Peyresq, June 20-26, 2009

Higher Dimensions:
Motivations for Study
Higher Dimensions:
Kaluza-Klein models and Unification;
String Theory;
Brane worlds;
`From above view on Einstein gravity.
Gravity in Higher Dim. Spacetime
(4 ) ( ) 3
( ) o
+ +
A u=
,
k k k
k
a G M x
= Vu
,
F
( )
2+
~
k
k
G M
F
r
No bounded orbits
Gravity at small scales is stronger than in 4D
`Running coupling constant
( )
( ) , ( ), ( ) = = =
k k
k k
G l
G r G G l G r G
r r
1/
2 2
2
*
*
2 2 2
* *
( )
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
k
p p
G r m Gm
e
r l
r r e
2
36
2
10

| |
|
|
\ .
~
p
Gm
e
20
*
0.01 2 10

= ~ ~ For l cmand k r cm
`Hierarchy problem
1
( , )

=
,
p m mv
*
( , 0)
f
p E

=
,
2
( , )

=
,
p m mv
1/ 2
1 2 * *
/ , 2 , (2 ) E p p m E m E Em

= = ~
2,
2 2
*
*
2
*,
*
(1 ) 2
2
/ 1
mE E
For E r E T
E
eV
m v m E = + =
~
~ h ~
~
New fundamental scale
2
*
*
( / ) ,
2 0.01 1
k
k
Pl Pl
M M l l
For k and l cm M TeV
+
=
= ~ ~
4D Newton law is confirmed for r>l.
Q.: How to make gravity strong (HD) at
small scales without modifying it at large
scales?
A.: Compactification of extra dimensions
`Our space dimensions
Extra
dims
Gravity in ST with Compact Dims
Example:
(4) 4 3 1
0, A u= = R S M
*
*
2 2 2 2
1 sinh( / ) cosh( / )
( ) cosh ( / ) cos ( / )
t t t
t t

=
u =
+ +

~
,
n
G M r l r l
G M
r z nl lr r l z l
*
*
( , 0) coth( / ), /
t
t t u = =
,
~
G M
r z r l G G l
lr
2
4 * 2 *
1
0 2
2
W=- dx [ +(m ) ]
n
n
n
L

V u V u + uu

}
Brane World Paradigm
Fundamental scale of order of TeV. Large extra
dimensions generate Planckian scales in 4D space
Gravity is not localized and `lives in (4+k)-D
bulk space
Bosons, fermions and gauge fields are localized
within the 4D brane
Black Holes as Probes of Extra Dims
21 26
10 10 g M g

< <
We consider first black holes in the mass range
Mini BHs creation in colliders
BH formation
Bolding Phase
Thermal (Hawking) decay
Black Objects
Black Holes
[Horizon Topology S^(D-2)]
Exist in any # of dims
Generic solution is Kerr-NUT-(A)dS
Principal Killing-Yano existence is
their characteristic property
Hidden Symmetries, Integrability
properties
Black Rings
Black Saturns
Black Strings, ets
Higher Dimensional Kerr-NUT-(A)dS
Black Holes
Based on:
V. F., D.Kubiznak, Phys.Rev.Lett. 98, 011101 (2007); gr-qc/0605058
D. Kubiznak, V. F., Class.Quant.Grav.24:F1-F6 (2007); gr-qc/0610144
P. Krtous, D. Kubiznak, D. N. Page, V. F., JHEP 0702:004 (2007); hep-th/0612029
V. F., P. Krtous , D. Kubiznak , JHEP 0702:005 (2007); hep-th/0611245
D. Kubiznak, V. F., JHEP 0802:007 (2008); arXiv:0711.2300
V. F., Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 172, 210 (2008); arXiv:0712.4157
V.F., David Kubiznak, CQG, 25, 154005 (2008); arXiv:0802.0322
P. Connell, V. F., D. Kubiznak, PRD, 78, 024042 (2008); arXiv:0803.3259
P. Krtous, V. F., D. Kubiznak, PRD 78, 064022 (2008); arXiv:0804.4705
D. Kubiznak, V. F., P. Connell, P. Krtous ,PRD, 79, 024018 (2009); arXiv:0811.0012
D. N. Page, D. Kubiznak, M. Vasudevan, P. Krtous, Phys.Rev.Lett. (2007); hep-th/0611083
P. Krtous, D. Kubiznak, D. N. Page, M. Vasudevan, PRD76:084034 (2007); arXiv:0707.0001
`Alberta Separatists
Recent Reviews on HD BHs
Panagiota Kanti, Black holes in theories with large extra dimensions:
A Review, Int.J.Mod.Phys.A19:4899-4951 (2004).
Panagiota Kanti Black Holes at the LHC, Lectures given at 4th
Aegean Summer School: Black Holes, Mytilene, Island of Lesvos,
Greece, ( 2007).
Roberto Emparan, Harvey S. Reall, Black Holes in Higher
Dimensions ( 2008) 76pp, Living Rev.Rel. arXiv:0801.3471
V.F. and David Kubiznak, Higher-Dimensional Black Holes: Hidden
Symmetries and Separation of Variables, CQG, Peyresq-Physics 12
workshop, Special Issue (2008) ; arXiv:0802.0322
V.F, Hidden Symmetries and Black Holes, NEB-13, Greece, (2008);
arXiv:0901.1472
Hidden Symmetries of 4D BHs
Hidden symmetries play an important role in study 4D rotating black
holes. They are responsible for separation of variables in the Hamilton-
Jacobi, Klein-Gordon and higher spin equations.
Separation of variables allows one to reduce a physical problem to a
simpler one in which physical quantities depend on less number of
variables. In case of complete separability original partial differential
equations reduce to a set of ordinary differential equations
Separation of variables in the Kerr metric is used for study:
(1) Black hole stability
(2) Particle and field propagation
(3) Quasinormal modes
(4) Hawking radiation
Brief History of 4D BHs
1968: Forth integral of motion, separability of the Hamilton-Jacobi and
Klein-Gordon equations in the Kerr ST, Carters family of solutions
[Carter, 1968 a, b,c]
1970: Walker and Penrose pointed out that quadratic in momentum
Carters constant is connected with the symmetric rank 2 Killing tensor
1972: Decoupling and separation of variables in EM and GP equations
[Teukolsky]. Massless neutrino case [Teukolsky (1973), Unruh (1973)].
Massive Dirac case [Chandrasekhar (1976), Page (1976)]
1973: Killing tensor is a `square of antisymmetric rank 2 Killing-Yano
tensor [Penrose and Floyd (1973)]
1974: Integrability condition for a non-degenerate Killing-Yano tensor imply
that the ST is of Petrov type D [Collinson (1974)]
1975: Killing-Yano tensor generates both symmetries of the Kerr ST
[Hughston and Sommers (1975)]
Type-D (without
acceleration)
Killing tensor
Killing-Yano
tensor
Separability
Main Results (HD BHs)
Rotating black holes in higher dimensions, described by the
Kerr-NUT-(A)dS metric, in many aspects are very similar to
the 4D Kerr black holes.
They admit a principal conformal Killing-Yano tensor.
This tensor generates a tower of Killing tensors and Killing
vectors, which are responsible for hidden and `explicit
symmetries.
The corresponding integrals of motion are sufficient for a
complete integrability of geodesic equations.
These tensors imply separation of variables in Hamilton-
Jacoby, Klein-Gordon, and Dirac equations.
Any solution of the Einstein equations which admits a non-
degenerate a principal conformal Killing-Yano tensor is a
Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetime.
Spacetime Symmetries
L g g
v v
o =

0 L g
v
=
( ; )
0 (Killing equation)
v
=
( ; )
(conformal Killing eq)
v v
=

g
1
;
v
v

D
D is # of ST dimensions
Hidden Symmetries
( ; ) v v
=

g
Killing vector
Killing tensor Killing-Yano tensor
Symmetric generalization
CK=Conformal Killing tensor
1
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
... ( ... ) ... ...
,
n n n n
K K K K

= V

~
v v
=

1 2 1 2 3
( ... ; ) ( ... )
n n
K g K
Integral of motion
v
v
c

=

1 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 1
... ; ...
( ... ) ...
n n
n n
u K u u u K u u u
Antisymmetric generalization
CY=Conformal Killing-Yano tensor
1
1 2 1 2 2 1 2
... [ ... ] ... ...
,
n n n n
k k k k

= V

~

+ + +
V =

1 2) 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 2) 1
( ... ... [ ( ... ]
( 1)
n n n
k g k n g k
If the rhs vanishes f=k is a Killing-Yano tensor
2
2
...
...
is the Killing tensor
n
n
K f f

v v
=
1
1 1 1
...
... ...
.
n
n
n n
If f is a KY tensor then for a geodesic
motion the tensor p f u is
parallelly propagated along a geodesic

=
Principal conformal Killing-Yano tensor
1
[ ] 1
, (
0
*)
,
n
a bc a na
c ab b c a
D
ca b
h h
h g g

V = = V
V =
1
, (*)
, 2
1
X
h
h db
X h
D
D
n
o
c
v
V =
=
.

= +
PCKY tensor is a closed non-degenerate
(matrix rank 2n) 2-form obeying (*)
Properties of CKY tensor
Hodge dual of CKY tensor is CKY tensor
Hodge dual of closed CKY tensor is KY
tensor
External product of two closed CKY tensors
is a closed CKY tensor
Darboux Basis
1 1

( ) ,
n n
ab a b a b a b
ab a b
g e e e e e e
h x e e

c
+ +
= + +
= .

1
2
( ) m e ie

=
Canonical Coordinates
h m ix m


= - )
A non-degenerate 2-form h has n independent
eigenvalues
essential coordinates x and Killing
coordinates are used as canonical coordinates
j
n n

+
Principal conformal KY tensor
Non-degeneracy:
(1) Eigen-spaces of are 2-dimensional
(2) are functionally independent in some domain
(they can be used as essential coordinates)
h
x

(1) is proved by Houri, Oota and Yasui e-print arXiv:0805.3877

(2) Case when some of eigenvalues are constant studied in
Houri, Oota and Yasui Phys.Lett.B666:391-394,2008.
e-Print: arXiv:0805.0838
Killing-Yano Tower
Killing-Yano Tower: Killing Tensors
2
2
1 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
2 4 2 2
... ... ..
2
.
* * *
4 2 2
*
j n
j times n times
j n
j n
j n
j j n n
j n
h h h h h h h h h h h h
k h k h k h k h
K k k K k k K k k K
D D D j
k
n
k
D c
. . .
. . .
= . = . . . = . . .
= =

= =
= = = =
=
- - - -
Set of (n-1) nontrivial rank 2 Killing tensors
2 1 2 1
1
( )
n
j j j n n
ab a b a b a b
A e e e e A e e

c
+ +
=
= + +

K
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2
,
i i
i i
i i
j
i i


A x x A x x
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v
, , , ,
< < < <
=
= =

Killing-Yano Tower: Killing Vectors
1
1
is a primary Killing vector
n
a na D
h

= V
1
( ) ( ) 2
(*)
n
a b n a b D
R h

V =
( ; )
On-shell ( ) (*) implies 0
ab ab a b
R g A = ~
Off-shell it is also true but the proof is much complicated
(see Krtous, V.F., Kubiznak (2008))
1 1 2 2 1 1 j j n n
K K K K

= = = = - - . - . -
Total number of the Killing vectors is n c +
Total number of conserved quantities
( ) ( 1) 1 2 n n n D
KV KT g
c c + + + = + =
2
2 2
1

( )
, , ( )
i
n i
i i
x
d e
Q
x
U
U x

v
v
v



=

= = c =
[
Principal Conformal Killing-Yano Tensor
Reconstruction of metric
Coordinates
0 1 1
1
: , ,..., ,
: ,...,
n n
n
Killing coordinates
Essential coordinates x x


2-planes
of rotation
Off-Shell Results
A metric of a spacetime which admits a (non-
degenerate) principal CKY tensor can be
written in the canonical form.
1

0
1
,
n
i
i
i
e dx e Q A d
Q

=
= =

, ( )
X
Q X X x
U

= =
Houri, Oota, and Yasui [PLB (2007); JP A41 (2008)] proved this result under additional assumptions:
0 and 0. Recently Krtous, V.F., Kubiznak [arXiv:0804.4705 (2008)] and
Houri, Oota, and Yasui
L g L h

= =
[arXiv:0805.3877 (2008)] proved this without additional assumptions.
On-Shell Result
A solution of the vacuum Einstein equations
with the cosmological constant which admits a
(non-degenerate) principal CKY tensor
coincides with the Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetime.
2
0
n
k
k
k
X b x c x

=
= +

Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetime is the most general BH

solution obtained by Chen, Lu, and Pope [CQG (2006)];
See also Oota and Yasui [PL B659 (2008)]
"General Kerr-NUT-AdS metrics in all dimensions, Chen,
L and Pope, Class. Quant. Grav. 23 , 5323 (2006).
| |
/ 2 , 2 n D D n c = = +
( 1) R D g
v v
=
, , ( 1 ) ,
( 1 ) ` '
k
M mass a n rotation parameters
M n NUT parameters
o
c
c
+

# Total of parameters is D c
Illustrations
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1
2
Let us consider a 4D flat spacetime with the metric
and let be the following 1-form
[ ( )],
dS dT dX dY dZ
b
b R dT a Y dX X dY R X Y Z
= + + +
= + = + +
One has
( )
*
h db dT XdX YdY ZdZ adY dX
f h X dZ dY Z dY dX Y dX dZ adZ dT
= = . + + + .
= = . + . + . + .
1
[ ] 1
, (
0
*)
,
n
a bc a na
c ab b c a
D
ca b
h h
h g g

V = = V
V =
0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
na
X Y Z
X a
h
Y a
Z
| |
|

|
=
|

\ .
(0) , (0)
1
3
( 1, 0, 0, 0),
n a
a na a T
h = = c = c
(0)
,
. 1 ,
TX X XX T
h g etc = =
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
0
0
ab
a aY aX
aY Y Z XY XZ
K
aX XY X Z YZ
XY YZ X Y a
| |

|
+
|
=
|
+
|
|
+
\ .
( ) (0) 2 2
[ ]
ab
b a T X Y T
K a a Y X a a

= c = c + c c = c c
2 2 2 2
2 ( )
a b
ab Z Z
K p p L aEL a E p K = = + +
,
1
(0) ( )
, / ,
, ;
,
T t t
t
t T a a
a a

= + =
c = c c = c c
= c = c
Darboux coordinates
2
2 2
2 2
2
, ;
0
0
a ac a a a
b bc b b b
H h h H
R aY aX
aY a X XY XZ
aX XY a Y YZ
XZ YZ Z
o = H = A
| |
A
|
A
|
H =
|
A
|
|
A
\ .
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
2 2
det( ) 0 ( ) 0,
[ ( ) 4 ],
, are essential coordinates
R a a Z
a R R a a Z
r y

+
H = A + A =
A = +
= A = A
1 2 2 2 2
1 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1
2 2 2 2
( )( ) cos ,
( )( ) sin ,
( )[ ] ( ) )
,
(
dr dy
d
X a r a a y
Y a r a a y
Z a r
S dT r y a r a a y d
r a a
y
y

= +
= +
=
= + + + + +
+
2
, T t a a = + =
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
1
(*) [ ( ) ( ) ] ( )[ ],
,
dr dy
dS R dt y d Y dt r d r y
r y R Y
R r a Y a y
= + + + + +
+
= + =
This is a flat ST metric in the Darboux coordinates
associated with the potential b.
2 2 2 2 2
1
2
[( ) ] b y r a dt r y d =
Three important results can be proved:
(i) For arbitrary ( ) and ( ) is a potential generating a closed
conformal Killing-Yano tensor for the metric (*);
(ii) (*) with arbitrary functions ( ) a
R r Y y b
R r nd ( ) is the most general metric,
which admits a closed conformal Killing-Yano tensor;
(iii) (*) with arbitrary functions ( ) and ( ) belongs to Petrov type D
Y y
R r Y y
2 2
2 2
2 2
The Einstein equations, -3 , for these metrics are
satisfied iff the following equation is valid
12 ( ).
The most general solution of this equation can be written in the form
(
R g
d R d Y
r y
dr dy
R r
v v

=
+ = +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
)(1 ) 2 , ( )(1 ) 2 a r Mr Y a y y Ny + + = +
Remark: the tranformation , makes the
expressions for the metric (*), potential , and the solutions
symmetric with respect to the map:
r ix M iM
b
x y

V. F., D.Kubiznak, Phys.Rev.Lett. 98: 011101, 2007; gr-

qc/0605058; D. Kubiznak, V. F., Class.Quant.Grav. 24:
F1, 2007; gr-qc/0610144.
Principal CKY tensor in Kerr-NUT-(A)dS

+
=
= =

1
( 1)
1
2
0
,
n
k
k
k
h db b A d
(The same as in a flat ST in the Carter-type coordinates)
D. N. Page, D. Kubiznak, M. Vasudevan, P. Krtous,
Phys.Rev.Lett. 98 :061102, 2007; hep-th/0611083
Complete integrability of geodesic motion in
general Kerr-NUT-AdS spacetimes
Vanishing Poisson brackets for integrals of
motion
P. Krtous, D. Kubiznak, D. N. Page, V. F., JHEP
0702: 004, 2007; hep-th/0612029
V. F., P. Krtous , D. Kubiznak , JHEP (2007); hep-th/0611245;
Oota and Yasui, PL B659 (2008); Sergeev and Krtous, PRD 77 (2008).
Klein-Gordon equation
Multiplicative separation
2
0
b m =
Separability of Hamilton-Jacobi and Klein-
Gordon equations in Kerr-NUT-(A)dS ST
Notes on Parallel Transport
Case 1: Parallel transport along timelike geodesics
Let be a vector of velocity and be a PCKYT.
is a projector to the plane orthogona
Lemma (Page): is parallel p
l to .
Denote
ropagated along a ge

a
ab
b b b a
a a a
c d c c
ab a b cd ab a cb ac b
ab
u h
P u u u
F P P h h u u h h
F
u u
o = +
= = + +
odesic:
0
Proof: We use the definition of the PCKYT
=
u ab
u ab a b a b
F
h u u
V =
V
Suppose is a non-degenerate, then for a generic geodesic
eigen spaces of with non-vanishing eigen values are two
dimensional. These 2D eigen spaces are parallel propagated.
Thus a problem reduces
ab
ab
h
F
to finding a parallel propagated basis in 2D
spaces. They can be obtained from initially chosen basis by 2D
rotations. The ODE for the angle of rotation can be solved by
a separation of variables.
[Connell, V.F., Kubiznak, PRD 78, 024042 (2008)]
Case 2: Parallel transport along null geodesics
Let be a tangent vector to a null geodesic and be a
parallel propagated vector obeying the condition 0.
Then the vector is parallel propagated,
provided .
This procedure
a a
a
a
a ba a
b
a
a
l k
l k
w k h l
k
|
|
=
= +
=
`
allows one to construct 2 more parallel
propagated vectors and , starting with .
a a a
m n l
a
l
a
m
a
n
( )
[ ]
We introduce a projector 2 , and .
One has: 2 0.
c d
ab ab a b ab a b cd
c d c d
l ab a b l cd a b c d
P g l n F P P h
F P P h P P l
= + =
V = V = =
Thus is parallel propaged along a null geodesic. We use rotations
in its 2D eigen spaces to
[Kubiznak,V.F
construct
.,Krtous,
a parallel propagat
Connell, PRD 79, 024
ed basis.
018 (2009)]
ab
F
More Recent Developments
Stationary string equations in the Kerr-NUT-(A)dS
spacetime are completely integrable.
[D. Kubiznak, V. F., JHEP 0802:007,2008; arXiv:0711.2300]
Solving equations of the parallel transport along
geodesics [P. Connell, V. F., D. Kubiznak, PRD,78, 024042 (2008);
arXiv:0803.3259; D. Kubiznak, V. F., P. Connell, arXiv:0811.0012 (2008)]
Separability of the massive Dirac equation in the
Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetime [Oota and Yasui, Phys. Lett.
B 659, 688 (2008)]
Separability of Gravitational Perturbation in
Generalized Kerr-NUT-de Sitter Spacetime
[Oota, Yasui, arXiv:0812.1623]
On the supersymmetric limit of Kerr-NUT-AdS
metrics [Kubiznak, arXiv:0902.1999]
Einstein spaces with degenerate closed
conformal KY tensor [Houri, Oota and Yasui
Phys.Lett.B666:391-394,2008. e-Print: arXiv:0805.0838]
1 1
2
3 3
1
3
1 1
3 2
Minimally gauged supergravity (5D EM with Chern-Simo
GENERALIZED KILLING-YANO TENSORS
[Kubiznak, Kunduri, and Yasui, 0905.0722 (2009)]
ns term):
*( ) * ,
0, * 0,
(
ab ab ac
L R F F F F A
dF d F F F
R g F
= + A . + . .
= . =
+ A =
1
3
1
[ ] [ ]
3
2
1
2
2
1
6
)
Appli
Torsion:
cation: Chong, Cvetic, Lu, Pope [PRL, 95,161301,2

005]
Note: This is type I metric
*
(* ) 2 ,
(
.
* ) (* )
T d
c ab c ab cd a b c a b
cd c
ab acd b ac b ab
c
b ab
T F
h h F h g
K h h h
F g
h g h
F

=
V = V =
= =

Summary
The most general spacetime admitting the PCKY tensor is described by the
canonical metric. It has the following properties:
It is of the algebraic type D
It allows a separation of variables for the Hamilton-Jacoby, Klein-Gordon,
Dirac and stationary string equations
The geodesic motion in such a spacetime is completely integrable. The
problem of finding parallel-propagated frames reduces to a set of the first
order ODE
When the Einstein equations with the cosmological constant are imposed
the canonical metric becomes the Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetime