hep-th/0402174

Gauge theories on hyperbolic spaces and dual wormhole instabilities

Alex Buchel

arXiv:hep-th/0402174 v2 26 Jul 2004

Department of Applied Mathematics University of Western Ontario London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Waterloo, Ontario N2J 2W9, Canada Abstract We study supergravity duals of strongly coupled four dimensional gauge theories formulated on compact quotients of hyperbolic spaces. The resulting background geometries are represented by Euclidean wormholes, which complicates establishing the precise gauge theory/string theory correspondence dictionary. These backgrounds suffer from the non-perturbative instabilities arising from the D3D3 pair production in the background four-form potential. We discuss conditions for suppressing this Schwingerlike instability. We nd that Euclidean wormholes arising in this construction develop a naked singularity, before they can be stabilized.

February 2004

Introduction

Dieomorphism invariance of a gravitational theory implies that classical backgrounds related by coordinate transformations are physically equivalent. This is no longer the case once quantum eects are taken into account. The reason is simply because different space-like foliations of the background geometry lead to dierent denitions of a time ( and thus a Hamiltonian) of a quantum system. This has profound implications for the gauge theory/string theory correspondence1 [2]. In the simplest case, Yang-Mills (SYM) theory in R3,1 and type IIB supergravity in AdS5 S 5 , where AdS5 the holographic correspondence of Maldacena relates N = 4 SU(N) supersymmetric

is written in Poincare patch coordinates. As emphasized in [3], even though classical (Euclidean) AdS5 foliations2 by R4 , S 4 , H4 are related by coordinate transformations, the corresponding gauge theories are physically inequivalent. This is so because a classical supergravity background (in the large N limit, and for the large t Hooft gauge theory coupling) is equivalent to the full quantum gauge theory on the corresponding

slices. The correspondence between gauge theories on curved space-times and gravitational duals becomes more involved for nonconformal gauge theories [39]. Quite intriguing, certain supergravity backgrounds holographic to gauge theories on negatively curved space-times are represented by wormhole solutions [8, 9]. As stressed in [9], existence of multiple boundaries in these Euclidean supergravity solutions makes it dicult to establish a detailed dictionary for the gauge/string theory correspondence. Moreover, the negative curvature of the supergravity boundary leads to a nonperturbative instability3 due to the D3D3 pair production [10]. The latter suggests that wormhole solutions arising in this construction are somewhat unphysical, and should disappear once nonperturbative instabilities are removed. In this paper we study nonperturbative instabilities of strongly coupled four dimensional gauge theories on smooth compact quotients of hyperbolic spaces, and existence of non-perturbatively stable Euclidean supergravity wormholes representing their holographic dual. Since instabilities on the supergravity side are associated with the tachyonic modes of the dual gauge theory, the natural way to eliminate them is to remove tachyons from the gauge theory spectrum. The gauge theory tachyons come from conformally coupled scalars, which were massless prior to introducing background space-time curvature.
1 2

For a review see [1]. Corresponding Lorentzian foliations have R3,1 , dS4 , AdS4 slices. 3 Strictly speaking, the instability exists only for a compact negatively curved boundary.

Indeed, an eective potential for such a scalar is4 V = 1 R4 2 , 12 (1.1)

giving rise to a negative mass square m2 = 1 R4 for negative 4d Ricci scalar curvature 6 R4 . These scalars are true tachyons only when the spacial directions of the gauge theory background are compactied. This is also the case with the instabilities on the supergravity side: they are present only for compact spatial directions. In the noncompact case, say H4 of radius L, the mass of a conformally coupled scalar is above the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound m2 = 2 L2 > m2 = BF 9 , 4L2 (1.2)

and thus does not lead to any instabilities. Similarly, in this case the potential barrier to create a D3D3 pair in the dual supergravity background is innite, simply because H4 volume is innite. For this reason, we consider four-dimensional gauge theories on space Hn by a discrete subgroup of its SO(n, 1) symmetry group, n = Hn /. S 1 3 and 4 , where n is a smooth, compact, nite volume quotient of a hyperbolic In the next section we study D3 probe brane dynamics in supergravity dual to gauge theory on R 3 at nite temperature. The motivation to study this potential N = 4 SU(N) SYM theory on S 1 3 , which is a Euclidean continuation of this

mechanism for lifting tachyonic modes comes from nite temperature eld theory intuition: there, a thermal mass can be induced to lift otherwise tachyonic mode. We nd that the instability still persists. In fact, no thermal mass is induced for the conformally coupled scalar in the regime relevant for the instability. We speculate as to why this happens. A natural way to lift a tachyon is to give it a bare mass.5 On the dual supergravity side, this corresponds to turning on 3-form uxes (for fermionic masses), and/or deforming the asymptotic background geometry (for bosonic masses). In section 3, we study a D3 probe brane dynamics in a general warped type IIB background with uxes. We present a rather simple equation for the probe brane eective potential, and obtain some universal results concerning non-perturbative D3D3 pair production instability. In section 4, we study in details the supergravity dual to N = 2 SU(N)
4

SYM theory on 4 . In Minkowski space, the notation N = 2 means that the theory
1 We assume to be canonically normalized, i.e., it has a kinetic term 2 ()2 . 5 This mechanism of stabilization of supergravity backgrounds dual to gauge theories on n was

also suggested in [9].

is obtained from the parent N = 4 SYM theory by giving the same mass to two N = 1 chiral multiplets (a mass to N = 2 hypermultiplet). We will keep the same label for the we will discuss massive N = 2 supergravity renormalization group (RG) ows6 on 4 gauge theory, even though our deformation completely breaks supersymmetry. In fact, induced by (generically) dierent masses for the bosonic and fermionic components of the N = 2 hypermultiplet. Pertaining to this RG ow we obtain the following results. Despite the fact that we turn on masses for bosonic and fermionic components for

vector multiplet massless, it is possible to remove all tachyonic instabilities from the D3 probe brane eective action. This eliminates catastrophic instability of the supergravity background associated with D3D3 pair production. Interestingly, to achieve

the N = 2 hypermultiplet only, and thus leaving the chiral multiplet in the N = 2

the latter, one necessarily have to turn on dierent bare masses for the bosonic and fermionic components of the hypermultiplet. For equal bosonic and fermionic masses, the tachyonic instability of the D3 probe is identical to the instability with zero masses, i.e., for the supergravity background dual to N = 4 gauge theory on 4 . represents the simplest Euclidean wormhole solution [9]: ds2 = L2 cosh2 10 r L (d4 )2 + dr 2 + L2 dS 5
2

For zero masses of the hypermultiplet components, the dual supergravity background

(1.3)

and (dS 5 )2 is the metric of the round S 5 of unit radius. We analytically construct deformations of this wormhole solution to leading order in bosonic and fermionic masses of the hypermultiplet components. The deformed geometry is still a smooth wormhole solution.

where the metric in [ ] is that of the AdS5 / of radius L with 4 = H4 / foliations,

We study numerically the mass-deformed wormhole (1.3) as we increase the mass of the fermionic components of the hypermultiplet, mf . For simplicity, we keep vanishing the mass of the bosonic components of the hypermultiplet, as well as the vacuum expectation values for fermionic and bosonic bilinear condensates. The tachyonic instabilities in the D3 probe brane eective action are removed provided m2 m2 f critical =
6

12 . L2

(1.4)

discussed here admit an exact, analytical lift to a complete ten-dimensional type IIB supergravity background.

N = 2 supergravity RG ows on R3,1 were constructed in [24] (PW). Deformations of the PW solution closely related to the topic of this paper were constructed in [7]. As in [24, 7], N = 2 ows

However, well before we reach the critical mass in (1.4), the geometry develops a naked singularity. For ultraviolet initial conditions for the RG ow as above, this happens for mf msingular , where msingular 0.3719 . (1.5) mcritical Finally, we would like to point out that though we apply the eective potential for

a D3 probe brane of section 3 to study instabilities of the gauge theories on negatively curved space-times, the equations for the eective potential (3.21), (3.22) are valid for any sign of the gauge theory background cosmological constant. As we briey mention in section 3, this observation provides a simple explanation for the large -parameter for the D3-brane ination in the Klebanov-Strassler [11] throat geometries, presented in [12]. We expect that (3.21), (3.22) will be useful in search of single-eld slow-roll brane inationary models in type IIB supergravity, and propose a brane inationary model with small .

N = 4 SYM on R 3 at nite temperature

foliated with R 3 . Here, 3 = H3 / is a smooth, compact, nite volume quotient

Consider the nonextremal deformation of the AdS5 / S 5 solution, where AdS5 / is of the three dimensional hyperbolic space H3 by a discrete subgroup of its SO(3, 1)

symmetry group7 . Following [2], we want to interpret this as a supergravity dual to after the analytical continuation, the gauge theory background geometry becomes S 1 tE + 1/T . After reviewing the properties of the dual supergravity background, we strongly coupled N = 4 SU(N) gauge theory on R3 at nite temperature. As usual,

3 , where the euclidean time periodicity coincides with inverse temperature, tE

study the dynamics of D3, D3 probes. We nd that a D3 brane is stabilized at the origin of the Euclidean supergravity background8 , with vanishing action. On the other hand, the eective action of a D3 brane is unbounded from below. This instability comes from the tachyonic mode of a D3 probe brane eective action, originating from the conformally coupled scalar corresponding to moving a brane in a radial direction. In what follows we refer to this (canonically normalized) scalar as a radion, . We nd
7 8

The relevant background was constructed in [13]. The point where S 1 shrinks to zero size.

that while near the origin the eective radion mass squared m2 is positive, rad m2 =2 2 T 2 , rad m2 rad 1 = 2, 2
2 gY M N , 2 g2 N 2 Y M , 2

T 1 , 0 (T T0 ) 1 , 1 T0 = , 2

(2.1)

2 ( gY M N is the gauge theory t Hooft coupling) it becomes tachyonic close to the bound-

ary m2 = rad curvature , 1 , 2 2

2 gY M N , 2

(2.2)

as appropriate for the conformally coupled scalar on S 1 3 , (1.1), with 3 radius of RS 1 3 = 3 2 2 . (2.3)

Notice that (2.2) is independent of the temperature, for which we provide a heuristic physical explanation later in the section. Because of the unbounded character of a D3 brane action close to the boundary (in the regime (2.2)), and the fact that a barrier to create a D3D3 pair is nite (it is of order
1 N

to create D3D3 pairs near the boundary. Once created, a D3 brane will move to the boundary, while D3 will move into the bulk. Such a process reduces the free energy of the gravitational background, and its four-form charge. In this sense it is very similar to the Schwinger mechanics for the electron-positron pair production in strong electric eld. Eq. 2.2 implies that nite temperature can not eliminate this non-perturbative instability. The gravitational background considered in this section is not a wormhole. Explicit wormhole example based on a gravitational dual to Euclidean gauge theory on 4 is discussed in section 4. Nonetheless, the physics of that wormhole instability is the same as discussed above. This is so, because the D3D3 pair-production instability near a negatively curved boundary is a local phenomenon, and thus is insensitive to the presence of multiple boundaries. 2.1 The dual supergravity background

1 ), gs

it is always energetically favorable

For the dual supergravity background we take the following metric ansatz ds2 = c2 (dt)2 + c2 (d3 )2 + c2 (dr)2 + c2 dS 5 4 10 1 2 3 6
2

(2.4)

where ci = ci (r) and (d3 )2 and (dS 5 ) are the metrics on the unit radius of curvature 3 and S 5 correspondingly. Additionally, there is a ve form ux, that we take to be of the form F5 = F5 + F5 , c1 = f 1/2 , f= r , L F5 = 4L4 dvolS 5 . 1 f 1/2 (2.5) Solving type IIB supergravity equations of motion we nd the following solution [13] c2 = c3 = , c4 = L , (2.6)

r2 L2 2 2, L2 r

where is the radius of curvature of the gauge theory hyperbolic three-space, is the nonextremality parameter. The thermodynamics of this black hole was studied in details by Emparan [13], where it was found that the specic heat is always positive. This result is somewhat surprising, as we would expect that the gauge theory instabilities would show up as thermodynamic instabilities, [14]. For later references we present the expression for the black hole (2.6) temperature T = 1 2r0
2 r0 + 2 2 L r0

1 b4 L2 + 4 , 2b3 L3 0 0

(2.7)

where r0 b0 L/ is the position of the horizon (the largest root of) f (r0 ) = 0 2.2 Probe dynamics b4 L2 b2 L4 4 = 0 . 0 0 (2.8)

2.2.1 D3 brane Lets consider a D3 probe dynamics in above geometry. We consider the case when the probe moves in a radial (r) direction only, r1 = r1 (t). Dependence of r1 on the coordinates of 3 does not modify the story in any substantial way (there is a slight modication though because c2 = c1 ) The probe action reads [19] SD3 = T3 d4
R3

g(r1 ) + T3

C (4) (r1 ) ,
R3

(2.9)

where T3 is a three-brane tension, and C (4) is a four-form potential giving rise to the ve-form ux (2.5). As the radion r1 changes with time slowly, we nd SD3 =
R3 3

dt 3 dvol3

1 T c1 2 3 1

c2

c2 (t r1 )2 V(r1 ) 3

(2.10)

where V(r1 ) is the radion potential energy V(r1 ) = T3 3 c1 c3 C (4) . 2 (2.11)

Canonical normalization of the scalar r1 , is achieved with T3 c1 1 c2

3

c2 (t r1 )2 (t )2 . 3

(2.12)

We then get the physical potential energy Vrad for large V(r1 ) = Vrad () = resulting in the radion mass (2.2). also present expressions for Vrad near the black hole horizon (or the origin of the Eq.(2.13) gives the radion potential Vrad () for large . For completeness, we 7L6 T3 2 2 + 4 22 2L 4 + O(2 ) . (2.13)

corresponding Euclidean geometry). This can be best done by using the canonically One can then solve the equations of motion for ci in this radial gauge as power series. Using the following boundary condition (this can always be done)
horizon

normalized radion, dened by (2.12), as a radial coordinate for the background (2.4).

=0

(2.14)

near the horizon (small ), we nd the following expansion

2 2 T3 3 T3 3a0 3/2 3/2 3/2 4 2 2 10b0 3L 6 Vrad () = 3 b0 a0 3/2 b0 a0 + a0 8 + O(10 ) , 2 2 1/2 7/2 L 20b0 L 40T3 Lb0 (2.15) 1/2 5/2

where a0 = 0 (2b2 L2 )(b4 L2 + 4 ) 0 0 , 7 4 4T3 b0 L b2 L4 0 ,

4

(2.16) L .
2

=b4 L2 0

b2 0

Consider rst the high temperature limit, so that T 1 . (2.17)

Then, L b0 1+O , L b0 L a0 = , 1+O 2 T3 b0 L b0 T = and Vrad () = b2 1 6 2 0 2 4 + O 2 6 2 L2 2 T3 L4 b0 L T3 6 1 4 + O = 2 T 2 2 2 T3 L4 T 2 L8 T3

gs N 2 2

b4 L2 0 4

1+O

L b0

, (2.18)

b0 L ,

(2.19) , T 1 .

Noting that T3 L4 =

=
9

2 gY M N , 2 2

we obtain the eective radion mass as in (2.1). In 1 , 2

the low temperature limit , 0 (T T0 ) 1 , we nd T T0 = a0 and Vrad () = 1 2 1 6 2 4 + O 2 42 8T3 L4 L8 T3 6 1 2 4 + O = 2 T0 2 2 2 8T3 L4 T0 L8 T3 1 , 2 0, b0 L 1, L T0 = (2.20)

, 4L3 T3

(2.21)

(2.22) , 0 (T T0 ) 1 .

2.2.2 D3 brane Similar analysis can be done for a D3 brane probe. Here, for large 2 2 T3 L4 its eective potential is VD3 () =
9

11 2 4 + 2 2 + O(0 ) , 4 T3 L 2

(2.23)

Here, by low temperature we mean the 0+ limit of the nonextremality parameter. As discussed in details in [13], the black hole (2.6) has a nonzero temperature (and horizon area) at
L = 0. It exists also for 0 > extremal = 44 .
6

while for 2 2 T3 L4 , we have T3 3a0 3/2 10b2 3L2 6 T3 3/2 3/2 0 + 8 + O(10 ) . VD3 () = 3 b3 a0 2 + 3/2 b0 a0 4 + a2 0 0 2 2 1/2 7/2 L 20b0 L 40T3 Lb0 (2.24) Thus, a D3 experiences an attractive potential and is pulled away from the boundary. Upon analytical continuation, the Euclidean time direction is compactied with periodicity 1/T . This Euclidean-time circle shrinks to zero size at = 0, precisely where D3 is stabilized. D3 Euclidean action will thus vanish at = 0. 2.3 Thermal mass for the D3 brane radion?
1/2 5/2

In previous section we found that no thermal mass is generated for a D3 probe brane radion close to the boundary. On the other hand, the eective mass of a D3 brane radion near the boundary diers from that of the boundary conformally coupled scalar (it has even a wrong sign), though it is still temperature independent. We do not have a eld-theoretical explanation for this. It could very well be a strong coupling eect, and thus inaccessible to the perturbative reasoning. Nonetheless, it is tempting to draw an analogy to nite temperature four-dimensional scalar eld theory with quartic self-coupling. There, starting with a zero temperature symmetry breaking potential V (, T = 0) = corrections 2 2 4 + , 2 4 (2.25)

one nds that interactions with a high temperature thermal background introduce T 2 V (, T ) = V (, 0) + V (, 0) + , (2.26) 24 where the derivatives are with respect to . As a result, for > 0 and sucient large

temperature, the eective mass square of the scalar eld at the origin ( = 0) can 4 2 T 2 > 0 , T2 > . (2.27) 4 Precisely this mechanism for lifting the non-perturbative instability of the supergravity m2 = reason why it did not work, is because the D3 brane radion near the boundary (where it is tachyonic) does not have a quartic self-coupling: the Laurent power series expansion of its eective potential starts with a O(2 ) term, (2.13), as the O(4 ) term vanishes 10 dual to N = 4 gauge theory on R3 we had in mind earlier in this section. The likely become positive

due to the asymptotic supersymmetry. Alternatively, while the tachyonic contribution to the D3 brane radion mass (due to the curvature coupling) is classical, the thermally induced mass correction is radiative. Radiative eective potential corrections typically atten out for large values of the eld VEV. Thus, for large values of they can not counteract classical tachyonic curvature induced mass10 . Perturbative analysis indicating such saturation of the thermally induced mass in nite-temperature 4 theory was reported in [15].

Probe branes in generic ux backgrounds

Having failed to eliminate nonperturbative instability due to D3D3 pair production in supergravity duals to gauge theories on 3 with nite temperature, we now turn to a more mundane method: we give gauge theory would-be tachyons suciently large bare mass. On the supergravity side, this is mapped into turning on appropriate threeform uxes. This leads us to study D3, D3 probe brane dynamics in general warped geometries with uxes. Curiously, one can obtain a rather simple equation for the eective probe brane potential. Our discussion is rather general, in particular, we do not specify the sign of the curvature of a four-dimensional slice wrapped by a D-brane. We explain under what conditions uxes can lift the D3 brane radion close to the negatively curved boundary. In section 4, this idea will be explicitly implemented for the cosmological brane inationary model building. 3.1 N = 2 PW ow on 4 . Additionally, we comment on the utility of (3.21), (3.22) for

D3, D3 probe dynamics in warped geometries with uxes

Consider a generic type IIB supergravity ux background on direct warped product M4 M6 . Specically, we take the metric ansatz (in Einstein frame) to be ds2 = e2A(y) ds2 4 (x) + e2A(y) ds2 6 (y) 10 M M = e2A(y) g (x)dx dx + e2A(y) gmn (y)dy mdy n , where M4 is taken to be a smooth compact Einstein manifold, i.e.,
(4) r (x) = g (x) ,
10

(3.1)

(3.2)

Strictly speaking, eective potential (2.26), leading to (2.27), is valid only near the origin in the

eld space.

11

 and M6 is a six dimensional non-compact manifold. The four-dimensional cosmological constant can be of either sign (or zero). Additionally we assume that all uxes, dilaton depend on y only. For the 5-form F5 we assume F5 = (1 + ) [d volM4 ] , (3.3)

verse to M4 , also the type IIB axiodilaton (in convention of [16]) = (y) satises C(0) + ie = i 1+B . 1B

where volM4 is the volume form on M4 . The complex 3-form ux G = G(y) is trans(3.4)

Equations of motion for these warped geometries in the case of = 0 were derived in [17], and for general Einstein manifolds M4 in [18]:
1 2 e4A = 12 e8A GG + e4A 16

+ e4A 6 G ,

+ 4 ,

(3.5) (3.6)

2 =2e4A e4A +

i 8A e G 48

(1) (6) rmn = 1 e8A m e4A n e4A 16m n e4A gmn + Tmn 2

(3.7)

1 4A e 4

G pqm Gpq
+

+pq n + G pqm G

, , (3.8) (3.9)
(6)

1 0 = dL + f 2 L dB + 2 L BdB BdB 1 f 2 2 B + 2f 4 B(B)2 = 12 e6A G+ G .

In (3.5)-(3.9) all index contractions are done with unwarped metric gmn , rmn is the y , 6 is dened on M6 , also Ricci tensor constructed from gmn , GG Gmnp Gmnp ,
i G+ 1 G 2 6 G , 2

f 2 1 BB

, (3.10)

L e4A 6 G 4i G , m n + n m (1) . Tmn = 1 4 (Im )2

i G 1 G + 2 6 G , 2

Notice that there is always solution to the 3-form Maxwell equation (3.8), L=0 6 G = 4ie4A G . 12 (3.11)

 If all the following conditions are satised: = 0, M6 is a Calabi-Yau 3-fold, B =

1 const, then = 4 e4A , and (3.11) implies that the 3-form ux G is imaginary self-dual

(ISD) [11, 17]. We emphasize that while (3.11) is always a solution, it is not the most theories with generic bare masses violate (3.11). A linear combination of (3.5) and (3.6) give rise to 2 4 + e4A =e4A 4 + e4A 2 4 + e4A =e4A 4 + e4A
2 2

general solution. In fact, supergravity backgrounds dual to four-dimensional gauge

+
2

1 8A e |iG 24

+ 6 G|2 + 4 , (3.12) 6 G| + 4 .
2 2

1 8A e |iG 24

For the class of L = 0 solutions we further have 2 4 + e4A =e4A 4 + e4A 2 4 + e4A =e4A 4 + e4A according to +
2 1 |G|2 24

4 + e4A

+ 4 ,
2

(3.13) + 4 .

1 |G|2 24

4 + e4A

The importance of (3.12) ( and (3.13)) stems from the fact that VD3 , VD3 dened VD3 T3 4 + e4A , VD3 T3 4 + e4A , (3.14)

are precisely the potentials describing eective dynamics of D3 and D3 probe branes! q = +1 ), is Indeed, the eective action of a 3-brane probe of charge q, |q| = 1 (D3 brane has S3 = T3 = x , i.e. d4 d4 x,
m n g = e2A(yq ) g (x) + e2A(yq ) gmn (yq ) yq yq ,

d4
M4

+ qT3 g

C (4) ,
M4

(3.15)

where g is the induced metric on the world-volume of the probe, equal in the gauge

(3.16)

m m where {yq = yq (x)} represents the coordinates of the probe 3-brane in M6 . Also,

C (4) = 4 volM4 ,

(3.17)

where the factor of four comes from the dierent normalization of the four-form potential in [16] and the one used in Dp-brane eective action [19]. For slowly varying yq (x), we nd an eective action S3 =
M4

m n d4 x g 1 T3 gmn (yq ) g yq yq Vq (yq ) , 2 13

(3.18)

where the eective potential Vq is (compare with (3.14)) Vq (y) = T3 e4A(y) 4q (y) .
m scalar elds yq (x) i(x),

(3.19)

To extract a physical potential we need to rewrite it in terms of canonical normalized

1/2

di T3 ei (y) dy m , m
6 1 2 T3

gmn (yq ) g

m yq

n yq

1 2

g i i ,
i=1

(3.20)

where ei (y) are the vielbeins of the metric gmn (y). Finally, with (3.19) we can rewrite m (3.12), (3.13) as
1 1 2 T3 Vq = e4A T3 Vq 2

1 8A e |iG 24

q 6 G|2 + 4 ,
2

(3.21)

for generic backgrounds, and for L = 0 backgrounds as

1 1 2 T3 Vq = e4A T3 Vq 2

1 24

1 T3 Vq

|G|2 + 4 .

(3.22)

3.2

Eective mass of the radion (inaton)

In this section we study asymptotic behavior of a probe brane eective potential (3.21), (3.22) near the boundary of a warped type IIB supergravity background and determine the eective probe brane radion mass. Our discussion is restricted to Euclidean gegeometries dual to Klebanov-Strassler (KS) cascading gauge theories [11] on 4 (or S 4 [4]). In the former case, without any mass deformations, the D3 radion mass is that of a conformally coupled scalar m2 conf 2 . (3.23) 3 We nd that turning on bare masses to fermionic components of the N = 4 gauge m2 = m2 rad conf ometries dual to mass deformed N = 4 SU(N) SYM theory on 4 (or S 4 ), and to

theory chiral superelds (or appropriate 3-form uxes in the dual supergravity back-

ground) always raises the radion mass. On the other hand, turning on bare masses to bosonic components of the N = 4 gauge theory chiral superelds (which corresponds have either eect. These observations can be summarized as m2 = rad 2 + m2 luxes m2 f geometry . 3 14 (3.24) to deforming the background geometry the round metric on S 5 in this case) can

The last two terms in (3.24) in principle can depend on the (squashed) S 5 angles, in fact m2 geometry contribution might even change sign as a function of these angles. We section 4. For the gravitational dual to the deformed KS gauge theory we nd m2 = rad 2 , 3 will obtain an explicit expression for (3.24) in the case of N = 2 PW ow on 4 in (3.25)

without any additional corrections. We should clarify that radion corrections from uxes (and geometry deformation) are absent if the three-form uxes are induced by the fractional D3 branes only as in KS gauge theory gravitational dual. More general uxes will lead to the modied radion mass as in (3.24). Given (3.24), we see that for < 0, the tachyonic instability of the D3 radion is gauge theory chiral superelds. Such a deformation necessarily completely breaks the supersymmetry. Even though supergravity dual to KS cascading gauge theory involves nontrivial uxes, result (3.25) implies that the D3 brane radion is tachyonic near the boundary. In some sense, the latter is expected, as prior to introducing the gauge theory background curvature, this gauge theory had a moduli space of vacua, and thus massless scalars. For the supergravity dual to KS gauge theory on R4 [11], these massless scalars are moduli of a D3 probe. Once the gauge theory background is deformed to a conformally coupled scalar (3.23). It must be possible to give explicit bare mass to the KS moduli, thus removing the tachyons from the gauge theory spectrum on 4 . We did not attempt to construct corresponding deformations on the supergravity side. Before we turn to the justication of above claims, it is instructive to see what (3.24), (3.25) imply for the positive four dimensional cosmological constant, > 0. The reason why this is interesting for cosmological model building is discussed in [12]. Briey, gauge/string theory correspondence establishes an equivalence between a theory of dynamical gravity on direct warped product M4 M6 and a non-gravitational smooth quotient of H4 , R4 4 , these scalars will develop a mass, appropriate for a most eciently confronted by giving mass only to fermionic components of the N = 4

theory (gauge theory) on M4 . The non-gravitational feature of the eective theory on M4 is reected in the non-compactness11 of M6 (the eective four dimensional Newtons constant vanishes). Compactications of M6 introduce dynamical gravity into low-energy eective four-dimensional picture [20, 17]. Likewise, compactications
11

be non-gravitational. It might very well be that this condition is not sucient.

The non-compactness of M6 is obviously a necessary condition for the dual boundary theory to

15

of the gravitational dual to gauge theory on de-Sitter space-time [4], results in fourdimensional dynamical de-Sitter vacua12 [21] (KKLT). Brane-anti-brane ination in KKLT vacuum has been studied in [22] (K2 LM2 T). In inationary scenario of [22], one has best computational control for a widely separated D3D3 pair, which is still deep inside (one of) the KS throat(s) of the global geometry. In this regime, inaton can be identied with the radion of a D3 probe brane in the local (non-compact) geometry, dual to de-Sitter deformed cascading gauge theory [12]. Thus, (3.24), (3.25) provide information about -parameter of a single-eld slow-roll brane ination of K2 LM2 T m2 rad . (3.26)

Specically, (3.25) explains stability of the anomalously large -parameter observed in [12]. On the contrary, given (3.24), brane ination in de-Sitter throats constructed in [7] can avoid this problem. Indeed, m2 can be made arbitrary small, without rad turning on any uxes (fermionic mass terms), but ne tuning masses of the bosonic components of the chiral superelds in the dual gauge theory language. Of cause, the latter requires the right sign for the m2 geometry contribution. As we explicitly show in section 4, this is straightforward to achieve. 3.2.1 Mass deformed N = 4 supergravity duals In this case the asymptotic13 metric on M6 is at gmn (y)dy mdy n dr 2 + r 2 (dS 5 )2 , (3.27)

where r is a radial coordinate, and (dS 5 )2 is the metric on a round S 5 . Addipotential (y) (3.17) e
A(y)

tionally we have the following asymptotics for the warp factor A(y) and the four-form

r , L

r4 (y) , 4L4

r .

(3.28)

Finally, following the gauge/string theory correspondence dictionary [1], component of the three-form uxes GI1 I2 I3 corresponding to masses of the fermionic components
Ref. [21] realizes a compactication of the gravitational dual of de-Sitter deformed KS cascading gauge theory. Embedding de-Sitter throats discussed in [5, 7] into a global model is an open question. 13 We keep only the leading terms.
12

16

scale near the boundary as

of the dual N = 4 gauge theory chiral superelds, in the orthonormal frame of (3.1), GI 1 I 2 I 3 1 , r (3.29)

which corresponds to
8 q 6 G)mnp L G 2 , |iG q 6 G| = (iG q 6 G)mnp (iG r8 q 2

r , (3.30)

2 2 where Gq Gq (S 5 ) is a non-negative function of the S 5 angles, detailed form of which

depends on the fermionic mass matrix. As before, we identify the scalar in the eective D3 probe brane action associated with its motion in r direction with the radion. Then, using (3.20) and the asymptotic form of the metric (3.27) we conclude T3 r , which results in 2 T3
1/2 T3 1/3

r ,

(3.31)

2 5 1 + + 2 2 5 S 2 1 , S 5 ,

, (3.32)

as . In (3.32), 2 5 is a Laplacian on a round S 5 . Notice that with (3.28), S the coecient of the leading scaling ( r 4 ) of the eective D3 probe brane potential ) VD3 (3.14) near the boundary vanishes. Thus we expect asymptotically as r (or 1 2 (3.33) m (S 5 ) 2 + O(0 ) , 2 rad where we explicitly indicated potential dependence of m2 on the S 5 angles. Given rad VD3 Vrad = the asymptotics (3.27)-(3.33), we nd from (3.21) m2 = rad 1 1 2 2 + G+1 2 5 m2 + O(2 ) , rad 3 144 12 S (3.34)

resulting in (3.24) with the identications m2 luxes f 1 G2 , 144 +1 m2 geometry 1 2 5 m2 rad , 12 S (3.35)

where the is to indicated that 2 5 (m2 ) can change sign on the S 5 . We will see an rad S explicit example of this in section 4.

17

3.2.2 KS supergravity duals In this case the analysis is slightly dierent. All the asymptotics can be extracted from the Klebanov-Tseytlin (KT) solution [23]. As before, asymptotic metric on M6 is at gmn (y)dy mdy n dr 2 + r 2 (dT 1,1)2 , the six-dimensional conifold, T 1,1 eA(y) = eA(r) r L ln1/4 r
SU (2)SU (2) . U (1)

(3.36)

where r is a radial coordinate, (dT 1,1 )2 is the metric on the angular part of Additionally we have the following r4 , 4L4 ln r

asymptotics for the warp factor A(y) and the four-form potential (y) (3.17) , (y) = (r) r . (3.37)

Notice that there is no dependence on T 1,1 coordinates for A(y), (y). This immeonly. diately implies that the eective probe brane potential Vq (3.19) is a function of r It is possible to extract the scaling of the three-form ux directly from [23] (or corresponding deformed solution [4]). Here, we motivate the answer. In mass deformed masses. In the KS solution, the RG ow is induced by the three-form ux from fractional D3-branes (D5 branes wrapping a 2-cycle of the conifold). The F3 ux though the 3-cycle of the conifold (transverse to D5 branes ) is topological, thus given (3.36),
2 F3 F3 mnp mnp F3

N = 4 supergravity duals the RG ow is induced by three-form uxes dual to these

r 6 . Altogether, we nd L6 |G|2 = Gmnp Gmnp 6 G 2 , r r , (3.38)

not important in what follows. Again, we identify the scalar in the eective D3 probe brane action associated with motion in r direction with the radion. Using (3.20) and the asymptotic form of the metric (3.36) we conclude T3 r , which results in 2 T3
1/2 T3 1/3

where G 2 G 2 (T 1,1 ) is a non-negative function of the T 1,1 angles. Its precise form is

r ,

(3.39)

5 1 2 + + 2 2 1,1 T 2 1 , T 1,1 , 18

, (3.40)

the boundary vanishes. Thus we expect asymptotically as r (or ) VD3 Vrad = 1 2 mrad 2 + O(0 ) , 2

of the leading scaling ( r 4 ) of the eective D3 probe brane potential VD3 (3.14) near (3.41)

as . In (3.40), 2 1,1 is a Laplacian on T 1,1 . As before, with (3.37), the coecient T

though without any dependence of m2 on the T 1,1 angles. It is crucial that as for rad the original KT/KS solution, the three-form uxes for their = 0 deformations solve nd from (3.22) Maxwell equations with L = 0, (3.11). Thus, with the asymptotics (3.36)-(3.41), we 2 , (3.42) 3 resulting in (3.25). The same conclusion can be reached for the more general ansatz m2 = rad for Vrad , Vrad 2 lnn as .

N = 2 ow on 4

Here we consider the N = 2 Pilch-Warner ow14 [24] on smooth compact quotients

of Euclidean AdS4 , or H4 . Closely related deformations of this RG ow where discussed in [7]. We present a complete ten-dimensional non-supersymmetric solution of type IIB supergravity realizing this ow, and study the D3 probe brane dynamics in this background. In agreement with general arguments of the previous section, we nd that the probe brane instabilities can be lifted once suciently large three-form turned on. Supergravity background metric deformations dual to turning masses for the bosonic components of the N = 2 hypermultiplet contribute to the radion mass as explained in section 3.2. For zero masses of the hypermultiplet components, the supergravity solution is a Euclidean wormhole recently studied in [9]. We determine (analytically) deformation of this wormhole solution induced by small hypermultiplet masses. We then study numerically the deformed wormhole solution as we increase the fermionic mass parameter. We nd that before the radion of the D3 probe (for < 0) ux corresponding to masses of the N = 2 hypermultiplet fermionic components are

ceases to be tachyonic, the background geometry develops a naked singularity. Though we presented an explicit scenario where a physically well-motivated stabilization of the wormhole instability fails, it is a bit premature to claim that a smooth, single-boundary solution, free from the non-perturbative instabilities due to D3D3 production, in this
14

The dual gauge theory picture for the PW supergravity ow is explained in [25, 26].

19

model does not exist. Such a claim would require an understanding of the resolution of the naked time-like singularity in the model for large fermionic mass parameters. We hope to return to this problem in the future. In conclusion, we observe that it might be possible to obtain slow-roll brane ination in de-Sitter deformed ( > 0) N = 2 throat geometries [28]. 4.1 Background and the D3 probe dynamics

We begin the background construction in ve-dimensional supergravity, and will further uplift the solution to ten dimensions. The eective 5d action is S= where the potential P is15 1 P= 48 with the superpotential W = W
2

d 5 g

1 R 3()2 ()2 P 4

(4.1)

1 + 16

1 W2 , 3

(4.2)

1 1 4 cosh(2) . 2 2

(4.3)

From (4.1) we have Einstein equations 1 1 R = 3 + + g P , 4 3 plus the scalar equations 6 P , 0 = g g g 2 P 0 = g g . g With the RG ow metric ds2 = e2A ds2 4 + dr 2 , 5
15

(4.4)

(4.5)

(4.6)

We set the 5d gauged SUGRA coupling to one. This corresponds to setting S 5 radius L = 2.

20

the equations of motion (4.4), (4.5) become 1 P , 6 1 P , 0 = + 4A 2 1 3 1 2 A + (A ) + e2A = P , 4 4 3 0 = + 4A

(4.7)

1 2 2 2 A (A ) = 3 ( ) + ( ) + P . 3

Though we can not nd solution to (4.7) analytically, it is straightforward to construct convenient to introduce a new radial coordinate asymptotic solution as r . To analyze the ultraviolet (r ) asymptotics it is x er/2 . We nd A = ln x + x2 e2 1 2 3 0 + x4
1 4 9 0 1 1 e4 1 2 e2 2 2 10 2 1 2 0 10 2 6 0 8 11

(4.8)

+ 22 e2 2 4 210 11 ln x 11 ln2 x + O(x6 ln3 x) , 0 3 0 (4.9) =1 + x2 10 + 11 ln x + x4 2e2 (210 11 ) +

1 4 3 0 3 + 2 2 210 11 + 3 2 + 2 2 (510 411 ) 10 2 11 3 0

10 2 3 0 11

+ 310 11 22 411 e2 11

ln x

3 + 2 2 ln2 x + O(x6 ln3 x) , 11

(4.10) =0 x 1 + x2 10 +
4 2 3 0

4e2

ln x

+ O(x5 ln2 x) ,

(4.11)

in [27], 11 (0 ) should be identied with the mass m2 (mf ) of the bosonic (fermionic) b components of the N = 2 hypermultiplet. Two more parameters 10 , 10 are related to the bosonic and fermionic bilinear condensates correspondingly. Finally, is a residual integration constant associated with xing the radial coordinate it can be removed at the expense of shifting the origin of the radial coordinate r, or rescaling x. 21

where {, 0, 10 , 10 , 11 } are parameters characterizing the asymptotics. As explained

The complete ten-dimensional lift of the RG ow (4.7) is given in the Appendix. As in section 2.2, we consider a D3 probe slowly moving along the radial direction. Using the general expression (3.19) (with q = +1), and explicit ten-dimensional ow expressions (4.27), (4.34) we nd V = T3 4 e4A 4 . For the canonically normalized radion eld r we nd using (4.27) dr = T3 eA 2 dr . Now the mass of the radion close to the boundary is given m2 r = lim
r 1/2

(4.12)

(4.13)

2 V 2 r
2 A

= lim e

2 eA V . r r

(4.14)

Using the asymptotics (4.9)-(4.11) we nd m2 r = 2 +

2 2 2 e 0 3

+ e2 11

3 2

cos2 1

(4.15)

for the three-form uxes and the ten-dimensional lift of the background geometry (4.31), (4.27) we can also verify identications (3.35). From (4.15) we see that the instabilities will go away (the radion mass is always positive) provided e2
2 2 3 0

Eq. (4.15) should be compared with (3.24) (here = 3). Given explicit expressions

11 2 0 .

(4.16)

Implicit in the result (4.16) went the condition 11 > 0, which is indeed the case as 11 is related to the mass square of the bosonic components of the chiral superelds
2 requires 3 2 = 11 [27], for which we will always have instabilities. 0

inducing N = 2 RG ow. Interestingly, the asymptotic N = 2 supersymmetry

4.2

Analytical wormhole solution for small masses

Stability analysis of the previous section rely only on the boundary behavior of the geometry and uxes. It is important to establish whether mass deformed RG ows for the N = 4 SU(N) SYM on 4 are singularity free in the infrared. Here we show that this is indeed the case at least for small masses. 22

First of all, we have a Euclidean wormhole solution A = ln cosh =1 , r , 2 = 0, (4.17)

which corresponds to turning o all the masses. This is just Euclidean AdS5 / written in hyperbolic 4 = H4 / slicing. We will now construct leading order in mass parameters deformation of the wormhole (4.17). Specically, we look for the solution to leading order in 1 , 2 to (4.7) (a similar recipe is employed in [27]) within the ansatz A = ln cosh r 2 2 + 1 a1 (r) + 2 a2 (r) , 2 =1 1 (r) , =2 2 (r) . We nd 1 =1 sinh r + r 1 , 3 r + 2 cosh 2 cosh3 r 2 r r r sinh 2 r sinh 2 2 cosh 2 + 4 , 2 =3 r r cosh3 2 cosh3 2

(4.18)

(4.19)

where i are integration constants. Additionally we have 0 = sinh r a1 cosh2

r 2 r 2 1 2 2 1

+ 2 (1 ) 3
2

a1 , a2 .

0 = sinh r a2 2 cosh2

2 + (2 ) 2

(4.20)

Both equations in (4.20) can be analytically integrated, though result is not illuminating. What is important is that the deformation of the wormhole solution (4.17) by small bosonic and fermionic mass parameters exist it is still a wormhole. 4.3 Wormhole solution without instability?

In previous section we demonstrated that the wormhole (4.17) persists for small deformations, corresponding to turning on masses. From (4.16) small mass cant cure the Schwinger-like instabilities of wormhole geometries due to the D3D3 pair production. We would like to ask the question what happens with the wormhole solution once this instability is removed. To simplify the problem we will turn on only the fermionic

23

11111 00000 11111 00000

chi
0.4

exp(A)
11111 00000

11111 00000

10*ln(rho)
0.2

r
-10 -5 0 5 10

Figure 1: For small fermionic mass parameter 0 the Euclidean wormhole solution singular . Here 0 = 1 critical . 5 (albeit non-perturbatively unstable) is singularity-free. A typical RG ow with |0 | <

masses16 , i.e., we set 11 = 10 = 10 = 0. Inspection of RG ow equations shows that (r) is still a nontrivial function. This is just a reection of the fact that bosonic masses are induced by higher loop eects, even though bare masses are set to zero. Without loss of generality we can choose the radial coordinate in such a way that = 0. Then (4.16) translates into
Though further numerical analysis are desirable, we do not believe that they will change the qualitative picture that emerges here.
16

2 > 3 2 0 critical .

(4.21)

24

11111 00000 11111 00000

0.4

exp(A)
11111 00000 11111 00000

chi
0.2

11111 00000 11111 00000

10*ln(rho)

r
0 5 10

Figure 2: As we increase the fermionic mass parameter |0 |, the Euclidean wormhole

1 production. A typical RG ow with critical > |0 | > singular . Here 0 = 2 critical .

solution develops a naked singularity, before it can be stabilized against D3D3 pair

Numerical integration of (4.7), with boundary data dependent only on 0 as outlined above, reveals two dierent types of RG ows, separated by singular , singular 0.3719 . critical For |0 | < singular , (4.23) (4.22)

the RG ow geometry is a smooth (albeit non-perturbatively unstable) wormhole. A typical behavior of the warp factor A(r), and the 5d gauged supergravity scalars (r), (r) is shown in Fig. 1.

25

ground geometry develops a naked singularity. This singularity is associated with collapsing to zero size 4 , and correspondingly with the divergence of the stress-tensor of the supergravity scalars and . A typical behavior of the RG ow in this regime is shown in Fig. 2. Since singular < critical , the Euclidean wormhole solution develops a naked singularity before it can be stabilized. 4.4 A comment on slow-role ination in de-Sitter deformed N = 2 throats

As the fermionic mass parameter |0 | is increased above singular (4.22), the back-

One of the problems of brane ination is generically large parameter (3.26), [22, 12]. We argue here that it appears to be possible to achieve slow-roll brane ination in de-Sitter deformed N = 2 throats, > 0. Specically, we demonstrate that can be made arbitrary small. Detailed study of this cosmological model will appear elsewhere [28]. Reintroducing , (4.15) becomes m2 r = thus leading to = 2 + 3
2 1 3

2 + 3

2 2 2 e 0 3

+ e2 11

3 2

cos2 1

(4.24)

e2 2 + 1 e2 11 0

3 2

cos2 1

(4.25)

We see that to reduce , we, rst of all, would like to turn o 3-form uxes (fermionic the full RG ow equations, (4.7). From (4.24), it is clear that a D3 probe would tend we now identify the eective inaton eld with the radial motion of the D3 probe in the cos = 0 valley, its parameter becomes = 2 1 e2 11 , 3 (4.26) mass parameter), i.e., set 0 = 0. In fact, setting (r) 0 is a consistent truncation of to move in the cos = 0 valley, where its potential energy is locally minimized17 . If

which can be made arbitrary small by ne-tuning the deformation parameter 11 , corresponding to turning on masses to bosonic components of the N = 2 hypermultiplet, free.
17

m2 . Given general arguments of [3], we expect such backgrounds to be singularityb

For = 0 this submanifold is a moduli space of a D3 probe in the PW background [25, 26].

26

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Vic Elias, Chris Herzog, Gerry McKeon, Volodya Miransky and Rob Myers for valuable discussions. Research at the Perimeter Institute is supported in part by funds from NSERC of Canada.

Appendix
Here we present ten-dimensional lift of ve-dimensional RG ow of section 4.1. The 10d Einstein frame metric is (cX1 X2 )1/4 1 2 c d + 6 cos2 ds2 = 2 ds2 + 4 10 5 3
2 2 1 2 + 3 + 2 cX2 X1

+ sin2

d2 , X2 (4.27)

given by

where ds2 is the ve-dimensional ow metric (4.6), c cosh(2). The warp factor is 5 (cX1 X2 )1/4 , and the two functions Xi are dened by 2 = X1 (r, ) = cos2 + (r)6 cosh(2(r)) sin2 , X2 (r, ) = cosh(2(r)) cos2 + (r)6 sin2 . For the dilaton/axion (compare with (3.4), (3.10)) we have 1 f= 2 cX1 X2
1/4

(4.28)

(4.29)

Additionally, i are the SU(2) left-invariant forms normalized so that di = 2j k . + cX1 X2

1/4

1 fB = 2

cX1 X2

1/4

cX1 X2

1/4

e2i . (4.30)

The 3-form uxes are A(2) = ei (a1 (r, ) d 1 + a2 (r, ) 2 3 + a3 (r, ) 1 d + a4 (r, ) d d) , where ai (r, ) are given by 6 sinh(2) sin cos2 , X1 sinh(2) sin cos2 , a3 = 4 X2 a4 = 0 . 27 a1 = i 4 tanh(2) cos , (4.31)

a2 = i 4

(4.32)

Finally, the 5-form ux is F5 = F + F , where (r, ) satises 3 = e4A (ln ) sin 2 , 2 (4.34) 1 4A 1 2 12 2 6 2 2 = e sinh (2) sin + 2 cosh(2)(1 + sin ) + 2 cos . r 8 4 F = volH 4 d , (4.33)

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