RELIGION EXAM NOTES KEY TERMS Human: characteristics of a person/ persons Person: individual human beings Anthropology: science

that studies the origin, development and customs of human beings -Physical Anthropology: physiological and biological evolution 7 classification of human beings/species -Cultural Anthropology: deals with social development, practices & beliefs of human beings Freedom: power, rooted in reason & will to act in a certain way act deliberately on our own responsibility. By Free Will we shape our own lives. Creation: creation of the universe regarded as an act of God Culture: arts & other manifestations of human intellectual achievement Catechism of the Catholic Church: book containing the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church deals with our beliefs, sacramental life, our relationships and Christian prayer Chosen People: refers to the Hebrew (Israelites) who God chose to deliver out of Egypt through Moses mission to be the light to the nations reveal God to everyone in the world to hear Covenant: solemn agreement originally between a ruler and the people scriptures: relationship between God and his Chosen people The Law or Torah: Gods instruction about the covenant how to live based on the mutually agreed on relationship with God 10 Commandments are the code of the covenant with God Prophets: holy persons in Israel who were messengers of God among chosen People could communicate Gods word through speeches, visions, judgments or symbolic actions Revelation: through scriptures God reveals himself to people through his wonderful creation, covenants, prophets and his son Jesus Community: group of people who have common traits/ interests. The human person needs o live in a society. A part of human nature, humans is social beings. Communion: act of sharing. Group of people having & sharing similar beliefs and exchanging thoughts and feelings which they have in common are said to live in communion with each other. Solidarity: unity/fellowship arising from common responsibilities and interests. In society, all should contribute their gifts and help each other. Holy Trinity: divine community of the persons THE Father, the Son (Jesus) and the Holy Spirit Vocation: ones job or calling. We are called to served one another in the community in many different ways to be the image of God for everyone. Talents: gifts each person is a gift from God and gift for others. These gifts are a benefit for oneself and for the good of others. Encyclicals: official pastoral letters written by the Pope giving advice on issues concerning the people of God. SEVEN TRAITS OF BEING HUMAN 1. Humans are created in the image & likeness of God y Only humans and know & love God and share knowledge and love in god s own life 2. Humans are called to happiness and holiness y Desire for happiness comes from God, where he placed it in our hearts so we may be drawn to him and only we can fulfill this desire for happiness 3. Humans are rational & free y Due to reason, we can understand the order of things established by God. Using free will we can do good, which make us good people. The more free will is used for good, the freer we will become

4. Humans are moral beings y We act with freedom, our actions become moral: either good or evil. For an act to be good: we have to choose to the good act, the reason must be good and the circumstances of the act must be good 5. Humans have passions or feelings y Gift from god & part of human nature the human heart is source of these feelings/passions such as love. Love creates desire for doing good (only the good can be loved) and gives us hope. What we choose to do with our feelings that may be good/evil 6. Humans are blessed with a conscience y Gods voice telling to do good and avoid evil allows us to know what is right 7. Humans are able to sin Due to free will, sometimes we are unable to love God/ neighbor = Sin. Offense against reason, truth, right conscience and God. It comes from being wrongly attached to things, causing wrong desires, violence, injustice and drawing others to do evil too become part of society, through which people victimize each other The Ten Plagues Blood in the Nile: the Fish died & the river stank so much, Egyptians won t be able to drink it Frogs: Land was covered with them, once dead the stench covered the land, attacked the palace, house, feed & rooms Gnats: all the dust in Egypt turned to gnats, covered humans and animals Flies: Egyptian houses filled them Death of Livestock: Egyptian animals struck with disease and died Boils: ashes thrown in front of Ramses, scattered and the Egyptians & animals were covered in boils Hails: heavy hailstorm struck down on Egyptians & animals Locusts: everything not destroyed by hail, eaten by locusts of the Egyptians and destroying crops Darkness: darkness covered Egypt for 3 days Death of the First Born: all first born of both Egyptians and animals died even the pharaohs ***None of these plagues affected the land of Goshem, where the Israelites lived*** KEY TERMS Kingdom of God: symbol used by Jesus to speak about God and Gods actions among us. Jesus said the Kingdom is already among us. Metaphor: comparing two things without using the words like or as . Ex: God as a rock, God as a shepherd Incarnation: God became human and lived personally in the flesh among Jesus of Nazareth New Covenant: through Jesus, God s covenant with Israel became even more intimate or personal. Jesus is the new covenant. Revelation: To be revealed. The writer of John s gospel uses veil as a symbol to sow us that in Jesus we come to see God face-to-face. PARABLE y Story that compares something we do know with something we don t know. Jesus used parables to show us the mystery of the Kingdom of God and teach use moral lessons  LITERAL LEVEL: what actually occurs in the story obvious to anyone who reads or listen to the story  MEANING LEVEL: requires the reader/ listener to think about the story and understand what message is beneath the surface 1. Parable is a story - Short stories are about ordinary events of day to day life - Based on daily life among us own

2. 3. 4. 5. -

Parable is a comparison Something we do know with something we don t know (Kingdom of God with everyday life) Parable contains a crisis Has a beginning, a crisis (most interesting part) and a resolution Challenge us to think differently about and us Parables have an ending Happy ending or tragic endings Parable is a story about God s Kingdom, God s way of acting among us Idea of the Kingdom, gives story gentle and strange twists About god and how he takes care of things Tells us about how God relates to us Help us when we look for ways of acting as Christians in our culture THE FOUR GOSPELS MARK 65-70 CE Rome gentiles Storyteller Present the person of Jesus through his actions

Date of Writing Place of Writing Target Audience Character of Author Purpose of Writing

MATHEW 70 90 CE Antioch in Syria Jewish Christians Teacher/Catechist Assert Jesus is the Messiah who fulfills Israel s hopes and the words of the prophets Jesus Teachings -Jesus fulfilled Old Testament prophecy -Jesus identifies the lowly -Jesus is worlds savior not just Israel s

Major Emphasis Themes

Jesus Actions -Identity of Jesus -Importance of the Cross -Discipleship

Features

-Handbook of Jesus teachings -Easy to memorize -Contains Jesus ancestry (Royalty)

-Shortest Gospel -Gospel of emotions/gestures -Visual Gospel (written in present, lots of descriptions)

LUKE 70-90 CE Greece Greeks Historian Give orderly account of Jesus s Ministry so readers can rely on that gospel to build their faith Jesus Humanity -Salvation is offered to everyone -Jesus identifies the lowly and respects and defends the dignity of all -Mary is the first disciple -Chronological gospel (everything in timely order) -importance of women -Gospel of Prayer (Jesus prayer life)

JOHN 90-100CE Syria/ Palestine All Christians Theologian Lead to faith in Jesus as God s Son so those who believe will gain eternal life Jesus Teachings -struggle between forces of light and darkness -Jesus is divine Son of God -Faith in Jesus necessary for eternal life -non-Sypnotic Gospel (different from other gospels) -7 I AM claims to his role as divine Son of God

KEY TERMS Culture: system of meanings, beliefs, values and practices held common by society or by segments of a society. It s a web of meaning spun under by a particular group in order to live daily life. Each society has unique configuration of meanings. Beliefs and values cultures differ one from the other. Each culture has a unique identity. Tradition: beliefs, values, some from a shred or common experience of a society. They re inherited from parents, schools, literature, art and media. Tradition is the sum total of beliefs, values, practices that culture has inherited. Multicultural Societies: Canada is multicultural. We have many set of beliefs and values. It s referred to as culture mosaic

Expression of culture: meanings, beliefs, values and practices are formed around the basic needs of human beings (the need for food, housing, health, religion, work, communication). Each culture expresses these needs differently. Also, within each culture, different sets of meanings, beliefs and values interact with other sets to form a total set of beliefs, values and meanings. Institutions: over time, the set of meanings, beliefs and values around such things as food, housing, health, education or the economy become stabilized and take on a lasting form in social structures. Each cultures institution will have things in common with and different from the institutions of other. Symbolic Action: culture is the way we eat, dress, live in houses, play and exchange goods. We eat, dress, play and pray in a certain way. We don t just speak, we speak English. All of our actions are symbolic in the sense they reveal something of our values, beliefs and meanings of structures. Symbol: connect us with realities that are beyond our direct grasp and beyond our ability to speak. They make use of tangible objects (earth, rock, water, oil, or stone) to get in touch with our desires, energies, powers and God. Signs: Objects or gestures that express one specific message or meaning Ritual: bodily actions surrounded by language that makes symbols effective with culture associated with birth, marriage, adolescence, death, relationships, relations to earth connect us to community, guide us through changes in life, initiate us and engage us with important moments of human living. Habit: rituals of daily living daily rituals eating, getting up etc. Its doing something the same way each time. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE Culture has to do with human activities - Eating, praying, playing, working Culture is a set of meanings, values and beliefs - Farming methods, food service, transporting/ marketing food, architecture Culture identifies me as belonging to a certain group - For Sunday dinner, we always .On Canada Day, our town always ..At Christmas, our parish always . SEVEN TRAITS OF CULTURE 1. Humans create Culture - Plants and animals do not have culture 2. Culture consists of ways of doing things - The meaning is given to doing things, not how we do it. It is the set about the things we do everyday 3. Culture is public - How we as a group do things, not how I do things 4. Culture arises from tradition - Things that arose in our culture, from a time before our birth 5. Culture is made up of rule-governed actions - Traditions sometimes functions as rules some are slow to change 6. Culture became established in institutions - Ex: what we do in a family, are learned from an institution of a family (marriage, support, eating together) 7. Culture gives us identity - The way/ what we do what we do, is part of our identity OGLALA CIRCLE - Members of the Lakota Native peoples - Consider Circle to be sacred because the Great Spirit caused everything in nature to be round except stone Stone: considered as an implement of destruction and symbol for evil - Association with circle: The sun, the moon and the earth

THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS The Sacraments of Initiation: - Become full member of Church and lay foundations for Christian life.  Baptism Frees a man from original sin and from personal guilt Members of the Christ and Church and needed for salvation  Confirmation Sacrament of the Holy Spirit Sacrament of Maturity and coming of age Receives the 7 gifts of Holy Spirit: wisdom, understanding, fortitude, counsel, knowledge, piety and fear/reverence of the Lord  Eucharist (Holy Communion) Most sacred > sees the true presence of Christ Celebrates the sacrifice instituted by Christ at the Last Supper and the passion and sacrifice on the cross He would endure on Good Friday The Sacraments of Healing - Health of our spirits can be restored  Reconciliation (Confession, Conversion or Penance) Jesus gave his apostles power to forgive sins, so Church has power to forgive all sins Confessor s sorrow for sin is committed, the actual confession to a priest and then the penance or compensation for the sins The penance is usually in the form of a prayer, fasting or almsgiving A child should be making their first confession before confirmation, (sometimes called Age of Reason)  Anointing of the Sick Given to account of any baptized person who is in danger of death Connected to the passion of Christ through this sacrament Strengthens body and soul The Sacraments of Vocation - Aid the salvation of others  Matrimony (Marriage) Gives opportunity for man and woman to grow into union of body and soul  Holy Orders Mission of Apostolic Ministry Bishops are successors of the apostles THE FOUR TRAITS OF RITUALS 1. Ritual passes on tradition Helps pass on this history and rite carries a memory of its own history 2. Ritual needs our bodies Involve bodies; washed, touched, embraced, anointed, released etc. Not only spiritual life but also bodily 3. Ritual accompanied by words Gives meaning to an event often allied with music and songs Symbol and ritual needs human ability to speak and make action complete 4. Ritual forms a community Important rituals around birth, initiation, marriage, sickness and death aren t intended for the individual but for the human community

KEY TERMS Justice: Fundamental equality upheld by all; even those who don t believe in God (goods & facilities)  Distributive Justice: equal and fair distribution of goods of society  Judicial Justice: legal system to decide between conflicts that arise against justice Common Good: social conditions that allow us to reach fulfillment more fully and easily Rights: entitled; legal rights (laws) based on human dignity Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you", promotes cooperation. To live according to this rule, is to interact with Jesus. Social Encyclicals