Outlines for HIST 140 Final PART A: Politics of the Veil -Scott works to outline the controversy over

the veil and background behind laws -controversy of veil deeply rooted in racism towards Muslim culture and has existed for years -issue is more complex than media portrayed it -shows arguments for and against veil -French concept of laicite is difficult to implement in a society with a negative postcolonial past and history of racism -strangers within society are seen as a danger to French society and the future of a republican nation Collective Memory -how a society views its past -can choose not to remember certain parts of their history -collective memory shapes individual memories -French think of themselves as colonizers who attempted to civilize Algerian people -others see them as colonizers who took advantage of native people -since they failed to modernize Algerians, veil is seen as a symbol of humiliation -tension between French collective memory (assimilation, standardization) and Algerian collective memory (strong and resistant) -france has goals to assimilate into french laicite state -immigrants have goal to retain their own identity -Scott examines colonial legacies of France and how French were on a mission to civilize Arabs so they assimilated into French culture -French believed that their culture was superior and Algerians needed to learn from them -this came from early imperialism in France -racist depictions of Arabs came from this and no way to assimilate them because they were too different -Scott s evidence shows how France uses selective postcolonial collective memory to bolster reasoning behind why the veil must be banned from public schools -reasoning includes emancipating women, French values of secularism, nationalism -failed to acknowledge how actions might negatively affect women who wear veils Personal is the Political -decisions influenced by politics or political laws affect personal actions -majority of political strife and conflict arises out of disagreements in personal issues -a person s religion has changed from personal to a political statement -wearing something religious is personal, but taken by French government as a political statement -signs of religious affiliation as a political threat to secularism -wearing veil had origins in religion, which is political in itself -decision to wear veil is first political, then personal, then political again -women first pressured by society to wear veil to fit in with religion -allowing people to show differences would be a threat to a strictly French identity Heroic Virtue and Ordinary Virtue -Ordinary virtue is acts of caring and compassion (associated with women) -dignity must be upheld -act in ways that help people close to them -they define society, their values, and collective memory

-Heroic virtue is acts that are devoted to a cause instead of to an individual (associated with men) -these actions make up history -conflict over veil is more of ordinary virtue -France s goal is to preserve their concept of unity by outlawing religiously affiliated symbols (veil) -trying to create one identity for everyone to identify as French -protecting an abstract concept for the betterment of society heroic virtue -Algerians trying to protect their dignity ordinary virtue -girls get expelled for wearing the veil could be heroic virtue making a great sacrifice for their religion instead of for a person -heroic is dying for a cause to be remembered -ordinary is centered on dignity and is personal -the veil is being turned into a struggle of heroic virtue because of the siege mentality of the French and racist attitudes towards Arabs -girls who were expelled showed heroic virtue to benefit an entire group -dad who fought legally for her daughter to be able to go to school is ordinary virtue -the concepts can be used to frame Scott s argument, they help emphasize the differences between the two cultures and give reason to the inevitable clash of cultures PART B: Comparing Events During a Year 1948 -Year of Independence, Principle of Ghandi, influence of the UN, Global Cooperation -Independence of India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Israel -India s independence led to other countries following them -Britain partitioned country into India and Pakistan, which caused a war -Truman Doctrine said that US would support Greece and Turkey to prevent them falling under control of the Soviets -US would support any country to prevent the spread of Communism -consider this as the start of the Cold War -Gandhi assassinated, he was the leader of the Indian Independence movement, nonviolence and civil disobedience -US refusal to ratify the UN Declaration of the Rights of Man -allowed US to continue segregation in the US and would have caused conflict between the US belief of equality and the actual reality in the US -Afrikaans Nationalist Party victorious in South Africa -establishment of Apartheid system -Israel s declaration of independence -Arab-Israeli war, Khirbet Khizeh -Ghandi s principles influencing the independence movements in India, Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Israel -greatest influence in India, then in Pakistan, Sri Lank, and Burma, then inspired Israel and the Arab-Israeli War, later the US civil rights movement -UN started to become more prominent -UN responsible for declaring Israel s independence, starting Arab-Israeli war -UN condemned Apartheid -took part in the Berlin airlift -played role in constitutions of newly independent nations (UN Declaration of Human Rights)

-1948 year of independence and global cooperation -establishment of PRC in a time of independence around the world Gandhi in Pre-Apartheid South Africa develops idea for civil disobedience India independence from Britain Sri Lanka, Burma, Pakistan, and Israel independence newly independents up for grabs (capitalists and communists) Capitalist (Marshal Plan/Truman Doctrine) Communist (China/Czech) Leading to Cold War 1956 -Communism being attacked and US response -Nikita Khrushchev s Secret Speech to the 20th Communist party congress -condemns Stalin -distancing himself from Stalin days, promoting Leninism - Invasion of the Bodysnatchers -relationship between China and Soviet Union ended after Stalin s death -Hundred Flowers Movement, where Mao called upon intellectuals to let the flowers bloom -those that spoke out criticized the Communist movement and called for more self-expression -Mao created anti-rightist campaign intellectuals punished for expressing views against Communism and sent to be re-educated -Soviet launched Sputnik -Chinese left behind in technology race, need to catch up via Great Leap Forward -Mao industrialized China in the countryside -Soviets and Chinese applying views of communism and how it should work in different ways -Chinese want to surpass the rest of the world in production -Soviets launching Sputnik made US want to keep up with technology race -US capitalism supposed to be superior to communism but Soviets beat US to launching orbits in space -China then wanted to keep up with Soviets but wanted to stay isolated from the rest of the world 1968 -Year of protest and desire for change -Cultural Revolution in PRC, changes made after failure of Great Leap Forward -Mao thought Deng Xiaoping was a capitalist-roader -Mao launched Cultural Revolution -Red Guards, People s Liberation Army, wanted to destroy ideology, thought, custom, and habit -Mao is closer than family to each person -Red Guards organized into a dangerous, autonomous group, that was threatening to rebel against Mao -Martin Luther King Declaration of Independence from War in Vietnam -Six-day war fought and won by Israel -Poor people s march organized by MLK -Student movement and general strike in France -groups revolted against consumerism, rejected authoritarian positions, and were critical of capitalism -Steve Biko in Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa -people rise up to fight for rights and what they thought was right -year of protest and change -China working to create a new society via changes

-people in all movements wanted to free themselves from unjust conditions and to fight for what they thought was right -people can use Algerian model of the FLN to fight back and revolt for what they want or they can look to Ghandi s principles of civil disobedience and non-violence 1979-1981 -war between Vietnam and Communist China -China throwing its weight around but pulled out after attack stalled -Vietnam showing independence from Chinese interests -showing China s lack of military presence -revolution in Iran -Shah forced into exile, but returned by American and British interests -foreign policy in Iran, sees that East and West are similar despite Cold War conflict -revolution led by Islamic interests -didn t like west because of interference in middle east -didn t like east because communism was antithetical to religious theocracy -soviet intervention in Afghanistan -soviet-backed government intervened to keep dissent in check because Afghanistan was seen as a dangerous border state -Iran-Iraq War -from a Cold War standpoint, Iraq and Soviet-backed Afghanistan are different -US tolerates conflict -revolutionary authority in Iran hardened by war -Presidency of Ronald Reagan -revolution in Iran, Solidarity movement in Poland, Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, and VietnamChina conflict -major communist powers (Soviet Union and China) either in war or intervention in other countries -most events involve Soviet Union and countries in the Middle East -decline of communism, Soviet Union facing its downfall, China has to change to maintain control -tries to assert power in Afghanistan and fails -Chin moved to a market socialist economy -as communism is less of an issue, the Middle East comes to the forefront of foreign policy around the world -Iranian revolution, Iran-Iraq War, Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan -also for China, tie in China-Vietnam conflict 1989 -Year of the fall of communism, and Year of Resolution -beginning to rebuild Eastern hemisphere after the fall of communism -Black October in Algeria led to fall of country s single party system, and the introduction of democratic reform -youth/students wanted more democratic reforms -end of Soviet intervention in Afghanistan -fall of Berlin Wall -Hungary disabled physical border defenses with Austria in 1989 -fall of Berlin Wall a sign that international trends were going well for the US -victory for democracy, individual liberty, rule of law, free market system -Tiananmen Square Protest and Repression

-openings to west exposed young people to new ideas, experiences -students calling for free press and accountability of leaders -shut down because of fear that it would spread from students to workers -year of resolution -soviet intervention ended, fall of berlin wall, new leaders elected -Tienanmen Square is a protest for problems in china to be resolved -beginning of the end of the USSR and the fall of communism