf Division from the Ministry of Law to form the then Ministry of Welfare. The name of the Minist ry was changed into Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment. The list of subjec ts which stand allocated to the Ministry of Social Welfare would show that sever al subjects or significant parts of these subjects administered by other Ministr ies could perhaps be administered by the Ministry of Social Welfare, as, for ins tance, social education and adult education and youth welfare activities (Minist ry of Education and Culture); welfare of labor (Ministry of Labor); legal aid to the poor (Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Aff airs); and relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons (Department of Rehabil itation, Ministry of Supply and Rehabilitation) The Tribal Development Division had moved out to form a separate Ministry of Tribal Affairs. The Minorities Divi sion along with Wakf Unit have been moved out of the Ministry and formed as a se parate Ministry It is not known whether the creation of the Department of Social Security in 196 4 was a direct outcome of the recommendations of the Renuka Ray Team or of other conferences and committees. The subjects then allotted to the newly created Dep artment of Social Security included an assortment or items like child welfare, o rphans and orphanages, education of the handicapped, social welfare, the schedul ed castes, the scheduled tribes, ex-criminal tribes and other backward classes,

unemployment insurance, social security measures, the Central Social Welfare Boa rd, coordination and development of village industries including Khadi and handi craft, prohibition, Ambar Charkha, and UNICEF. Later on, certain subjects like s ocial security, village industries and the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes were allocated to other Ministries. 39

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work In 1967 in its report, the Study Team appointed by the Administrative Reforms Co mmission to examine the machinery of the Government of India and its procedures of work suggested that rehabilitation and social welfare should be combined into a single department and the department should then be grouped with the Departme nt of Labor and Employment to constitute a Ministry of Labor, Employment and Soc ial Welfare. It further recommended that considering the tremendous influence th at charitable and religious institutions can have on social welfare programs of the Government and in molding public opinion in the field, this subject should b e transferred from the Ministry of Law to the proposed Department. The Study Tea m was of the view that child welfare should not be separated from health and fam ily planning and should be transferred from the Department of Social Welfare to the proposed Ministry of Health, Family Planning and Regional Planning. ALLOCATI ON OF SUBJECTS The subjects allocated to the Department of Social Welfare need a lso to be viewed in the context of the consecutive Five Year Plan policies and p rograms. Although a separate social welfare sector has been in existence ever si nce the beginning of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56), a separate Department o f Social Welfare came into being only after about thirteen years. The Department of Social Welfare was elevated to the status of an independent Ministry on 24 A ugust 1979 and was placed under the charge of a Cabinet Minister. This opportuni ty was not, however, availed of to regroup or reallocate subjects related to soc ial welfare from amongst different Ministries. The subjects allocated to the Min istry of Social Welfare cover child welfare and development, women's welfare and development, welfare of the physically handicapped, social defence, social welf are planning and research, etc. The Ministry provides general direction in socia l welfare policy formulation, promoting legislation and amendments to legislatio n, review of welfare legislation, implementation of schemes, promotion and assis tance to voluntary effort and coordination. The list of subjects which stand all ocated to the Ministry of Social Welfare would show that several subjects or sig nificant parts of these subjects administered by other Ministries could perhaps be administered by the Ministry of Social Welfare, as, for instance, social educ ation and adult education and youth welfare activities (Ministry of Education an d Culture); welfare of labor (Ministry of Labor); legal aid to the poor (Departm ent of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs); and relief and rehabilitation of displaced persons (Department of Rehabilitation, Ministry of Supply and Rehabilitation). The allocation of subjects to the Ministry of Soc ial Welfare has thus not strictly followed any set pattern or direction. It has over the years primarily been based on the views of policy-makers and administra tors as to which Ministry would be in a better position to discharge a particula r function. 40

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Subjects allocated to the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment -India Subjects allocated to the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment Social Welfare: Social Welfare Planning, Project formulation, research, evaluati on, statistics and training Conventions with other countries in matters relating to social defense and references from United Nations Organization relating to p revention of crime and treatment of offenders. Institutional and non-institution al services for the care and development of children in need including orphans a nd orphanages. # Education, training, rehabilitation and welfare of the physical ly and mentally handicapped National Institute for the Physically Handicapped an d Mentally Retarded Rehabilitation of the persons with disabilities and rehabili tation of the mentally ill. National Centre for the Blind including the Central Braille Press, Dehra Dun, Training Centre for the Adult Deaf, and School for the partially deaf children, Hyderabad; Model School for Mentally Retarded Children , New Delhi and other national institutes. # Social and Moral Hygiene Program # Beggary Research, evaluation, training, exchange of information and technical gu idance on all social defence matters. All matters relating to alcoholism and sub stance (drug) abuse and rehabilitation of addicts/families Promotion of efforts including voluntary efforts to ensure the well being of the older persons. All m atters relating to prohibition. # Educational and social welfare aspects of drug addiction Charitable and religious endowments pertaining to subjects allocated to this Ministry Promotion and development of voluntary effort on subjects alloc ated to this Department National Institute of Social Defense # National Institut e for the Physically Handicapped, New Delhi # National Institute for the Orthope dically Handicapped, Kolkata National Institute of Rehabilitation, Training and Research, Cuttack National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secunderabad Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, Mumbai National I nstitute for the Visually Handicapped, Dehradun National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation, Faridabad Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation o f India, Kanpur The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992 (34 of 1992) and R ehabilitation Council constituted there under The Persons with Disabilities (Equ al Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 (01 of 1996) # The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy Me ntal Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999 (44 of 1999) # Chief Commis sioner for Disabilities Scheduled Castes and other Backward Classes including sc holarships to students belonging to such Castes and Classes # National Commissio n for Scheduled Castes Development of Scheduled Castes and other Backward Classe s Note:- The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment will be the nodal Minist ry for overall policy, planning and coordination of programs of development of S cheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes. In regard to sectoral programs and s chemes of development pertaining to these communities, policy, planning, monitor ing, evaluation etc as also their coordination will be the responsibility of the concerned Central Ministries, State Governments and Union Territory Administrat ions. Each Central Ministry and Department will be the nodal Ministry or Departm ent concerning its sector. Reports of the Commission to Investigate into the con ditions of Backward Classes National Commission for Safai Karamcharis and all ma tters pertaining thereto Implementation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1 995, and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities ) Act, 1989, excluding the administration of criminal justice in regard to offen ces in so far as they relate to Scheduled Castes 41

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Ministry of Women and Child Development -India Ministry of Women and Child Development The Department of Women and Child Development was set up in the year 1985 as a p art of the Ministry of Human Resource Development to give the much needed impetu s to the holistic development of women and children. With effect from 30.01.2006 , the Department has been upgraded to a Ministry under the independent charge of Minister of State for Women and Child Development. Mandate: The broad mandate o f the Ministry is to have holistic development of Women and Children. As a nodal Ministry for the advancement of women and children, the Ministry formulates pla ns, policies and programs; enacts/ amends legislation, guides and coordinates th e efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organizations working in the field of Women and Child Development. Besides, playing its nodal role, the Mini stry implements certain innovative programs for women and children. These progra ms cover welfare and support services, training for employment and income genera tion, awareness generation and gender sensitization. These programs play a suppl ementary and complementary role to the other general developmental programs in t he sectors of health, education, rural development etc. All these efforts are di rected to ensure that women are empowered both economically and socially and thu s become equal partners in national development along with men. Policy Initiativ es: For the holistic development of the child, the Ministry has been implementin g the world's largest and most unique and outreach program of Integrated Child D evelopment Services (ICDS) providing a package of services comprising supplement ary nutrition, immunization, health check up and referral services, pre-school n on-formal education. Ministry is also implementing Swayamsidha which is an integ rated scheme for empowerment of women. There is effective coordination and monit oring of various sectoral programs. Most of the programs of the Ministry are run through non-governmental organizations. Efforts are made to have more effective involvement of NGOs. The major policy initiatives undertaken by the Ministry in the recent past include universalization of ICDS and Kishori Shakti Yojana, lau nching a nutrition program for adolescent girls, establishment of the Commission for protection of Child Rights and enactment of Protection of Women from Domest ic Violence Act. First Chairman, CSWB 42

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Subjects allocated Ministry of Women and Child Development -India Subjects alloc ated Ministry of Women and Child Development Welfare of the family. Women and Chi ld Welfare and Coordination of activities of other Ministries and Organization i n connection with this subject. References from the United Nations Organizations relating to traffic in Women and Children Care of pre-school children including p re-primary education National Nutrition Policy, national Plan of Action for Nutri tion and National Nutrition Mission. Charitable and religious endowments pertaini ng to subjects allocated to this Department Promotion and development of voluntar y effort on the subjects allocated to this Department Implementation of Immoral T raffic in Women and Girl Act. 1956 (as amended up to 1986) . The Indecent Represe ntation of Women (Prevention) Act, 1986 (60 of 1986). The Dowry Prohibition Act. 1961 (28 of 1961) The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 (3 of 1988), excl uding the administration of criminal justice in regard to offences under these A cts. Implementation of the Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Fo od (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act, 1992 (41 of 1992). Co ordination of activities of Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CA RE) Planning, Research, Evaluation, Monitoring, Project Formulations, Statistics and Training relating to the welfare and development of women and children, incl uding development of gender sensitive data base. United Nations Children's Fund ( UNICEF) Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) National Institute of Public Cooperati on and Child Development (NIPCCD) Food and Nutrition Board Food and Nutrition Boar d (FNB) (i) Development and popularization of subsidiary and protective foods. ( ii) Nutrition extension. Womens Empowerment and Gender Equity. National Commission for Women. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection o f Children) Act, 2000 (56 of 2000). Probation of Juvenile offenders. Issues relati ng to adoption, Central Adoption Resource Agency and Child Help Line (Child line .) The Children Act, 1960 (60 of 1960). The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 (19 of 1929). 43

S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work 44