ANDROID Android (operating system) Android is an operating system for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet

computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google. Google purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005. The unveiling of the Android distribution on November 5, 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 84 hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software license. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android. Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux kernel, with middleware, libraries and APIs written in C and application software running on an application framework which includes Java-compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik virtual machine with just-in-time compilation to run compiled Java code.[Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of Java. There are currently more than 520,000 apps available for Android.Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores such as Android Market, the app store run by Google. Android was listed as the best-selling smart phone platform worldwide in Q4 2010 by Canalys.

History Foundation Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV) to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences".Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran out of cash. Steve Perlman brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.

Acquisition by Google Google acquired Android Inc. in August 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Google Inc. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy Rubin, Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time of the acquisition, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this move.

Post-acquisition development At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part. Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. Reports from the BBC andThe Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset. Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalue serve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.

Open Handset Alliance The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a business alliance of 84 firms to develop open standards for mobile devices. Member firms include Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Samsung, LG, TMobile, Nvdia, and Wind River Systems.

History The OHA was established on 5 November 2007, led by Google with 34 members including mobile handset makers, application developers, some mobile carriers and chip makers. Android, the flagship software of the alliance, is based on an open source license and competes against mobile platforms from Apple, Microsoft, Nokia, Sony

Ericsson,(Symbian), HP (formerly Palm), Research In Motion, and Samsung Electronics (bada).

Product At the same time as the announcement of the formation of the Open Handset Alliance on 5 November 2007, the OHA also unveiled Android, an open source mobile phone platform based on the Linux kernel.An early look at the SDK was released to developers on 12 November 2007. The first commercially available phone running Android was the T-Mobile G1 (also known as the HTC Dream). It was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on 18 August 2008,and became available on 22 October.

On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG,Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, TMobile and Texas Instruments unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices.[12] On the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6. On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Huawei Technologies, PacketVideo, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.

Licensing With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free and open source software license since October 21, 2008 until March 2011.[Google published the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks)under an Apache License.Google also keeps the reviewed issues list publicly open for anyone to see and comment. Even though the software is open source, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license Google's closed-source applications, including the Android Market. In September 2010, Skyhook Wireless filed a lawsuit against Google in which they alleged that Google had used the compatibility document to block Skyhook's mobile positioning

service (XPS) from Motorola's Android mobile devices In December 2010 a judge denied Skyhook's motion for preliminary injunction, saying that Google had not closed off the possibility of accepting a revised version of Skyhook's XPS service, and that Motorola had terminated their contract with Skyhook because Skyhook wanted to disable Google's location data collection functions on Motorola's devices, which would have violated Motorola's obligations to Google and its carriers. In early 2011, Google chose to withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only Honeycomb release, creating a controversy over Google's commitment to open source with Android.The reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom, and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets. Google later confirmed that the Honeycomb source code would not be released until after it was merged with the Gingerbread release in Ice Cream Sandwich. One of the criticisms often levied against Android is that it is not as open as Google claims. A mid-2009 Google strategy briefing included phrases such as Do not develop in the open. Instead, make source code available after innovation is complete. The documents also seem to suggest that preferential treatment should be given specifically to Motorola Mobility and Verizon Wireless for being the first to develop Android phones to Google specifications. In an internal email, dated Aug. 6, 2010, Dan Morrill, a manager in the Android group, noted in passing that it was obvious to the phone makers that we are using compatibility as a club to make them do things we want. In a July 2011 research into open source projects, Android was found to be the most closed platform scoring significantly lower in an openness index. The other projects examined were Qt,Symbian, MeeGo, Mozilla, WebKit, Linux and Eclipse.

Version history

Android has seen a number of updates since its original release, each fixing bugs and adding new features. Each version is named, in alphabetical order, after a dessert.

Recent releases

2.3 Gingerbread refined the user interface, improved the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, improved gaming performance, SIP support (VoIP calls), and added support for Near Field Communication. Android 2.3 Gingerbread is the latest Android version that is available to phones.

3.0 Honeycomb was a tablet-oriented release which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics. The Honeycomb SDK has been released and the first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, went on sale in February 2011.

3.1 Honeycomb was announced at the 2011 Google I/O on 10 May 2011. One feature focuses on allowing Honeycomb devices to directly transfer content from USB devices.

3.2 Honeycomb released at July 15 2011, is "an incremental release that adds several new capabilities for users and developers". Highlights include optimization for a broader range of screen sizes; new "zoom-to-fill" screen compatibility mode; capability to load media files directly from the SD card; and an extended screen support API, providing developers with more precise control over the UI. Android 3.2 Honeycomb is the latest Android version that is available to tablets.

Future releases

Ice Cream Sandwich is said to be a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole". In September 2011, Eric Schmidt stated that Ice Cream Sandwich "is being released in October/November."

Android version history The version history of the Android operating system began with the release of version 1.0 in September 2008. Android is a mobile operating systemdeveloped by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally, each version is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The code names were released in alphabetic order: Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich.

Beta Released 5 November 2007 Conference Call transcript SDK Released 12 November 2007

1.0 Released 23 September 2008. The first Android device, the HTC Dream (G1), had these Android 1.0 features:

 

Android Market application download and updates through the Market app Web browser to show, zoom and pan full HTML and XHTML web pages multiple pages show as windows ("cards")Video Camera support, but no way to change resolution, white balance, quality, etc. Folders allow the grouping of a number of app icons into a single folder icon on the Home screen. Email provides access to email servers commonly found on the Internet and supports POP3, IMAP4, and SMTP. Gmail synchronization with the Gmail app Google Contacts synchronization with the People app Google Calendar synchronization with the Calendar app Google Maps with Latitude and Street View to view maps and satellite imagery, as well as find local business and get driving directions using GPS Google Sync allows management of over-the-air synchronization of Gmail, People, and Calendar Google Search of the internet and phone apps, contacts, calendar, etc Google Talk instant messaging Instant messaging, text messaging, and MMS Media Player enables managing, importing, and playing back but lacked video and stereo Bluetooth support Notifications appear in the Status bar drag down to see details, also ringtone, LEDs and vibration options. Voice Dialer allows dialing and placing of phone calls without typing a name or number Wallpaper allows the user to set the background image or photo behind the Home screen icons and widgets. YouTube video player Other apps include: Alarm Clock, Calculator, Dialer (Phone), Home screen (launcher), Pictures (Gallery), and Settings. Other supported features include: WiFi, and Bluetooth.

 

   

   

 

 

1.1 On 9 February 2009, Android 1.1 update for Android was released for T-Mobile G1 only. Included in the update were resolved issues, API changes and:

Maps: Adds details and reviews when a user does a search on Maps and clicks on a business to view its details. Dialer: In-call screen timeout default is now longer when using the speakerphone, Show/Hide Dialpad Messaging: Saving attachments System: Adds support for marquee in layouts.

 

1.5 Cupcake Based on Linux kernel 2.6.27. On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released.There were several new features and UI updates included in the 1.5 update:


Virtual keyboard: Support for 3rd party keyboards with text prediction & user dictionary for custom words Widgets: Are miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates Camera: Video recording Gallery: Video playback (MPEG-4 & 3GP formats) Bluetooth: Stereo support added (A2DP and AVRCP profiles), Auto-pairing Browser: Copy and paste features added Contacts: Shows user picture for Favorites Dialer: Specific date/time stamp for events in call log and one-touch access to a contact card from call log event System: Animated screen transitions Upload videos to YouTube Upload photos on Picasa

     

  

1.6 Donut Based on Linux kernel 2.6.2 On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released. Included in the update were.


Search: Voice Search & text entry search enhanced to include bookmarks & history, contacts, the web, and more Search: Developers can now include their content in search results

Text to speech: Features a multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a string of text Android Market: Allows easier searching, app screenshots, etc. Camera, camcorder, and Gallery: Updated integrated with faster camera access Gallery: Now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion System: Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-tospeech engine Display: Support for WVGA screen resolutions Speed improvements in searching and camera applications Expanded Gesture framework and new GestureBuilder development tool Google free turn-by-turn navigation

   

   

2.x Eclair 2.0 Based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released. Changes included:


Sync: Expanded Account sync. Multiple accounts can be added to a device for email and contact synchronization Email: Exchange support, Combined inbox to browse email from multiple accounts in one page. Bluetooth: 2.1 support Contacts: Tap a contact photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person. Messaging: Search all saved SMS and MMS messages. Auto delete oldest messages in a conversation when a defined limit is reached. Camera: Flash support, Digital zoom, Scene mode, White balance, Color effect, Macro focus Virtual keyboard: Improved typing speed, smarter dictionary learns from word usage and includes contact names as suggestions. Browser: Refreshed UI, Bookmark thumbnails, Double-tap zoom, Support for HTML5 Calendar: Agenda view enhanced, Attending status for each invitee, Invite new guests to events. System: Optimized hardware speed, Revamped UI Display: Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, Better contrast ratio Maps: Improved Google Maps 3.1.2

  

 

  

 

MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events. Live Wallpapers: Home screen background images can be animated to show movement

2.0.1 The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.



Android 2.0.1 is a minor platform release deployable to Android-powered handsets starting in December 2009. This release includes minor API changes, bug fixes and framework behavioral changes.

2.1 The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010.



Android 2.1 is a minor platform release deployable to Android-powered handsets starting in January 2010. This release includes new API changes and bug fixes.

2.2 Froyo

2.2.2 latest release. Based on Linux kernel 2.6.32. On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was released. Changes included:
   

System: Speed, memory, and performance optimizations. Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation. Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application Improved Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, auto-discovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization, remote wipe) Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality Added an option to disable data access over mobile network Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features. Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords Support for file upload fields in the Browser application. Support for installing applications to the expandable memory

        

 

Adobe Flash support. Display: Support for extra high DPI screens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720p.

2.3.x Gingerbread 2.3 Based on Linux kernel 2.6.35. On 6 December 2010, the 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released. Changes included:
   

System: Updated user interface design for simplicity and speed Display: Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher) Internet calling: Native support for SIP VoIP telephony Virtual Keyboard: Faster, more intuitive text input, improved accuracy, better suggested text. Voice input mode Copy/Paste: Enhanced. Select a word by press-hold, copy, and paste Near Field Communication lets the user read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost New Download Manager giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application Camera: Access multiple cameras on the device, including a front-facing camera, if available Media: Support for Web M/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding System: Improved power management with a more active role in managing apps that are keeping the device awake for too long System: Enhanced support for native code development System: Switched from YAFFS to ext4 on newer devices Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers)

 

 

 

    

2.3.3


Android 2.3.3 is a small feature release that adds several improvements and APIs to the Android 2.3 platform.

2.3.4


Added support for voice or video chat using Google Talk.

2.3.5 25 Jul 2011



Brought improved network performance for the Nexus S 4G, among other fixes and improvements. Fixed Bluetooth bug on Samsung Galaxy S Improved Gmail application

 

2.3.6


Voice search bug fixed.

2.3.7


Google Wallet support for Nexus S 4G

3.x Honeycomb 3.0

3.0.1 . Based on Linux kernel 2.6.36. On 22 February 2011, the 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK was released, for tablet computers only. The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011. Changes include:

   

Optimized tablet support with a new virtual and holographic user interface System Bar: Quick access to notifications, status, and soft navigation buttons available at the bottom of the screen Action Bar: Access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content at the top of the screen Multitasking: Tap Recent Apps in the System Bar, to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one app to another

    

Redesigned keyboard: To make entering text fast and accurate on larger screen sizes with greater accuracy and efficiency Copy/Paste: Simplified, more intuitive Browser: Multiple tabs replace browser windows, form auto-fill, and a new incognito mode allows anonymous browsing Camera: Quick access to exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, time-lapse, and more Gallery: View albums and other collections in full-screen mode, with easy access to thumbnails for other photos

 

Contacts: New two-pane UI and Fast Scroll to let users easily organize and locate contacts Email: New two-pane UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient. The app lets users select one or more messages

  

Support for video chat using Google Talk Hardware acceleration Support for multi-core processors

3.1
The 3.1 SDK was released on 10 May 2011. Changes included:

         3.2

UI refinements Connectivity for USB accessories Expanded Recent Apps list Resizable Home screen widgets Support for external keyboards and pointing devices Support for joysticks and gamepads Media: Support for FLAC audio playback. High-performance Wi-Fi lock maintains high-performance Wi-Fi connections when device screen is off Support for HTTP proxy for each connected Wi-Fi access point

The 3.2 SDK was released on 15 July 2011. Changes included:

   

Improved hardware support, including optimisations for a wider range of tablets Easier access for apps to files on the SD card, e.g. for synchronisation Compatibility display mode for apps that have not yet been optimized for tablet screen resolutions New display support functions that give developers more control over the look and feel on different Android devices.

4.x Ice Cream Sandwich As officially announced during the 2011 Google I/O, the upcoming version of Android is called Ice Cream Sandwich, a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole". It will be released in October or November 2011. Android Head of Engineering, Mike Claren called it the companys most ambitious release to date. Features include facial recognition and new API sto reduce development fragmentation. To date, there is evidence of :

1. 2.

the unification of phone and tablet UIs and several reports of devices claiming to be Android 4.0 devices popping up suggesting that Ice Cream Sandwich will be a major Android version increase.

Design

Linux
Android's kernel is a fork of the Linux kernel but has further architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle. For example Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android. Certain features Google contributed back to the kernel, notably a power management feature called wakelocks, were rejected by mainline kernel developers, partly because kernel maintainers felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain their own code. Even if Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux. Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process", because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android. However, in September 2010 Linux kernel developer Rafael J. Wysocki added a patch that improved the mainline Linux wakeup events framework. He said that Android device drivers that use wakelocks can now be easily merged into mainline Linux, but that Android's opportunistic suspend features should not be included in the mainline kernel. In 2011 Linus Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years." Torvalds said that "eventually Android and

Features Current features and specifications: Handset layouts The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smart phone layouts. Storage SQ Lite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes. Connectivity Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and Wi MAX. Messaging SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and now Android Cloud To Device Messaging Framework (C2DM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service. Multiple language support Android supports multiple human languages. The number of languages more than doubled for the platform 2.3 Gingerbread. Web browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source Web Kit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores a 95/100 on the Acid3 Test.

Java support While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on Dalvik, a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party applications. Media support Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: Web M, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.

Streaming media support RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by the Flash plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported by RealPlayer for Mobile,and by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). Additional hardware support Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.

Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the time). Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively. Bluetooth Supports A2DP, n AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) support is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through manufacturer customizations and third-party applications. Video calling Android does not support native video calling, but some handsets have a customized version of the operating system that supports it, either via the UMTS network (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is available in Android 2.3.4 and later. Gingerbread allows Nexus S to place Internet calls with a SIP account. This allows for enhanced VoIP dialing to other SIP accounts and even phone numbers. Skype 2.1 offers video calling in Android 2.3, including front camera support. Multitasking Multitasking of applications is available. Voice based features Google search through voice has been available since initial release. Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are supported on Android 2.2 onwards.

Tethering Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired Wi-Fi hotspot. Before Android 2.2 this was supported by third-party applications or manufacturer customizations. Screen capture Android does not support screenshot capture as of 2011. This is supported by manufacturer and third-party customizations. Screen Capture is available through a PC connection using the DDMS developer's tool.

Uses

The Android operating system is used on smart phones, net books, tablet computers, Google TV, and other devices. The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture. There is support for x86 from the Android-x86 project, and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android. The first commercially available phone to run Android was the HTC Dream, released on 22 October 2008. In early 2010 Google collaborated with HTC to launch its flagship Android device, the Nexus One. This was followed later in 2010 with the Samsungmade Nexus S. In September 2011, many companies which produce smartphones powered by Mee Go, B da, Web OS and Windows also produce smart phone powered by Android. There are also possibility that some BlackBerry smart phones will use Android. i OS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jail broken i Phone or i Pod Touch with the help of Open Boot and i Droid.

Comparison of Android devices Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. This page seeks to list and compare hardware devices that are shipped with either Google's Android operating system or its O Phone derivative from China Mobile.

Officially released The following are lists of devices that have been released with Google's Android operating system installed. Multiple names for the same device are entered in the same row where applicable.

Smart phones
For an explanation of the columns, see Template Info box mobile phone/doc and/or Template :Info box information appliance/doc

Acer
This category contains a list of Android mobile phones released by Acer Inc.
Release Android date version (country)

Name

Connectivity CPU (MHz), GPU, Capacities Display Inputs Networks chipset

Camera(s)

Special features, Gyrosco notes


beTouch E110 February 15, 2010 1.5 2.8 in (71 mm), 240320 QVGA, portrait mode

GSM/GPRS/EDGE850/900/1800/1900 UMTS 850/1900 CSD HSDPA HSUPA


A-GPS

  

Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR

416

256 MB ROM ?

beTouch April 2010 E400

2.1

3.2 in (81 mm), HVGA, resistive touch screen.

Wifi

600 MHz Qualcomm 7227 processor

Rear: 3.2MP camer a


December Liquid 7, A1(S100) 2009(UK) 3.5 in (89 mm), 480800 WVGA, portrait mode

GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900

1.6

A-GPS

   

UMTS 850/1900 CSD HSDPA HSUPA

Bluetooth 2.0 + EDR, Wi-Fi 802.11g

Liquid E

June 2010

2.1

3.5 in (89 mm), 480800 WGA, portrait mode

768Snapdragon

[2]


Liquid E Ferrari June 2010 2.1 3.5 in (89 mm), 480800 WVGA, portrait mode 768Snapdragon

Rear: 5 Mpx


LCD 3.6 in (91 mm) WVGA moultitouch capacitive screen, 16 M colors

Customized version of Liquid E with Ferrari visual styling

Front: none

Liquid mt(Liquid Metal)

October 2010

2.2

HSPA 14.4Mbit/s

WiFi and Bluetooth

800 MHz Qualcomm MSM7230


Acer Stream S110 August 2010 2.1 with 3.7 inch capacitive update (9.4 cm)WVGA AMOLED touchscreen to 2.2 wifi 1000Snapdragon

Rear: 5 Mpx HDMI output with 720p video

recor ding

Front: none

HTC
This category contains a list of Android mobile phones released by HTC Corporation
Release date Name (country) Android version Display Inputs Networks Connectivity CPU (MHz), GPU, chipset Capacities Camera(s)

Wi-Fi (802.11b/ g)

Bluetooth 2.1 with A2DP


HTC Aria June 20, 2010 2.1/2.2 withHTC Sense UI 3.2 in (81 mm), 320480 HVGA, portrait mode

Rear:


A-GPS

GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900

stereo 600 MSM7227 and EDR

5 Mpx rang sim

 
HSDPA

Front: none

 

FM tuner 3.5 mm stereo audio jack, microUSB


Europe/Asia Pacific:

Wi-Fi (802.11b/ g); 576MB RAM & 512MB ROM (about 140MB usable)

HTC Desire

March 26, 2010

2.1/2.2 withHTC Sense UI

3.7 in (94 mm), 480800WVGA, portrait mode

Virtual keyboard

HSPA/W-CDMA: 900/2100 or 850/2100 (Telstra Australia)

Bluetooth 2.1 with EDR

1000 ARMv7 Snapdragon

5.0 Mpx

Sim bu UI, ha do mic

GSM 850/900/1800/1900


October 22, 2008 1.0 through 2.1

Micro USB

HTC Dream, T-Mobile G1,

3.2 in (81 mm), 320480 HVGA,

A-GPS; slideout QWERTY

Quad bandGSM/GPRS/EDGE

Wi-Fi (802.11b/g), Bluetooth

528 MHz Qualcomm MSM7201A ARM11

192 MB RAM, 256

3.2 Mpx

Fir m

Era G1

portrait mode

keyboard 850/900/1800/1900[3]

2.0+EDR, ExtUSB,

MB ROM

pla

HSDPA/HSUPA (US/Europe) (7.2/2 Mbit/s)

s o

1.

GSM version:

quad band GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900

HTC Hero, HTC Droid Eris, T-Mobile G2 Touch

July 2009 (Europe, Asia, Canada) October 2009 (US)


3.2 in (81 mm), 1.5, 2.1 with 320480 HVGA, HTC Sense UI portrait mode Virtual keyboard; AGPS;

dual band UMTS900/2100 HSPA (Europe), or dual band UMTS 850/1900 HSPA (North America) Wi-Fi (802.11b/g), Bluetooth 2.0+EDR, ExtUSB

Th des or t des

2.

CDMA version: dual band CDMA2000/EVDO Rev. A 800/1900


Wi-Fi (802.11b/g) (n with 2.2 update); Bluetooth 2.1 with A2DP stereo and EDR; FM tuner, Mobile Wi-Fi (with 2.2 update)

Rear: 8.0 M px

Droid Incredible

April 29, 2010

2.1-2.2 with 3.7 in (94 mm), HTC Sense UI 480800WVGA, (upgrade to portrait mode, Android 2.3 AMOLED or in Q2 2011) SLCD

Virtual keyboard; AGPS

CDMA2000/EV-DO Rev. A

8 GB onboard flash memory

with dual flash LED

Su

Front: none

Rear: 8.0 M px

Incredible S

February 26, 2011(UK)

2.2 with HTC Sense UI (upgradable to 2.3 Q2 2011)

4.0 in (100 mm), 480800WVGA, portrait mode, SLCD

Virtual keyboard; AGPS

Wi-Fi (802.11b/g) (n with 2.2 update); GSM/GPRS/EDGE850/900/1800/1900 MHz Bluetooth 2.1 1000 Qualcomm HSPA/WCDMA with A2DP stereo MSM8255 (Snapdragon) Europe/Asia900/AWS/2100 MHz and EDR; FM tuner, Mobile Wi-Fi (with 2.2 update)

1.1 GB onboard flash memory, 8 GB microSD supplied

with dual flash LED

Su D

Front: 1.3Mp x Fixed

Focus for video calling 3.2 in (81 mm), 320480 HVGA, portrait mode, AMOLED Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g), Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR with Enhanced Data Rate

HTC Legend

March 31, 2010

2.1-2.2

GPS

GSM 850/900/1800/1900 HSPA/WCDMA 900/2100

QualcommMSM7227 @ 600

Bluetooth 2.0 with Enhanced Data Rate and A2DP for wireless stereo

Rear: 3.2 mega

HTC Magic, HTC April 27, 2009Sapphire, July 28, T-Mobile 2009(depending myTouch 3G, on country) docomo HT03A

headsets 1.5-1.6 2.2.1 3.2 in (81 mm), 320480 HVGA, portrait mode

Wi-Fi: IEEE 802.11 b/g

512 MB ROM, 288 QualcommMSM7200A@ MB RAM, 528 microSD card (SD 2.0 compatible)

pixel color with autof ocus

HT (3 o

int

HTC ExtUSB (11-pin mini-USB 2.0 and audio jack in one)

Front: none


HTC Tattoo October 19, 2009 1.6 2.8 in (71 mm), 240320QVGA, portrait mode Virtual keyboard

Rear: 3.2 M px

A lo p th sim


1 GB ROM, 512 MiB RAM, 8 GB microSD preinstalled, expands to 32

Front: none

HTC Evo 4G

June 4, 2010

2.2.1 with 4.3 in HTC Sense UI (110 mm), (upgradable 480800WVGA, to 2.3 Q2 portrait mode, 2011) 217ppi

Wi-Fi (802.11b/g); Bluetooth 2.1 with A2DP stereo and EDR; FM tuner

Rear: 8 Mpx

1000 Qualcomm QSD8650 (Snapdragon)

Front: 1.3 M

px At launch: AMOLED Memory: 512 MB 5.0 megapixel with 2X digital zoom, 2048x1536 max.

Later: SuperLCD 3.7

Storage: 512 in (94 mm) 3.5mm TRRS diagonal PenTile GoogleNexus January 5, 2010 One 480800 px 254 ppi (0.38 Megapixels) Virtual keyboard MB (190 CPU: 1 GHz Qualcomm QSD 8250 Snapdragon ARM LED flash MB 720480 application video at 20 GPU: Adreno 200, storage) FPS or includes a higher[2] 4GB Note: the MicroSDHC phone cannot (Removable, color 100,000:1 supports up contrast ratio 1 to 32GB) ms response rate stock Google ROM video with do 720p Autofocus

    

GSM/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 UMTS 850/1900/2100 UMTS 900/AWS/2100 HSDPA 7.2 Mbit/s HSUPA 2 Mbit/s GPRS Class 10 Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR with A2DP micro USB 2.0

2.1-2.3.4

Fir G

OpenGL ES 2.0 with Wi-Fi IEEE glsl shader support 802.11b/g/n

3:5 aspect ratio


WVGA 24-bit

Rear: 8 Mpx

Desire HD, T-Mobile myTouch 4G

September 15, 2010

2.2 with Sense 2

4.3 in (110 mm), 480800WVGA, portrait mode, 252ppi

with Virtual keyboard Wi-Fi 802.11n HD video (720p)

Front: none

Rear: 8 Mpx

Inspire 4G

February 13, 2011

2.2.1 with Sense (2.3.3 upgrade available)

4.3 in (110 mm), 480800WVGA, portrait mode, 216.97 ppi

with Virtual keyboard Wi-Fi 802.11n HD video (720p)

Front: none

Sensation 4G

April 2011

Virtual 4.3 in 2.3.3 keyboard, (110 mm), Gingerbread Accelerometer SuperLCDmultiwith HTC sensor for touch Sense v3.0 UI auto-rotate, capacitive proximity touchscreen sensor for

GSM 850/900/1800/1900,HSPA/ WCDMA 900/2100

WiFi 802.11b/g/n, WiFi HotSpot, Bluetooth v3.0 with A2DP, MicroUSB v2.0, 3.5mm audio

1,2Ghz dual-core Qualcomm MSM8260, Adreno 220 GPUSnapdragon

1GB storage, MicroSD up to 32GB, 768MB RAM

Rear: 8.1 M px autof

540x960qHD

auto turn-off

jack, A-GPS ocus, with Dual LED Flash, and Full HD video (1080 p @30F PS)

Front: VGA Mpx

Rear: 5 Mpx

Desire Z, T-Mobile G2

Q4 2010

2.2 + HTC Sense 2.1 (2.3.3 upgrade available)

with 3.7 in (94 mm) SuperLCD 800480WVGA QWERTY keyboard HSPA/WCDMA 900/2100,GSM 850/900/1800/1900 800 QualcommSnapdragon, MSM7230 MicroSD up to 32GB HD video (720p)

The

Front: none

myTouch 3G Slide

June 2, 2010

2.1 with HTC Espresso Sense UI

QWERTY four row keyboard, 3.4 in (86 mm), and 320480 HVGA, a Swypeonportrait mode screen keyboard

Rear: 5 Mpx
[7]

Front: none


512 MB flash, 384 MB of RAM, microSD expansion

Rear: 5 Mpx autof ocus, with LED flash[8]

HTC Wildfire

June 14, 2010

2.1/2.2 with HTC Sense UI

3.2 in (81 mm), 240320QVGA, portrait mode

GPS/AGPS

802.11b/g Wi-Fi, Blueooth 2.1+EDR

Front:

none

Rear: 8.0 MP with autof

HTC Thunderbolt

2.3.4 (Gingerbread) March 17, 2011 with HTC Sense UI 2.1

4.3 in (110 mm), 480*800

LTE 700, CDMA EvDO revA

8 GB onboard memory, with up to 32 additional GB via microSD card

ocus and dual LED flash (720p recor ding)

Front: 1.3 MP

HTC Merge

May 31, 2011

2.2 (Froyo) with HTC Sense UI

3.8 in (97 mm), 480*800

LTE 700, CDMA EvDO revA

512 MB RAM, microSD expansion

5.0 MP with autofocus and dual LED flash (720p recording)

Application Applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development tools are available, including a Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, and Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers.

Android software development Android software development is the process by which new applications are created for the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in the Java programming language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development tools are available. As of April 2011 more than 200,000 applications have been developed for Android, with over 3 billion downloads.. The Android platform has also grown to become a favorite among mobile developers. A June 2011 research indicated that over 67% of mobile developers used the platform, at the time of publication.

Software development tools

Android SDK
The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of development tools. These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.5 or 3.6) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android applications as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software package(s) remotely). Enhancements to Android's SDK go hand in hand with the overall Android platform development. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers wish to target their applications at older devices. Development tools are downloadable components, so after one has downloaded the latest version and platform, older platforms and tools can also be downloaded for compatibility testing. Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under

/data/app folder on the Android OS (the folder is accessible

only to root user for security reasons). APK package contains .dex files (compiled byte code files called Dalvik executables), resource files, etc.

Native Development Kit

Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the of the standard Android Java classes. Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools. The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC. Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a frame buffer at /dev/graphics/fb0. The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license. Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.

System.loadLibrary call, which is part

App Inventor for Android

On 12 July 2010 Google announced the availability of App Inventor for Android, a Web-based visual development environment for novice programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java library and providing access to Android devices' GPS, accelerometer and orientation data, phone functions, text messaging, speech-to-text conversion, contact data, persistent storage, and Web services, initially including Amazon and Twitter. "We could only have done this because Androids architecture is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson. Under development for over a year, the block-editing tool has been taught to non-majors in computer science at Harvard, MIT, Wellesley, and the

University of San Francisco, where Professor David Wolber developed an introductory computer science course and tutorial book for noncomputer science students based on App Inventor for Android.

Google App Inventor

Google App Inventor is an application provided by Google that allows anyone to create software applications for the Android operating system (OS). It uses a graphical interface, very similar to Scratch and the StarLogo TNG user interface, that allows users to drag-and-drop visual objects to create an application that can run on the Android system, which runs on many mobile devices. The application was made available through request on July 12, 2010, and released publicly on December 15, 2010. It is made for people unfamiliar with computer programming. The reasoning is that if young people develop applications to fulfill their own needs and install them on their own phones, they will more likely use the phones more often, or switch to the Android OS if they are not already using a phone that runs the system.

History

In creating App Inventor for Android, Google drew upon significant prior research in educational computing, and work done within Google on online development environments. The blocks editor uses the Open Blocks Java library for creating visual blocks programming languages. Open Blocks is distributed by theMassachusetts Institute of Technology's Scheller Teacher Education Program (STEP) and derives from master's thesis research by Ricarose Roque. Professor Eric Klopfer and Daniel Wendel of the Scheller Program supported the distribution of Open Blocks under the MIT License.Open Blocks visual programming is closely related to the StarLogo TNG, a project of the Klopfer's STEP, and Scratch, a project of the MIT Media Laboratory's Lifelong Kindergarten Group. These projects are themselves informed by constructionist learning theories, which emphasizes that programming can be a vehicle for engaging powerful ideas through active learning. As such, it is part of an ongoing movement in computers and education that began with the work of Seymour Papert and the MIT Logo Group in the 1960s and has also manifested itself with Mitchel Res nick's work on Lego Mindstorms and Star Logo. The App Inventor team was led by Hal Abelson and Mark Friedman. The compiler that translates the visual blocks language for implementation on Android uses the Kawa language framework and Kawa's dialect of the Scheme programming language, developed by Per Bothner and distributed as part of the GNU operating system by the Free Software Foundation. Google App Inventor is now available for use by anyone who has a Google Account. In August 2011, Google announced that App Inventor was discontinued as a Google product, and that the code would become open sourced. It is now going to be part of MIT Center for Mobile Learning which is at the MIT Media Lab, run by App Inventor creator Hal Abelson, along with fellow MIT professors Eric Klopfer and Mitchel Resnick (both of whom were also instrumental in the creation of the project).