Reactants

Anhydrous AlCl3

Property
It has an e- deficient atom and functions as Lewis acid. It initially by accepting e- pair

Reactions
1. Friedel-Craft alkylation & acylation rxn 2. Fries rxn 3.Gatterman-Koch aldehyde synthesis 4. Amidation5.Carboxylation 6.Wagner rearrangement 7.Isomeritization 8.Dealkylation

Aluminium Isopropoxide

It is a good reducing agent. It reduces by transfer of hydride ion. It is specific reagent for reduction of carbonyl compounds to alcohols. It can also be employed for oxidation of alcohols. It is used as Lewis acid catalyst in organic reactions. It has vacant orbital It has strong tendency to co-ordinate with unshared electron pairs of donor element

1. Meerwein - Ponndorf reduction 2. Reduction of diaryl ketones to hydrocarbons 3. Oppenauer oxidation

1.Friedel Craft rxn 2.Formation of Esters 3.Formation of acids 4.Nitration & Sulphonation 5.Reduction of esters 6.Rearrangements :- Beckmann :-Benzidiene :-Fries 7.Formation of amides 8.Methylation of alcohols 9.Polymerization 1. Alcylic Bromination (brominatingagent) (a) Preparation of bromoesters (b)Conversion of monoenes to dienes & trienes (c)Degradation of olefin compounds 2.As oxidising agent used in oxidation of primary alcohols and primary amines to aldehydes 3. Degradation of amino acids

Boron Trifluoride (BF3)

N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS)

It is useful for specifically brominating alcylic and benzylic positions. When double bond and triple bond both are present in compound preferred position for bromination is a- to triple bond

Diatomethane CH2=N+=N- CH2N2

It is mainly used as methlylating agent for oxidizing compound such as carboxylic and mineral acid

1.Methylation 2.Arndt-Eistert rxn 3.Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds 4.Formation of carbone 1. Esterification 2.Formation of Amides3.Etherification 4.Formation of Acid Anhydride 5.Diacyl peroxide 6.Formation of B- Lactanes cyclic amides 7. Formation of peptides 8.Barbituric acid formation 1.Hydroxylation 2.Coupling 3.Oxidation of a- hydroxyacids 4.Oxidation of glycol 5. Oxidation of sugar 6. Oxidation of tartaric acid 1. Preparation of alkyl hydroperoxides & alkyl peroxides 2. Preparation of acyl hydroperoxides and acyl peroxides 3. Hydroxylation of alkenes 4.Hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons 5.Substitution of aldehyde group by hydroxylic group (Dakin rxn) 6.Oxidation of triakyl boranes 7. Oxidation of nitriles 8. Oxidation of amines 9.Oxidation of S compounds 10.Degradation of sugars 11.Epoxidation of a,b-unsaturated ketones 1. An oxidizing agent - Oxidation of alcohols (a). Oxidation of 1, 2 - glycols (b) Oxidation of hydroquinones (c) Used in oxidative decarboxylation (d) Oxidation of amines 2. As methylating and acetoxylating agent (a) Acetoxylation

Dicyclohexylcarbodimide

It is used generally as dehydrating agent usually under mild conditions. Disopropy/carboimide has been found to be a better reagent

Fentons's Reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+)

It is used as an oxidizing reagent. Oxidation carried out by adding H2O2 in ice-cold aq or alc. soln or organic subs and Ferrous Acetate.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

It is an oxidising agent. In alkaline medium H2O2 supplies O2 nucleophiles as attacking species for oxidation. In acidic medium it forms the conjuagte acid of H2O2 which can transfer OH + peroxides often react through free radical mechanism.

Lead Tetraacetate (CH3CCO)4 Pb Or Pb(OAc)4

Besides being excellent oxidising agent is is also a good nethylating and acetoxylating agent

Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4)

Subtrate RCHO RCOR RCOOH RCOCl R-CH-CH2 O Redn. Product RCH2OH RCHOH R RCH2OH RCH2OH RCHOHCH3 + RCH2CHOH

It is the most important reducing agent Subtrate R-C=N R-NO2 RN3 R-N=C=O Ar-NO2 Redn. Product RCHO/RNH2 RNH2 RNH2 RNHCH3 ArNH=NHAr 1. Reduction of carbonyl comps. 2. Reduction of acids and their derivaties 3. Reduction of nitro compounds oximes nitrile etc. to primary amines 4. Reduction of halides 5. Reduction of epoxides to alc 6. Rxn with alc and amines 7. Intro to deuterium in organic molecules

Reactants
Osmium Tetraoxide

Property
It is toxic and volatile. For oxidation OsO4 in ether or t-butyl alc is added to oletin in presence of a base eg. Pyridine

Reactions
1. Preparation of C is - 1,2 diols 2. Elucidation of structure of polynuclear hydrocarbons.(oxidation with potassium ferricynide) 3. Elucidation of structure of unsaturated compounds (Hydroxylation) 4.Used also as a catalyst with other oxidizing agent 1. Epoxidation 2. Oxidation of ketones to esters (Baeyer -Villiger rearrangement) 3. Oxidation of a- diketones and 1,2 - quinones to acid anhydries 4. Oxidation of amines 5. Oxidation of azobenzene 6. Oxidation of thioethers 7. Oxidation of benzaldehyde 1. Identification of aldose 2. Distinction of aldohose and ketohexose 3. Determination of size of oxide rings of sugars 4. Oxidation of alkenes 5. Estimation of Aminoacids 1. Reduction of C-C multiple bonds 2. Reduction of aromatic ethers 3. Reduction of nitro group to amino group 4. Reduction of halides 5.Reduction of nitriles 6. Desulphonation 7. Desulphurization 8. Hardening of oils 1. Oxidatin of reactive methyl and methylene groups 2. Allylic hydroxylation and oxidation 3. Dehydrogenation 1. Dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides 2. Reaction with terminal acetylanic compounds 3. Formation of nucleophiles 4. Cleavage of non enolisable ketones 5. Cleavage of ethers 6. Rearrangement of quaternary salts 7. Amines from non-activated aryl halides 8. Amination of nitrogen heterocyclies 9.Synthesis of indigotin 10. Preparation of organo sodium compound 1. Reduction of carbonyl compounds &acid chlorides to alc. 2. Reduction of carbonyl groups to methylene group 3. Reduction of ozonides. Hydration of olefins 4. Reductive alkylation of amines 5. Reduction of C,N double bonds 6. Reduction of ester groups 7. Preparation of diboranes 8. Reduction of diazonium borofluoride 9. Reduction of azides It is mainly used to prepare L-amino acid which are used for synthesis of protein

Perbenzolc Acid (Peroxybenzoic acid C6H5CO3H

Perbenzoic acid is a good oxidant and reacts with olefinic bonds to yield epoxides

Periodic acid H5IO6 or HIO4-H2O

It is mainly used in synthetic and analytical applications. Oxidation with H5IO6 is indicated by formation of white precipitate of AgIO3 with AgNO3 solution

Raney Nickel

It is used extensively as a catalyst for hydrogenation It is a powerful reducing agent

Selenium Dioxide (SeO2)

It is an important oxidising agent, specific for the oxidation of reactive methylene and methyl groups. It is also used as catalyst. It is the most commonly used base for the formation of triple bond from alkyl halides

Sodium Amide (Sodamide NaNH2)

Sodium Borohydride NaBH4

It is a reducing agent . It reduces by transfer of hydride ions to substrates as in case of lithium aluminium hydride. The reduction of NaBH4 is more selective

Wilkinson's catalyst (P Ph3)3 RhCl Tris (triphenylphosphine) chlororhodium Acetic acid (CH3COOH) Bromoethane (EtBr)

It is used mainly for homogenous hydrogenation

It is a weak monoprotic acid in aqueous solution. Its conjugate base is acetate ion. (CH3COO-) Liquid acetic acid is a polar protic solvent It is very volatile compound It is used as strong base EtMgBr deprotones alkynes It is used as a catalyst and an oxidizing agent It emits blue green glow in flame

1. Methanol carboxylation 2. Ethylene oxidation 3.Ester production 4. Formation of acetic anhydride 1. Preparation of Grighard"s reagent 2. It is used basically in the formation of organolithium reagents 3. Formation of esters

Copper Acetate (Cu(OAc)2 Fehlings solution (2CuO + 2OH-) Gilman's Reagent (R2CuLi) Hydrazine (NH2=NH2)

It is used as source of Cu in inorganic synthesis

Ketones and aromatic aldehydes do not respond to Fehling's solution. It can be used only for aliphatic aldehydes It is a methylating agent reacting with an alkyne in a conjugate addn. It is used as a reducing agent. It is also a good nucleophile

It is basically used to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones It is generally used for obtaining higher alkanes from smaller ones 1.Hydrazone formation 2. Wollf-Kishner reaction 3. Sulphonation 4. Formation of hydrazinium salts

Reactants
Iron Chloride (FeCl3)

Property
Anhydrous Ferrous Chloride is a strong lewis acid . It is mild oxidizing agent

Reactions
1. It is used as catalyst for reaction of ethylene with chlorine 2. It is used mainly as a catalyst for chlorination of aromatic compounds 3. It is also used in Freidel- Craft rxn 4. Used in alkylation of benzene 1. Oxidation of hydrazones to diazo compounds 2. Oxidation of alcohols 3.Aziridine formation 4. Conversion of acetophenones to phenyl acetic acids 1. Oxidation, aromatization,oxidative coupling and thiol oxidation 2. Used in preparation of oxygen from potassium chlorate 3. Used in decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water It is used in alkylation of activated aromatic compounds to produce aryl aldehydes and ketones

Lead Acetate

Its a strong oxidising agent

Manganese Oxid (MnO2)

It is extensively used as an oxidising agent for oxidation of allylic alc. It is also used as a catalyst

Phosphoryl Chloride (POCl3)

It acts as a Lewis base It reacts with water and alcohol to give phosphoric acid and phosphate esters It is a strong nucleophilic base Its steric bulk inhibits the group from participating in nucleophilic addition such as Willliamson ether synthesis It is an oxidising agent which itself is reduced to silver metal. It used for testing of aldehydes

Potassium Tert Butoxide (CH3)3COK Tollens reagent

It is used in dehydrohalogenation reactions Substrates deprotonated by (CH3)3COK are terminal acetylenes and active methylene compounds It is used to differentiate between an aldehyde & a ketone It is also used for testing for alkynes of triple bond