Ukraine

Ukraine
Ukraine

Anthem: (Ukrainian) Shche ne vmerla Ukrayiny(transliteration) Ukraine's glory has not perished
[1]

Location of Ukraine(green) in Europe(dark grey) [Legend]

Capital (and largest city) Official language(s) Recognised regionallanguages Ethnic groups(2001) Kiev 5027N 3030E Ukrainian Russian, Crimean Tatar 77.8% Ukrainians, 17.3% Russians, [2] 4.9% others and unspecified Demonym Government - - - President Prime Minister Speaker of Parliament Legislature Formation Ukrainian Unitary semi-presidential republic Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov Volodymyr Lytvyn Verkhovna Rada

Ukraine

2
Kievan Rus' Kingdom of GaliciaVolhynia Cossack Hetmanate Ukrainian National Republic West Ukrainian National Republic Ukrainian SSR Second Declaration of Independence Independence from the Soviet Union Area 882 1199 1649 November 7, 1917 November 1, 1918 December 30, 1922 June 30, 1941 August 24, 19911

- - - - - - - -

Total

603,628km2(46th) 233,090sqmi 7% Population

Water(%)

- - -

2010estimate 2001census Density

45,888,000 48,457,102
2

[3] [2]

(28th)

77/km (115th) 199/sqmi 2010estimate

GDP(PPP) - - GDP (nominal) - - Gini(2006) HDI(2011) Currency Time zone - Summer(DST) Drives on the ISO3166code Internet TLD Calling code
1

Total Per capita

$302.679 billion $6,656

[4]

[4]

2010estimate Total Per capita $136.561 billion $3,003 31

[5] [4] [4]

(medium)
[6]

0.710

(high)(76th)

Hryvnia (UAH) Eastern European Time (UTC+2

[7]

Eastern European Summer Time(UTC+3) right UA .ua, . 380

An independence referendum was held on December 1, after which Ukrainian independence was finalized on December 26. The current constitution was adopted on June 28, 1996.

Ukraine ( i/jukren/ yew-krayn; Ukrainian: , transliterated: Ukrayina, Ukrainian pronunciation:[ukrjin]; Russian: ; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628km, making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia.[8] Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to

Ukraine the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. Established by the Varangians in the 9thcentury, the medieval state of Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state, emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12thcentury. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powersthe Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland.[9] After the Great Northern War (17001721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19thcentury, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from this fighting on December 30, 1922 as one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's territory was enlarged westward shortly before and after World War II, and southwards in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.[10] Ukraine became independent again when the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. This dissolution started a period of transition to a market economy, in which Ukraine was stricken with an eight-year recession.[11] Since then, however, the economy experienced a high increase in GDP growth. Ukraine was caught up in the worldwide economic crisis in 2008 and the economy plunged. GDP fell 20% from spring 2008 to spring 2009, then leveled off as analysts compared the magnitude of the downturn to the worst years of economic depression during the early 1990s.[12] However, the country remains a globally-important market and supplier, particularly, the world's third biggest grain exporter (as of 2011)[13]. Ukraine is a unitary state composed of 24 oblasts (provinces), one autonomous republic (Crimea), and two cities with special status: Kiev, its capital and largest city, and Sevastopol, which houses the Russian Black Sea Fleet under a leasing agreement. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine continues to maintain the second largest military in Europe, after that of Russia. The country is home to 46million people, 77.8percent of whom are ethnic Ukrainians, with sizable minorities of Russians (17%), Belarusians and Romanians. The Ukrainian language is the official language in Ukraine. Russian is also widely spoken. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which has heavily influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature and music.

Etymology
The traditional view on the etymology of Ukraine is that it came from the old Slavic term ukraina which meant "border region" or "frontier"[14] and thus corresponded to the Western term march. The term can be often found in Eastern Slavic chronicles from 1187 on, but for a long time it referred not solely to the border lands in present-day Ukraine.[15] The plural term ukrainy was used as well in the Grand Duchy of Moscow as in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly the lands across the border to the nomad world (Crimean Khanate) were described by this word. Frequent raids from the steppe made life in such regions a special and dangerous challenge. With the migration of the Great Abatis Belt southwards, the application of the term switched to Sloboda Ukraine and then to Central Ukraine where in the course of the time it obtained ethnic meaning for the local South Rus' (Little Russia in the ecclesiastic[16] and the imperial Russian terminology). Some Ukrainian historians translate the term "u-kraine" as "in-land", "home-land" or "our-country".[17] The accompanying claim that it always had a strictly separate meaning to "borderland" (ukraina vs. okraina)[17] is inconsistent with numerous historical sources.[15] Although some do not consider it to be appropriate,[18] it is common practice to refer to Ukraine as "the Ukraine" in English.[19]

Ukraine

History
Early history
Human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BCE, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains.[20][21] By 4,500 BCE, the Neolithic Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture flourished in a wide area that included parts of modern Ukraine including Trypillia and the entire Dnieper-Dniester region. During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians.[22] Between 700BC and 200BC it was part of the Scythian Kingdom, or Scythia. Later, colonies of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, and the Byzantine Empire, such as Tyras, Olbia, and Hermonassa, were founded, beginning in the 6thcentury BC, on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea, and thrived well into the 6thcentury AD. The Goths stayed in the area but came under the sway of the Huns from the 370s AD. In the 7thcentury AD, the territory of eastern Ukraine was the center of Old Great Bulgaria. At the end of the century, the majority of Bulgar tribes migrated in different directions, and the Khazars took over much of the land.

The Zbruch idol, on display in the National Museum in Krakw

Golden Age of Kiev

The Kievan Rus' were founded by the Rus' people, Varangians who first settled around Ladoga and Novgorod, then gradually moved southward eventually reaching Kiev about 880. The Kievan Rus' included the western part of modern Ukraine, Belarus, with larger part of it situated on the territory of modern Russia. According to the Primary Chronicle the Rus' elite initially consisted of Varangians from Scandinavia.

Map of the Kievan Rus' in the 11thcentury. During the Golden Age of Kiev, the lands of Rus' covered modern western, central and northern Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia. Modern eastern and southern Ukraine were inhabited by nomads and had a different history.

Ukraine

During the 10th and 11thcenturies, it became the largest and most powerful state in Europe.[5] In the following centuries, it laid the foundation for the national identity of Ukrainians and Russians.[23] Kiev, the capital of modern Ukraine, became the most important city of the Rus'. The Varangians later became assimilated into the local Slavic population and became part of the Rus' first dynasty, the Rurik Dynasty.[23] Kievan Rus' was composed of several principalities ruled by the interrelated Rurikid Princes. The seat of Kiev, the most prestigious and influential of all principalities, became the subject of many rivalries among Rurikids as the most valuable prize in their quest for power. The Golden Age of Kievan Rus' began with the reign of Vladimir the Great (9801015), who turned Rus' toward Byzantine Christianity. During the reign The Baptism of Grand Prince Vladimir, led to the adoption of Christianity in of his son, Yaroslav the Wise (10191054), Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of Kievan Rus' [23] its cultural development and military power. This was followed by the state's increasing fragmentation as the relative importance of regional powers rose again. After a final resurgence under the rule of Vladimir Monomakh (11131125) and his son Mstislav (11251132), Kievan Rus' finally disintegrated into separate principalities following Mstislav's death. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Pechenegs and the Kipchaks, caused a massive migration of Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north.[24] The 13thcentury Mongol invasion devastated Kievan Rus'. Kiev was totally destroyed in 1240.[25] On the Ukrainian territory, the state of Kievan Rus' was succeeded by the principalities of Halych and Volodymyr-Volynskyi, which were merged into the state of Galicia-Volhynia.

Foreign domination
In the mid-14thcentury, Casimir III of Poland gained control of Galicia-Volhynia, while the heartland of Rus', including Kiev, became the territory of the Gediminas, of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after the Battle on the Irpen' River. Following the 1386 Union of Krevo, a dynastic union between Poland and Lithuania, much of what became northern Ukraine was ruled by the increasingly Slavicised local Lithuanian nobles as part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By 1569, the Union of Lublin formed the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, and a significant part of Ukrainian territory was In the centuries following the Mongol invasion, moved from Lithuanian rule to the Polish Crown, thus becoming Polish much of Ukraine was controlled by Lithuania territory. Under the cultural and political pressure of Polonisation, (from the 14thcentury on) and since the Union of many upper-class people of Polish Ruthenia (another term for the land Lublin (1569) by Poland, as seen at this outline of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth as of of Rus) converted to Catholicism and became indistinguishable from [26] 1619. the Polish nobility. Thus, the commoners, deprived of their native protectors among Rus nobility, turned for protection to the Cossacks, who remained fiercely Orthodox. The Cossacks tended to turn to violence against those they perceived as enemies, particularly the Polish state and its representatives.[27]

Ukraine

6 In the mid-17thcentury, a Cossack military quasi-state, the Zaporozhian Host, was established by the Dnieper Cossacks and the Ruthenian peasants fleeing Polish serfdom.[28] Poland had little real control of this land, yet they found the Cossacks to be a useful fighting force against the Turks and Tatars,[29] and at times the two allied in military campaigns.[30] However, the continued enserfment of peasantry by the Polish nobility, emphasized by the Commonwealth's fierce exploitation of the workforce, and most importantly, the suppression of the Orthodox Church pushed the allegiances of Cossacks away from Poland.[29] The Cossacks aspired to have representation in Polish Sejm, recognition of Orthodox traditions and the gradual expansion of the Cossack Registry. These were all vehemently rejected by the Polish nobility, who had power in the Sejm. The Cossacks eventually turned for protection to Orthodox Russia, a decision which would later lead towards the downfall of the PolishLithuanian state,[28] and the preservation of the Orthodox Church and in Ukraine.[31]

"Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed IV of the Ottoman Empire." Painted by Ilya Repin from 1880 to 1891.

The Khanate of Crimea was one of the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the end of the 17th century.

In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky led the largest of the Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king John II Casimir, starting a chain of events that led to Russia taking over Ukraine.[32] Left-bank Ukraine was eventually integrated into Muscovite Russia as the Cossack Hetmanate, following the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav and the ensuing Russo-Polish War. After the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18thcentury by Prussia, Habsburg Austria, and Russia, Western Ukrainian Galicia was taken over by Austria, while the rest of Ukraine was progressively incorporated into the Russian Empire. The Crimean Khanate was one of the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the 18th century; at one point it even succeeded, under the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray, to devastate Moscow. The Russian population of the borderlands Bohdan Khmelnytsky, "Hetman of suffered annual Tatar invasions and tens of thousands of soldiers were required Ukraine"; establish an independent to protect the southern boundaries. From the beginning of the 16th century until Ukraine after the uprising in 1648 the end of 17th century the Crimean Tatar raider bands made almost annual against Poland. forays into agricultural Slavic lands searching for captives to sell as slaves.[33] According to Orest Subtelny, "...from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six Tatar raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy."[34] In 1688, Tatars captured a record number of 60,000 Ukrainians.[35] This was a heavy burden for the state, and slowed its social and economic development. Since Crimean Tatars did not permit settlement of Russians to southern regions where the soil is better and the season is long enough, Muscovy had to depend on poorer regions and labour intensive agriculture. Poland-Lithuania, Moldavia and Wallachia were also subjected to extensive slave

Ukraine raiding. The Crimean Khanate was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1778, bringing an end to what remained of Mongol and Tatar rule in Europe.

The Ruin
In 16571686 came "The Ruin," a devastating 30-year war amongst Russia, Poland, Turks and Cossacks for control of Ukraine, which occurred at about the same time as the Deluge of Poland. For three years, Khmelnytsky's armies controlled present-day western and central Ukraine, but, deserted by his Tatar allies, he suffered a crushing defeat at Berestechko, and turned to the Russian Czar for help. In 1654, Khmelnytsky signed the Treaty of Pereiaslav, forming a military and political alliance with Russia that acknowledged loyalty to the Czar. The wars escalated in intensity with hundreds of thousands of deaths. Defeat came in 1686 as the "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland gave Kiev and the Cossack lands east of the Dnieper over to Russian rule and the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper to Poland. In 1709 Cossack Hetman Ivan Mazepa (16871709) sided with Sweden against Russia in the Great Northern War The Battle of Poltava in 1709, as depicted by Denis Martens the Younger, 1726 (17001721). Mazepa, a member of the Cossack nobility, received an excellent education abroad and proved to be a brilliant political and military leader enjoying good relations with the Romanov dynasty. After Peter the Great became czar, Mazepa as hetman gave him more than twenty years of loyal military and diplomatic service and was well rewarded. Eventually Peter recognized that in order to consolidate and modernize Russia's political and economic power it was necessary to do away with the hetmanate and Ukrainian and Cossack aspirations to autonomy. Mazepa accepted Polish invitations to join the Poles and Swedes against Russia. The move was disastrous for the hetmanate, Ukrainian autonomy, and Mazepa. He died in exile after fleeing from the Battle of Poltava (1709), where the Swedes and their Cossack allies suffered a catastrophic defeat at the hands of Peter's Russian forces The hetmanate was abolished in 1764; the Zaporizhska Sich abolished in 1775, as Russia centralized control over its lands. As part of the partitioning of Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795, the Ukrainian lands west of the Dnieper were divided between Russia and Austria. From 1737 to 1834, expansion into the northern Black Sea littoral and the eastern Danube valley was a cornerstone of Russian foreign policy.

Lithuanians and Poles controlled vast estates in Ukraine, and were a law unto themselves. Judicial rulings from Cracow were routinely flouted, while peasants were heavily taxed and practically tied to the land as serfs. Occasionally the landowners battled each other using armies of Ukrainian peasants. The Poles and Lithuanians were Roman Catholics and tried with some success to convert the Orthodox lesser nobility. In 1596 they set up the "Greek-Catholic" or Uniate Church, under the authority of the Pope but using Eastern rituals; it dominates western Ukraine to this day. Tensions between the Uniates and the Orthodox were never resolved, and the religious differentiation left the Ukrainian Orthodox peasants leaderless, as they were reluctant to follow the Ukrainian nobles.[36]

Kirill Razumovsky, the last Hetman of left and right-bank Ukraine 17501764, was, in May 1763, the first person to ever declare Ukraine to be a sovereign state

Ukraine Cossacks led an uprising, called Koliivshchyna, starting in the Ukrainian borderlands of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in 1768. Ethnicity as one root cause of this revolt, which included Ukrainian violence that killed tens of thousands of Poles and Jews. Religious warfare also broke out between Ukrainian groups. Increasing conflict between Uniate and Orthodox parishes along the newly reinforced Polish-Russian border on the Dnepr River in the time of Catherine II set the stage for the uprising. As Uniate religious practices had become more Latinized, Orthodoxy in this region drew even closer into dependence on the Russian Orthodox Church. Confessional tensions also reflected opposing Polish and Russian political allegiances.[37] After the Russians annexed the Crimean Khanate in 1783, the region was settled by migrants from other parts of Ukraine.[38] Despite the promises of Ukrainian autonomy given by the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Ukrainian elite and the Cossacks never received the freedoms and the autonomy they were expecting from Imperial Russia. However, within the Empire, Ukrainians rose to the highest Russian state and church offices. [a] At a later period, tsarists established a policy of Russification of Ukrainian lands, suppressing the use of the Ukrainian language in print, and in public.[39]

19th century, World War I and revolution

In the 19th century, Ukraine was a rural area largely ignored by Russia and Austria. With growing urbanization and modernization, and a cultural trend toward romantic nationalism, a Ukrainian intelligentsia committed to national rebirth and social justice emerged. The serf-turned-national-poet Taras Shevchenko (18141861) and the political theorist Mykhailo Drahomanov (18411895) led the growing nationalist movement.

Symon Petliura led Ukraine's struggle for independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917; he is now recognised as having been the third President of independent Ukraine

After Ukraine and Crimea became aligned with the Russian Empire Russo-Turkish War (17681774), significant German immigration German Russian Colonies [40] occurred after it was encouraged by Catherine the Great and her immediate successors. Immigration was encouraged into Ukraine and especially the Crimea by Catherine in her proclamation of open migration to the Russian Empire. Immigration was encouraged for Germans and other Europeans to thin the previously dominant Turk population and encourage more complete use of farmland. Beginning in the 19th century, there was a continuous migration from Ukraine to settle the distant areas of the Russian Empire. According to the 1897 census, there were 223,000 ethnic Ukrainians in Siberia and 102,000 in Central Asia.[41] Between 1896 and 1906, after the construction of the trans-Siberian railway, a total of 1.6 million Ukrainians migrated eastward.[42]

Ukrainian People's Republic (19171920)

Ukraine Nationalist and socialist parties developed in the late 19th century. Austrian Galicia, which enjoyed substantial political freedom under the relatively lenient rule of the Habsburgs, became the center of the nationalist movement. Ukrainians entered World War I on the side of both the Central Powers, under Austria, and the Triple Entente, under Russia. 3.5 million Ukrainians fought with the Imperial Russian Army, while 250,000 fought for the Austro-Hungarian Army.[43] During the war, Austro-Hungarian authorities established the Ukrainian Legion to fight against the Russian Empire. This legion was the foundation of the Ukrainian Galician Army that fought against the Bolsheviks and Poles in the post World War I period (191923). Those suspected of Russophile sentiments in Austria were treated harshly. Up to 5,000 supporters of the Russian Empire from Galicia were detained and placed in Austrian internment camps in Talerhof, Styria, and in a fortress at Terezn (now in the Czech Republic).[44] When World War I ended, several empires collapsed; among them were the Russian and Austrian empires. The Russian Revolution of 1917 ensued, and a Ukrainian national movement for self-determination reemerged, with heavy Communist/Socialist influence. During 191720, several separate Ukrainian states briefly emerged: the Ukrainian People's Republic, the Hetmanate, the Directorate and the pro-Bolshevik Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (or Soviet Ukraine) successively established territories in the former Soldiers of the Ukrainian People's Army listening to a blind kobzar bandura player Russian Empire; while the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Hutsul Republic emerged briefly in the former Austro-Hungarian territory. This led to civil war, and an anarchist movement called the Black Army led by Nestor Makhno developed in Southern Ukraine during that war.[45] However, Poland defeated Western Ukraine in the Polish-Ukrainian War, but failed against the Bolsheviks in an offensive against Kiev. According to the Peace of Riga concluded between the Soviets and Poland, western Ukraine was officially incorporated into Poland, who in turn recognised the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1919. Ukraine became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union in December 1922.[46]

Inter-war Polish Ukraine

Starving children in Ukraine in 1922

The war in Ukraine continued for another two years; by 1921, however, most of Ukraine had been taken over by the Soviet Union, while Galicia and Volhynia were incorporated into independent Poland. A powerful underground Ukrainian nationalist movement rose in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s, led by the Ukrainian Military Organization and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). The movement attracted a militant following among students and harassed the Polish authorities. Legal Ukrainian parties, the Ukrainian Catholic Church, an active press, and a business sector also flourished in Poland. Economic conditions improved in the 1920s, but the region suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s.

Ukraine

10

Inter-war Soviet Ukraine

The civil war that eventually brought the Soviet government to power devastated Ukraine. It left over 1.5million people dead and hundreds of thousands homeless. In addition, Soviet Ukraine had to face the famine of 1921.[47] Seeing an exhausted Ukraine, the Soviet government remained very flexible during the 1920s.[48] Thus, under the aegis of the Ukrainization policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of Mykola Skrypnyk, Soviet leadership encouraged a national renaissance in literature and the arts. The Soviet recruitment poster featuring the Ukrainian culture and language enjoyed a revival, as Ukrainisation Ukrainisation theme. The text reads: "Son! Enroll became a local implementation of the Soviet-wide policy of in the school of Red commanders, and the Korenisation (literally indigenisation) policy.[46] The Bolsheviks were defence of Soviet Ukraine will be ensured." also committed to introducing universal health care, education and social-security benefits, as well as the right to work and housing.[49] Women's rights were greatly increased through new laws designed to wipe away centuries-old inequalities.[50] Most of these policies were sharply reversed by the early 1930s after Joseph Stalin gradually consolidated power to become the de facto communist party leader. The communists gave a privileged position to manual labor, the largest class in the cities, where Russians dominated. The typical worker was more attached to class identity than to ethnicity. Although there were incidents of ethnic friction among workers (in addition to Ukrainians and Russians there were significant numbers of Poles, Germans, Jews, and others in the Ukrainian workforce), industrial laborers had already adopted Russian culture and language to a significant extent. Workers whose ethnicity was Ukrainian were not attracted to campaigns of Ukrainianization or de-Russification in meaningful numbers, but remained loyal members of the Soviet working class. There was no significant antagonism between workers identifying themselves as Ukrainian or Russian. Starting from the late 1920s, Ukraine was involved in the Soviet industrialisation and the republic's industrial output quadrupled during the 1930s.[46] The industrialisation had a heavy cost for the peasantry, demographically a backbone of the Ukrainian nation. To satisfy the state's need for increased food Two future leaders of the Soviet supplies and to finance industrialisation, Stalin instituted a program of Union, Nikita Khrushchev (pre-war CPSU chief in Ukraine) and Leonid collectivisation of agriculture as the state combined the peasants' lands and Brezhnev (an engineer from animals into collective farms and enforced the policies by the regular troops and Dniprodzerzhynsk) depicted together secret police.[46] Those who resisted were arrested and deported and the increased production quotas were placed on the peasantry. The collectivisation had a devastating effect on agricultural productivity. As the members of the collective farms were not allowed to receive any grain until sometimes unrealistic quotas were met, starvation in the Soviet Union became more common. In 193233, millions starved to death in a famine known as Holodomor or "Great Famine".[c] Scholars are divided as to whether this famine fits the definition of genocide, but the Ukrainian parliament and other countries recognise it as such.[c]

Ukraine

11

The famine claimed up to 10 million of Ukrainian lives as peasants' food stocks were forcibly removed by the Soviet government by the NKVD secret police. Some explanations for the causes for the excess deaths in rural areas of Ukraine and Kazakhstan during 193134 has been given by dividing the causes into three groups: objective non-policy-related factors, like the drought of 1931 and poor weather in 1932; inadvertent result of policies with other objectives, like rapid industrialization, socialization of livestock, and neglected crop rotation DniproHES hydroelectric power plant under patterns; and deaths caused intentionally by a starvation policy. The construction circa 1930 Communist leadership perceived famine not as a humanitarian catastrophe but as a means of class struggle and used starvation as a punishment tool to force peasants into collective farms.[51] It was largely the same groups of individuals who were responsible for the mass killing operations during the civil war, collectivisation, and the Great Terror. These groups were associated with Efim Georgievich Evdokimov (18911939) and operated in Ukraine during the civil war, in the North Caucasus in the 1920s, and in the Secret Operational Division within General State Political Administration (OGPU) in 192931. Evdokimov transferred into Communist Party administration in 1934, when he became Party secretary for North Caucasus Krai. But he appears to have continued advising Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Yezhov on security matters, and the latter relied on Evdokimov's former colleagues to carry out the mass killing operations that are known as the Great Terror in 193738.[52] With Joseph Stalin's change of course in the late 1920s, however, Moscow's toleration of Ukrainian national identity came to an end. Systematic state terror of the 1930s destroyed Ukraine's writers, artists, and intellectuals; the Communist Party of Ukraine was purged of its "nationalist deviationists". Two waves of Stalinist political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union (192934 and 193638) resulted in the killing of some 681,692 people; this included four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite and three quarters of all the Red Army's higher-ranking officers.[46][b]

World War II
Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. Thus, Eastern Galicia and Volhynia with their Ukrainian population became reunited with the rest of Ukraine. The unification that Ukraine achieved for the first time in its history was a decisive event in the history of the nation.[53][54] After France surrendered to Germany, Romania ceded Bessarabia and northern Bukovina to Soviet demands. The Ukrainian SSR incorporated northern and southern districts of Bessarabia, the northern Kiev suffered significant damage during World War II, and was occupied by Nazi Germany from Bukovina, and the Soviet-occupied Hertsa region. But it ceded the 19 September 1941 until 6 November 1943 western part of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic to the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. All these territorial gains were internationally recognised by the Paris peace treaties of 1947.

Ukraine

12

German armies invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, thereby initiating four straight years of incessant total war. The Axis allies initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful efforts of the Red Army. In the encirclement battle of Kiev, the city was acclaimed as a "Hero City", because the resistance by the Red Army and by the local population was fierce. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers (or one quarter of the Western Front) were killed or taken captive there.[55][56] Although the wide majority of Ukrainians fought alongside the Red Soviet soldiers preparing rafts to cross the Army and Soviet resistance,[57] some elements of the Ukrainian Dnieper (the sign reads "Give me Kiev!") in the 1943 Battle of the Dnieper nationalist underground created an anti-Soviet nationalist formation in Galicia, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (1942) that at times engaged the Nazi forces and continued to fight the USSR in the years after the war. Using guerilla war tactics, the insurgents targeted for assassination and terror those who they perceived as representing, or cooperating at any level with, the Soviet state.[58][59] At the same time another nationalist movement fought alongside the Nazis. In total, the number of ethnic Ukrainians that fought in the ranks of the Soviet Army is estimated from 4.5million[57] to 7million.[60][d] The pro-Soviet partisan guerilla resistance in Ukraine is estimated to number at 47,800 from the start of occupation to 500,000 at its peak in 1944; with about 50percent of them being ethnic Ukrainians.[61] Generally, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's figures are very undependable, ranging anywhere from 15,000 to as much as 100,000 fighters.[62][63]
Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev

Initially, the Germans were even hailed as liberators by some western Ukrainians, who had only joined the Soviet Union in 1939. However, brutal German rule in the occupied territories eventually turned its supporters against the occupation. Nazi administrators of conquered Soviet territories made little attempt to exploit the population of Ukrainian territories' dissatisfaction with Stalinist political and economic policies.[64] Instead, the Nazis preserved the collective-farm system, systematically carried out genocidal policies against Jews, deported others to work in Germany, and began a systematic depopulation of Ukraine (along with Poland) to prepare it for German colonisation,[64] which included a food blockade on Kiev.[65] The vast majority of the fighting in World War II took place on the Eastern Front.[66] It has been estimated that 93percent of all Nazi casualties took place on the Eastern Front.[67] The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population during the war are estimated between five and eight million,[68][69] including over half a million Jews killed by the Einsatzgruppen, sometimes with the help of local collaborators. Of the estimated 8.7million Soviet troops who fell in battle against the Nazis,[70][71][72] 1.4million were ethnic Ukrainians.[70][72][d][e] So to this day, Victory Day is celebrated as one of ten Ukrainian national holidays.[73]

Ukraine

13

PostWorld War II
The republic was heavily damaged by the war, and it required significant efforts to recover. More than 700 cities and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed.[74] The situation was worsened by a famine in 194647, which was caused by a drought and the wartime infrastructure destruction. This famine took away tens of thousands of lives.[75] In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations organization.[10] First Soviet computer MESM was built in Kiev Institute of Electrotechnology and became operational in 1950. Postwar ethnic cleansing occurred in the newly expanded Soviet Union. According to statistics, as of 1 January 1953, Ukrainians were second only to Russians among adult "special deportees", comprising 20% of the total. Apart from Ukrainians, over 450,000 ethnic Germans from Ukraine and more than 200,000 Crimean Tatars were victims of forced deportations.[76]

Sergey Korolyov, the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the Space Race.

Following the death of Stalin in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the USSR. Being the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukrainian SSR in 193849, Khrushchev was intimately familiar with the republic and after taking power union-wide, he began to emphasize the friendship between the Ukrainian and Russian nations. In 1954, the 300th anniversary of the Treaty of Pereyaslav was widely celebrated, and in particular, Crimea was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR.[77] Already by 1950, the republic fully surpassed pre-war levels of industry and production.[78] During the 19461950 five year plan nearly 20 percent of the Soviet budget was invested in Soviet Ukraine, a five percent increase from prewar plans. As a result the Ukrainian workforce rose 33.2 percent from 1940 to 1955 while industrial output grew 2.2 times in that same period. Soviet Ukraine soon became a European leader in industrial production.[79] It also became an important center of the Soviet arms industry and high-tech research. Central Kharkiv during the late Soviet era (circa Such an important role resulted in a major influence of the local elite. 1980) Many members of the Soviet leadership came from Ukraine, most notably Leonid Brezhnev, who would later oust Khrushchev and become the Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982, as well as many prominent Soviet sports players, scientists and artists. On April 26, 1986, a reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded, resulting in the Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history.[80] This was the only accident to receive the highest possible rating of 7 by the International Nuclear Event Scale indicating a "major accident", until the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster that occurred in March of 2011.[81] At the time of the accident seven million people lived in the contaminated territories, including 2.2million in Ukraine.[82] After the accident, a new city, Slavutych, was built outside the exclusion zone to house and support the employees of the plant which was decommissioned in 2000. A report prepared by the International Atomic Energy Agency and World Health Organization attributed 56 direct deaths to the accident and estimated that there may have been 4,000 extra cancer deaths.[83]

Ukraine

14

Independence
On July 16, 1990, the new parliament adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine.[84] The declaration established the principles of the self-determination of the Ukrainian nation, its democracy, political and economic independence, and the priority of Ukrainian law on the Ukrainian territory over Soviet law. A month earlier, a similar declaration was adopted by the parliament of the Russian SFSR. This started a period of confrontation between the central Soviet, and new republican authorities. In August 1991, a conservative faction among the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union attempted a coup to remove Mikhail Gorbachev and to restore the Communist party's power. After the attempt failed, on August 24, 1991 the Ukrainian parliament adopted the Act of Independence in which the parliament declared Ukraine as an independent democratic state.[85] A referendum and the first presidential elections took place on December 1, 1991. That day, more than 90percent of the Ukrainian people expressed their support for the Act of Independence, and they elected the chairman of the parliament, Leonid Kravchuk to serve as the first President of the country. At the meeting in Brest, Belarus on December 8, followed by Alma Ata meeting on December 21, the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, formally dissolved the Soviet Union and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).[86] Although the idea of an independent Ukrainian nation had previously not existed in the 20th century in the minds of international policy makers,[87] Ukraine was initially viewed as a republic with favorable economic conditions in comparison to the other regions of the Soviet Union.[88] However, the country experienced deeper economic slowdown than some of the other former Soviet Republics. During the recession, Ukraine lost 60percent of its GDP from 1991 to 1999,[89][90] and suffered five-digit inflation rates.[91] Dissatisfied with the economic conditions, as well as the amounts of crime and corruption, Ukrainians protested and organised strikes.[92]

Orange-clad demonstrators gather in the Independence Square in Kiev on November 22, 2004

The Ukrainian economy stabilized by the end of the 1990s. A new currency, the hryvnia, was introduced in 1996. Since 2000, the country has enjoyed steady real economic growth averaging about sevenpercent annually.[11][93] A new Constitution of Ukraine was adopted under second President Leonid Kuchma in 1996, which turned Ukraine into a semi-presidential republic and established a stable political system. Kuchma was, however, criticized by opponents for corruption, electoral fraud, discouraging free speech and concentrating too much power in his office.[94] He also repeatedly transferred public property into the hands of loyal oligarchs. In 2004, Viktor Yanukovych, then Prime Minister, was declared the In the modern era Ukraine has become a much more democratic country winner of the presidential elections, which had been largely rigged, as [95] the Supreme Court of Ukraine later ruled. The results caused a public outcry in support of the opposition candidate, Viktor Yushchenko, who challenged the outcome of the elections. This resulted in the peaceful Orange Revolution, bringing Viktor Yushchenko and Yulia Tymoshenko to power, while casting Viktor Yanukovych in opposition.[96] Yanukovych returned to a position of power in 2006, when he became Prime Minister in the Alliance of National Unity,[97] until snap elections in September 2007 made Tymoshenko Prime Minister again.[98] Yanukovych was elected President in 2010.[99]

Ukraine Conflicts with Russia over the price of natural gas briefly stopped all gas supplies to Ukraine in 2006 and again in 2009, leading to gas shortages in several other European countries.[100][101]

15

Historical maps of Ukraine

The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours. Historical Maps of Ukraine and its Predecessors

Territory of Slavic peoples (6th century).

Early formation of Kievan Rus' (862912): Territory of rulers Askold, Dyr and Oleh of Novgorod.

Ukraine

16

Gallery of Historical map of Kievan Rus' at its zenith (9801054).

Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (12201240).

The Kingdom of GaliciaVolhynia or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (12451349).

Ukraine

17

Historical map of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' (Ukraine) and Samogitia until 1434.

Historical map of Cossack Hetmanate, also known as Hetmanate of Zaporizhian Host or Ukrainian Cossack state (16491653).

PolishLithuanianRuthenian Commonwealth or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).

Ukraine

18

Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of Russian Empire (1751).

Historical map of Ukrainian National Republic or Ukrainian People's Republic (19171920).

Geography

The Bay of Laspi on the Crimea's Black Sea coast at sunset

The Ai-Petri's peak is located 1200 m above mean sea level

Ukraine

19

At 603700 square kilometres ( sqmi) and with a coastline of 2782 kilometres (1729mi), Ukraine is the world's 44th-largest country (after the Central African Republic, before Madagascar). It is the largest wholly European country and the second largest country in Europe (after the European part of Russia, before metropolitan France).[i][5] It lies between latitudes 44 and 53 N, and longitudes 22 and 41 E. The Ukrainian landscape consists mostly of fertile plains (or steppes) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper (Dnipro), Seversky Donets, Dniester and the Southern Buh as they flow south into the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. To the southwest, the delta of the Danube forms the border with Romania. Its various regions have diverse geographic features ranging from the highlands to the lowlands. The country's only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west, of which the highest is the Hora Hoverla at 2061 metres (6762ft), and the Crimean Mountains on the Crimean peninsula, in the extreme south along the coast.[102] However Ukraine also has a number of highland regions such as the Volyn-Podillia Upland (in the west) and the Near-Dnipro Upland (on the right bank of Dnieper); to the east there are the south-western spurs of the Central Russian Uplands over which runs the border with Russia. Near the Sea of Azov can be found the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. The snow melt from the mountains feeds the rivers, and natural changes in altitude form a sudden drop in elevation and create many opportunities to form waterfalls of Ukraine. Significant natural resources in Ukraine include iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber and an abundance of arable land. Despite this, the country faces a number of major environmental issues such as inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution and deforestation, as well as radiation contamination in the north-east from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. Recycling toxic household waste is still in its infancy in Ukraine.[103]

Typical agricultural landscape of Ukraine, Kherson Oblast

Great White Pelicans are native to south-western Ukraine

Regionalism
There are not only clear regional differences on questions of identity but historical cleavages remain evident at the level of individual social identification. Attitudes toward the most important political issue, relations with Russia, differed strongly between Lviv, identifying more with Ukrainian nationalism and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, and Donetsk, predominantly Russian orientated and favorable to the Soviet era, while in central and southern Ukraine, as well as Kiev, such divisions were less important and there was less antipathy toward people from other regions (a poll by the Research & Branding Group held March 2010 showed that the attitude of the citizens of Donetsk to the citizens of Lviv was 79% positive and that the attitude of the citizens of Lviv to the citizens of Donetsk was 88% positive[104]). However, all were united by an overarching Ukrainian identity based on shared economic difficulties, showing that other attitudes are determined more by culture and politics than by demographic differences.[104][105]

Ukraine

20

Biodiversity
Ukraine is home to a very wide range of animals, fungi, micro-organisms and plants. Animals

The speckled ground squirrel is a native of the east Ukrainian steppes

Lake Synevir is the largest lake in the Ukrainian Carpathians

Ukraine is divided into two main zoological areas. One of these areas, in the west of the country, is made up of the borderlands of Europe, where there are species typical of mixed forests, the other is located in eastern Ukraine, where steppe-dwelling species thrive. In the forested areas of the country it is not uncommon to find lynxes, wolves, wild boar and martens, as well as many other similar species; this is especially true of the Carpathian mountains, where a large number of predatory mammals make their home, as well as a contingent of brown bears. Around Ukraine's lakes and rivers beavers, otters and mink make their home, whilst within, carp, bream and catfish are the most commonly found species of fish. In the central and eastern parts of the country, rodents such as hamsters and gophers are found in large numbers. Fungi More than 6600 species of fungi (including lichen-forming species) have been recorded from Ukraine.,[106][107] but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Ukraine, including species not yet recorded, is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7% of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.[108] Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Ukraine, and 2217 such species have been tentatively identified.[109]

Climate
Ukraine has a mostly temperate continental climate, although a more Mediterranean climate is found on the southern Crimean coast. Precipitation is disproportionately distributed; it is highest in the west and north and lowest in the east and southeast. Western Ukraine receives around 1200 millimetres (47.2in) of precipitation annually, while Crimea receives around 400 millimetres (15.7in). Winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland. Average annual temperatures range from 5.5 C (41.9F)7 C (44.6F) in the north, to 11 C (51.8F)13 C (55.4F) in the south.[110]

Ukraine

21

Politics
Ukraine is a republic under a mixed semi-parliamentary semi-presidential system with separate legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

The Constitution of Ukraine

After Ukraine proclaimed its independence, on August 24, 1991, and adopted its constitution on June 28, 1996, Ukraine became a presidential-parliamentary republic. But on Dec. 8, 2004, at the request of "political forces of Prime Minister Yanukovich" (who feared that Yushchenko would come to power), deputies introduced radical changes to the Constitution. 402 deputies voted, including the Party of Regions, the Communist Party, and the Socialist Party). Since those changes, Ukraine has had a parliamentary-presidential republic. From 2004 to 2010, the legitimacy of the 2004 Constitution had official sanction, both with the Constitutional Court[111] of Ukraine, and with opposition leader Viktor Yanukovych (who has repeatedly spoken out against the alleged intentions of President Yushchenko "to repeal the provisions of the Constitution of 2004"). However, when Yanukovych became President, he appointed new Constitutional Court justices, and on 30 September 2010 the Constitutional Court decided to abolish the 2004 Constitution and return to the 1996 Constitution (thus making Ukraine's political system more presidential in character). However, such a cancellation of the 2004 Constitution has raised doubts among the public. Part of the concern has been due to the fact that neither the Constitution of 1996 nor the Constitution of 2004 provides the ability to "undo the Constitution", as the decision of the Constitutional Court would have it, even though the 2004 constitution arguably has an exhaustive list of possible procedures for constitutional amendments (articles 154159). In any case, the current Constitution can arguably be modified only by a vote in Parliament.[111][112][113]

The President, Parliament and the Government of Ukraine

The President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is the formal head of state.[114]

Viktor Yanukovych, the president of Ukraine since 2010

Ukraine

22

Ukraine's legislative branch includes the 450-seat unicameral parliament, the Verkhovna Rada.[115] The parliament is primarily responsible for the formation of the executive branch and the Cabinet of Ministers, which is headed by the Prime Minister.[116] However, the President still retains the authority to nominate the Ministers of the Foreign Affairs and of Defence for parliamentary approval, as well as the power to appoint the Prosecutor General and the head of the Security Service. Laws, acts of the parliament and the cabinet, presidential Verkhovna Rada, the Parliament of Ukraine decrees, and acts of the Crimean parliament may be abrogated by the Constitutional Court, should they be found to violate the Constitution of Ukraine. Other normative acts are subject to judicial review. The Supreme Court is the main body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. Local self-government is officially guaranteed. Local councils and city mayors are popularly elected and exercise control over local budgets. The heads of regional and district administrations are appointed by the President in accordance with the proposals of the Prime-Minister. This system virtually requires an agreement between the President and the Prime-Minister, and has in the past led to problems, such as when President Yushchenko used a legally controversial ways to evade the law by appointing no actual governors or the local leaders, but so called 'temporarily acting' officers, thus evading the need to seek a compromise with the Prime-Minister. This practice was very controversial and required review by the Constitutional Court. Ukraine has a large number of political parties, many of which have tiny memberships and are unknown to the general public. Small parties often join in multi-party coalitions (electoral blocs) for the purpose of participating in parliamentary elections.

Courts and law enforcement

The courts enjoy legal, financial and constitutional freedom guaranteed by measures adopted in Ukrainian law in 2002. Judges are largely well protected from dismissal (except in the instance of gross misconduct). Court justices are appointed by presidential decree for an initial period of five years, after which Ukraine's Supreme Council confirms their positions for life in an attempt to insulate them from politics. Although there are still problems with the performance of the system, it is considered to have been much improved since Ukraine's independence in 1991. The Supreme Court is regarded as being an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions ruled against the Ukrainian government. Prosecutors in Ukraine have greater powers than in most European countries, and according to the European Commission for Democracy through Law the role and functions of the Prosecutors Office is not in accordance with Council of Europe standards".[117] In addition to this, from 2005 until 2008 the criminal judicial system maintained a 99.5 percent conviction rate, equal to the conviction rate of the Soviet Union, with[118] suspects often being incarcerated for long periods before trial.[119] On March 24, 2010 President Viktor Yanukovych formed an expert group to make recommendations how to "clean up Justices of Ukraine's Constitutional Court the current mess and adopt a law on court organization.[119] One day after setting this commission Yanukovych stated We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system.[119] Judicial and penal institutions play a fundamental role in protecting citizens and safeguarding the

Ukraine common good. The criminal judicial system and the prison system of Ukraine remain quite punitive. In contemporary Ukraine prison ministry of chaplains does not exist de jure. Since January 1, 2010 it is allowed to hold court proceedings in Russian on mutual consent of parties. Citizens, who are unable to speak Ukrainian or Russian are allowed to use their native language or the services of a translator.[120] Previously all court proceedings were required to be held in Ukrainian, which is the nation's only language with any truly official administrative status. Law enforcement agencies in Ukraine are typically organised under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. They consist primarily of A uniformed officer of the Highways' Police the national police force (iii) and various specialised units and (I) agencies such as the State Border Guard and the Coast Guard services. In recent years the law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, have faced criticism for their heavy handling of the 2004 Orange Revolution, this criticism stems from the use by President Kuchma government's contemplated use of Berkut special operations units and internal troops in a plan to put an end to demonstrations on Kiev's Maidan Nezalezhnosti. The actions of the government saw many thousands of police officers mobilised and stationed throughout the capital, primarily to dissuade protesters from challenging the state's authority but also to provide a quick reaction force in case of need; most officers were armed and another 10,000 were held in reserve nearby.[121] Bloodshed was only avoided when Lt. Gen. Sergei Popkov heeded his colleagues' calls to withdraw. The Ministry of Internal Affairs is also responsible for the maintenance of the State Security Service; Ukraine's domestic intelligence agency, which has on occasion been accused of acting like a secret police force serving to protect the country's political elite from media criticism. On the other hand however, it is widely accepted that members of the service provided vital information about government plans to the leaders of the Orange Revolution in order to prevent the collapse of the movement.

23

Foreign relations
In 19992001, Ukraine served as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council. Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union, which had asked for seats for all 15 of its union republics. Ukraine has consistently supported peaceful, negotiated settlements to disputes. It has participated in the quadripartite talks on the conflict in Moldova and promoted a peaceful resolution to conflict in the post-Soviet state of Georgia. Ukraine also has made a substantial contribution to UN peacekeeping operations since 1992.

President Yanukovych meets German chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin

Ukraine

24

Ukraine currently considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective, but in practice balances its relationship with the European Union and the United States with strong ties to Russia. The European Union's Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with Ukraine went into force on March 1, 1998. The European Union (EU) has encouraged Ukraine to implement the PCA fully before discussions begin on an association agreement. The EU Common Strategy toward Ukraine, issued at the EU Summit in December 1999 in Helsinki, recognizes Ukraine's long-term aspirations but does not Then-president Viktor Yushchenko with discuss association. On January 31, 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Polish president Lech Kaczyski at Kiev's then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the Boryspil Airport Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe--OSCE), and on March 10, 1992, it became a member of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Ukraine also has a close relationship with NATO and had previously declared interest in eventual membership, this however was removed from the government's foreign policy agenda, upon election of Viktor Yanukovych to the presidency, in 2010. It is the most active member of the Partnership for Peace (PfP). All major political parties in Ukraine support full eventual integration into the European Union. The Association Agreement with the EU is expected to be signed into effect by the end of 2011, although recent political developments have cast some doubt on this issue. Ukraine maintains peaceful and constructive relations with all its neighbours; it has especially close ties with Russia and Poland, although relations with the former are complicated by energy dependence and payment arrears.

Administrative divisions
The system of Ukrainian subdivisions reflects the country's status as a unitary state (as stated in the country's constitution) with unified legal and administrative regimes for each unit. Ukraine is subdivided into twenty-four oblasts (provinces) and one autonomous republic (avtonomna respublika), Crimea. Additionally, the cities of Kiev, the capital, and Sevastopol, both have a special legal status. The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 490 raions (districts), or second-level administrative units. The average area of a Ukrainian raion is 1200 square kilometres (460sqmi); the average population of a raion is 52,000 people.[122] Urban areas (cities) can either be subordinated to the state (as in the case of Kiev and Sevastopol), the oblast or raion administrations, depending on their population and socio-economic importance. Lower administrative units include urban-type settlements, which are similar to rural communities, but are more urbanized, including industrial enterprises, educational facilities, and transport connections, and villages.

Ukraine

25

Volyn

Rivne

Zhytomyr

Kiev

Khmelnytsky

Ternopil IvanoFrankivsk

Zakarpattia

Chernivtsi

Vinnytsia

Cherkasy

Ukraine

26

Kirovohrad

Mykolaiv

Poltava

Chernihiv

Sumy

Kharkiv

Dnipropetrovsk

Odessa

Kherson

Zaporizhia

Donetsk

Crimea

Luhansk Kiev Sevastopol

Lviv

Ukraine

27

Military
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a 780,000 man military force on its territory, equipped with the third-largest nuclear weapons arsenal in the world.[123][124] In May 1992, Ukraine signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) in which the country agreed to give up all nuclear weapons to Russia for disposal and to join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear weapon state. Ukraine ratified the treaty in 1994, and by 1996 the country became free of nuclear weapons.[123]
Ukrainian Army soldiers aboard a BTR-80 in Iraq

Ukraine took consistent steps toward reduction of conventional weapons. It signed the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which called for reduction of tanks, artillery, and armoured vehicles (army forces were reduced to 300,000). The country plans to convert the current conscript-based military into a professional volunteer military not later than in 2011.[125] Ukraine has been playing an increasingly larger role in peacekeeping operations. Ukrainian troops are deployed in Kosovo as part of the Ukrainian-Polish Battalion.[126] A Ukrainian unit was deployed in Lebanon, as part of UN Interim Force enforcing the mandated ceasefire agreement. There was also a maintenance and training battalion deployed in Sierra Leone. In 200305, a Ukrainian unit was deployed in Iraq, as part of the Multinational force in Iraq under Polish command. The total Ukrainian military deployment around the world is 562 servicemen.[127]

Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27.

Military units of other states participate in multinational military exercises with Ukrainian forces in Ukraine regularly, including U.S. military forces.[128] Following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state.[129] The country has had a limited military partnership with Russia, other CIS countries and a partnership with NATO since 1994. In the 2000s, the government was leaning towards the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and a deeper cooperation with the alliance was set by the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future.[125] Current President Viktor Yanukovych considers the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient.[130] Yanukovich is against Ukraine joining NATO.[131] During the 2008 Bucharest summit NATO declared that Ukraine will become a member of NATO, whenever it wants and when it would correspond to the criteria for the accession.[130]

Economy
In Soviet times, the economy of Ukraine was the second largest in the Soviet Union, being an important industrial and agricultural component of the country's planned economy.[5] With the dissolution of the Soviet system, the country moved from a planned economy to a market economy. The transition process was difficult for the majority of the population which plunged into poverty.[132] Ukraine's economy contracted severely following the years after the Soviet dissolution. Day to day life for the average person living in Ukraine was a struggle. A significant number of citizens in rural Ukraine survived by growing their own food, often working two or more jobs and buying the basic necessities through the barter economy.[133] In 1991, the government liberalized most prices to combat widespread product shortages, and was successful in overcoming the problem. At the same time, the government continued to subsidize state-run industries and

Ukraine agriculture by uncovered monetary emission. The loose monetary policies of the early 1990s pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels. For the year 1993, Ukraine holds the world record for inflation in one calendar year.[134] Those living on fixed incomes suffered the most.[46] Prices stabilized only after the introduction of new currency, the hryvnia, in 1996. The country was also slow in implementing structural reforms. Following independence, the government formed a legal framework for privatization. However, widespread resistance to reforms within the government and from a significant part of the population soon stalled the reform efforts. A large number of state-owned enterprises were exempt from the privatization process. In the meantime, by 1999, the GDP had fallen to less than 40percent The building of the National Bank of Ukraine of the 1991 level,[135] but recovered to slightly above the 100percent mark by the end of 2006.[89] In the early 2000s, the economy showed strong export-based growth of 5 to 10percent, with industrial production growing more than 10percent per year.[136] Ukraine was hit by the economic crisis of 2008 and in November 2008, the IMF approved a stand-by loan of $16.5 billion for the country.[137] Ukraine's 2010 GDP (PPP), as calculated by the CIA, is ranked 38th in the world and estimated at $305.2billion.[5] Its GDP per capita in 2010 according to the CIA was $6,700 (in PPP terms), ranked 107rd in the world.[5] Nominal GDP (in U.S. dollars, calculated at market exchange rate) was $136billion, ranked 53st in the world.[5] By July 2008 the average nominal salary in Ukraine reached 1,930hryvnias per month.[138] Despite remaining lower than in neighboring central European countries, the salary income growth in 2008 stood at 36.8percent[139] According to the UNDP in 2003 4.9 percent of the Ukrainian population lived under 2 US dollar a day[140] and 19.5 percent of the population lived below the national poverty line that

28

The Ukrainian-made Antonov An-225 is the largest aircraft ever built.

same year.[141] Ukraine produces nearly all types of transportation vehicles and spacecraft. Antonov airplanes and KrAZ trucks are exported to many countries. The majority of Ukrainian exports are marketed to the European Union and CIS.[142] Since independence, Ukraine has maintained its own space agency, the National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU). Ukraine became an active participant in scientific space exploration and remote sensing missions. Between 1991 and 2007, Ukraine has launched six self made satellites and 101 launch vehicles, and continues to design spacecraft.[143][144][145]

Ukrainian administrative divisions by monthly salary

Ukraine

29 The country imports most energy supplies, especially oil and natural gas, and to a large extent depends on Russia as its energy supplier. While 25percent of the natural gas in Ukraine comes from internal sources, about 35percent comes from Russia and the remaining 40percent from Central Asia through transit routes that Russia controls. At the same time, 85percent of the Russian gas is delivered to Western Europe through Ukraine.[146]

Dnipropetrovsk's central business district

The World Bank classifies Ukraine as a middle-income state.[147] Significant issues include underdeveloped infrastructure and transportation, corruption and bureaucracy. In 2007 the Ukrainian stock market recorded the second highest growth in the world of 130percent.[148] According to the CIA, in 2006 the market capitalization of the Ukrainian stock market was $111.8billion.[5] Growing sectors of the Ukrainian economy include the information technology (IT) market, which topped all other Central and Eastern European countries in 2007, growing some 40percent.[149]

Corporations
Ukraine has a very large heavy-industry base and is one of the largest refiners of metallurgical products in Eastern Europe.[150] However, the country is also well known for its production of high-technological goods and transport products, such as Antonov aircraft and various private and commercial vehicles.[151] The country's largest and most competitive firms are components of the PFTS index which is traded on the PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange. Well known Ukrainian brands include, amongst others, Antonov, Naftogaz Ukrainy, AvtoZAZ, PrivatBank, Roshen, Yuzhmash, Nemiroff, Motor Sich, Khortytsa, Kyivstar, and Aerosvit.[152] Ukraine is regarded as being a developing economy with high potential for future success, however such a development is thought to be likely only with new all-encompassing economic and legal reforms.[153] Although Foreign Direct Investment in Ukraine has remained relatively strong ever since recession of the early 1990s, the country has had trouble maintaining stable economic growth. Issues relating to current corporate governance in Ukraine are primarily linked to the large scale monopolisation of traditional heavy industries by wealthy individuals such as Rinat Akhmetov, the enduring failure to broaden the nation's economic base and a lack of effective legal protection for investors and their products.[154] Despite all this, Ukraine's economy is still expected to grow by around 3.5% in 2010.[155] This list includes the largest companies by turnover in 2008, but does not include major banks or insurance companies:
Kiev is home to most of Ukraine's largest private businesses

An industrial robot at work in the ZAZ automobile plant in Zaporizhia

Ukraine

30

Rank in [156] 2008 1. Naftogaz Ukrainy 2. EnergoRynok

Name of concern

Location of Revenue headquarters (Mln. UAH) Kiev Kiev

Profit (Mln. UAH)

Employees

61,968.5 11,670.3 40,527.2 31,179.0 30,185.2 22,102.9 21,727.1 21,235.3 15,322.1 14,816.9 14,485.7 12,968.7 12,911.5 12,799.3 12,753.5 12,583.5 183.4 128.3 1,410.6 4,676.5 1,362.1 1,959.1 350.4 484.0 794.1 1,985.0 360.1 5,559.2 390.6 511.9

682 26 171,500 408 42,094 54,945 20,518 17,900 427 3,743 290 10,966 4,905 14,943 519

3. Gaz of Ukraine (subsidiary of Naftogaz Ukrainy) Kiev 4. Metinvest 5. Kryvorizhstal 6. Ilyich Steel & Iron Works 7. Azovstal Steel Works 8. Alchevsk Steel & Iron Works 9. TNK-BP Kommers 10. Lysychansk Petroleum Investment 11. DTEK (Donbass Energy) 12. Donetskstal Metallurgy 13. Kyivstar 14. ZAZ Automobile 15. Donbass Industrial Union Donetsk Kryvyi Rih Mariupol Mariupol Alchevsk Kiev Lysychansk Kiev Donetsk Kiev Zaporizhia Donetsk

Tourism
Ukraine occupies 8th place in Europe by the number of tourists visiting, according to the World Tourism Organisation rankings.[157] Ukraine is a destination on the crossroads between central and eastern Europe, between north and south. It borders Russia and is not far from Turkey. It has mountain ranges the Carpathian Mountains suitable for skiing, hiking, fishing and hunting. The coastline on the Black Sea is a popular summer destination for vacationers. Ukraine has vineyards where they produce native wines, ruins of ancient castles, historical The Swallow's Nest; the Crimea hosts many parks, Orthodox and Catholic churches as well as a few mosques and seaside resorts and historic sites synagogues. Kiev, the country's capital city has many unique structures such as Saint Sophia Cathedral and broad boulevards. There are other cities well-known to tourists such as the harbour town Odessa and the old city of Lviv in the west. The Crimea, a little "continent" of its own, is a popular vacation destination for tourists for swimming or sun tanning on the Black Sea with its warm climate, rugged mountains, plateaus and ancient ruins. Cities there include: Sevastopol and Yalta location of the peace conference at the end of World War II. Visitors can also take cruise tours by ship on Dnieper River from Kiev to the Black Sea coastline. Ukrainian cuisine has a long history and offers a wide variety of original dishes. The Seven Wonders of Ukraine are the seven historical and cultural monuments of Ukraine; the sites were chosen by the general public through an internet-based vote.

Ukraine

31

Energy
Ukraine is one of Europes largest energy consumers; it consumes almost double the energy of Germany, per unit of GDP.[158] A great share of energy supply in Ukraine comes from nuclear power, with the country receiving most of its nuclear fuel from Russia. The remaining oil and gas, is also imported from the former Soviet Union. Ukraine is heavily dependent on its nuclear power. The largest nuclear power plant in Europe, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, is located in Ukraine. In 2006, the government planned to build 11 new reactors by the year 2030, in effect, almost doubling the current amount of nuclear power [159] capacity. Ukraine's power sector is the twelfth-largest in the world in terms of installed capacity, with 54gigawatts (GW).[158] Renewable energy still plays a very modest role in electrical output. In 2007 47.4% of power came from coal and gas (approx 20% gas), 47.5% from nuclear (92.5 TWh) and 5% from hydro.[159]
Rivne Nuclear Station in Western Ukraine

Currently the country has four active nuclear power stations, located in Kuznetsovsk, Enerhodar, Yuzhnoukrainsk and Netishyn. In addition to these active plants, a fifth reactor complex had been planned for the Crimea, but construction was suspended indefinitely in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster, a major nuclear incident which took place at the Chernobyl Atomic Energy Station, 110km north of Kiev. All of Ukraine's RBMK reactors (the type involved in the Chernobyl disaster), were located at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. All of the reactors there have been shutdown leaving only VVER reactors operating in the country, which are much safer than RBMK units. Three of these new-type reactors were built since 1991 in the independent Ukraine (with the first one in 1995), whilst the other sixteen were inherited from the Soviet Union.

Transportation
Most of the Ukrainian road system has not been upgraded since the Soviet era, and is now outdated. The Ukrainian government has pledged to build some unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','mi) of motorways by 2012.[160] In total, Ukrainian paved roads stretch for 164732 kilometres ( mi).[5] The network of major routes, marked with the letter 'M' for 'International' (Ukrainian: ), extends nationwide and connects all the major cities of Ukraine as well as providing cross-border routes to the country's Rail transport is heavily utilised in Ukraine neighbours. Currently there are only two true motorway standard highways in Ukraine; a 175km stretch of motorway from Kharkiv to Dnipropetrovsk, and a section of the M03 which extends 18km (11mi) from Kiev to Boryspil, where the city's international airport is located. Rail transport in Ukraine plays the role of connecting all major urban areas, port facilities and industrial centers with neighbouring countries. The heaviest concentration of railroad track is located in the Donbas region of Ukraine. Although the amount of freight transported by rail fell by 7.4percent in 1995 in comparison with 1994, Ukraine is still one of the world's highest rail users.[161] The total amount of railroad track in Ukraine extends for 22473 kilometres (13964mi), of which 9250 kilometres (5750mi) is electrified.[5] Currently the state has a monopoly on the provision of passenger rail transport, and all trains, other than those with cooperation of other foreign companies on international routes, are operated by its company 'Ukrzaliznytsia'.

Ukraine

32 The aviation section in Ukraine is developing very quickly, having recently established a visa-free program for EU nationals and citizens of a number of other 'Western' nations,[162] the nation's aviation sector is handling a significantly increased number of travellers. Additionally, the granting of the Euro 2012 football tournament to Poland and Ukraine as joint hosts has prompted the government to invest huge amounts of money into transport infrastructure, and in particular airports.[163]

Currently there are three major new airport terminals under construction in Donetsk, Lviv and Kiev, a new airport has already opened in Kharkiv and Kiev's Boryspil International Airport has recently begun operations at Terminal F,[164] the first of its two new international terminals. Ukraine has a number of airlines, the largest of which are the nation's flag carriers, Aerosvit and UIA. Antonov Airlines, a subsidiary of the Antonov Aerospace Design Bureau is the only operator of the world's largest fixed wing aircraft, the An-225. Maritime transport is mainly riverine, with passenger services mainly provided on the Dnieper, Danube and Pripyat rivers, as well as a number of their tributaries. Most large cities have a river port and cater for the embarkation and disembarkation of passengers as well as the loading and unloading of freight and raw materials. International maritime travel is mainly provided through the Port of Odessa, from where ferries sail regularly to Istanbul, Varna and Haifa. The largest ferry company presently operating these routes is Ukrferry.[165]

An Aerosvit Boeing 767 on stand at Kiev Boryspil International Airport

Demographics
Ethnic composition of Ukraine Ukrainians Russians Belarusians Moldovans CrimeanTatars Bulgarians Hungarians Romanians Poles Other Source: Ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, 2001 Census 77.8% 17.3% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 1.7%
[166]

Ukraine

33 According to the Ukrainian Census of 2001, ethnic Ukrainians make up 77.8% of the population. Other significant ethnic groups are the Russians (17.3%), Belarusians (0.6%), Moldovans (0.5%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%), Hungarians (0.3%), Romanians (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), Greeks (0.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).[2] The industrial regions in the east and southeast are the most heavily populated, and about 67.2percent of the population lives in urban areas.[167][168]
Ethno-linguistic map of Ukraine.

Demographic crisis
Ukraine has been in a demographic crisis since the 1980s because of its high death rate and a low birth rate. The population is shrinking by over 150,000 a year. The birth rate has recovered in recent years from a catastrophically low level around 2000, and is now comparable to the European average, but would need to increase by another 50% or so to stabilize the population. In 2007, the country's population was declining at the fourth fastest rate in the world.[169]
Ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine (2001)

Life expectancy is falling. The nation suffers a high mortality rate from environmental pollution, poor diets, widespread smoking, extensive alcoholism, and deteriorating medical care.[170][171]

In the years 2008 through 2010, more than 1.5 million children were born in Ukraine, compared to fewer than 1.2 million during 19992001 during the worst of the demographic crisis. Infant mortality rates have also dropped from 10.4 deaths to 8.9 per 1,000 children under one year of age. This is still high in comparison, however, to many other nations.[172] According to the United Nations poverty and poor health care are the two biggest problems Ukrainian children face. More than 26 percent of families with one child, 42 percent of families with two children and 77 percent of families with four and more children live in poverty, according to United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.[172] In November 2009 Ukrainian human rights ombudsman Nina Karpacheva stated that the lives of many of Ukraines 8.2 million children remain tough.[172]

Fertility and natalist policies

The current birth rate in Ukraine, as of 2010, is 10.8 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 15.2 deaths/1,000 population (see demographic tables) The phenomenon of lowest-low fertility, defined as total fertility below 1.3, is emerging throughout Europe and is attributed by many to postponement of the initiation of childbearing. Ukraine, where total fertility (a very low 1.1 in 2001), was one of the world's lowest, shows that there is more than one pathway to lowest-low fertility. Although

Population of Ukraine (in millions) from 1950 to [173][174] 2009.

Ukraine Ukraine has undergone immense political and economic transformations during 19912004, it has maintained a young age at first birth and nearly universal childbearing. Analysis of official national statistics and the Ukrainian Reproductive Health Survey show that fertility declined to very low levels without a transition to a later pattern of childbearing. Findings from focus group interviews suggest explanations of the early fertility pattern. These findings include the persistence of traditional norms for childbearing and the roles of men and women, concerns about medical complications and infertility at a later age, and the link between early fertility and early marriage.[175] To help mitigate the declining population, the government continues to increase child support payments. Thus it provides one-time payments of 12,250 Hryvnias for the first child, 25,000 Hryvnias for the second and 50,000 Hryvnias for the third and fourth, along with monthly payments of 154 Hryvnias per child.[139][176] The demographic trend is showing signs of improvement, as the birth rate has been steadily growing since 2001.[177] Net population growth over the first nine months of 2007 was registered in five provinces of the country (out of 24), and population shrinkage was showing signs of stabilising nationwide. In 2007 the highest birth rates were in the Western Oblasts.[178] In 2008, Ukraine emerged from lowest-low fertility, and the upward trend has continued since then, except for a slight dip in 2010 due to the economic crisis of 2009 (see demographic tables).

34

Urbanization
In total, Ukraine has 457 cities, 176 of them are labeled oblast-class, 279 smaller raion-class cities, and two special legal status cities. These are followed by 886 urban-type settlements and 28,552 villages.[122]
Largest municipalities in Ukraine # 1 Kiev 2 3 4 Kharkiv 5 6 Dnipropetrovsk 7 8 Odessa 9 City Kiev (Kyiv) Kharkiv Name in Ukrainian Urban 2,786,518 (2010) 1,440,676 (2010) Metro 3,648,000 (2009) 1,732,400 (2009) 1,859,500 (2009) 1,546,600 (2009) 2,009,700 (2009) 817,900 (2009) 1,498,000 (2009) 1,010,000 (2009) 502,700 (2009) 519,000 (2009) 501,200 (2009) Part of Donetsk metro 664,000 (2009) 385,000 (2009) 395,000 (2009) 567,600 (2009) 462,400 (2009) 305,000 (2009) 287,741 (2009) 283,700 (2009) Kryvyi Rih Lviv Zaporizhia Donetsk

Dnipropetrovsk 1,006,276 (2010) Odessa Donetsk Zaporizhia Lviv Kryvyi Rih Mykolaiv 1,005,591 (2010) 977,257 (2010) 776,918 (2010) 758,351 (2010) 670,068 (2010) 499,659 (2010) 489,702 (2010) 470,152 (2010) 398,058 (2010) 369,200 (2010) 359,551 (2010) 380,301 (2010) 340,525 (2010) 298,492 (2010) 296,896 (2010) 287,591 (2010) 272,899 (2010)

10 Mariupol 11 Luhansk 12 Makiivka 13 Vinnytsia 14 Simferopol 15 Sevastopol 16 Kherson 17 Poltava 18 Chernihiv 19 Cherkasy 20 Sumy

Ukraine

35

Religion
Religion in Ukraine. religion Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev Patriarchate Ukrainian Orthodox Church Patriarch of Moscow Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Protestanism Roman Catholicism Islam Judaism Others
[179][180][181][182][183]

percent 39.8% 29.4% 14.1% 2.8% 2.4% 1.7% 0.6% 0.2% 2.2%

The dominant religion in Ukraine is Orthodox Christianity, which is currently split between three Church bodies: the Ukrainian Orthodox Church autonomous church body under the Patriarch of Moscow, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev Patriarchate, and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church.[184] A distant second by the number of the followers is the Eastern Rite Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, which practices a similar liturgical and spiritual tradition as Eastern Orthodoxy, but is in communion with the Holy See of the Roman Catholic Church and recognises the primacy of the Pope as head of the Church.[185] Additionally, there are 863 Latin Rite Catholic communities, and 474 clergy members serving some one million Latin Rite Catholics in Ukraine.[184] The group forms some 2.19percent of the population and consists mainly of ethnic Poles and Hungarians, who live predominantly in the western regions of the country.

"What religious group do you belong to?" Sociology poll by Razumkov Centre about the religious situation in Ukraine (2006) UOC Kiev PatriarchateUOC Moscow PatriarchateUAOCUkrainian Greek Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, a UNESCO [186] World Heritage Site

Protestant Christians also form around 2.19percent of the population. Protestant numbers have grown greatly since Ukrainian independence. The Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine is the largest group, with more than 150,000 members and about 3000 clergy. The second largest Protestant church is the Ukrainian Church of Evangelical faith (Pentecostals) with 110000 members and over 1500 local churches and over 2000 clergy, but there also exist other Pentecostal groups and unions and together all Pentecostals are over 300,000, with over 3000 local churches. Also there are many Pentecostal high education schools such as the Lviv Theological Seminary and the Kiev Bible Institute. Other groups include Calvinists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutherans, Methodists and Seventh-day Adventists. The Church of Jesus Christ of

Latter-day Saints (Mormon) is also present.[184]

Ukraine There are an estimated 500,000 Muslims in Ukraine, and about 250,000 of them are Crimean Tatars.[187] There are 487 registered Muslim communities, 368 of them on the Crimean peninsula. In addition, some 50,000 Muslims live in Kiev; mostly foreign-born.[188] The Jewish population is a tiny fraction of what it was before World War II. (In Tsarist times, Ukraine had been part of the Pale of Settlement, to which Jews were largely restricted in the Russian Empire.) The largest Jewish communities in 1926 were in Odessa, 154,000 or 36.5% of the total population; and Kiev, 140,500 or 27.3%.[189] The 2001 census indicated that there are 103,600 Jews in Ukraine, although community leaders claimed that the population could be as large as 300,000. There are no statistics on what share of the Ukrainian Jews are observant, but Orthodox Judaism has the strongest presence in Ukraine. Smaller Reform and Conservative Jewish (Masorti) communities exist as well.[184]

36

Famines and migration

The famines of the 1930s, followed by the devastation of World War II, comprised a demographic disaster. Life expectancy at birth fell to a level as low as ten years for females and seven for males in 1933 and plateaued around 25 for females and 15 for males in the period 194144.[190] According to The Oxford companion to World War II, "Over 7 million inhabitants of Ukraine, more than one-sixth of the pre-war population, were killed during the Second World War."[191] Significant migration took place in the first years of Ukrainian independence. More than onemillion people moved into Ukraine in 19912, mostly from the other former Soviet republics. In total, between 1991 and 2004, 2.2million immigrated to Ukraine (among them, 2million came from the other former Soviet Union states), and 2.5million emigrated from Ukraine (among them, 1.9million moved to other former Soviet Union republics).[192] Currently, immigrants constitute an estimated 14.7% of the total population, or 6.9million people; this is the fourth largest figure in the world.[193] In 2006, there were an estimated 1.2 million Canadians of Ukrainian ancestry,[194] giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia.

Health
Ukraine's healthcare system is state subsidised and freely available to all Ukrainian citizens and registered residents. However, it is not compulsory to be treated in a state-run hospital as a number of private medical complexes do exist nationwide.[195] The public sector employs most healthcare professionals, with those working for private medical centres typically also retaining their state employment as they are mandated to provide care at public health facilities on a regular basis.

Building of the state-administered district hospital in Hlukhiv, Northern Ukraine

All the country's medical service providers and hospitals are subordinate to the Ministry of Health, which provides oversight and scrutiny of general medical practice as well as being responsible for the day to day administration of the healthcare system. Despite this standards of hygiene and patient-care have fallen.[196]

Ukraine

37

Hospitals in Ukraine are organised along the same lines as most European nations, according to the regional administrative structure; resultantly most towns have their own hospital ( ) and many also have district hospitals ( ). Larger and more specialised medical complexes tend only to be found in major cities, with some even more specialised units located only in the capital, Kiev. However, all Oblasts have their own network of general hospitals which are able to deal with almost all medical problems and are typically equipped with major trauma centres; such hospitals are called 'regional hospitals' ( ).

Population pyramid of Ukraine in 2012 from International Futures

Ukraine currently faces a number of major public health issues, and is considered to be in a demographic crisis due to its high death rate and low birth rate (the current Ukrainian birth rate is 11 births/1,000 population, and the death rate is 16.3 deaths/1,000 population). A factor contributing to the relatively high death is a high mortality rate among working-age males from preventable causes such as alcohol poisoning and smoking.[171] In 2008, the country's population was one of the fastest declining in the world at 5% growth.[169][197] The UN warned that Ukraine's population could fall by as much as 10 million by 2050 if trends did not improve.[198] In addition to this obesity, systemic high blood pressure and the HIV endemic are all major challenges facing the contemporary Ukrainian healthcare system. As of March 2009 the Ukrainian government to reforming the health care system, by the creation of a national network of family doctors and improvements in the medical emergency services.[199] former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko put forward (in November 2009) an idea to start introducing a public healthcare system based on health insurance in the spring of 2010.[200]

Education
According to the Ukrainian constitution, access to free education is granted to all citizens. Complete general secondary education is compulsory in the state schools which constitute the overwhelming majority. Free higher education in state and communal educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis.[201] There is also a small number of accredited private secondary and higher education institutions. Because of the Soviet Union's emphasis on total access of education for all citizens, which continues today, the literacy rate is an estimated The University of Kiev is one of Ukraine's most 99.4%.[5] Since 2005, an eleven-year school program has been important educational institutions replaced with a twelve-year one: primary education takes four years to complete (starting at age six), middle education (secondary) takes five years to complete; upper secondary then takes three years.[202] In the 12th grade, students take Government Tests, which are also referred to as school-leaving exams. These tests are later used for university admissions.

Ukraine

38

The first higher education institutions (HEIs) emerged in Ukraine during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The first Ukrainian higher education institution was the Ostrozka School, or Ostrozkiy Greek-Slavic-Latin Collegium, similar to Western European higher education institutions of the time. Established in 1576 in the town of Ostrog, the Collegium was the first higher education institution in the Eastern Slavic territories. The oldest university was the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, first established in 1632 and in 1694 officially recognized Ukraine produces the fourth largest number of by the government of Imperial Russia as a higher education institution. post-secondary graduates in Europe, while being Among the oldest is also the Lviv University, founded in 1661. More ranked seventh in population. higher education institutions were set up in the 19th century, beginning with universities in Kharkiv (1805), Kiev (1834), Odessa (1865), and Chernivtsi (1875) and a number of professional higher education institutions, e.g.: Nizhyn Historical and Philological Institute (originally established as the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in 1805), a Veterinary Institute (1873) and a Technological Institute (1885) in Kharkiv, a Polytechnic Institute in Kiev (1898) and a Higher Mining School (1899) in Katerynoslav. Rapid growth followed in the Soviet period. By 1988 a number of higher education institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students.[203] Most HEIs established after 1990 are those owned by private organizations. The Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, scientific and methodological facilities under federal, municipal and self-governing bodies in charge of education.[204] The organisation of higher education in Ukraine is built up in accordance with the structure of education of the world's higher developed countries, as is defined by UNESCO and the UN.[205] Nowadays higher education is either state funded or private. Students that study at state expense receive a standard scholarship if their average marks at the end-of-term exams and differentiated test is at The National Mining University in least 4 (see the 5-point grade system below); this rule may be different Dnipropetrovsk, one of Ukraine's oldest professional technical universities. in some universities. In the case of all grades being the highest (5), the scholarship is increased by 25%. For most students the level of government subsidy is not sufficient to cover their basic living expenses. Most universities provide subsidized housing for out-of-city students. Also, it is common for libraries to supply required books for all registered students. There are two degrees conferred by Ukrainian universities: the Bachelor's Degree (4years) and the Master's Degree (56thyear). These degrees are introduced in accordance with Bologna process, in which Ukraine is taking part. Historically, Specialist's Degree (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by universities in the Soviet times.

Ukraine

39

Culture
Ukrainian customs are heavily influenced by Christianity, which is the dominant religion in the country.[184] Gender roles also tend to be more traditional, and grandparents play a greater role in raising children than in the West.[206] The culture of Ukraine has been also influenced by its eastern and western neighbours, which is reflected in its architecture, music and art. The Communist era had quite a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine.[207] In 1932, Stalin made socialist realism state policy in the Soviet Union when he promulgated the decree "On the Reconstruction of Literary and Art Organisations". This greatly stifled creativity. During the 1980s glasnost (openness) was introduced and Soviet artists and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted.[208]

A collection of traditional pysanky from Volyn

The tradition of the Easter egg, known as pysanky, has long roots in Ukraine. These eggs were drawn on with wax to create a pattern; then, the dye was applied to give the eggs their pleasant colours, the dye did not affect the previously wax-coated parts of the egg. After the entire egg was dyed, the wax was removed leaving only the colourful pattern. This tradition is thousands of years old, and precedes the arrival of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral in Kiev, an example of Ukrainian architecture. Christianity to Ukraine.[209] In the city of Kolomya near the foothills of the Carpathian mountains in 2000 was built the museum of Pysanka which won a nomination as the monument of modern Ukraine in 2007, part of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine action.

Language

Percentage of native Ukrainian speakers by subdivision.

Percentage of native Russian speakers by subdivision.[f]

According to the Constitution, the state language of Ukraine is Ukrainian. Russian, which was the de facto official language of the Soviet Union, is widely spoken, especially in eastern and southern Ukraine. According to the 2001 census, 67.5percent of the population declared Ukrainian as their native language and 29.6percent declared

Ukraine Russian.[210] Most native Ukrainian speakers know Russian as a second language. These details result in a significant difference across different survey results, as even a small restating of a question switches responses of a significant group of people.[f] Ukrainian is mainly spoken in western and central Ukraine. In western Ukraine, Ukrainian is also the dominant language in cities (such as Lviv). In central Ukraine, Ukrainian and Russian are both equally used in cities, with Russian being more common in Kiev,[f] while Ukrainian is the dominant language in rural communities. In eastern and southern Ukraine, Russian is primarily used in cities, and Ukrainian is used in rural areas. For a large part of the Soviet era, the number of Ukrainian speakers declined from generation to generation, and by the mid-1980s, the usage of the Ukrainian language in public life had decreased significantly.[211] Following independence, the government of Ukraine began restoring the image and usage of Ukrainian language through a policy of Ukrainisation.[212] Today, all foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subbed or dubbed in Ukrainian. According to the Constitution of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukrainian is the only state language of the republic. However, the republic's constitution specifically recognises Russian as the language of the majority of its population and guarantees its usage 'in all spheres of public life'. Similarly, the Crimean Tatar language (the language of 12percent of population of Crimea)[213] is guaranteed a special state protection as well as the 'languages of other ethnicities'. Russian speakers constitute an overwhelming majority of the Crimean population (77percent), with Ukrainian speakers comprising just 10.1percent, and Crimean Tatar speakers 11.4percent.[214] But in everyday life the majority of Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians in Crimea use Russian.[215]

40

Literature
The history of Ukrainian literature dates back to the 11thcentury, following the Christianisation of the Kievan Rus.[216] The writings of the time were mainly liturgical and were written in Old Church Slavonic. Historical accounts of the time were referred to as chronicles, the most significant of which was the Primary Chronicle.[217][g] Literary activity faced a sudden decline during the Mongol invasion of Rus'.[216] Ukrainian literature again began to develop in the 14thcentury, and was advanced significantly in the 16thcentury with the introduction of print and with the beginning of the Cossack era, under both Russian and Polish dominance.[216] The Cossacks established an independent society and popularized a new kind of epic poems, which marked a high point of Ukrainian oral literature.[217] These advances were then set back in the 17th and early 18thcenturies, when publishing in the Ukrainian language was outlawed and prohibited. Nonetheless, by the late 18thcentury modern literary Ukrainian finally emerged.[216]
Taras Shevchenko (18141861) Ivan Franko (18561916) Lesya Ukrainka (18711913) Ivan Kotlyarevsky (17691838) Stepan Rudansky (18341873)

The 19thcentury initiated a vernacular period in Ukraine, led by Ivan Kotliarevskys work Eneyida, the first publication written in modern Ukrainian. By the 1830s, Ukrainian romanticism began to develop, and the nations most renowned cultural figure, romanticist poet-painter Taras Shevchenko emerged. Where Ivan Kotliarevsky is considered to be the father of literature in the Ukrainian vernacular; Shevchenko is the father of a national revival.[218]

Ukraine Then, in 1863, use of the Ukrainian language in print was effectively prohibited by the Russian Empire.[39] This severely curtained literary activity in the area, and Ukrainian writers were forced to either publish their works in Russian or release them in Austrian controlled Galicia. The ban was never officially lifted, but it became obsolete after the revolution and the Bolsheviks coming to power.[217] Ukrainian literature continued to flourish in the early Soviet years, when nearly all literary trends were approved. These policies faced a steep decline in the 1930s, when Stalin implemented his policy of socialist realism. The doctrine did not necessarily repress the Ukrainian language, but it required writers to follow a certain style in their works. Literary activities continued to be somewhat limited under the communist party, and it was not until Ukraine gained its independence in 1991 when writers were free to express themselves as they wished.[216]

41

Architecture
Ukrainian architecture is a term that describes the motifs and styles that are found in structures built in modern Ukraine, and by Ukrainians worldwide. These include initial roots which were established in the Eastern Slavic state of Kievan Rus'. After the 12th century, the distinct architectural history continued in the principalities of Galicia-Volhynia. During the epoch of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, a new style unique to Ukraine was developed under the western influences of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. After the union with the Tsardom of Russia, architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area built in the styles of Russian architecture of that period, whilst the western Galicia was developed under Austro-Hungarian architectural influences, in both cases producing fine examples. Ukrainian national motifs would finally be used during the period of the Soviet Union and in modern independent Ukraine.

The various structures of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra date to different time periods, and through their styles offer an insight into the History of Ukraine and the rich craftsmanship that was developed in its long period

The great churches of the Rus', built after the adoption of Christianity in 988, were the first examples of monumental architecture in the East Slavic lands. The architectural style of the Kievan state, which quickly established itself, was strongly influenced by the Byzantine. Early Eastern Orthodox churches were mainly made of wood, with the simplest form of church becoming known as a cell church. Major cathedrals often featured scores of small domes, which led some art historians to take this as an indication of the appearance of pre-Christian pagan Slavic temples. Several examples of these churches survive to this day; however, during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, many were externally rebuilt in the Ukrainian Baroque style (see below). Examples include the grand St. Sophia of Kiev the year 1017 is the earliest record of foundation laid, Church of the Saviour at Berestove built from 1113 to 1125, and St. Cyril's Church, circa 12th century. All can still be found in the Ukrainian capital. Several buildings were reconstructed during the late-19th century, including the Assumption Cathedral in Volodymyr-Volynskyi, built in 1160 and reconstructed in 18961900, The Vorontsov Palace, nestled at the foot of the the Paraskevi church in Chernihiv, built in 1201 with reconstruction Crimean Mountains, is an important example of done in the late 1940s, and the Golden gates in Kiev, built in 1037 and Ukrainian gothic revival architecture reconstructed in 1982. The latter's reconstruction was criticized by some art and architecture historians as a revivalist fantasy. Unfortunately little secular or vernacular architecture of Kievan Rus' has survived.

Ukraine

42

As Ukraine became increasingly integrated into the Russian Empire, Russian architects had the opportunity to realize their projects in the picturesque landscape that many Ukrainian cities and regions offered. St. Andrew's Church of Kiev (17471754), built by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, is a notable example of Baroque architecture, and its location on top of the Kievan mountain made it a recognizable monument of the city. An equally notable contribution of Rasetrelli was the Mariyinsky Palace, which was built to be a summer residence to Russian Empress Kiev's Maidan Nezalezhnosti is a prime example Elizabeth. During the reign of the last Hetman of Ukraine, Kirill of the fusion of Stalinist and modern-day Razumovsky, many of the Cossack Hetmanate's towns such as architecture in Ukraine Hlukhiv, Baturyn and Koselets had grandiose projects built by the appointed architect of Little Russia, Andrey Kvasov. Russia, winning successive wars over the Ottoman Empire and its vassal Crimean Khanate, eventually annexed the whole south of Ukraine and Crimea. Renamed New Russia, these lands were to be colonized, and new cities such as the Nikolayev, Odessa, Kherson and Sevastopol were founded. These would contain notable examples of Imperial Russian architecture. In 1934, the capital of Soviet Ukraine moved from Kharkiv to Kiev. During the preceding years, the city was seen as only a regional centre, and hence received little attention. All of that was to change, but at a great price. By this point, the first examples of Stalinist architecture were already showing, and, in light of the official policy, a new city was to be built on top of the old one. This meant that much-admired examples such as the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery were destroyed. Even the St. Sophia Cathedral was under threat. Also, the Second World War contributed to the wreckage. After the war, a new The Lviv Opera and Ballet Theatre; the project for the reconstruction of central Kiev was unveiled. This architecture of Western Ukraine has been greatly transformed the Khreshchatyk avenue into one of the most notable influenced by its long history as part of Poland examples of Stalinism in Architecture. However, by 1955, the new politics of architecture once again promptly stopped the project from fully being realised. The task for modern Ukrainian architecture is diverse application of modern aesthetics, the search for an architect's own artistic style and inclusion of the existing historico-cultural environment. An example of modern Ukrainian architecture is the reconstruction and renewal of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti in central Kiev, despite the limit set by narrow space within the plaza, the engineers were able to blend together the uneven landscape and also use underground space to set a new shopping centre.

Europe mall in Dnipropetrovsk, an example of the modern architecture in Ukraine.

A major project, which may take up most of the 21st century, is the construction of the Kiev City-Centre on the Rybalskyi Peninsula, which, when finished, will include a dense skyscraper park amid the picturesque landscape of the Dnieper.[219]

Ukraine

43

Music
Music is a major part of Ukrainian culture, with a long history and many influences. From traditional folk music, to classical and modern rock, Ukraine has produced a long list of internationally recognized musical talent including Tchaikovsky and Okean Elzy. Elements from traditional Ukrainian folk music made their way into Western music and even into modern Jazz. Ukraine found itself at the crossroads of Asia and Europe and this is reflected within the music in a perplexing mix of exotic melismatic singing with chordal harmony which does not always easily fit the rules of traditional Western European harmony. The most striking general characteristic of authentic ethnic Ukrainian folk music is the wide use of minor modes or keys which incorporate augmented 2nd intervals. This is an indication that the major-minor system Mykola Lysenko (photo before 1912) developed in Western European music did not become as entrenched or as is widely believed to be the father of Ukrainian classical music sophisticated in Ukraine. However, during the Baroque period, music was an important discipline for those that had received a higher education in Ukraine. It had a place of considerable importance in the curriculum of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. Much of the nobility was well versed in music with many Ukrainian Cossack leaders such as (Mazepa, Paliy, Holovatyj, Sirko) being accomplished players of the kobza, bandura or torban. In the course of the 18th century in the Russian Empire court musicians were typically trained at the music academy in Hlukhiv, and largely came from Ukraine. Notable performers of the era include Tymofiy Bilohradsky who later studied lute under Sylvius Leopold Weiss in Dresden, his daughter Yelyzaveta who was a famous operatic soprano, and Oleksiy Rozumovsky, a court bandurist and the morganatic husband of Empress Elizabeth. The first dedicated musical academy was set up in Hlukhiv, Ukraine in 1738 and students were taught to sing, play violin and bandura from manuscripts. As a result many of the earliest composers and performers within the Russian empire were ethnically Ukrainian, having been born or educated in Hlukhiv, or had been closely associated with this music school. See: Dmytro Bortniansky, Maksym Berezovsky, Artemiy Vedel.

Cossack dance

Ukrainian classical music falls into three distinct categories defined by whether the composer was of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine, a composer of non-Ukrainian ethnicity who was born or at some time was a citizen of Ukraine, or an ethnic Ukrainian living outside of Ukraine within the Ukrainian diaspora. The music of these three groups differs considerably, as do the audiences for whom they cater. The first category is closely tied with the Ukrainian national school of music spearheaded by Mykola Lysenko. It includes such composers as Kyrylo Stetsenko, Mykola Leontovych, Levko Revutsky, Borys Lyatoshynsky, Mykola Vilinsky. Most of their music contains Ukrainian folk figures and are composed to Ukrainian texts. On the other hand, the second category is of particular importance and international visibility, because of the large percentage of ethnic minorities in urban Ukraine. This category includes such composers as

Okean Elzy is one of the most popular modern-day Ukrainian rock bands

Ukraine Franz Xavier Mozart, Isaak Dunayevsky, Rheinhold Gliere, Yuliy Meitus and Sergei Prokofiev, performers Volodymyr Horovyts, David Oistrakh, Sviatoslav Richter and Isaac Stern. The music of these composers rarely contains Ukrainian folk motives and more often is written to the texts of Russian or Polish poets. Whilst the third category includes a number of prominent individuals who are often not part of the mainstream Ukrainian culture but who have made a significant impact on music in Ukraine, while living outside of its borders. These include historic individuals such as: Bortniansky, Berezovsky, Vedel, Tuptalo and Titov. It also contains "Soviet" composers such as Mykola Roslavets, Isaak Dunayevsky who were born in Ukraine but who moved to other cultural centres within the Soviet Union. In North America we have Mykola Fomenko, Yuriy Oliynyk, Zinoviy Lavryshyn and Wasyl Sydorenko. Since the mid 1960s, Western influenced pop music, in its various forms, that has been growing in popularity in Ukraine. One of the most important and truly original musicians to come out of Ukraine in recent years is the ultra avant-garde folk singer and harmonium player Mariana Sadovska. Ukrainian pop and folk music arose with the international popularity of groups like Vopli Vidoplyasova, Viy[220] and Okean Elzy.

44

Weaving and embroidery

Artisan textile arts play an important role in Ukrainian culture,[221] especially in Ukrainian wedding traditions. Ukrainian embroidery, weaving and lace-making are used in traditional folk dress and in traditional celebrations. Ukrainian embroidery varies depending on the region of origin[222] and the designs have a long history of motifs, compositions, choice of colors and types of stitches.[223] Use of color is very important and has roots in Ukrainian folklore. Embroidery motifs found in different parts of Ukraine are preserved in the Rushnyk Museum in Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi. National dress is woven and highly decorated. Weaving with handmade looms is still practised in the village of Krupove, situated in Rivne Oblast. The village is Rushnyk, Ukrainian embroidery the birth place of two famous personalities in the scene of national crafts fabrication. Nina Myhailivna[224] and Uliana Petrivna[225] with international recognition. In order to preserve this traditional knowledge the village is planning to open a local weaving center, a museum and weaving school.

Sport
Ukraine greatly benefited from the Soviet emphasis on physical education. Such policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia, and many other athletic facilities.[226] The most popular sport is football. The top professional league is the Vyscha Liha ("premier league"). The two most successful teams in the Vyscha Liha are rivals FC Dynamo Kyiv and FC Shakhtar Donetsk. Although Shakhtar is the reigning champion of the Vyscha Liha, Dynamo Kyiv has been much more successful historically, winning two UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, one UEFA Super Cup, a record 13 USSR Championships and a record 12 Ukrainian Championships; while Shakhtar only won six Ukrainian championships and one and last UEFA Cup.[227] Ukraine will host the Euro 2012 alongside Poland.
Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian football player

Ukraine

45 Some of the world's greatest athletes were Ukrainians such as the legend Sergey Bubka whose holding the record in the Pole vault; with a great strength, speed and gymnastic abilities, he is repeatedly voted the world's best athlete.[228][229]

Many Ukrainians also played for the Soviet national football team, most notably Igor Belanov and Oleg Blokhin, winners of the prestigious Golden Ball Award for the best football player of the year. This award was only presented to one Ukrainian after the dissolution of Donetsk's Donbass Arena opened in 2009 the Soviet Union, Andriy Shevchenko, the current captain of the Ukrainian national football team. The national team made its debut in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, Italy. Ukrainians also fared well in boxing, where the brothers Vitaliy Klychko and Volodymyr Klychko have held world heavyweight championships. Ukraine made its Olympic debut at the 1994 Winter Olympics. So far, Ukraine has been much more successful in Summer Olympics (96 medals in four appearances) than in the Winter Olympics (five medals in four appearances). Ukraine is currently ranked 35th by number of gold medals won in the All-time Olympic Games medal count, with every country above it, except for Russia, having more appearances.

Cuisine
The traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. Ukrainians also tend to eat a lot of potatoes, grains, fresh and pickled vegetables. Popular traditional dishes include varenyky (boiled dumplings with mushrooms, potatoes, sauerkraut, cottage cheese or cherries), borscht (soup made of beets, cabbage and mushrooms or meat) and holubtsy (stuffed cabbage rolls filled with rice, carrots and meat). Ukrainian specialties also include Chicken Kiev and Kiev Cake. Ukrainians drink stewed fruit, juices, milk, buttermilk (they make cottage cheese from this), mineral water, tea and coffee, beer, wine and horilka.[230]

A traditional Zaporizhian Cossack meat dish

Notes
a. Among the Ukrainians that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were Aleksey Razumovsky, Alexander Bezborodko, Ivan Paskevich. Among the Ukrainians who greatly influenced the Russian Orthodox Church in this period were Stephen Yavorsky, Feofan Prokopovich, Dimitry of Rostov. b. See the Great Purge article for details. c.12 Estimates on the number of deaths vary. Official Soviet data is Ukrainian typical dessert, the Varenyky not available because the Soviet government denied the existence of the famine. See the Holodomor article for details. Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: " "[[Category:Articles containing non-English language text [231]]]), 16 (according to

Ukraine Korrespondent, Russian edition: " "[[Category:Articles containing non-English language text [232]]]), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: " 193233 . "[[Category:Articles containing non-English language text [233]]]) Retrieved on 2008-01-27. d.12 These figures are likely to be much higher, as they do not include Ukrainians from nations or Ukrainian Jews, but instead only ethnic Ukrainians, from the Ukrainian SSR. e. This figure excludes POW deaths. f.123 According to the official 2001 census data (by nationality [234]; by language [235]) about 75percent of Kiev's population responded 'Ukrainian' to the native language (ridna mova) census question, and roughly 25percent responded 'Russian'. On the other hand, when the question 'What language do you use in everyday life?' was asked in the 2003 sociological survey, the Kievans' answers were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52percent, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32percent, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14percent, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3percent. "What language is spoken in Ukraine?" [236]. Welcome to Ukraine. 2003/2. Retrieved 2008-07-11. g. Such writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature. h. Without the city of Inhulets. i. Russia and Khazakstan are the first and second largest but both these figures include European and Asian territories. Russia is the only country possessing European territories larger than Ukraine.

46

References
[1] "Law of Ukraine. State Anthem of Ukraine" (http:/ / zakon. rada. gov. ua/ cgi-bin/ laws/ main. cgi?nreg=602-15) (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 2003-03-06. . [2] "Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080323110131/ http:/ / www. ukrcensus. gov. ua/ eng/ results/ general/ nationality/ ). ukrcensus.gov.ua. Ukrainian Office of Statistics. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. ukrcensus. gov. ua/ eng/ results/ general/ nationality/ ) on 2008-03-23. . Retrieved 2010-04-17. [3] "Ukrainian population keeps decreasing" (http:/ / www. nrcu. gov. ua/ index. php?id=148& listid=123352). National Radio Company of Ukraine. 2010. . Retrieved 2010-06-20. [4] "Ukraine" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2010/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=2007& ey=2010& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& pr1. x=85& pr1. y=19& c=926& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). International Monetary Fund. 2010. . [5] "Ukraine" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ up. html). CIA World Factbook. December 13, 2007. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [6] "HDRO (Human Development Report Office United Nations Development Programme" (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2011_EN_Tables. pdf). United Nations. 2011. . Retrieved 2 November 2011. [7] " : 30 " (http:/ / ua. korrespondent. net/ ukraine/ events/ 1273613-rishennya-radi-ukrayina-30-zhovtnya-perejde-na-zimovij-chas). Ua.korrespondent.net. . Retrieved 2011-10-31. [8] "Basic facts about Ukraine" (http:/ / www. ukrconsul. org/ BASIC_FACTS. htm). Ukrainian consul in NY. . Retrieved 10 November 2010. [9] "Ukraine :: History - Britannica Online Encyclopedia" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 612921/ Ukraine/ 214508/ History). Britannica.com. . Retrieved 2011-10-31. [10] "Activities of the Member States Ukraine" (http:/ / www. un. org/ depts/ dhl/ unms/ ukraine. shtml). United Nations. . Retrieved 2011-01-17. [11] "Macroeconomic Indicators" (http:/ / www. bank. gov. ua/ ENGL/ Macro/ index. htm). National Bank of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [12] Inozmi, "Ukraine macroeconomic economic situation June 2009" online (http:/ / unian. net/ eng/ news/ news-325554. html) [13] Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 - minister (http:/ / www. blackseagrain. net/ photo/ ukraine-becomes-worlds-third-biggest-grain-exporter-in-2011-minister) [14] " ; """ (http:/ / litopys. org. ua/ rizne/ nazva_eu. htm). Litopys.org.ua. . Retrieved 2011-10-31. [15] .. . . // . 2011. 1. . 82-85. (http:/ / www. edrus. org/ content/ view/ 22784/ 56/ ) [16] See works of Ivan Vyshenskyi (http:/ / litopys. org. ua/ old14_16/ old14_19. htm) or Kievan Synopsis by Innokentiy Gizel [17] " . , , " (http:/ / litopys. org. ua/ pivtorak/ pivt12. htm). Litopys.org.ua. . Retrieved 2011-10-31.

Ukraine
[18] "The Ukraine" (http:/ / www. wsu. edu/ ~brians/ errors/ ukraine. html). Wsu.edu. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [19] For example, in the entry for "Ukrainian" in the Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 1989, and in the current entry for "Ukrainian" in the on-line edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, (http:/ / www. oed. com/ view/ Entry/ 208595?rskey=vJRoXN& result=7& isAdvanced=false#), "of or pertaining to the Ukraine", "a native or inhabitant of the Ukraine", and "the Slavonic language spoken in the Ukraine". [20] Prat, Sandrine; Pan, Stphane C.; Crpin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothe G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hlne; Lznikov-Galetov, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes et al. (17 June 2011). "The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior" (http:/ / www. plosone. org/ article/ info:doi/ 10. 1371/ journal. pone. 0020834). plosone. . Retrieved 21 June 2011. [21] Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). "Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ science-environment-13846262). BBC. . Retrieved 21 June 2011. [22] "Scythian" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070930012558/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9066426). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9066426) on 2007-09-30. . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [23] "Kievan Rus" (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 65/ ki/ KievanRu. html). 20012005. . Retrieved on 2008-01-27. [24] Klyuchevsky, Vasily (1987). The course of the Russian history (http:/ / www. kulichki. com/ inkwell/ text/ special/ history/ kluch/ kluch16. htm). v.1: "Mysl. ISBN5-244-00072-1. . [25] "The Destruction of Kiev" (https:/ / tspace. library. utoronto. ca/ citd/ RussianHeritage/ 4. PEAS/ 4. L/ 12. III. 5. html). University of Toronto's Research Repository. . Retrieved 2008-01-03. [26] Subtelny, p. 9293 [27] "Poland" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071011213405/ http:/ / britannica. com/ eb/ article-28237). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-28237) on 2007-10-11. . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [28] Krupnytsky B. and Zhukovsky A.. "Zaporizhia, The" (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ display. asp?linkPath=pages\Z\A\ZaporizhiaThe. htm). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [29] "Ukraine The Cossacks" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071011213409/ http:/ / britannica. com/ eb/ article-30078/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30078/ Ukraine) on 2007-10-11. . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [30] " The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves (http:/ / www. econ. hit-u. ac. jp/ ~areastd/ mediterranean/ mw/ pdf/ 18/ 10. pdf)" (PDF). Eizo Matsuki, Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University. [31] Magocsi, p. 195 [32] Subtelny, p. 123124 [33] Halil Inalcik. "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire" (http:/ / coursesa. matrix. msu. edu/ ~fisher/ hst373/ readings/ inalcik6. html) in A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds), The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. 2543. [34] Subtelny, Orest (1988). " Ukraine: a history. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC& pg=PA106& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". p 106 [35] Junius P. Rodriguez (1997). " The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C& pg=& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". ABC-CLIO. p.659. ISBN 0874368855 [36] Reid (2000) p 2730 [37] Barbara Skinner, "Borderlands of Faith: Reconsidering the Origins of a Ukrainian Tragedy." Slavic Review 2005 64(1): 88116. Fulltext: in Jstor (http:/ / www. jstor. org. proxy. cc. uic. edu/ view/ 00376779/ sp060001/ 06x0162f/ 0) [38] Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 612921/ Ukraine/ 30071/ Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule). Encyclopdia Britannica. [39] Remy, Johannes (MarchJune 2007). "Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (18631876)" (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_qa3763/ is_200703/ ai_n19433957). Canadian Slavonic Papers. findarticles.com. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [40] http:/ / www. rollintl. com/ roll/ grsettle. htm [41] Rainer Mnz ,Rainer Ohliger (2003). " Diasporas and ethnic migrants: German, Israel, and post-Soviet successor (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=xGV6gb0w914C& pg=& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Routledge. p.164. ISBN 0714652326 [42] Subtelny, Orest (2000). " Ukraine: a history. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC& pg=& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". University of Toronto Press. p.262. ISBN 0802083900 [43] Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. pp.340344. ISBN0-8020-8390-0. [44] Horbal, Bogdan. "Talerhof" (http:/ / www. rusyn. org/ histalerhof. html). The world academy of Rusyn culture. . Retrieved 2008-01-20. [45] Cipko, Serge. "Makhno, Nestor" (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ display. asp?linkPath=pages\M\A\MakhnoNestor. htm). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-01-17. [46] "Interwar Soviet Ukraine" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30078/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [47] Famine (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ pages/ F/ A/ Famine. htm), Encyclopedia of Ukraine [48] Subtelny, p. 380 [49] "Communism" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kx6hBveb). Communism. Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761572241_2/ communism. html) on 2009-11-01. . Retrieved 2008-07-05.

47

Ukraine
[50] Cliff, p. 13839 [51] Michael Ellman, "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 19311934." Europe-Asia Studies 2005 57(6): 823841. Issn: 0966-8136 Fulltext in Ebsco [52] Stephen G. Wheatcroft, "Agency and Terror: Evdokimov and Mass Killing in Stalin's Great Terror." Australian Journal of Politics and History 2007 53(1): 2043. Issn: 0004-9522 Fulltext in Ebsco; Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet collectivization and the terror-famine (1986). Mark B. Tauger, "The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933" Slavic Review, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 7089, notes the harvest was unusually poor. online in JSTOR (http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0037-6779(199121)50:1<70:T1HATF>2. 0. CO;2-H); R. W. Davies, M. B. Tauger, S. G. Wheatcroft, "Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 19321933," Slavic Review, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 642657 (http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0037-6779(199523)54:3<642:SGSATF>2. 0. CO;2-7); online in JSTOR]; Michael Ellman. "Stalin and the Soviet famine of 193233 Revisited," Europe-Asia Studies, Volume 59, Issue 4 June 2007 , pages 66393. [53] Wilson, p. 17 [54] Subtelny, p. 487 [55] Roberts, p. 102 [56] Boshyk, p. 89 [57] "World wars" (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ display. asp?linkpath=pages\W\O\Worldwars. htm). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-12-20. [58] Piotrowski p. 35254 [59] Weiner p.127237 [60] "Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 2" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050515091804/ http:/ / www. peremoga. gov. ua/ index. php?2150005000000000020) (in Ukrainian). Peremoga.gov.ua. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. peremoga. gov. ua/ index. php?2150005000000000020) on May 15, 2005. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [61] Subtelny, p. 476 [62] Magocsi, p. 635 [63] "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ display. asp?linkPath=pages\U\K\UkrainianInsurgentArmy. htm). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-12-20. [64] "Ukraine World War II and its aftermath" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30082). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). . Retrieved 2007-12-28. [65] Karel Cornelis Berkhoff. Harvest of despair: life and death in Ukraine under Nazi rule. Harvard University Press: April 2004. pg 164 [66] Weinberg, p. 264 [67] Rozhnov, Konstantin, Who won World War II? (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 4508901. stm). BBC. Citing Russian historian Valentin Falin. Retrieved on 2008-07-05. [68] "Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 1" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071025001902/ http:/ / www. peremoga. gov. ua/ index. php?3450000000000000010) (in Ukrainian). Peremoga.gov.ua. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. peremoga. gov. ua/ index. php?3450000000000000010) on October 25, 2007. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [69] Kulchytsky, Stalislav, "Demographic losses in Ukrainian in the twentieth century", Zerkalo Nedeli, October 28, 2004. Available online in Russian (http:/ / www. zn. ua/ 3000/ 3150/ 47913/ ) and . Retrieved on 2008-01-27. [70] "Losses of the Ukrainian Nation, p. 7" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20050515100506/ http:/ / www. peremoga. gov. ua/ index. php?2150005000000000070) (in Ukrainian). Peremoga.gov.ua. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. peremoga. gov. ua/ index. php?2150005000000000070) on May 15, 2005. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [71] Overy, p. 518 [72] . ., XX : . (Krivosheev G. F., Russia and the USSR in the wars of the 20th century: losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study) (Russian) [73] "Holidays" (http:/ / www. mfa. gov. ua/ mfa/ en/ publication/ content/ 290. htm). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-08-24. [74] "Ukraine :: World War II and its aftermath" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070929133150/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30082/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30082/ Ukraine) on 2007-09-29. . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [75] Kulchytsky, Stanislav, "Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century", October October 28, 2004. Available online in Russian (http:/ / www. zerkalo-nedeli. com/ nn/ show/ 514/ 47913/ ) and in Ukrainian (http:/ / www. zn. kiev. ua/ ie/ show/ 514/ 47913/ ). [76] "Migration and migration policy in Ukraine" (http:/ / www. niisp. gov. ua/ articles/ 78/ ). Olena Malynovska. [77] "The Transfer of Crimea to Ukraine" (http:/ / www. iccrimea. org/ historical/ crimeatransfer. html). International Committee for Crimea. July 2005. . Retrieved 2007-03-25. [78] "Ukraine The last years of Stalin's rule" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080115052626/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30084/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30084/ Ukraine) on 2008-01-15. . Retrieved 2007-12-28. [79] Magocsi, p. 644 [80] Remy, Johannes (1996). "'Sombre anniversary' of worst nuclear disaster in history Chernobyl: 10th anniversary" (http:/ / findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m1309/ is_n2_v33/ ai_18795971). UN Chronicle. findarticles.com. . Retrieved 2007-12-16.

48

Ukraine
[81] "'Fukushima, Chernobyl and the Nuclear Event Scale' (http:/ / www. nei. org/ resourcesandstats/ publicationsandmedia/ insight/ insightsummer2011/ fukushima-chernobyl-and-the-nuclear-event-scale/ )]"]. . [82] "Geographical location and extent of radioactive contamination" (http:/ / www. chernobyl. info/ index. php?navID=2). Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. . (quoting the "Committee on the Problems of the Consequences of the Catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP: 15 Years after Chernobyl Disaster", Minsk, 2001, p. 5/6 ff., and the "Chernobyl Interinform Agency, Kiev und", and "Chernobyl Committee: MailTable of official data on the reactor accident") Retrieved on 2008-01-27. [83] "IAEA Report" (http:/ / www. iaea. org/ NewsCenter/ Focus/ Chernobyl/ ). In Focus: Chernobyl. . Retrieved 2008-05-31. [84] "Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine" (http:/ / gska2. rada. gov. ua:7777/ site/ postanova_eng/ Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1. htm). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. July 16, 1990. . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [85] "Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Resolution On Declaration of Independence of Ukraine" (http:/ / gska2. rada. gov. ua:7777/ site/ postanova_eng/ Rres_Declaration_Independence_rev12. htm). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. August 24, 1991. . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [86] "Soviet Leaders Recall 'Inevitable' Breakup Of Soviet Union" (http:/ / rferl. org/ featuresarticle/ 2006/ 12/ 14b6b499-9eb2-4dee-b96c-784ec918969a. html). RadioFreeEurope. December 8, 2006. . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [87] The International Politics of Eurasia: The Influence of National Identity v. 2 (http:/ / books. google. nl/ books?id=LXtUpWDBnfAC& pg=PA118& dq=Ukrainian+ players+ Russian& client=firefox-a#v=onepage& q=Ukrainian players Russian& f=false) by Roman Szforluk, M.E. Sharpe, 2004, ISBN 1563243555/ISBN 978-1563243554, page 118/119 [88] Shen, p. 41 [89] "Ukrainian GDP (PPP)" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2007/ 02/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?sy=1992& ey=2008& scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=926& s=PPPGDP& grp=0& a=& pr1. x=41& pr1. y=2). World Economic Outlook Database, October 2007. International Monetary Fund (IMF). . Retrieved 2008-03-10. [90] "Can Ukraine Avert a Financial Meltdown?" (http:/ / www. worldbank. org/ html/ prddr/ trans/ june1998/ ukraine. htm). World Bank. June 1998. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [91] Figliuoli, Lorenzo; Lissovolik, Bogdan (August 31, 2002). "The IMF and Ukraine: What Really Happened" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ np/ vc/ 2002/ 083102. htm). International Monetary Fund. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [92] Aslund, Anders; Aslund, Anders (Autumn 1995). "Eurasia Letter: Ukraine's Turnaround". Foreign Policy (JSTOR) 100 (100): 125143. doi:10.2307/1149308. JSTOR1149308. [93] "Ukraine. Country profile" (http:/ / devdata. worldbank. org/ ict/ ukr_ict. pdf) (PDF). World Bank. . Retrieved 2007-12-16. [94] Wines, Michael (April 1, 2002). "Leader's Party Seems to Slip In Ukraine" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage. html?res=9502EFD9143AF932A35757C0A9649C8B63). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [95] "The Supreme Court findings" (http:/ / www. skubi. net/ ukraine/ judgment-december-3. html) (in Ukrainian). Supreme Court of Ukraine. December 3, 2004. . Retrieved 2008-07-07. [96] "Ukraine-Independent Ukraine" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080115052653/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30090/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30090/ Ukraine) on 2008-01-15. . Retrieved 2008-01-14. [97] Ukraine comeback kid in new deal (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 5242860. stm), BBC News (August 4, 2006) [98] Tymoshenko picked for Ukraine PM (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 7149549. stm), BBC News (December 18, 2007) [99] Ukraine election: Yanukovych urges Tymoshenko to quit (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 8508276. stm), BBC News (February 10, 2010) [100] Russia shuts off gas to Ukraine (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 7806870. stm), BBC News (January 1, 2009) [101] Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 7240462. stm), BBC News (January 20, 2009) [102] "Ukraine Relief" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080115052701/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30093/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30093/ Ukraine) on 2008-01-15. . Retrieved 2007-12-27. [103] Environment suffers from lack of recycling (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ nation/ detail/ 118498/ ), Kyiv Post (9 December 2011) [104] UKRAINE. WEST-EAST: UNITY IN DIVERSITY (http:/ / www. rb. com. ua/ eng/ politics/ research/ 2010/ 4613. html), Research & Branding Group (March 2010) [105] Oksana Malanchuk, "Social Identification Versus Regionalism in Contemporary Ukraine." (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a723749562& db=all) Nationalities Papers 2005 33(3): 345368. Issn: 0090-5992 [106] D.W. Minter and Dudka, I.O. "Fungi of Ukraine a preliminary checklist". CAB International, 1996 [107] "Cybertruffle's Robigalia Observations of fungi and their associated organisms" (http:/ / www. cybertruffle. org. uk/ robigalia/ eng/ index. htm). cybertruffle.org.uk. . Retrieved 2011-07-13. [108] Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. and Stalpers, J. "Dictionary of the Fungi". Edn 10. CABI, 2008 [109] "Fungi of Ukraine potential endemics" (http:/ / www. cybertruffle. org. uk/ ukrafung/ eng/ endelist. htm). cybertruffle.org.uk. . Retrieved 2011-07-13. [110] "Ukraine Climate" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080115052711/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30096/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30096/ Ukraine) on 2008-01-15. . Retrieved 2007-12-27. [111] . "Vitaly Portnykov. "Comment on the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on elimination of political reform in 2004 for Radio Liberty asked Nicholas Onischuk, former Justice Minister... February 25, 2008 the Constitutional Court came to the conclusion that this

49

Ukraine
bill can not be subject to constitutional control, but now we see that the Constitutional Court concluded that it can". 01.10.2010" (http:/ / www. radiosvoboda. org/ content/ article/ 2174109. html). Radiosvoboda.org. . Retrieved 2011-10-31. [112] "Address Tymoshenko to the people: "October 1, 2010 marks the end of Ukraines democracy and beginning of dictatorship". This morning the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, defying all logic of constitutional law, arbitrarily announced a new constitutional order in Ukraine. The court illegally appropriated the rights held by the people and Verkhovna Rada. Oct 01, 2010" (http:/ / www. tymoshenko. ua/ en/ article/ 3o3zxoz9). Tymoshenko.ua. . Retrieved 2011-10-31. [113] Sergey Grabovsky. "Judicial absurd or Kotlyarevsky laughs again"... It turns out that "stability of the constitutional order" it will not change his voter or even parliament, and the decision of 18 judges. 01.10.2010. (http:/ / www. radiosvoboda. org/ content/ article/ 2174129. html) [114] "General Articles about Ukraine" (http:/ / www. kmu. gov. ua/ control/ en/ publish/ article?art_id=235995& cat_id=32672). Government Portal. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [115] "Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine" (http:/ / portal. rada. gov. ua/ ). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Official Web-site. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [116] "Constitution of Ukraine" (http:/ / en. wikisource. org/ wiki/ Constitution_of_Ukraine). Wikisource. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [117] Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ business/ bus_focus/ detail/ 62548/ ), Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010) [118] Moskal: Rotten to the core (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ business/ bus_focus/ detail/ 62565/ ), Kyiv Post (March 25, 2010) [119] Jackpot (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ nation/ detail/ 62564/ ), Kyiv Post, March 25, 2010 [120] Constitutional Court rules Russian, other languages can be used in Ukrainian courts (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ nation/ detail/ 118997/ ), Kyiv Post (15 December 2011) (Ukrainian) "" (http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2009/06/23/4045262/), Ukrayinska Pravda (23 June 2009) (Ukrainian) : (http://novynar.com.ua/politics/126686), Novynar (29 July 2010) (Ukrainian) (http://ua.for-ua.com/ukraine/2010/07/29/113049.html), forUm (29 July 2010) [121] C. J. Chivers, BACK CHANNELS: A Crackdown Averted; How Top Spies in Ukraine Changed the Nation's Path (http:/ / select. nytimes. com/ gst/ abstract. html?res=FA0913FF395C0C748DDDA80894DD404482), The New York Times, January 17, 2005. [122] "Regions of Ukraine and their divisions" (http:/ / gska2. rada. gov. ua:7777/ pls/ z7502/ a002) (in Ukrainian). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Official Web-site. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [123] "The history of the Armed Forces of Ukraine" (http:/ / www. mil. gov. ua/ index. php?lang=en& part=history& sub=history). The Ministry of Defence of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [124] "Ukraine Special Weapons" (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ wmd/ world/ ukraine/ index. html). globalsecurity.org. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [125] "White Book 2006" (http:/ / www. mil. gov. ua/ files/ white_book_eng2006. pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [126] "Multinational Peacekeeping Forces in Kosovo, KFOR" (http:/ / www. mil. gov. ua/ index. php?lang=en& part=peacekeeping& sub=kfor_kosovo). Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [127] "Peacekeeping" (http:/ / www. mil. gov. ua/ index. php?part=peacekeeping& lang=en). Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-05-02. [128] Parliament approves admission of military units of foreign states to Ukraine for exercises (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ politics/ detail/ 67094), Kyiv Post (May 18, 2010) [129] "Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine" (http:/ / gska2. rada. gov. ua:7777/ site/ postanova_eng/ Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine_rev1. htm). Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Official Web-site. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [130] NATO confirms readiness for Ukraine's joining organization (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ nation/ detail/ 63797/ ), Kyiv Post (April 13, 2010) [131] Yanukovich vows to keep Ukraine out of NATO (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ idUSTRE6062P320100107), Reuters (January 7, 2010) [132] Child poverty soars in eastern Europe (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ business/ 966616. stm), BBC News, October 11, 2000. Retrieved on 2009-01-12. [133] "Independent Ukraine" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30078/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). . Retrieved 2007-09-12. [134] Skolotiany, Yuriy, The past and the future of Ukrainian national currency (http:/ / www. mw. ua/ 2000/ 2040/ 54367/ ), Interview with Anatoliy Halchynsky, Mirror Weekly, #33(612), 2 September 8, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-07-05 [135] "CIA World Factbook Ukraine. 2002 edition" (http:/ / www. faqs. org/ docs/ factbook/ print/ up. html). CIA. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [136] "CIA World Factbook Ukraine. 2004 edition" (http:/ / www. umsl. edu/ services/ govdocs/ wofact2004/ geos/ up. html). CIA. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [137] Head of IMF's Resident Representative Office in Ukraine to change his job (http:/ / www. interfax. com. ua/ eng/ main/ 3243/ ), Interfax-Ukraine (Retrieved on 2008-12-17)

50

Ukraine
[138] "Average Wage Income in 2008 by Region" (http:/ / www. ukrstat. gov. ua/ operativ/ operativ2008/ gdn/ reg_zp_m/ reg_zpm08_u. htm). State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [139] "Bohdan Danylyshyn at the Economic ministry" (http:/ / me. kmu. gov. ua/ control/ en/ publish/ article?art_id=115924& cat_id=38912). Economic Ministry. . Retrieved 2008-02-01. [140] Human and income poverty: developing countries / Population living below $2 a day (%) (http:/ / hdrstats. undp. org/ indicators/ 24. html), Human Development Report 2007/08, UNDP. Retrieved on 2008-02-03 [141] Data Human and income poverty: developing countries / Population living below the national poverty line (%) (http:/ / hdrstats. undp. org/ indicators/ 25. html), Human Development Report 2007/08, UNDP. Retrieved on 2008-02-03 [142] "Structure export and import, 2006" (http:/ / www. ukrstat. gov. ua/ operativ/ operativ2005/ zd/ zd_rik/ zd_u/ gs_u. html). State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [143] "Statistics of Launches of Ukrainian LV" (http:/ / www. nkau. gov. ua/ nsau/ catalogNEW. nsf/ mainE/ 731F5A089D942FA8C2256FBF002DFA78?OpenDocument& Lang=E). National Space Agency of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-12-24. [144] "Missle defence, NATO: Ukraine's tough call" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080325011150/ http:/ / www. businessukraine. com. ua/ missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s). Business Ukraine. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. businessukraine. com. ua/ missile-defence-nato-ukraine-s) on March 25, 2008. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [145] "Ukraine Special Weapons" (http:/ / www. fas. org/ nuke/ guide/ ukraine/ ). The Nuclear Information Project. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [146] "Ukraine's gas sector" (http:/ / www. oxfordenergy. org/ pdfs/ NG21. pdf) (PDF). Oxford institute for energy studies. pp. 36 of 123. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [147] "What are Middle-Income Countries?" (http:/ / web. worldbank. org/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ EXTOED/ EXTMIDINCCOU/ 0,,contentMDK:21453301~isCURL:Y~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:2831368,00. html). The World Bank (IEG). . Retrieved 2008-01-03. [148] Pogarska, Olga. "Ukraine macroeconomic situation February 2008" (http:/ / www. unian. net/ eng/ news/ news-238714. html). UNIAN news agency. . Retrieved 2008-02-29. [149] Ballmer, Steve (May 20, 2008). "Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer Visits Ukraine" (http:/ / www. microsoft. com/ emea/ presscentre/ pressreleases/ BallmerVisitsUkrainePR_21052008. mspx). Microsoft. . Retrieved 2008-07-28. [150] "Industry of Ukraine" (http:/ / www. usndt. com. ua/ industry. htm). Usndt.com.ua. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [151] "Ilyushin Finance to buy 10 An-158 planes from Ukraines Antonov" (http:/ / en. rian. ru/ business/ 20100720/ 159879889. html). En.rian.ru. 2010-07-20. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [152] (http:/ / ukraineanalysis. wordpress. com/ 2008/ 05/ 01/ brand-ukraine-will-be-reloaded-in-2012/ ). Retrieved 19 December 2010. [153] "waghid1neu" (http:/ / www. ascent-ag. ch/ files/ inside/ ukraine/ Growth Potential of the Ukrainian Economy - Derrer. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [154] "U.S. embassy: Ukraine could again be put on list of copyright violators" (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ nation/ detail/ 89520/ ). Kyivpost.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [155] "Ukraine's economic growth to resume in 2010, unemployment to be high" (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ business/ bus_general/ detail/ 55329/ ). Kyivpost.com. 2009-12-17. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [156] (http:/ / www. investgazeta. net/ kompanii-i-rynki/ vyshel-rejting-100-krupnejshih-kompanij-ukrainy-157984/ ), Investgazeta.net. Retrieved 19 December 2010. [157] UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, volume 6 (http:/ / www. tourismroi. com/ Content_Attachments/ 27670/ File_633513750035785076. pdf), UNWTO (June 2008) [158] "Ukraine" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080327092522/ http:/ / www. eia. doe. gov/ emeu/ cabs/ Ukraine/ Full. html). Energy Information Administration (EIA). US government. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. eia. doe. gov/ emeu/ cabs/ Ukraine/ Full. html) on 2008-03-27. . Retrieved 2007-12-22. [159] "Nuclear Power in Ukraine" (http:/ / world-nuclear. org/ info/ inf46. html). World Nuclear Association. . Retrieved 2007-12-22. [160] Bose, Mihir (July 7, 2008). "The long road to Kiev" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ blogs/ thereporters/ mihirbose/ 2008/ 07/ uefa_is_happy_with_the. html). BBC. . Retrieved 2008-07-29. [161] "Transportation in Ukraine" (http:/ / permanent. access. gpo. gov/ lps3997/ 9510uktn. htm). U.S. Government Printing Office. . Retrieved 2007-12-22. [162] "Consulate General of Ukraine" (http:/ / www. ukrconsul. org/ visa/ visa_drops. htm). Ukrconsul.org. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [163] "Kharkiv airport gets new terminal on" (http:/ / www. uefa. com/ uefaeuro2012/ news/ newsid=1520657. html). Uefa.com. 2010-08-28. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [164] "Terminal F serviced 30 000 passengers during the first week of its operation State Enterprise Boryspil International Airport" (http:/ / www. kbp. com. ua/ english/ for-passengers/ z-terminalu-f-pochali-zdiysnyuvatisya-mizhnarodni-reysi-2. html). Kbp.com.ua. 2010-10-31. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [165] " . , , " (http:/ / www. ukrferry. com/ ). Ukrferry.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [166] http:/ / 2001. ukrcensus. gov. ua/ eng/ results/ general/ nationality/ [167] "Ukraine Statistics" (http:/ / www. unicef. org/ infobycountry/ ukraine_statistics. html). United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). . Retrieved 2008-01-07.

51

Ukraine
[168] "Total population, as of September 1, 2009. Average annual populations JanuaryAugust 2009" (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Ukraine& action=edit& section=27). State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. 2009. . Retrieved 2009-10-16. [169] "Field Listing Population growth rate" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ fields/ 2002. html). CIA World Factbook. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [170] Hanna H. Starostenko, "Economic and Ecological Factors of Transformations in Demographic Process in Ukraine" Uktraine Magazine #2 1998 online at (http:/ / www. wumag. kiev. ua/ wumag_old/ archiv/ 2_98/ economic. htm) [171] "What Went Wrong with Foreign Advice in Ukraine?" (http:/ / www. worldbank. org/ html/ prddr/ trans/ julaug99/ pgs3-4. htm). The World Bank Group. . Retrieved 2008-01-16. [172] Ukraines children still have it rough (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ nation/ detail/ 53726/ ), Kyiv Post (November 26, 2009) [173] State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (http:/ / www. ukrstat. gov. ua/ operativ/ operativ2007/ ds/ nas_rik/ nas_e/ nas_rik_e. html) Retrieved on 18 September 2009 [174] Demoscope (http:/ / demoscope. ru/ weekly/ ssp/ sng_pop. php) Retrieved on 18 September 2009 [175] Perelli-Harris, Brienna (2005). "The Path to Lowest-low Fertility in Ukraine". Population Studies 59 (1): 5570. doi:10.1080/0032472052000332700. JSTOR30040436. PMID15764134. [176] "President meets with business bosses" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071214153647/ http:/ / www. president. gov. ua/ en/ news/ data/ 1_21296. html). Press office of President Victor Yushchenko. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. president. gov. ua/ en/ news/ data/ 1_21296. html) on December 14, 2007. . Retrieved 2008-02-01. [177] (Ukrainian) The demographic situation in Ukraine in JanuarySeptember 2009 (http:/ / www. ukrstat. gov. ua/ express/ expr2009/ 1109/ 238. zip), State Statistics Committee of Ukraine [178] Ukraines birth rate shows first positive signs in decade (http:/ / unian. net/ eng/ news/ news-215771. html) Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (UNIAN). 05.10.2007 Retrieved on 2008-07-03. [179] "RISU /English /News /Ukrainians Trust Church, Army, Media Most:" (http:/ / old. risu. org. ua/ eng/ news/ article;16706). Old.risu.org.ua. . Retrieved 2011-10-31. [180] Eke, Steven (2009-07-27). "Russian patriarch visits Ukraine" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ europe/ 8169849. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 2011-10-31. [181] "CIA the World Fact Book" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ up. html). Cia.gov. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [182] "What religious group do you belong to?". Sociology poll by [[Razumkov Centre (http:/ / razumkov. org. ua/ ukr/ poll. php?poll_id=300)] about the religious situation in Ukraine (2006)] [183] "Countries in Crisis: Ukraine Part 3" (http:/ / www. stratfor. com/ analysis/ 20081118_part_3_outside_intervention). Stratfor.com. 2008-11-20. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [184] "State Department of Ukraine on Religious" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20041204115821/ www. derzhkomrelig. gov. ua/ info_zvit_2003. html). 2003 Statistical report. . Retrieved 2008-01-27. [185] "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080226124455/ http:/ / www. ugcc. org. ua/ eng/ ugcc_history/ definition/ ). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. ugcc. org. ua/ eng/ ugcc_history/ definition/ ) on 2008-02-26. . Retrieved 2008-01-27. [186] "Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 527). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). UN. . Retrieved 2008-07-08. [187] " Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy (http:/ / www. migrationinformation. org/ USFocus/ display. cfm?ID=365)". By Olena Malynovska. National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev. [188] "International Religious Freedom Report 2007 Ukraine" (http:/ / www. state. gov/ g/ drl/ rls/ irf/ 2007/ 90205. htm). United States Department of State (USDOS). . Retrieved 2008-01-27. [189] Jews (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ pages/ J/ E/ Jews. htm). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. [190] Vallin, Jacques; Mesl, France; Adamets, Serguei; Pyrozhkov, Serhii (2002). "A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses During the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s". Population Studies 56 (3): 249264. doi:10.1080/00324720215934. JSTOR3092980. [191] Ian Dear, Michael Richard Daniell Foot (2001). The Oxford companion to World War II (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=qC0OgOHAHVkC& pg=& dq& hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Oxford University Press. p.909. ISBN 0198604467 [192] Malynovska, Olena, Caught Between East and West, Ukraine Struggles with Its Migration Policy (http:/ / www. migrationinformation. org/ Profiles/ display. cfm?ID=365), National Institute for International Security Problems, Kiev, January 2006. Retrieved on 2008-07-03. [193] "International migration 2006" (http:/ / www. un. org/ esa/ population/ publications/ 2006Migration_Chart/ 2006IttMig_wallchart. xls). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. . Retrieved 2008-07-05. [194] "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories 20% sample data" (http:/ / www12. statcan. ca/ english/ census06/ data/ highlights/ ethnic/ pages/ Page. cfm?Lang=E& Geo=PR& Code=01& Data=Count& Table=2& StartRec=1& Sort=3& Display=All& CSDFilter=5000). Statistics Canada. [195] "Medical Care in Ukraine. Health system, hospitals and clinics" (http:/ / bestofukraine. com/ travel-essentials/ medical-care. html). BestOfUkraine.com. 2010-05-01. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [196] Ukraine. "Health in Ukraine. Healthcare system of Ukraine" (http:/ / www. europe-cities. com/ en/ 633/ ukraine/ health/ ). Europe-cities.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [197] State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (http:/ / www. ukrstat. gov. ua/ ) Retrieved on 7 September 2009

52

Ukraine
[198] UN population estimates (http:/ / esa. un. org/ unpp/ p2k0data. asp) UN Retrieved on 7 September 2009 [199] National network of family doctors to be established by 2010, says health minister (http:/ / www. interfax. com. ua/ eng/ main/ 11044/ ), Interfax-Ukraine (March 30, 2009) [200] Ukraine to start introducing insurance-based healthcare system in spring of 2010 (http:/ / www. kyivpost. com/ news/ nation/ detail/ 53483/ ), Kyiv Post (November 24, 2009) [201] Constitution of Ukraine (http:/ / www. rada. kiev. ua/ const/ conengl. htm) Chapter 2, Article 53. Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on June 28, 1996. Retrieved on 2008-07-03. [202] "General secondary education" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071016104343/ http:/ / education. gov. ua/ pls/ edu/ docs/ common/ secondaryeduc_eng. html). Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. education. gov. ua/ pls/ edu/ docs/ common/ secondaryeduc_eng. html) on October 16, 2007. . Retrieved 2007-12-23. [203] "Higher education in Ukraine; Monographs on higher education; 2006" (http:/ / unesdoc. unesco. org/ images/ 0014/ 001465/ 146552e. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [204] "System of Higher Education of Ukraine" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071217073746/ http:/ / www. education. gov. ua/ pls/ edu/ docs/ common/ higher_educ_eng. html). Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. education. gov. ua/ pls/ edu/ docs/ common/ higher_educ_eng. html) on December 17, 2007. . Retrieved 2007-12-23. [205] "System of the Education of Ukraine" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071212111804/ http:/ / www. education. gov. ua/ pls/ edu/ docs/ common/ education_eng. html). Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. education. gov. ua/ pls/ edu/ docs/ common/ education_eng. html) on December 12, 2007. . Retrieved 2007-12-23. [206] "Cultural differences" (http:/ / www. tryukraine. com/ society/ cultural_differences. shtml). Ukraine's Culture. . Retrieved 2008-01-27. [207] "Interwar Soviet Ukraine" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30078/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). . Retrieved 2007-09-12. "In all, some four-fifths of the Ukrainian cultural elite was repressed or perished in the course of the 1930s" [208] "Gorbachev, Mikhail" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080622041436/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9037405). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9037405) on 2008-06-22. . Retrieved 2008-07-30. "Under his new policy of glasnost (openness), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism; and the country's legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government" [209] "Pysanky Ukrainian Easter Eggs" (http:/ / www. cs. unc. edu/ ~yakowenk/ pysanky/ index. html). University of North Carolina. . Retrieved 2008-07-28. [210] "Linguistic composition of the population" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080105092304/ http:/ / www. ukrcensus. gov. ua/ eng/ results/ general/ language/ ). All-Ukrainian population census, 2001. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. ukrcensus. gov. ua/ eng/ results/ general/ language/ ) on 2008-01-05. . Retrieved 2008-01-27. [211] Shamshur, p. 159168 [212] " -2004 (Ukrainian Elections-2004 as mirrored in the World Press)" (http:/ / www. archives. gov. ua/ Sections/ Revolution_2004/ UKL/ photos. php?UKL302). (National Archives of Ukraine). . Retrieved 2008-01-07. [213] National structure of the population of Autonomous Republic of Crimea (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071204020421/ http:/ / www. ukrcensus. gov. ua/ eng/ results/ general/ nationality/ Crimea/ ), 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. [214] Linguistic composition of population Autonomous Republic of Crimea (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080227002737/ http:/ / www. ukrcensus. gov. ua/ eng/ results/ general/ language/ Crimea/ ), 2001 Ukrainian Census. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. [215] For a more comprehensive account of language politics in Crimea, see Natalya Belitser, " The Constitutional Process in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in the Context of Interethnic Relations and Conflict Settlement (http:/ / www. iccrimea. org/ scholarly/ nbelitser. html)," International Committee for Crimea. Retrieved August 12, 2007. [216] "Ukraine Cultual Life Literature" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30082). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). . Retrieved 2008-07-03. [217] "Ukraine Literature" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080406035927/ http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761573617_4/ Ukraine. html). Ukraine Literature. Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761573617_4/ Ukraine. html) on 2008-04-06. . Retrieved 2008-07-03. [218] Struk, Danylo Husar. "Literature" (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ display. asp?AddButton=pages\L\I\Literature. htm). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2008-01-17. [219] "Project of reconstruction of the Rybalskyi Peninsula" (http:/ / archunion. com. ua/ gradsovet_05_12_07. html) (in Russian). archunion.com.ua. December 5, 2005. . [220] http:/ / www. viy. in. ua/ [221] "Travel to Ukraine. Ukraine country guide, information about Ukraine. Visit Ukraine, places, tourism, tours" (http:/ / ua-travelling. com/ en/ article/ Ukrainian-clothes). Ua-travelling.com. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [222] "Podvyzhnytsi narodnoho mystetstva", Kyiv 2003 and 2005, by Yevheniya Shudra, Welcome to Ukraine Magazine [223] Ukrainian Museum Archives. Online exhibit on loan from the D.Dmytrykiw Ukrainian Ethnographic Research Collection, Library & Archives of Westlake, Ohio (http:/ / www. umacleveland. org/ embroidery. htm) [224] " " (http:/ / www. rv. gov. ua/ sitenew/ main/ ua/ 1160. htm). Rv.gov.ua. . Retrieved 2010-12-30.

53

Ukraine
[225] " " (http:/ / storinka-m. kiev. ua/ article. php?id=478). Storinka-m.kiev.ua. . Retrieved 2010-12-30. [226] "Ukraine Sports and recreation" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080115053121/ http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30127/ Ukraine). Encyclopdia Britannica (fee required). Archived from the original (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-30127/ Ukraine) on 2008-01-15. . Retrieved 2008-01-12. [227] Trophies of Dynamo (http:/ / www. fcdynamo. kiev. ua/ ua/ trophy/ ) Official website of Dynamo Kyiv (Ukrainian). Retrieved 23 June 2008. [228] International Olympic Committee. "Mr. Sergey BUBKA" (http:/ / www. olympic. org/ en/ content/ The-IOC/ Members/ Mr-Sergey-BUBKA/ ). Official website of the Olympic Movement. . Retrieved May 27, 2010. "...voted world's best athlete on several occasions." [229] "Track and Field Athlete of the Year" (http:/ / www. trackandfieldnews. com/ archive/ aoy. html). Trackandfieldnews.com. . Retrieved 2011-01-30. [230] Stechishin, Savella. "Traditional Foods" (http:/ / www. encyclopediaofukraine. com/ pages/ T/ R/ Traditionalfoods. htm). Encyclopedia of Ukraine. . Retrieved 2007-08-10. [231] http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ ukrainian/ domestic/ story/ 2008/ 03/ 080313_latvia_holodomor_oh. shtml [232] http:/ / korrespondent. net/ ukraine/ politics/ 403002 [233] http:/ / ua. korrespondent. net/ ukraine/ 403780 [234] http:/ / ukrcensus. gov. ua/ results/ general/ nationality/ city_kyiv/ [235] http:/ / ukrcensus. gov. ua/ results/ general/ language/ city_kyiv/ [236] http:/ / www. wumag. kiev. ua/ index2. php?param=pgs20032/ 72

54

Print sources
Reference books
Encyclopedia of Ukraine (University of Toronto Press, 198493) 5 vol; partial online version (http://www. encyclopediaofukraine.com/), from Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopedia Vol.1 (http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=58069636) ed by Volodymyr E. KubijovyC; University of Toronto Press. 1963; 1188pp Dalton, Meredith. Ukraine (Culture Shock! A Survival Guide to Customs & Etiquette) (2001) Evans, Andrew. Ukraine (2nd ed 2007) The Bradt Travel Guide online excerpts and search at Amazon.com (http:/ /www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1841621811?p=S00T) Johnstone, Sarah. Ukraine (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) (2005)

Recent (since 1991)

Aslund, Anders, and Michael McFaul.Revolution in Orange: The Origins of Ukraine's Democratic Breakthrough (2006) Birch, Sarah. Elections and Democratization in Ukraine Macmillan, 2000 online edition (http://www.questia. com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98201086) Edwards Mike: "Ukraine Running on empty" National Geographic Magazine March 1993 Kuzio, Taras: Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation, M.E. Sharpe, 1998, ISBN 0-7656-0224-5 Kuzio, Taras. Ukraine: State and Nation Building Routledge, 1998 online edition (http://www.questia.com/ PM.qst?a=o&d=102997170) Shamshur O. V., Ishevskaya T. I., Multilingual education as a factor of inter-ethnic relations: the case of the Ukraine, in Language Education for Intercultural Communication, By D. E. Ager, George Muskens, Sue Wright, Multilingual Matters, 1993, ISBN 1-85359-204-8 Shen, Raphael (1996). Ukraine's Economic Reform: Obstacles, Errors, Lessons. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN0275952401. Whitmore, Sarah. ''State Building in Ukraine: The Ukrainian Parliament, 19902003 Routledge, 2004 online edition (http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108557869) Wilson, Andrew, Ukraine's Orange Revolution (2005)

Ukraine Wilson, Andrew, The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation, 2nd ed. 2002; online excerpts at Amazon (http://www. amazon.com/gp/reader/0300093098?p=S00L) Wilson, Andrew, Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-57457-9 Zon, Hans van. The Political Economy of Independent Ukraine. 2000 online edition (http://www.questia.com/ PM.qst?a=o&d=98833788)

55

Historical
Boshyk, Yuri (1986). Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. ISBN0920862373. Berkhoff, Karel C. Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule. Harvard U. Press, 2004. 448 pp. Cliff, Tony (1984). Class Struggle and Womens Liberation. Bookmarks. ISBN0906224128. Gross, Jan T. Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia (1988). Hrushevsky, Michael. A History of Ukraine (1986) Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; and Yurkevich, Myroslav. Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press, 2005. 854 pp. Luckyj, George S. Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine: An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995. (1996) Lower, Wendy. Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine. U. of North Carolina Press, 2005. 307 pp. Magocsi, Paul Robert, A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8020-7820-6 Overy, Richard : The Dictators, W. W. Norton & Company, 2004, ISBN 0-393-02030-4 Piotrowski Tadeusz, Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 19181947, McFarland & Company, 1998, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3 Redlich, Shimon. Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 19191945. Indiana U. Press, 2002. 202 pp. Reid, Anna. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine (2003) online edition (http://www.questia. com/PM.qst?a=o&d=96969196) Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War 19391953. Yale University Press. ISBN0920862373. Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History, 1st edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0. Weiner, Amir, Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-09543-4, Part II Weinberg, Gerhard L (1995). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521558794. Zabarko, Boris, ed. Holocaust In The Ukraine, Mitchell Vallentine & Co, 2005. 394 pp.

Ukraine

56

External links
Ukraine (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/up.html) entry at The World Factbook Website Ukraine-CityGuide (http://en.ukrainecityguide.com/) Ukraine (http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/up/) information from the United States Department of State Ukraine travel guide from Wikitravel Portals to the World (http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/ukraine/ua.html) from the United States Library of Congress Ukraine (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ukraine.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs Ukraine (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Ukraine/) at the Open Directory Project Wikimedia Atlas of Ukraine Ukraine travel guide from Wikitravel Key Development Forecasts for Ukraine (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=UA) from International Futures Government The President of Ukraine (http://www.president.gov.ua/en/) Government Portal of Ukraine (http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en) The Parliament of Ukraine (http://portal.rada.gov.ua/control/en/index) Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/ world-leaders-u/ukraine.html) Ukrainian art. Most famous modern painters (http://www.escher.com.ua/)

Article Sources and Contributors

57

Article Sources and Contributors

Ukraine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=472343327 Contributors: 1297, 130.94.122.xxx, 172, 19008aa, 195.206.85.xxx, 334a, 6 million jews, 750Matt, A D Monroe III, A-giau, A.Kurtz, A.h. king, AKurok, AOlson, ARTEST4ECHO, Abhijitsathe, Abraxees, Acs4b, AdRock, Adambro, Adamsmo, Afil, Agwin12193, Ahnode, Ahoerstemeier, Aivazovsky, AjaxSmack, Akanemoto, Akhristov, Alam82, Alansohn, Alastairgbrown, Aled D, Alejo2083, Aleksandr Grigoryev, Aleksei, Alex Bakharev, Alex Kov, Alex43223, Alex756, AlexPU, Alexandru Busa, AlexiusHoratius, AlfajorNYC, Allstarecho, Alphasinus, Altenmann, AlwaysUnite, Amakuru, Amazonien, Amedyr, An Siarach, Anastrophe, Andre Engels, Andres, Andrewuoft, AndriyK, Andy Marchbanks, Andypandy.UK, Angryxpeh, Animum, AnonGuy, Anonymous from the 21st century, Anonymous from the 21th century, Ans-mo, Antandrus, Antyrus, Appleseed, ApprenticeFan, Aranherunar, ArchonMeld, Artemka, Arx Fortis, Asdfqwe123, Asterion, AtikuX, Atitarev, Atomicdor, Auranor, Avala, Average Earthman, AvicAWB, Avicennasis, Awesomo144, Awjack, AxG, Axeman, B cubed, B0at, BGManofID, BWH76, Baa, Backpackadam, Backspace, Balcer, BalkanFever, Bambuway, Bandurist, Barneca, Baronnet, Barry Kent, Batfinkw, Battlecry, Bazonka, Bcorr, Beaber, Beland, Belinrahs, Belligero, Bemoeial, Ben-Velvel, Bender235, Bentley4, Bento00, Berkunt, Berkut, Bestalex, Betacommand, Beyond silence, Bfinn, Biala Gwiazda, Bigtimepeace, BirgitteSB, Biruitorul, Bjarki S, Bkell, Bl0wme, Blast furnace chip worker, Bless sins, Bloodshedder, Bluephantasm, Bob rulz, Bobanni, Bobblehead, Bobo192, Bogatyr, Bogdan, Boguslavmandzyuk, Bonus Onus, Boothy443, Bosonic dressing, Brainsteinko, Brandmeister (old), Brandonian453, Bred, Brendanconway, BrendelSignature, BrianGV, Brianmulligan1965, Brianski, Brion VIBBER, BritishWatcher, Bronzie, Brovary, BruceMagnus, Brw12, Buaidh, Bubblegumbobby, Buckshot06, Buncic, Burlywood, Bushy moustache, CALR, CHJL, CWenger, CWesling, Cabiria, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, CalJW, CalicoCatLover, Callidior, Callum389, Caltas, Campdavid, Camptown, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cantus, Capmo, Caponer, Capricorn42, Captain Seafort, Captain Video, CaptainVindaloo, Cardibling, Carradee, Catgirl, Cautious, Cbrown1023, Cdpnkr, Cecil722, Ceriy, Cerj, Certh, ChKa, Chaosdruid, CharlesM, CharlesMartel, Chaz1dave, CheeseLover, ChesterCharge, Chipmunker, Chisinau, Chochopk, Chocolatepizza, Choffman45, Chris 73, Chris Kyrzyk, Chris Roy, Chris the speller, Chrishy man, Citicat, Civil Engineer III, Ckatz, Clc1228, Cncs wikipedia, Cobblet, Coemgenus, Colin1233214, Cometstyles, Commander Shepard, Commator, Commo1, CommonsDelinker, Compay, Conn103, Conscious, Conversion script, Copana2002, CostPanteley, Crazycomputers, Creativemindedone, Credema, Creidieki, Cs-wolves, Cubbi, Cutie3.14777, Cybercobra, D, D. F. Schmidt, D.M. from Ukraine, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DDima, DH85868993, DJ Bungi, DJ1AM, DMacks, DTOx, DVD R W, DamianZaremba, Dan100, Daniel11, Danielnez1, Danny, Dantadd, Dante Alighieri, Dark Shikari, Dav2008, Davenbelle, Davewild, David Kernow, David Liuzzo, Davidweman, Dawn Bard, Dbachmann, Dbfirs, Ddaann2, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Deadworm222, Deflective, Delldot, DemocracyWillWin, Dendirrek, DenisRS, DennisDaniels, DennyColt, Der Eberswalder, DerHexer, Derek.cashman, Desireisthis, Desmondle, Devatipan, Dewritech, Dezidor, Dikoduck, Dima io, Dina, Discospinster, Distal24, DivineIntervention, Dlohcierekim's sock, DmitriyR, Dneddo84, DoNo876, Docu, Docwazzup, Dojarca, Don Alessandro, Donald Albury, Dovbush, Dpr, Drbreznjev, Drbug, Drepanopulos, Drumguy8800, Dustintml, Dwo, Dwrcan, Doxar, E Pluribus Anthony, ESkog, Eaefremov, EarthPerson, East718, Echad, Ed Poor, Ed g2s, EddyVadim, Edgar181, Edivorce, Eduardo Sellan III, Efe, El C, Electionworld, Elefante bianco, Eletricalemma, Elliskev, ElockidAlternate, Elonka, Elpresidente, Emanuele Saiu, EncycloPetey, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Epicadam, Eros of Fire, Erudy, EscapingLife, Esn, Esrever, Estoy Aqu, Euro195, Ev, Everyking, ExRat, Excirial, Exert, Ezhiki, FF2010, Failedwizard, Fastily, Fattyjwoods, Faustian, Feedmecereal, FeelSunny, Feketekave, Felipe Menegaz, Felix Folio Secundus, Ferkelparade, FesCityRaver, Finalyzer, FinnishDriver, Fisenko, Fisher00, Fiskehaps, Flatterworld, Flibjib8, Flip619, Florestanova, Flowerpotman, Fnlayson, Ford, Francvs, Franz-kafka, Fraslet, Fratrep, Freakofnurture, Freepsbane, FreplySpang, Fukzionizm, Fullel, Funeral, F, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Gamma-ray, Gantuya eng, Garik 11, Geke, Genyo, George Adam Horvth, Gerardmulholland, Gggh, Ghewgill, Ghirlandajo, Gimmetrow, Giraffedata, Gladiool, Glossologist, Gnesener1900, Golbez, Goldfritha, Gonzo fan2007, Good Olfactory, GoodDamon, Goshik, GraemeL, Grafikm fr, Graham87, Grandpallama, Granitedrill, Green Giant, Green caterpillar, Greenshed, Greeves, Greggerr, Grendelkhan, Gridley98, Ground Zero, Gsklee, Gugganij, Guppy, Gurch, Gwernol, Gzornenplatz, HJ Mitchell, Hadal, Hadija, Halibutt, Halobrothers, Hanman004, Harp, Haukurth, HelloolleH, Helloyouwe, Hersfold, Highland14, HisSpaceResearch, Hmains, Hmusseau, Homeboy88, Horlo, Hoshq, Hottentot, Hughcharlesparker, Huked on foniks, Huntster, Huon, Husond, Hvn0413, Hydrogen Iodide, IGeMiNix, IJzeren Jan, ILDuceMas, ITO, IW.HG, Iapetus, Ice Kold, IcePuckScore, Idaltu, Ief, IhorBerehulyak, Illexsquid, Ilovecats123455432, Ilya, Ilya1166, IlyaHaykinson, ImperatorExercitus, Imroy, Indon, InfernoXV, Inge-Lyubov, Inhvar, Innab, Inspire5.1, Intelligentsium, Interchange88, Interlaker, Invest in knowledge, Invisifan, Inwind, Iridescent, Iritakamas, Irpen, Island, Itemirus, Ivan2007, Ivan89, Ivasyk, Izehar, Izzedine, J.R. Hercules, JForget, JHMM13, JNW, Jacky1234, Jagged 85, Jake-helliwell, Jamesmassola, Jankaspar, Janneman, Jared Hunt, Jason M, Jasper, Jd2718, Jdonwang, Jdyachimec, Jeff G., Jefffq, Jensboot, Jeremy Visser, JeremyMcClean, Jermerc, Jeroen, Jgritz, Jguk, Jhendin, Jhf, Jiang, Jiddisch, Jim Fitzgerald, Jimblobodob, Jimp, Jirziczerny, Jj137, Jklin, Jlas000, Jlerner, Jmabel, Jmaster123, Joe hill, Joeldwright, Joffeloff, Johann7ogan, John, John of Reading, John254, Johndburger, Johnpseudo, Johnuniq, Jojit fb, Jolly21, Jonatan Swift, Jonathan Kovaciny, JonnyLightning, Jose77, Joseph Solis in Australia, JosephKlap., JoshuaD1991, Joy, Jtdirl, JuJube, Jukanaka, Julianhayda, Jumbuck, Justinhful, Justinmaryana, Jwrosenzweig, K, KPbIC, KPbIC8767285, Kaasje, Kaihsu, Kaisershatner, Kaisertreu, Kapelux, Karmosin, Kassabov, Kat cosmo, Katalaveno, Katarzyna, KathyR@aol.com, Kazimostak, Kbdank71, Kcordina, Keilana, Kelisi, Kesac, Khajidha, Khalidshou, Khoikhoi, Khukri, Kibinsky, Kimberlygretchen, Kintetsubuffalo, Kirk 9999, Klymysz1, Kman21388, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knutux, Koavf, Koliak2991, Kolobok-123, Kolt, Korenyuk, Kotniski, Koyaanis Qatsi, Kozuch, Kpjas, Kralizec!, Krob, Kross, Kuban kazak, Kubek15, Kungfuadam, Kungming2, Kuru, Kusma, Kuzkar, Kvng, Kwamikagami, Kwertii, LA2, LAX, LOL, La goutte de pluie, LaMenta3, Lacrimosus, LactoseTI, Latreia, Lazulilasher, Lazyfair, Le Fou, Leafyplant, Leandrod, Lectonar, Lefrancaisaye, Lepton6, Lestath, Lestocq, Lethaniol, Levineps, Lexicon, Lfh, LiDaobing, Licor, Lightdarkness, Lightmouse, Lights, Lilac Soul, Lilcoe, Lilybaeum, Lincolnite, LionKing, Lir, Livajo, LlywelynII, Lodewijk Vadacchino, Loftypegasus, Logologist, LokiiT, LoveMonkey, Lstanley1979, Luk, Luka Jaov, Lukas Upadhya, LukeSurl, Lukep913, Lukis100, Lumidek, Luna Santin, Lvivske, Lysy, M.K, MBisanz, MJCdetroit, MTruttmann, Mad Dingo704, Madchester, Madden, Maestro.gandhi, Magicoast, Magioladitis, Magister Mathematicae, Magnus1981, Maijinsan, MaksKhomenko, Malhonen, Malick78, Mamaj, Mangy Cheshire Cat, Mani1, Mantavani, Manynoise, MarcoosPL, Marcus2, Marek69, Marsound, Martarius, MartinHarper, Martinvoll, Martinwilke1980, Masterblooregard, Matron10, Matt Crypto, Mattisse, Matty J 87, Max tkacz, Maxelen, Maximilian Caldwell, Maximus Rex, Mbsnead, McDogm, McPaul, Mcoupal, Mdkarazim, Megasmartypants, Menchi, Menrunningpast, Mesgul82, MetsFan76, Meursault2004, Mfa fariz, Mgiganteus1, Mhrycak25, Mic, Michael Devore, Mickey gfss2007, Miguel in Portugal, Mike Schiraldi, Mikiwikipikidikipedia, Mild Bill Hiccup, Milicz, Millahnna, Mir Harven, Mitch1981, Miyokan, Mkilly, Mm40, Mmalex, Mmhrycak, Mona23653, Moncrief, Monkbel, Mordinson, Morgulmanman, Morwen, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mr. Lefty, Mrwojo, Mukkakukaku, Mushroom, Myanw, Mycomp, Mysdaao, Mzajac, N3X15, NERV, NIR-Warrior, Nakon, NameThatWorks, Naryathegreat, NawlinWiki, Nberger, NeatlookingGirl, Nedim Ardoa, NeilN, Neofelis Nebulosa, Nepaheshgar, Nergaal, NeroN BG, Neutrality, NewEnglandYankee, NewYork1956, Nibuod, Nick UA, Nick367, Nickisdabest, Nickos2, Nicksss93, NielsenGW, Nightstallion, Niharbihani, Nihil novi, Nikai, Nirvana888, Nixer, Njaelkies Lea, Nmpenguin, Noclador, Noisettes, Noitall, Noopsy1, NorbertArthur, Northumbrian, Novelbank, Ntsimp, NuclearWarfare, Nuttycoconut, Nrostrateur, Obir82, Oblivious, Ochepesiuk, Octane, Oerjan, Ognennaya peri, OhanaUnited, Olaffpomona, Olahus, Oleg Kikta, Oleksij, Olenka, Olexa, Olgerd, OlofE, Omack, Onceonthisisland, Optimist on the run, OrbitOne, Orion6767, Oscarthecat, Ostap R, Otets, Otto ter Haar, Overcover, OwenX, Oxymoron83, PANONIAN, PMR-Tyras, Padn, Paeris, Page Up, Pail, Pakhomovru, Palffy, Pan Olex, Panarjedde, Panex, Panwan, Paracel63, Parudox, Pashko 2, Patcat88, Patrick-br, PaulHanson, Pavlo, Pavlo Demchuk, PawkaLukasz, PaxEquilibrium, Pazan.ua, Pbroks13, Pecher, Pegasus1138, Pensionero, Perceval, Peregrine981, PerryTachett, Persian Poet Gal, Personguy, Peter Horn, PeterSymonds, Pethr, Petri Krohn, Petroscherbyna, Petrux, Peyre, Pgan002, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phenz, PhilKnight, Philip Trueman, Phillip J, Phoenix B 1of3, Piccolo Modificatore Laborioso, PierreAbbat, Pinethicket, Piotrus, Plasticup, Plumber, Pmanderson, Poetaris, Polak58, Polaron, Polotet, Posejdonet, Possum, Postdlf, ProGloriaDei, Prodego, Profession, ProhibitOnions, Proski, Puchiko, Pudeo, PurpleStripe, Purpleturple, Pyr, Qe2, QmunkE, Qmwne235, Quadell, Quesodood, Quiensabe, Quite vivid blur, Qwww, Qxz, R sirahata, RMKJ, ROSTY.ua, Radufly, Rafa28 alq, Rain lover, Ral315, Ran, Ranveig, Rarelibra, Rausch, Raven in Orbit, RaviC, Razvanus, Rchamberlain, Rdsmith4, Redline, Redsunrising, Reginmund, Reichenbach, Rejedef, Remember the dot, RevRagnarok, RexNL, Rhatsa26WA, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Harvey, Richardcavell, Richwales, Rick Block, RickK, Rickyrab, Riurik, Riwnodennyk, Rjd0060, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rkononenko, Rlcantwell, Rob.derosa, Rob117, RobNS, Robwingfield, Roche-Kerr, RogueNinja, Roke, Rollon, Roman Zacharij, Romanius, Romanm, Romczyk, Ronline, Rory096, RoseOfKali, Rosty.dr, RoyBoy, Royalguard11, Rq1, Rst20xx, Rtcpenguin, Ruhrjung, Russavia, Russianname, Ruziklan, Rxchxxl, Ryan.Austin09, S h i v a (Visnu), S-fury, SOPHIAN, SWAdair, Saalokin, Saiga12, Sakkura, Salt Yeung, Sam Hocevar, Sam Korn, Samantha555, Sammalin, Samrolken, Sand Patrol, Sanya3, Sapphire, Sardanaphalus, Sashazlv, Saukkomies, Saxonthedog, Scarecrow Repair, Scarian, Sceptre, Schenzman, Schumi555, Schutz, Scipius, Searchme, Seb az86556, Secfan, SecretAgentMan00, SeikoEn, Seleninal, Seleonov, Semimartingale, Semmler, Senator1, Senzangakhona, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sergey mt guide, Sergii.Fiot, Sergivs-en, Sergiy O. Bukreyev, Serhiy, Seryo93, Sfahey, Shafticus, Shamir1, Shanes, Shao, Shardsofmetal, Shenme, Shimaspawn, Shorne, Shotgun pete, Shovelyjoe, Shredder2012, Shukhevych, Signalhead, Silar, SimonP, SiobhanHansa, Sir Vicious, SirMole, Sirshiggles, Sjakkalle, Sjc196, Sjorford, Sj, Slaja, Smith67, SoLando, SomeHuman, Sonicyouth86, Sosomk, Space Cadet, Spangineer, Spastiche, Sphayros, Spikey, SpookyMulder, SpoonyZ, Srtxg, Stanman123, Stasevich, Staszek, Staszek Lem, Steschke, SteveGOLD, Stevietheman, Stifle, Storkk, Str1977, Strongsauce, Styrofoam1994, Sufitul, Sunil060902, Sunray, Suryoye, Sven70, Svigke, Swearingmonk, Swisswiss, Sylius, Symane, SyntaxError55, Szajci, T-resh, TAG.Odessa, TJJFV, TUF-KAT, Taivo, Tanner2, Tarikash, Tarret, Tavrian, Tbhotch, Tean91, Template namespace initialisation script, Tenebrae, Terence, Testu, The Emirr, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Utahraptor, The-G-Unit-Boss, TheEditrix2, TheKMan, ThePlaz, Thebestofall007, Thejoshanater, Theptf, Therequiembellishere, Theresa knott, Thingg, Thiseye, Three-quarter-ten, Thunderrat34, Tidying Up, TimBentley, Timir2, Timrollpickering, Timwi, Tincanmansiimon, Tipi Tiki, TippTopp, Titoxd, Tobby72, Tobias Conradi, Toddy1, Tommy2010, Tony1, Tornadou, Toussaint, Tovarischtony, Tpbradbury, Tpclemen, Tre1234, Treyt021, Trialsanderrors, TrueColour, Trust Is All You Need, Tsnon1, Tufkaa, Tursumbayev, TutterMouse, U.Steele, UP9, USchick, Ua1990, Uapatriot, Ucraina, Udibi, Uhhhitsjosh, Ukabia, Ukr565, UkrNole 485, Ukraine freaks, Ukraine840, Ukrained, Una Smith, Underlying lk, Unedel, Unionin, Uocila, Urhixidur, Urmas, Utcursch, Uuu87, VKokielov, VMORO, ValenShephard, Valentinian, Vandamn, Vanished user 03, Vardion, Varlaam, Vasile, Vasyl` Babych, Vedran.b, VerbaVolantScriptaManent, Versus22, Vervin, Vic Brohm, Vice regent, Victor Korniyenko, Victor12, Victor8761, Victorpoop, Vigilo, Vipinhari, Virgule82, Vital Component, VitaliyAvramenko, Vitaliymelnykrax, Vitaly, Vles1, Volodyanazarkevych, Volunteer Marek, Vomas, Vovikb50, Voyagerfan5761, Voyevoda, Vsevolod4, Vsmith, Vystrix Nexoth, WGee, WPK, WTucker, Wanias, Warren currier, Warrenpe, Wassermann, Wavelength, Wayne Slam, Waynem, WegianWarrior, Welsh, Werdna, Wereon, Weseo, Wesley, West London Dweller, Wester, WhisperToMe, Whitennnerdy, Whiteroll, Whosasking, Wiedeking, Wiglaf, Wik, Wiki alf, WikiRider, Wikipee, Will Beback Auto, William Allen Simpson, William Jockusch, WilyD, Windyhead, WoodElf, Wwoods, X!, X7q, Xcentaur, Xevious, Xioyux, Xxpor, Yakudza, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yasis, Ybgursey, YellowMonkey, Yerevanci, Yev900, Yorkshirian, Yousou, Yulia Romero, Yuniq, Yzb, Zandrum5, Zenit4ever, ZimZalaBim, Zlerman, Zolstijers, ZooPro, Zpb52, Zrulli, Zscout370, Zzuuzz, ^('.'^) raise the roof, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, inn, , , , , , 1936 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

58

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Created by: Jon Harald Sby, colors by Zscout370 File:Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Khristov File:Europe-Ukraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Europe-Ukraine.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: The Emirr, 1 anonymous edits File:Increase2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Sarang Image:Speakerlink.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Woodstone. Original uploader was Woodstone at en.wikipedia File:Zbruch Idol LG.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zbruch_Idol_LG.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boris Rybakov. Paganism of Ancient Rus. File:Kievan Rus en.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kievan_Rus_en.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Captain Blood, Kintetsubuffalo, Ras67, Rottweiler File:Vasnetsov Bapt Vladimir.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vasnetsov_Bapt_Vladimir.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Bakharev, Butko, Man vyi, Mladifilozof, Shakko, Skipjack File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rzeczpospolita2nar.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: 32X, Atamari, Electionworld, Furfur, Hierakares, Kilom691, Krzysztof, Lexicon, MT0, Perhelion, 1 anonymous edits File:Repin Cossacks.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Repin_Cossacks.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Tora, Alvesgaspar, Astatine211, Bukk, Butko, Botien lambda, Esprit04, Fanghong, Geagea, Gik, J.M.Domingo, Kiban, Kneiphof, Krschner, Manco Capac, Marv1N, Mattes, PatrciaR, Proktolog, Shakko, Spider, VIGNERON, Yakudza, Yarl, 7 anonymous edits File:Crimean Khanate 1600.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: Oleksa Haiworonski File:BChmielnicki.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BChmielnicki.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Image:Marten's Poltava.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marten's_Poltava.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: .:Ajvol:., Adam sk, Butko, Ketamino, Lipothymia, P. S. Burton, Rrohdin, Thib Phil, Valentinian Image:Kirill Razumovsky Tokke.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kirill_Razumovsky_Tokke.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Arachn0, Bmalina, Ecummenic, Frank C. Mller, Kaganer, Mathiasrex, Pkravchenko, Shakko, Wolfmann, 2 anonymous edits Image:Berezhany- (285) cropped.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Berezhany-_(285)_cropped.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Berezhany-_(285).jpg: Roman Zacharij derivative work: Gnesener1900 (talk) Image:Ukrainian National Republic map 1917 1920.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukrainian_National_Republic_map_1917_1920.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Voyaky unr.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Voyaky_unr.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rlevse File:Children affected by famine in Berdyansk, Ukraine - 1922.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk,_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: A1, Ahonc, Buka, Bulka UA, Jacklee, Jo0doe, MHM55, Petri Krohn, Yakudza File:Ukposter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukposter.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Altenmann, Bogdangiusca, Ghirlandajo, Irpen, Tavrian Image:Khrushchev and Brezhnev.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Khrushchev_and_Brezhnev.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: GrahamColm, Monkeybait File:DneproGES.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DneproGES.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Irpen, Jmabel, Kuban kazak, Maximaximax, Mircea, Movses, Shtanga File:Ruined Kiev in WWII.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: DDima, Pelex, UAWeBeR File:Dayosh Kiev.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dayosh_Kiev.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown war correspondent, soviet army soldier File:Kiev warmuseum 070611 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiev_warmuseum_070611_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Dgri File:Sergey Korolyov 140-190 for collage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sergey_Korolyov_140-190_for_collage.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: derivative work: Papa November (talk) Sergey_Korolyov.jpg: Anonymous Image:Kharkov 1981 Vedmedik.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kharkov_1981_Vedmedik.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: .. File:Ukraine elections massprotest 20041122.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukraine_elections_massprotest_20041122.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: maidan.org.ua Image:Ukrainian parliamentary election, 2007.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukrainian_parliamentary_election,_2007.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Russianname File:Slavic peoples 6th century historical map.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slavic_peoples_6th_century_historical_map.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Kievan Rus' Kyivan Rus' early formation 862 912.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kievan_Rus'_Kyivan_Rus'_early_formation_862_912.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Kievan Rus' historical map 980 1054.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kievan_Rus'_historical_map_980_1054.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:001 Kievan Rus' Kyivan Rus' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:001_Kievan_Rus'_Kyivan_Rus'_Ukraine_map_1220_1240.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Kingdom of Galicia Volhynia Rus' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kingdom_of_Galicia_Volhynia_Rus'_Ukraine_1245_1349.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Grand Duchy of Lithuania Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_Rus_and_Samogitia_1434.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Ukrainian Cossack state Zaporizhian Host 1649 1653.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukrainian_Cossack_state_Zaporizhian_Host_1649_1653.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth 1658 historical map.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Polish_Lithuanian_Ruthenian_Commonwealth_1658_historical_map.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and Russian Empire 1751.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:007_Ukrainian_Cossack_Hetmanate_and_Russian_Empire_1751.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn File:Ukrainian National Republic map 1917 1920.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukrainian_National_Republic_map_1917_1920.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: SeikoEn Image:Cirmea Laspi Sunset.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cirmea_Laspi_Sunset.JPG License: GNU General Public License Contributors: User:Podvalov Image:Ai-Petri.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ai-Petri.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Image:Flag colors.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_colors.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Dobrych Image:Vylkove Ukrainy.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vylkove_Ukrainy.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: astique (Elena Pleskevich) Image:Spermophilus suslicus2.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spermophilus_suslicus2.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Lobkov V.A. Image:Synevyrlake.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Synevyrlake.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Own work

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Viktor Yanukovych portrait.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Viktor_Yanukovych_portrait.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: A.h. king, Fastily, Materialscientist, Peter, Russavia, 2 anonymous edits File:Verkhovna Rada Ukrainy.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Verkhovna_Rada_Ukrainy.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Jurij Skoblenko aka Olduser File:ZasCCU.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZasCCU.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Minia - uploader in Ukrainian Wikipedia File:VVM 2007 foto 0217.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VVM_2007_foto_0217.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Bumbaka Image:Yanukovych with Merkel.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yanukovych_with_Merkel.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: A.h. king Image:2007 07 09 lech kaczynski na ukrainie 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2007_07_09_lech_kaczynski_na_ukrainie_01.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Ala z File:UKR Kiev map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:UKR_Kiev_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Yarl.PL Talk Image:Volyn coat of arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Volyn_coat_of_arms.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: UP9 Image:Rivne Oblast coat of arms.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rivne_Oblast_coat_of_arms.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: UP9 Image:Coat of Arms of Zhytomyr Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zhytomyr_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Herb Kyivskoi oblasti 1.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herb_Kyivskoi_oblasti_1.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Khmelnytskyi Oblast.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Khmelnytskyi_Oblast.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: . Image:Coat of Arms of Ternopil Oblast.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ternopil_Oblast.svg License: unknown Contributors: Image:Coat of Arms of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: LordCrimson Image:CarpathianRutheniaCoA.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CarpathianRutheniaCoA.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex:D, DDima, Darwinius, Happenstance, INS Pirat, Ilyaroz, Kilom691, Zirland, 2 anonymous edits Image:Coat of Arms of Chernivtsi Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernivtsi_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Vinnytsia Oblast.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vinnytsia_Oblast.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mysid Image:Coat of Arms of Cherkasy Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Cherkasy_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Kirovohrad Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kirovohrad_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: ., . (design), . (slogan) Image:Coat of Arms of Mykolaiv Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Mykolaiv_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Poltava Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Poltava_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Chernihiv Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Chernihiv_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Sumy Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sumy_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:KharkovTownflag.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KharkovTownflag.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Official Russian Empire Simbol Image:Small Coat of Arms of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Small_Coat_of_Arms_of_Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics IMage:Coat of Arms of Odesa Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Odesa_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Kherson Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kherson_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Zaporizhzhya Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Zaporizhzhya_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Donetsk Oblast 1999.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Donetsk_Oblast_1999.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Crimea.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Crimea.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Luhansk Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Luhansk_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics Image:Coat of Arms of Lviv Oblast.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Lviv_Oblast.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Unknown heraldics File:Ukranian BTR-80.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukranian_BTR-80.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: FieldMarine, Harald Hansen, High Contrast, PMG, Pmsyyz, Polylerus, SuperTank17, Zaccarias File:Sukhoi Su-27UB Belyakov.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sukhoi_Su-27UB_Belyakov.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Oleg Belyakov File:National Bank of Ukraine.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:National_Bank_of_Ukraine.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Alexander Noskin File:An-225 Mriya.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:An-225_Mriya.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Dmitry A. Mottl File:Ukrainian salary map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukrainian_salary_map.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic Contributors: Willtron File:Dnipropetrowsk.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dnipropetrowsk.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Hoodrat File:FANUC R2000iB AtWork.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FANUC_R2000iB_AtWork.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mixabest, Movses File: .JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:_______.JPG License: Attribution Contributors: Original uploader was Turzh at uk.wikipedia Image: .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:_.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: File: .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:__.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: File:CHS2-426.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CHS2-426.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Vivan755 File:Aerosvit Boeing 767 UR-VV.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aerosvit_Boeing_767_UR-VV.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Dmitrij.shpilchevskij File:Ethnolingusitic map of ukraine.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ethnolingusitic_map_of_ukraine.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Yerevanci File:Ukraine census 2001 Ukrainians.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Alex Tora File:Population of Ukraine v.2.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Population_of_Ukraine_v.2.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: LokiiT

59

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Ukraine Kyiv Maidan Nezalezhnosti close.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukraine_Kyiv_Maidan_Nezalezhnosti_close.jpeg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Seiko at hr.wikipedia File:Kharkov oblsovet EN.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kharkov_oblsovet_EN.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Kharkov_oblsovet.jpg: Victor Vizu derivative work: Gnesener1900 (talk) File:Dnipropetrovsk2006.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dnipropetrovsk2006.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: DDima File:Odessa Opera House-2EN.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Odessa_Opera_House-2EN.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Odessa_Opera_House.jpg: Paganel derivative work: Gnesener1900 (talk) File:Donezk Donbass Arena 01.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Donezk_Donbass_Arena_01.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Brcke-Osteuropa File: 9100219.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:_9100219.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Mixabest File:Overlooking Latin Cathedral in Lviv.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Overlooking_Latin_Cathedral_in_Lviv.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Brian Dell Bdell555 File:Chuch KrivoiRog 023-2EN.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chuch_KrivoiRog_023-2EN.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Chuch_KrivoiRog_023.JPG: Pelex derivative work: Gnesener1900 (talk) File:Ukraine religion 2006 Razumkov center.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukraine_religion_2006_Razumkov_center.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Alex Tora File:Kyjiv sofienkathedrale.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kyjiv_sofienkathedrale.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Elya (talk) File: .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:_.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Original uploader was Sagg at uk.wikipedia File:Ukaine Population Pyramid 2012.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukaine_Population_Pyramid_2012.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Pardee Center for International Futures Image:Universitt Kiew.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Universitt_Kiew.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Uploaded on May 23, 2006 by soylentgreen23 File:Graduates in tertiary education-thousands.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Graduates_in_tertiary_education-thousands.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Aavindraa, Andries, Cwbm (commons), Eroen, ForgottenHistory, Israeli, Joey-das-WBF, Mikkalai, Rnawky, Sasha Krotov, 1 anonymous edits Image:NGU Dnepropetrovsk.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NGU_Dnepropetrovsk.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Sergiy Klymenko File:VolynPysanky.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VolynPysanky.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was Lubap at en.wikipedia File:St. Michael's Cathedral from belltower.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St._Michael's_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 1.0 Contributors: Dmytro Sergiyenko Image:Ukraine cencus 2001 Ukrainian.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukraine_cencus_2001_Ukrainian.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Alex Tora Image:Ukraine cencus 2001 Russian.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ukraine_cencus_2001_Russian.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Alex Tora File:Taras Shevchenko selfportrait oil 1840-2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Taras_Shevchenko_selfportrait_oil_1840-2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Taras_Shevchenko_selfportrait_oil_1840.jpg: derivative work: Gnesener1900 (talk) File:IvanFranko1886.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IvanFranko1886.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: INeverCry, Muumi, Sevela.p, Yakudza, 2 anonymous edits File:Lesya Ukrayinka 1887.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lesya_Ukrayinka_1887.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Yakudza File:307118 1 342.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:307118_1_342.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown File:StepRudanskij.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StepRudanskij.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Albedo-ukr, Ilyaroz Image:Kiev Pechersk Lavra (General).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiev_Pechersk_Lavra_(General).jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Bulka UA, DDima, Oleh Kernytskyi Image:Vorontsov South View.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vorontsov_South_View.JPG License: GNU General Public License Contributors: User:Podvalov Image:Kiev Christmas Tree (Maidan Nezalezhnosti, 2006-2007).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiev_Christmas_Tree_(Maidan_Nezalezhnosti,_2006-2007).jpg License: Attribution Contributors: MARK at http://www.photographic.com.ua File:Lww - Opera.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lww_-_Opera.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Lestat (Jan Mehlich) File:Europe Shopping center in Dnipropetrovsk.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Europe_Shopping_center_in_Dnipropetrovsk.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: An-tu Image:Lysenko-u-foteli.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lysenko-u-foteli.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: . Original uploader was at ru.wikipedia File:Cossack Dancing.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cossack_Dancing.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Stanitsa Image:Okean-elzy-2008.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Okean-elzy-2008.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Alla Rechmedina (uploaded by Narking) Image:Rushnyk Ukraine embroidered decorative towels.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rushnyk_Ukraine_embroidered_decorative_towels.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Christian Ganzer, Sceptic File:Andrij Szewczenko.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andrij_Szewczenko.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Zureks File:Donbass Arena.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Donbass_Arena.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Elparadiso19 Image:Cossack Shashlik in Zaporizhia.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cossack_Shashlik_in_Zaporizhia.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Brcke-Osteuropa File:Ruskie.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ruskie.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Ala z, Odder, Pibwl, Piotrus, Silar, Trelio, 5 anonymous edits

60

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/