A Review of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic Evolution in Ouzzal 2003

Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227 www.elsevier.
com/locate/jafrearsci
A review of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic evolution of the In Ouzzal granulitic terrane (Western Hoggar, Algeria)
Khadidja Ouzegane a, Jean-Robert Kienast b,*, Abderrahmane Bendaoud a, Amar Drareni a
a
Laboratoire de Godynamique, Gologie de lIngnieur et de Plantologie, Facult des Sciences de la Terre, de Gographie et de lAmnagement du e e e e e e e Territoire, U.S.T.H.B., B.P. 32 El Alia, Dar el Beida, Algiers 16111, Algeria b Laboratoire de Gosciences Marines, C.N.R.S.IPGP, UMR 7097, Universit Paris 7, 4 place Jussieu, Tour 26, 3me etage, e e e Paris Cedex 05 75252, France Received 20 September 2002; accepted 30 May 2003
Abstract The In Ouzzal terrane (Western Hoggar) is an example of Archaean crust remobilized during a very-high-temperature metamorphism related to the Paleoproterozoic orogeny (2 Ga). Pan-African events (0.6 Ga) are localized and generally of low intensity. The In Ouzzal terrane is composed of two Archaean units, a lower crustal unit made up essentially of enderbites and charnockites, and a supracrustal unit of quartzites, banded iron formations, marbles, AlMg and AlFe granulites commonly associated with mac (metanorites and garnet pyroxenites) and ultramac (pyroxenites, lherzolites and harzburgites) lenses. Cordierite-bearing monzogranitic gneisses and anorthosites occur also in this unit. The continental crust represented by the granulitic unit of In Ouzzal was formed during various orogenic reworking events spread between 3200 and 2000 Ma. The formation of a continental crust made up of tonalites and trondhjemites took place between P3200 and 2700 Ma. Towards 2650 Ma, extension-related alkali-granites were emplaced. The deposition of the metasedimentary protoliths between 2700 and 2650 Ma, was coeval with rifting. The metasedimentary rocks such as quartzites and AlMg pelites anomalously rich in Cr and Ni, are interpreted as a mixture between an immature component resulting from the erosion and hydrothermal alteration of mac to ultramac materials, and a granitic mature component. The youngest Archaean igneous event at 2500 Ma includes calc-alkaline granites resulting from partial melting of a predominantly tonalitic continental crust. These granites were subsequently converted into charnockitic orthogneisses. This indicates crustal thickening or heating, and probably late Archaean high-grade metamorphism coeval with the development of domes and basins. The Paleoproterozoic deformation consists essentially of a re-activation of the pre-existing Archaean structures. The structural features observed at the base of the crust argue in favour of deformation under granulite-facies. These features are compatible with homogeneous horizontal shortening of overall NWSE trend that accentuated the vertical stretching and attening of old structures in the form of basins and domes. This shortening was accommodated by horizontal displacements along transpressive shear corridors. Reactional textures and the development of parageneses during the Paleoproterozoic suggest a clockwise P T path characterized by prograde evolution at high pressures (8001050 C at 1011 kbar), leading to the appearance of exceptional parageneses with corundumquartz, sapphirinequartz and sapphirinespinelquartz. This was followed by an isothermal decompression (95 kbar). Despite the high temperatures attained, the dehydrated continental crust did not undergo any signicant partial melting. The PT path followed by the granulites is compatible with a continental collision, followed by delamination of the lithosphere and uprise of the asthenosphere. During exhumation of this chain, the shear zones controlled the emplacement of carbonatites associated with fenites. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Archaean; Paleoproterozoic; Hoggar massif; Tuareg shield; In Ouzzal; Very-high-temperature granulites
1. Introduction During the Archaean, various cycles of geodynamic evolution took place in several cratons whereby an episode of island-arc accretion was followed by the formation of tonalites, trondjhemites and granodiorites
Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-1-44-87-51-90; fax: +33-1-44-2739-11. E-mail address: jrk@ccr.jussieu.fr (J.-R. Kienast). 0899-5362/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2003.05.002
208
K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227
Fig. 1. (A) Schematic map of the Tuareg shield showing the setting of the In Ouzzal terrane within the Trans-Saharan Pan-African belt (Black et al., 1994). (B) Geological sketch-map of the In Ouzzal terrane and adjacent areas (Caby, 1996). AH: Ahnet Palaeoproterozoic quartzites; AM: Amesmessa gold deposit; BE: In Bezeg granulite unit; IA: In Assaka non-metamorphic Paleoproterozoic quartzites; IAL: In Alarene layered complex; IGU: Iforas Granulite Unit; IH:
(TTG). This led to a period of reworking of the crust accompanied by dome-and-basin tectonics, the emplacement of calc-alkaline granites and the development of high-grade metamorphism followed by a long period of quiescence lasting up to 500 million years (Choukroune et al., 1997; Condie, 1997). One of the aims of this review is to highlight the timing as well as the mechanisms of creation, deformation and dierentiation of a segment of crust from the Archaean to the Paleoproterozoic. Despite a Paleoproterozoic tectonometamorphic event (2000 Ma), these granulites preserve the general characteristics of the precursors to the Archaean granite/greenstone belt-like terrains. The topics of geological research on this kind of terrain, are to characterize the nature of the protoliths, the relationships between the meta-igneous and metasedimentary units, the emplacement age of the protoliths and that of metamorphic events. Finally, the structural and metamorphic characterization of granulites is required to establish the pressuretemperature paths followed by these rocks during their evolution. The Hoggar is composed of well preserved and largely reworked Archean (32002500 Ma) and Paleoproterozoic terranes (2000 Ma) and juvenile Pan-African terranes (750550 Ma). The main tectonic feature of this area is the system of lithospheric northsouth shear zones with large movements related to terranes collage and continental collision (Black et al., 1994; Fig. 1A). The In Ouzzal terrane forms an elongated NS trending block, more than 400 km long and 80 km wide in the north around the In Hihaou massif, thinning out until it disappears in the south near the Malian border, where it is then oset towards the Iforas granulitic unit (Fig. 1B). The main relief rising several hundreds of metres above the In Ouzzal granulitic reg ( desert pediment with small pebbles) is made up of ignimbrite massifs dated at 530 Ma (Picciotto et al., 1965), and the Pan-African granites of In Hihaou and In Eher in the West, Nahalet and Tihimatine in the centre and Ihouhaouene in the East (Fig. 2). The boundaries of the In Ouzzal granulitic terrane with the branches of the Pan-African belt are represented by vertical wrench faults. The East-In Ouzzal mylonitic margin has been studied in detail in the areas of Tirek (Attoum, 1983) and Amesmessa (Djemai, 1996), where it consists of a major vertical fault with a dextral strike-slip component. The West-Ouzzalian wrench fault, on the other hand, has a sinistral displacement (Caby, 1970), the last movements along the fault coincided with the emplacement of the Tin Zebane alkalineperalkaline dyke swarm (592 Ma; b
Fig. 1 (continued) Ihouhahouene alkali-granite; IZ: In Zize volcanic complex, TAS: Tassendjanet; TIS: Tissangenine; TI: Tirek gold deposit; TZ: Tin Zebbane dyke complex.
209
Lelubre (1952) conducted the rst petrological study of In Ouzzal; he stressed the original nature of the series exhibiting In Ouzzal facies. He compared them with the charnockites of India and proposed that these granulites were much older than the terrains that surround them. In the area around In Hihaou and Tekhamalt, a granulitic complex was described briey by Giraud (1961) and Le Fur (1966). This complex is composed of charnockites, nodular marbles, garnetgraphite gneisses, quartzites with magnetite and quartzites with garnetorthopyroxenesillimanite (Giraud, 1961). Lithologically the In Ouzzal formations are very diversied (Kienast et al., 1996) and are composed mainly of two units: (i) a lower crustal unit made up essentially of enderbitic orthogneisses, and (ii) a supracrustal unit composed of quartzites, banded iron formations, marbles, AlMg granulites and AlFe granulites commonly associated with meta-igneous material such as mac (metanorites and garnet pyroxenites) and ultramac (lherzolites, harzburgites and pyroxenites) lenses, as well as anorthosites and cordierite-bearing monzogranitic gneisses. Regarding the supracrustal unit, the most original feature is the abundance and the variety of AlMg granulites. These rocks contain parageneses which indicate a very-high-temperature metamorphism at about 1000 C for a pressure of 1011 kbar. The marbles with wollastonitescapolitecalcitequartz, anorthitegrossularite (Benyahia, 1996; Boureghda, 2000; Ouzegane et al., 2002) and the spinelquartz quartzites with or without corundum (Ait Djafer, 1996; Guiraud et al., 1996; Badani-Djebloun, 1998) also conrm the extreme temperature conditions of this metamorphism.
2. Principal lithological types

Fig. 2. Geological sketch-map (simplied from Caby, 1970) showing the location of areas mentioned in the text (black square) and position of cross-section (Fig. 3).
2.1. Enderbitic and charnockitic orthogneisses The charnockitic and enderbitic unit is very extensively exposed, covering most of the area between Oued Tin Tchik Tchik and Tekhamalt (Fig. 2, Ouzegane, 1987; Ouzegane and Kienast, 1996) and form the major part of the outcrops in the areas of Tirek and Amesmessa (Fig. 1B). These rocks are also found in the areas of Roccan, Ihouhaouene and Tikechitine (Fig. 2) associated with marbles and alumino-magnesian granulites. The foliation trajectories delineate dome structures occupied by the charnockites or enderbites, whereas the metasedimentary formations occur in basins (Fig. 3; Haddoum et al., 1994). Foliation is generally sub-vertical and parallel to the lithological layering, reecting the eects of tectonic transposition. The stretching lineations show highly variable but generally steep plunges (7090). Based on the structural, geochemical and geochronological (U/Pb on zircon) studies, three major
Hadj-Kaddour et al., 1998). Moussine-Pouchkine et al. (1988) pointed out that the extreme northern part of In Ouzzal is overthrust onto the volcanogenic series of Adrar Ahnet. In fact, arc-type formations and glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks indicate the existence of a Pan-African subduction zone in this area (Caby and Moni, 2003, this issue; Mokri, personal communicae tion). The recognition of the tectonic contacts and the metamorphic contrast between the In Ouzzal granulitic unit and the Pan-African belt (amphibolite and greenschist facies, respectively), along with the Archaean age of the granulite protoliths, suggest that In Ouzzal is an exotic Pan-African terrane made of Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks (Kienast and Ouzegane, 1987; Black et al., 1994; Caby, 1996).
210
Fig. 3. Schematic NNW-SSE cross-section summarizing the style of deformation and structural relationships between Archean charnockitic gneisses and supracrustal series of the In Ouzzal terrane.
groups of orthogneisses have been distinguished (Haddoum et al., 1994; Peucat et al., 1996): the rst group corresponds to orthogneisses of the trondhjemite, tonalite and granodiorite type (TTG) that are dated at between 3200 and 2700 Ma; the second group corresponds to alkali-granitic orthogneisses dated at 2650 Ma; the third group corresponds to a calc-alkaline suite made up of granodiorites and monzogranites emplaced close to 2500 Ma. The rst group comprises folied enderbitic orthogneisses exposed in the areas of Tin Tchik Tchik, Roccan and Tickechitine. The structure of these rocks is generally banded with a foliation dened by dark layers containing pyroxenes. Orthogneisses of trondhjemitic to tonalitic composition exhibit varied mineral associations. The trondhjemitic gneisses are composed of hypersthene, quartz, oligoclase and accessory minerals such as magnetite, ilmenite, apatite and zircon. In certain cases, perthites and biotite also occur around hypersthene. In addition to hypersthene, tonalitic orthogneisses are composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase (An3540 ), perthite, quartz, rare biotite, magnetite, ilmenite, apatite and zircon. The second group includes charnockitic orthogneisses generally forming small ranges that rise more than 60 m above the reg, including Tekhamalt Tan Aela and Tekhamalt Tan Ataram (Fig. 2). These rocks occur also in the reg of Roccan and Oued Ihouhaoune (Fig. 2). The distinctive feature of these e rocks is the presence of the association perthite-quartzferro-augite, to which can be added oligoclase and green hornblende. The accessory minerals are apatite, zircon, magnetite, ilmenite, pyrochlore and chevkinite (Acef et al., 2001).
The third group consists of calc-alkali orthogneisses forming a granodioritic to monzogranitic suite intruded into the preceding groups, but which are also associated with the supracrustal formations. The mineralogical composition of granodioritic orthogneisses includes plagioclase (An30 ), quartz, perthites and hypersthene, with rare biotite and, sometimes, green hornblende (Lassel, 1990). Monzogranitic orthogneisses contain more biotite than the granodioritic orthogneisses, while hornblende is not observed (Peucat et al., 1996). Orthogneisses of the rst group dene a trondjhemitic dierentiation trend, with K2 O/Na2 O ratios <0.5 (Barker, 1979). The spiderdiagram plots normalized to the primitive mantle show patterns for most of the elements that agree with Archaean TTG suites, e.g. negative anomalies in Ta, Nb, P and Ti, but a positive anomaly in Pb (Fig. 4). The low contents of Ta (<0.5 ppm), Nb (912 ppm), Y (<20 ppm) and Yb (<1.6 ppm) are comparable with values from igneous rocks of present-day island arcs. As with the Archaean granitoids, the In Ouzzal gneisses with TTG composition show low contents of Yb and a strong fractionation of the REE, suggesting that the source could have been garnet amphibolites. Their contents of Y (718 ppm) and Sr/Y ratios (1862) may be explained by variable quantities of garnet in the residue and varied pressure conditions of formation (Peucat et al., 1996). The UPb zircon dating suggest at least two emplacement episodes at 3.2 and 2.7 Ga and a probable reworking of an older crust in the case of the TTG dated at 2.7 Ga, with some of these rocks having TDM model ages of 3.3 Ga (Peucat et al., 1996). Most of these orthogneisses yield TDM model ages around 3.2 Ga, in good agreement with the UPb zircon ages, thus supporting the relative immobility of Sm and Nd, and all the rare earth elements (REE). The calculated eNd at 3.2 Ga ranges from +0.4 to +5.3, with a concentration of values around +4 (Peucat et al., 1996) that corresponds to the

1000
TTG CA2 CA1 Al k3
211
Sample/Primitive Mantle
100
10
0.1 Cs Rb Ba Th U K Ta Nb La Ce Pb Sr Nd P Hf Zr Sm Ti Tb Y Yb
Fig. 4. Spider diagram of Archaean granitic orthogneisses. Data after Peucat et al. (1996). Primitive mantle normalization values of McDonough et al. (1992).
depleted mantle at 3.2 Ga. Conversely, the ISr values at 3.2 Ga are much too high since they vary from 0.7021 to 0.7065. This illustrates that these rocks have undergone a Rb loss. The second orthogneiss type shows alkali-type compositions ranging from granodioritemonzogranite to granite (SiO2 6975 wt.%). With the exception of the most felsic members, which display a slightly peraluminous trend, the remaining samples are metaluminous. They are rich in K2 O (>6 wt.%), low in Na2 O (<2.9 wt.%), and have very low XMg ratios (0.070.11). Their composition suggests a rift-type magmatism (Peucat et al., 1996). The enrichment in incompatible elements such as Ta, Nb, Y, and especially Ba (>1000 ppm), Hf and Zr (500600 ppm), as well as their high Ga/Al ratios (Peucat et al., 1996) also shows an anity with intraplate granites and particularly the type-A2 granites of Eby (1992). Apart from the most mobile elements and Hf and Zr, the trace element contents of the alkaliorthogneisses (Fig. 4) are very close to those of the Archaean ALK3-type granites of Sylvester (1994). For example, the REE are enriched and show relatively weak fractionation ((La/Yb)N 610), in particular the HREE ((Gd/Yb)N <1.7). On the other hand, Hf and Zr contents are typical of present-day alkali-granites. Several authors (Anderson, 1983; Creaser et al., 1991) attribute the origin of this type of granite to partial melting of tonalites. However, the binary diagrams trace elements rule out any genetic link with the sampled TTGs. The Rb/Sr pair makes it possible to calculate an isochron at 2.61 0.07 Ga with an initial ISr ratio of 0.709 0.002 (MSWD 10). This is consistent with the result obtained by the UPb method on zircons, which yields an age of 2.65 Ga (Peucat et al., 1996). The eNd values corresponding to 2.65 Ga are low and relatively homogeneous, being located around )6.5, whereas TDM
model ages vary between 3.7 and 3.3 Ga. Thus, the isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd suggest the reworking of an older source. However, these alkali granites also exhibit low dO18 values (5.957.7&; Peucat et al., 1996), suggesting a re-equilibration at high temperature with their surrounding metasedimentary rocks, which have a low dO18 . This implies that the alkaligranites have a juvenile origin (or at least are derived by remelting of a juvenile material, for example of metadiorites). For the type-A granites, the juvenile source could correspond mainly to the lower part of the continental lithosphere enriched in HFSE and the upper part of the asthenosphere, as suggested by Ligeois et al. e (1998). The isotopic compositions would thus result from a previously enriched lithosphere or a crustal contamination process (Ligeois et al., 1998; Bonin et al., e 1998). Orthogneisses belonging to the third group have compositions typical of calc-alkaline suites (Peucat et al., 1996). They are divided into two units. The rst unit consists of granodioritic to monzogranitic gneisses of very slightly peraluminous composition (A/CNK 1.011.08) having XMg (0.220.36) typical of Archaean calc-alkali granites as dened by Sylvester (1994). Elemental abundances normalized to the primitive mantle show patterns similar to those observed in orogenic magmatic suites, with negative anomalies in Ba, Ta, Nb, Sr, P and Ti (Fig. 4). However, just like the Archaean TTGs, these rocks yield highly fractionated REE ((La/ Yb)N 50) with a concave-upward pattern for the HREE. In addition to the low contents of TiO2 and V, this suggests a residue containing garnet (Sylvester, 1994). Except for the most mobile elements (Cs, U, Rb and Cu), the trace element composition of these ancient granites is comparable to the Archaean CA2type calc-alkaline granites of Sylvester (1994). This
212
author attributes their origin to the fusion of a tonalitic Archaean lower crust. Such an origin implies a thickening of the crust or heat event and the prior existence of TTG. The second unit shows a calc-alkaline trend and is made up of orthogneisses with monzogranitic composition. Their major element composition is typical of post-orogenic highly fractionated calc-alkaline granites (Peucat et al., 1996). Their trace element contents resemble those of the Archaean calc-alkaline granites of type CA1. According to Sylvester (1994), such granites would be derived from the melting of tonalites interstratied with metasedimentary rocks, at shallower depths than for the CA2, without leaving garnet in the residue. The U/Pb zircon data indicate an emplacement age of 2.5 Ga for both types of calc-alkali-granites, with a minimum protolith age of 2.94 Ga (Peucat et al., 1996). The Sm/Nd isotopic data for the rst unit, with CA2-type composition, provide model ages of around 3.1 Ga. The second unit has more scattered TDM , between 3.05 and 3.5 Ga. Peucat et al. (1996) attribute these values to the presence of an older tonalitic protolith. 2.2. Supracrustal mac and ultramac meta-igneous granulites The mac granulites (metanorites and garnet pyroxenites) are mostly located around In Hihaou, but they also occur in the areas of Tekhamalt, Ihouhaoune and e Amesmessa (Figs. 1 and 2). They occur in boudinaged lenses parallel to the foliation in AlMg granulites, banded iron formations, marbles, peridotites, enderbitic and charnockitic orthogneisses. Two types of metamorphosed mac rockswith or without garnetare distinguished in the eld. The metanorites are composed of salitic clinopyroxene (Ca48 Mg40 Fe12 ), orthopyroxene (XMg 0:65), plagioclase (An48 to An70 ), pargasite, magnetite and sometimes biotite. The garnet pyroxenites are composed of two quite distinct parageneses. The primary assemblage is characterized by the presence of garnet, clinopyroxene, pargasite, plagioclase (labradorite), magnetite, rutile and quartz. This assemblage is involved in reactions leading to the development of orthopyroxeneplagioclase symplectites following decompression (Kienast and Ouzegane, 1987; Djemai, 1996). The peridotites appear especially in lenticular masses several hundreds of metres thick in the northern part of In Ouzzal (In Hihaou and Tekhamalt), frequently associated with pyroxenites, anorthosites and with metasedimentary formations with which they are folded. These banded rocks generally show a very advanced degree of serpentinization. These peridotites can be classied into two groups (Bendaoud et al., 2001): (1) lherzolites containing olivine (Fo88 ), diopside, orthopyroxene (XMg 0:87), spinel (2442% Cr2 O3 ) and (2) harzburgites containing olivine, orthopyroxene and
magnetite. The pyroxenites are characterized in the eld by a light green colour, and are composed essentially of orthopyroxene (XMg 0:7585) and pargasite (XMg 0:820:90) showing equilibrium textures with triple points. The chromium-rich (633% weight oxide) brown spinel forms interstitial ne crystals or inclusions in pargasite or enstatite. Plagioclase (An8099 ) is ubiquitous, appearing in patches, whereas phlogopite (XMg 0:870:92) and diopsidic clinopyroxene (Ca49 Mg45 Fe6 ) are rarer. All the mac and ultramac rocks clearly show a mobility in certain elements such as Rb, U and Th, as indicated by Rb/Sr (0.013.44), La/Th (<6) and Th/U (<8) ratios that are abnormal for igneous rocks (Peucat et al., 1996). The same probably applies to Na and K. The samples with the highest MgO contents (>20%) are cumulates, as shown by their contents of Ca, K, P and Ti and certain trace elements such as Sm and Yb that are depleted relative to the primitive mantle. These rocks display chondritic values for Al2 O3 /TiO2 , CaO/Al2 O3 and (Gd/Yb)N , with average ratios of 22.3, 0.85 and 1.05, respectively (Bendaoud et al., 2002). The metanorites have MgO between 7.5 and 13.5 wt.%, and are highly magnesian tholeiites. Their REE contents and abundance patterns are comparable with those of Archaean tholeiites (Fig. 5). Some metanorites, like those of Roccan and Tin Tchik Tchik, plot in the elds of calc-alkaline rocks. Even if some of these rocks are clearly depleted in the most mobile elements (Cs, Rb, Th and U), they yield REE patterns and spiderdiagram similar to those of present-day highly magnesian andesites (Fig. 5). Not all of these rocks could be dated. They yield ISr ratios that remain high even at 3.2 Ga (0.70460.7072) and TDM model ages which vary from 3136 to 4193 Ma (Peucat et al., 1996). These values indicate that the element pairs Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd were strongly disturbed by metamorphic alteration and/or events subsequent to their emplacement. This is often the case for the mac and ultramac rocks from Archaean greenstone belts and particularly those having undergone high-grade metamorphism (Gruau et al., 1992; Arndt, 1998). 2.3. Supracrustal metasedimentary formations 2.3.1. AlMg granulites Alumino-magnesian granulites are exceptionally well developed near Adrar In Hihaou and in the Tekhamalt area, but also occur more rarely in the areas of Ihouhaouene and Amesmessa (Figs. 1 and 2). These granulites are generally interstratied with rocks of sedimentary origin such as banded iron formations and marbles. They are also in direct contact with metaigneous rocks such as enderbites, charnockites, metanorites or peridotites. A rst distinction can be made between two types of alumino-magnesian granulite displaying a clear contrast in the eld (Kienast and
213
Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Archaean mac and ultramac granulites. Normalizing values are those of Boynton (1984). Data after Peucat et al. (1996).
Ouzegane, 1987). One type of granulite is rich in quartz, while the other is quartz-free. However, the majority of these granulites are rich in quartz and form layers with a brown patina of variable thickness (from one to several metres). They are dense massive rocks with a sometimes well-marked foliation. Garnet and orthopyroxene porphyroblasts show a ductile behaviour expressed by an elongation of the grains materialising the sub-vertical stretching lineations as well as the torsion of orthopyroxene cleavage planes. This provides evidence of hightemperature deformation by diusion-creep at the grain boundaries. Within these quartzitic layers, occur quartzfree lenses of varied sizes (a few cubic centimetres to several cubic metres), easily recognizable in the eld because of their blue colour due to the abundance of sapphirine. All these rocks are remarkable in exhibiting the association orthopyroxenesillimanite along with an extremely diverse mineralogy made up of cordierite, biotite, spinel, corundum, plagioclase, potassic feldspar, ilmenite and rutile. Like sapphirine, garnet can be an abundant mineral in certain layers. Based on the presence of certain index minerals and their silica content, alumino-magnesian granulites can be classied into ve groups (Bernard-Griths et al., 1996; Ouzegane and Kienast, 1996; Fig. 6): spinel-bearing AlMg granulites (SiO2 : 3740%), corundum-bearing AlMg granulites (SiO2 : 4045%), quartz-free AlMg granulites (SiO2 : 43 45%), quartz-bearing AlMg granulites (SiO2 : 4663%) and quartzitic AlMg granulites (SiO2 : 6585%). 2.3.2. AlFe granulites and quartzites AlFe granulites containing garnet and sillimanite are well represented in the area of Ihouhaouene (Fig. 2) near
the carbonatite occurrences (Ait Djafer and Ouzegane, 1998). They crop out in an extremely variable way in stratied massive bands that form hills rising 10 m above the reg between carbonatite centres 1 and 2 (Ouzegane, 1987), sometimes in discontinuous disrupted bands forming lenses from 10 to 20 cm in size. Quartzofeldspathic veinlets are distributed in the fold hinges, giving these rocks a migmatitic appearance (Ait Djafer, 1996; Ait Djafer and Ouzegane, 1998). In thin section, these veinlets are composed of quartz in plates with sutured outlines associated with plagioclase (An33 ) and potassic feldspar. Primary garnet (XMg 0:20:4) is systematically surrounded by cordierite, whereas the spinel occurs as vermiculated grains (XMg 0:150:39), that grow out from sillimanite to form symplectites with cordierite (XMg 0:64 to 0.87). The synchronous development of cordierite and spinel is explained by the breakdown of garnet in contact with sillimanite during decompression. Some large primary spinel crystals are isolated from quartz by a corona of cordierite (Ait Djafer and Ouzegane, 1998). Gedritegarnetsillimanite granulites appear in cmscale lenses associated with AlMg granulites containing sapphirineorthopyroxenesillimanite, and with garnet pyroxenites in the area of Amesmessa (Djemai, 1996; Ouzegane et al., 1996). The gedritesillimanite association is rare, existing only in few documented localities worldwide (Robinson and Jae, 1969; Spear, 1982; Goscombe, 1992; Spear, 1993). The primary paragenesis is made up of garnet (pyrope: 2250%, almandine: 45 75%), gedrite (XMg 0:640:70), sillimanite, quartz, plagioclase (An2542 ), rutile, ilmenite and biotite (XMg 7778). The minerals belonging to the primary
214
Fig. 6. Classication of AlMg and AlFe granulites according to The Mg/Mg + Fe (in mole proportions) versus SiO2 (wt.%) plot showing elds for quartz-free granulites (SiO2 < 45%) and quartz-bearing granulites (SiO2 > 45%). This diagram also distinguishes garnet-free AlMg granulite (Mg/ Mg + Fe > 0.80) from garnet-bearing AlMg and AlFe granulites (Mg/Mg + Fe > 0.80); orthopyroxene-free granulites (XMg < 0:50 are also shown as a separate eld from orthopyroxene-bearing granulites. Data reported in Bernard-Griths et al. (1996), Badani-Djebloun (1998) and Ouzegane et al. (2003).
paragenesis are not observed in direct contact with each other. Instead, they are always separated by coronas or symplectites related to the secondary paragenesis made up of cordierite-orthopyroxene (with or without spinel) formed following decompression. The newly formed orthopyroxene displays an enstatite composition near 4751 mol% when it develops from the reaction: garnet + quartz ) orthopyroxene + cordierite, but is more magnesian (enstatite 6268%) when gedrite participates in the reaction in the presence of quartz. The cordierite orthopyroxenespinel symplectites develop at the contacts between gedrite and garnet in the microdomains without quartz. Garnet is surrounded by a corona of cordierite and sillimanite is surrounded by cordieritespinel symplectites in the microdomains lacking quartz and gedrite, suggesting a decompression reaction: garnet + sillimanite ) cordierite + spinel. Cordierite alone, forming a corona, separates garnet from sillimanite and quartz in the absence of gedrite (Ouzegane et al., 1996). AlFe quartzites containing hercynitequartz are less rare than the preceding rock-types; they form discontinuous layers generally related to the shear zones at Alouki, Ihouhaouene and Tin Tchik Tchik, where they are associated with rocks of sedimentary origin (Fig. 2). The development of garnet and sillimanite in coronas or symplectites is explained by a reaction of the type: hercynite + magnetite + quartz ) almandine + sillimanite or hercynite + quartz ) almandine + sillimanite (BadaniDjebloun et al., 2000). We also sometimes observe thin garnet coronas around the sillimanite and magnetite. The following reaction accounts for these textures: quartz + sillimanite + magnetite ) almandine + O2 (Helal, 1987).
AlMg and AlFe granulites are composed essentially of the components SiO2 Al2 O3 FeOMgO, accounting for a sum higher than 90% of the total oxides. Fig. 6 shows a plot of Mg/Mg + Fe mole ratio versus SiO2 for a set of whole-rock samples. This diagram allows to distinguish granulites containing primary garnet (XMg 0:300:80) from those which do not contain any (XMg 0:820:96), as well as granulites with quartz (SiO2 > 45%) from quartz-free varieties (SiO2 < 45%). AlFe granulites exhibit XMg ratios ranging between 0.3 and 0.48, and this chemical characteristic prevents the development of the orthopyroxene + sillimanite or sapphirine-bearing association. This is in contrast with AlMg granulites (XMg > 0.50), which are characterized by the omnipresence of these associations. The major and trace geochemistry of AlMg granulites from In Ouzzal, especially the very high contents of Cr (4002500 ppm), Ni (1001100 ppm), Co (5080 ppm), cannot be explained by a process of partial melting. The preservation of their oxygen isotope composition (Bernard-Griths et al., 1996) suggests rather that their particular refractory chemistry is of pre-metamorphic origin. Thus, the lowest dO18 valuesvarying from +5 to +6&are recorded in AlMg granulites from the area of Tekhamalt. Although these values do not correspond to the dO18 of ordinary pelites, they are comparable with those of chlorites, a mineral produced by the hydrothermal alteration of mac to ultramac materials in the marine environment (Rahmani, 1992; Bernard-Griths et al., 1996). These metasedimentary rocks have dO18 values between 5 and 9.5&, corresponding to a mixture, in variable proportions, between a mature detrital component (composed essentially of
215
quartz) derived from the erosion of a granitic protolith and an extremely immature component, resulting from hydrothermal alteration of mac to ultramac protoliths. This latter component is of chloritic type, rich in Al, Mg, Cr, Co and Ni, with possible additions of chromium-rich spinel and small proportions of illite and/or muscovite to account for the K contents of these granulites (0.32%, Bernard-Griths et al., 1996). The very high contents of chromium (3960 ppm) and nickel (up to 1100 ppm) in the AlMg granulites of In Ouzzal is a typical feature of early Archaean immature sediments (Bernard-Griths et al., 1996). AlFe granulites also exhibit Cr, Ni and Co contents that are comparable with Archaean and end-Archaean shales, since they resultlike the AlMg granulitesfrom the mixing of chloritic and detrital quartz components (Badani-Djebloun, 1998). The AlMg quartzites and AlFe quartzites show SiO2 contents varying from 62 to 85 wt.% and chromium contents of up to 100200 ppm, and are characterized by the presence of detrital chromite in the sedimentary protoliths. These rocks resemble the fuchsite-bearing quartzites of the Archean cratons (Eriksson et al., 1997). Detrital zircons from the AlFe quartzites of Ihouhaoune show growth structures with ancient cores and e coronas formed during the granulite-facies event at 2 Ga. Inherited zircon cores indicate ages that are scattered between 3100 and 2700 My (Lancelot et al., 1976; Helal, 1987; Peucat et al., 1996). These geochronological data indicate that the deposition of the supracrustal series probably took place after 2 700 Ma (Peucat et al., 1996). Inherited zircons present in the AlMg granulites show a spectrum of ages ranging between 2700 and 3200 Ma, which corresponds to the emplacement of the various generations of TTG (Peucat et al., 1996). This implies that part of silica present in these rocks had a detrital origin, possibly derived from the erosion of preexisting Archaean granites at In Ouzzal. 2.3.3. Magnetite-bearing quartzites (banded iron formation) The main outcrops of banded iron formation occur in the Alouki massif, where they are involved in map-scale folds that can be followed over more than 20 km. These rocks occur also in the areas of Ihouhaouene, Tin Tchik Tchik, Tekhamalt and Amesmessa in more or less continuous beds from 1 to 50 m thick repeated by isoclinal folds (Fig. 2). While they display a practically constant association with marbles and metanorites, they are also encountered in the area of Ihouhaouene in direct contact with fenites (carbonatite centres 1 and 2; Ouzegane, 1987; Guiraud et al., 1996). Throughout these areas, the iron-bearing formations and their associated rocks make up supracustal sequences forming basins (Fig. 3) that are separated from domes of enderbites. The mineralogy of the banded iron formation is generally simple, being
composed of quartz and magnetite. Magnetite is either disseminated in the rock, or clustered together in beds varying in thickness from 1 cm to 1 m. These rocks are sometimes highly deformed with thin levels of pseudotachylite. There are also some banded iron formations with more varied mineralogy, notably containing associations with corundumquartz (Ihouhaouene; Guiraud et al., 1996) and garnetorthoferrosilitealmandine spinel (Tekhamalt; Ouzegane and Kienast, 1996; Badani-Djebloun, 1998). 2.3.4. Marbles The marble layers are generally limited to isolated lenticular bands (a few metres to 100 m thick), but some very extensive outcrops are observed in the areas of Illasaka, Ihouhaouene, Roccan, Tekhamalt (Fig. 2), Tirek and Amesmessa (Fig. 1A). They generally form folded layers with vertical axes, like the associated banded iron formations. The In Ouzzal marbles exhibit a wide mineralogical diversity. Two main groups can be distinguished, dolomitic marbles characterized by a paragenesis with dolomiteolivinespinelphlogopiteamphiboleclinopyroxene, and dolomite-free marbles with calcitequartz grossulariteandraditewollastonite (Benyahia, 1996; Boureghda, 2000). Scapolite-bearing marbles are associated with these two categories, but are found in lesser proportions. The identication of the protoliths of the dolomitic marbles was established by Fourcade et al. (1996), based on the chemical composition and isotopic characteristics of these marbles. The high Al and Mg contents of the dolomitic marbles could be due to the addition of a chloritic component derived from the hydrothermal alteration of a mac/ultramac source during carbonate sedimentation. The carbonate sediment protolith would be composed of varied proportions of calcite, dolomite and chlorite. During granulite-facies metamorphism, this impure dolomite produced forsteritespinel marbles with or without diopside. The isotope signatures of oxygen (dO18 7.918.9&) and carbon (dC13 )0.8& to )4.2&) are very heterogeneous, indicating that the marbles of In Ouzzal have preserved their pre-metamorphic characteristics. The preservation of such an isotopic heterogeneity implies the absence of homogenizing uids or percolation of CO2 of mantle origin during the granulite-facies event (Fourcade et al., 1996). 2.3.5. AlMgCa granulites (paleoskarns) AlMgCa granulites crop out especially in the area of Tekhamalt (Fig. 2), in direct contact with charnockitic orthogneisses of alkali-granitic type, and are systematically associated with the olivinespinel marbles as in the areas of Alouki, In Hihaou, Tirek and Tekhamalt. They are banded rocks remarkable by the presence of the association spinelpargasiteanorthite and fassaitetype clinopyroxene, with occasional pyrochlore and
216
relics of calcite. In the area of Alouki, there are rare associations containing musgravitesapphirinespinel phlogopitecorundumpyrochlorescheelitemonazite intercalated with layers of pargasiteclinopyroxene musgravitespinelanorthitepyrochlore and calcite (Benyahia, 1996). Musgravite, a beryllium-rich mineral (56% Be; Boumaza-Benyahia et al., 2001), is very rare, since there are only ve known occurrences worldwide. In the area of Tekhamalt, the dolomitic marbles in contact with charnockites (alkali-granitic orthogneisses) develop AlMgCa granulites with diopsideanorthite spinel. Fourcade et al. (1996) interpret these rocks as resulting from decarbonatization, i.e. paleoskarns, based on their high W and Ag contents (300 ppm and 325 ppb, respectively). The process of decarbonatization took place before the Paleoproterozoic granulite-facies metamorphism, and is probably contemporary with the emplacement of alkali-granitic orthogneisses at around 2.65 Ga (Fourcade et al., 1996). In the area of Alouki, AlMgCa granulites containing musgravite also result from a metasomatic process related to these charnockitic granites (rich in Nb, Ta and Be) in contact with dolomitic limestones (Benyahia-Boumaza et al., in preparation). 2.4. Paleoproterozoic magmatic activity The magmatic events that accompanied the Paleoproterozoic granulite-facies metamorphism have resulted in the emplacement of anorthosites, small masses of cordierite-bearing monzogranitic gneisses (Peucat et al., 1996) and carbonatites. In the area of Tirek, syenites intruded along the shear zones over a distance of more than 50 km (Haddoum, 1992) yield U/Pb zircon dates of 1 991 20 Ma (Semiani, 1995). 2.4.1. Anorthosites Anorthosites crop out either in the form of metrescale disrupted lenses associated with the supracrustal series or in more massive layers attaining 1 km thick. The massive anorthosites exposed in the area of Tikechitine show stratied structures evocative of cumulate textures. Pyroxenes are variably distributed, sometimes concentrated in more or less well dened beds of a few decimetres to a few centimetres thick. In outcrop, we can observe a sharp or gradual transition from anorthosites to leuconorites, with eld relations similar to those seen in layered complexes (Ashwal, 1993). Pyroxene also occurs in metre-scale veins in the metanorites and garnet pyroxenites, where these veins are folded along with the country rocks. Plagioclase (labradoritebytownite) forms the essential mineral of the rock, and coexists with orthopyroxene or clinopyroxene, accessory minerals such as titanite, apatite, spinel and ilmenite and, less constant, quartz, antiperthite and hornblende. Garnet
can be present surrounded by reaction rims with hornblende-plagioclase. Very rare zircon is also observed. The only dated anorthosite was sampled in the Alouki area, where this rock-type occurs as veins (50 cm) associated with metanorites. This rock shows a composition similar to the plagioclase-amphibole cumulates observed in certain layered mac intrusions, yielding an age of 2002 7 Ma (U/Pb on zircon; Peucat et al., 1996). However, SrNd isotopic analyses on ten samples from a more massive anorthositic unit in the Tikechitine area yield older dates (Archaean, with an age around 3 Ga, At-Djafer et al., in preparation). 2.4.2. Cordierite-bearing monzogranitic gneisses Cordierite-bearing monzogranitic gneisses occur throughout the In Ouzzal terrane, from North to South. They form massive leucocratic layers, sometimes exceeding 100 m in thickness and showing the same deformation characteristics as the supracrustal series. These rocks occur also in cm-thick veinlets associated with AlMg granulites or cutting the metanorites. From the chemical point of view, they represent metamorphosed S-type granites (Peucat et al., 1996). Quartz occurs in equant patches or polycrystalline plates. Plagioclase is oligoclase; antiperthite coexists with ne perthites that are sometimes transformed into microcline. The rocks contain also biotite, garnet, cordierite, ilmenite and zircon. These rocks show a peraluminous composition (A/CNK 1.051.08) and are very rich in SiO2 (78 wt.%), K, Ba and Rb, and poor in Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, P, Ta, Nb, Ga, Y, Zn and REE. SHRIMP U Pb dating of overgrowths and euhedral clear zircon yielded 207 Pb/206 Pb age of 1983 15 Ma (Peucat et al., 1996). 2.4.3. Carbonatites and fenites In the area of Ihouhaouene, numerous carbonatite massifs (Fig. 2) occur that are systematically associated with fenites at their contact with the granulites (Ouzegane, 1987; Ouzegane et al., 1988; Bernard-Griths et al., 1988; Carpena et al., 1988; Fourcade et al., 1996). These rocks display some very particular features, differing from usual carbonatites by the lack of feldspathoids and the abundance of wollastonite which coexists with calcite and quartz. These rocks show an extreme mineralogical diversity, containing carbonates (calcite, bastnaesite), phosphates (apatite, monazite and britholite) and silicates (clinopyroxene, amphibole, biotite, and potassic feldspar). Accessory minerals include titanite, allanite, uorite, magnetite and grossularite andradite garnet. In the eld, a relative chronology comprising several stages can be established for the emplacement of the carbonatite complex (Ouzegane et al., 1988; Fourcade et al., 1996). Two carbonatite generations are distinguished. The fenites are cut by sovite veins with mylonitized margins. These carbonatite
217
veins (1500 m thick and up to 2 km long) can be anastomosed, forming a true network. The fragments in the carbonatite breccias are made up of fenites rich in clinopyroxene clusters surrounded by grossularite andradite, and potassic feldspar xenoliths. In the matrix cementing the fragments, calcite predominate (5070%). These rocks are characterized by pink apatites (0.51.5% REE, Ouzegane et al., 1988). The second generation of intrusions is represented by pegmatitic carbonatite veins of restricted size (maximum 5 m thick) cuts the brecciated carbonatites. Very large crystals of apatite (up to 1 m; Fourcade et al., 1996) make up to 50% of the modal composition. They contain many microinclusions such as monazite, quartz, bastanaesite and britholite. The britholite in exsolution in apatite can occupy more than 40% of the volume of the apatite. Substitutions of the type P + Ca ) REE + Si can account for the exceptionally high rare earth contents of these apatites (17% REE) and of the britholites (3062% REE, Ouzegane et al., 1988). The brecciated carbonatites systematically cut across two types of fenitered or whitelocated at the margins of the complexes in direct contact with the granulites, from which they are derived by metasomatic transformation (Fourcade et al., 1996). The wollastonite-bearing white fenites show a clear foliation concordant with the foliation of the granulites, with vertical to subvertical dips. The red fenites are rocks with banding formed of dark clinopyroxene and pale-red layers rich in potassic feldspar. Garnet, titanite, calcite, apatite and quartz are in small amounts. Wollastonite can be well developed in the white fenites, associated with potassic feldspar, garnet and apatites rich in britholite (Fourcade et al., 1996). The compositions of carbonatites and fenites from the Ihouhaouene massifs are characterized by high contents in light REE (LREE), Th, U, F, Ba and Sr, but are relatively depleted in Nb, Ta, Hf, Zr and Ti (Ouzegane et al., 1988; Bernard-Griths et al., 1988; Fourcade et al., 1996).The emplacement of carbonatites in the Ihouhaouene area has been dated at 1 994 15 Ma by U/Pb zircon (Bernard-Griths et al., 1988), which conrms the earlier result of Allgre and Caby e (1972) who obtained an age of 2 090 20 Ma on a uoro-apatite rich in thorium. Carbonatite emplacement is coeval with the functioning of ductile shear zones under granulite-facies conditions (Ouzegane et al., 1988; Fourcade et al., 1996). The isotopic signatures in the fenites and the carbonatites represents one of the most particular features of the Ihouhaouene massifs. In terms of eNd ( )6.3 to +0.9) and ISr (0.70930.7104) at 1994 Ma, the radiogenic isotope composition of the carbonatites and d18 O values of metasomatic clinopyroxenes ( 6.98&), indicate that the uids from which they derive underwent an intense interaction with the crust during their ascent. The isotopic composition of carbon (d13 C )3.5& to +9.7&) suggests that these uids
probably originate from the mantle by degassing of mantle-derived magmas at great depth (Fourcade et al., 1996). The migration of uids through the crust via major shear zones could have redistributed the elements dissolved in these uids (starting from orthogneisses with TTG composition), particularly the LREE, K, Sr and Th (Fourcade et al., 1996).
3. Dome and basins structure reworked by Paleoproterozoic tectonics Geologically, the In Ouzzal terrane is characterized by NESW to ENEWSW closed structures trending that correspond to domes of enderbitic orthogneiss (Fig. 2). The supracrustal formations are made up of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks and mac/ultramac igneous rocks that occupy the basins (Fig. 3) between these domes (Haddoum, 1992; Haddoum et al., 1994). In certain parts of In Ouzzal, the supracustal synforms and orthogneiss domes exhibit linear corridors near their contacts corresponding to shear zones. The shear zones are preferentially formed in quartzites and marbles that are often ultramylonites (Alouki, Ihouhaoune and Tirek). In these shear zones, the deformation related to vertical kinematics interferes with ductile strike-slip deformation, in which the horizontal stretching directions are superimposed on NESW sinistral shearing in Alouki and ENEWSW dextral shearing in Tin Tchik Tchik (Fettous, 2001). Locally, these shear zones host granulitic pseudotachylites with orthopyroxene recrystallisation occupying tiny pull-apart structures and cmscale gashes indicating a NESW stretching during NWSE shortening (Fettous, 2001). The formation of these very-high-temperature pseudotachylites is probably due to the rheology of these completely dehydrated rocks (Clarke and Norman, 1993). In the linear corridors, the folds are well expressed and have a sheath geometry consistent with ductile deformation during the transcurrent shearing (Haddoum, 1992). The folding aects all lithologies. In the Ihouhaouene area, the fenites have planar structures that are concordant with the foliation of the surrounding granulites with horizontal mineral lineations. The strike of the foliations is oblique to the shear zones, thus making it possible to recognize conjugate movements that are sinistral (NESW) as well as dextral (ENEWSW). These observations are compatible with the NWSE shortening recorded in the surrounding granulites. The emplacement of the rst generation of carbonatites occurred during this transcurrent shearing. The foliation of the fenites in the most highly deformed domains is involved in sheath folds that accommodate the horizontal displacements. These folds are well studied in the mylonitic zones, being attributed to intense deformation with a strong shearing component. Various studies on the structures forming these
218
domes and basins (Haddoum, 1992; Haddoum et al., 1994; Fettous, 2001) suggest a strong resemblance with structures documented in Archaean terrains such as the Dharwar Craton in the south of India. In this latter area, they are interpreted as being related to deformation due relative vertical displacements between gneissic diapirs and greenstone belts rocks that are said to be sagducted (Bouhallier et al., 1995; Choukroune et al., 1997). In the In Ouzzal terrane, the history of Paleoproterozoic deformation was rstly interpreted in terms of two successive stages (Haddoum et al., 1994), the rst corresponding to nappe tectonics and a second stage characterized by faulting along transcurrent shear zones. More recent studies (Fettous, 2001; Mahdjoub, personal communication) refutes this and suggests that Paleoproterozoic tectonics consisted only of a re-activation of earlier deformation. The structural features observed at this levelcorresponding to the base of the crust suggest that deformation took place entirely under granulite-facies conditions. All the structures are compatible with a homogeneous NWSE shortening (Fettous, 2001). This horizontal shortening accentuates the vertical stretching and attening of old structures in the form of basins and domes, which explains their elliptical shape and their NESW and ENEWSW elongation (Fig. 3). Both in the enderbitic orthogneisses and in the metasedimentary formations, this shortening is expressed by the presence of a foliation and generally vertical mineral stretching lineations. According to Fettous (2001), the homogeneous shortening of the domes and basins, the oset of transcurrent shear zones and the formation of pseudotachylites would correspond to three successive stages of deformation, all being Paleoproterozoic. However, it appears more likely that these stages are contemporaneous. The vertical stretching of structures is accommodated by horizontal displacements along corridors of transpressive shearing, as suggested by models for the formation of tectonic domes and basins in the Dharwar Craton (Bouhallier et al., 1993; Bouhallier et al., 1995).
mation of the conditions of pressure and temperature has been carried out using AlMg granulites (Ouzegane, 1987; Kienast and Ouzegane, 1987; Bertrand et al., 1992; Ait Djafer, 1996; Boumaza, 1996; Mouri et al., 1996; Ouzegane and Boumaza, 1996; Adjerid, 2002), AlFe granulites (Ait Djafer, 1996; Djemai, 1996; Ouzegane et al., 1996), corundummagnetite quartzites (Guiraud et al., 1996), calc-silicate granulites (Benyahia, 1996) and garnet pyroxenites (Ouzegane, 1987; Kienast and Ouzegane, 1987; Djemai, 1996). The most complete sequence of reactions could be identied in the aluminomagnesian granulites, where a prograde metamorphism is recorded under granulite-facies conditions at extreme temperatures (Ouzegane, 1987; Kienast and Ouzegane, 1987; Bertrand et al., 1992; Ouzegane and Boumaza, 1996; Ouzegane et al., 2003). Although there is a continuum in the succession of parageneses, the metamorphic history can be subdivided into two major stages (Fig. 7): a prograde stage taking place at a pressure of 1011 kbar characterized by a rise in temperature from 800 to 1050 C, followed by a decompression from 9 to 5 kbar at temperatures close to 9001000 C (Ouzegane, 1987; Bertrand et al., 1992; Ouzegane and Boumaza, 1996). The prograde stage led to the development of very-high-temperature metamorphic conditions. It is characterized by the signicant growth of a number of minerals and the formation of characteristic mineral associations such as sapphirinequartz and sapphirine spinelquartz. The metamorphism during decompression is characterized by the formation of increasingly ne-grained symplectites with cordierite, sapphirine, orthopyroxene and spinel. 4.1. Prograde stage This early stage, illustrated particularly in the system FeOMgOAl2 O3 SiO2 (FMAS), is characterized by the equilibrium of primary parageneses such as orthopyroxenecorundumgarnet, orthopyroxenecorundum, garnetspinel, garnetspinelcorundum, garnetquartz sillimaniteorthopyroxene, orthopyroxenesillimanite and orthopyroxenesillimanitequartz. In the more complex chemical systems, occur variable amounts of biotite, potassic feldspar, plagioclase and rutile. The evolution of parageneses in the quartz-bearing AlMg granulites of In Ouzzal can be represented in a pressure temperature grid adapted to the FMAS system (Fig. 7). This diagram is established using the Thermocalc software, which includes data on sapphirine (V 2.75 Holland and Powell, 1998). Ouzegane et al. (2003) modied the sapphirine enthalpy calculated by Holland and Powell (1998) in order to t the curves calculated by Thermocalc to the slopes of experimental curves determined for reactions such as pyrope + corundum + spinel ) sapphirine (Ackermand et al., 1975). Fig. 7 shows the position of the invariant points [Sp] and [Opx] cal-
4. Paleoproterozoic paragenetic evolution and metamorphic conditions The ages of 21001950 Ma on minerals by Rb/Sr method (Allgre and Caby, 1972), U/Th/Pb on zircon e (Lancelot et al., 1976; Peucat et al., 1996) and Sm/Nd on garnet (Ben Othman et al., 1984; Peucat et al., 1996) imply that the In Ouzzal terrane acquired its metamorphic imprint during the Eburnean orogeny. The granulites of In Ouzzal are particularly well suited for the reconstruction of the metamorphic history based on the chemical compositions of minerals and rocks. This approach makes it possible to determine the variations of pressure, temperature and XH2 O . The esti-
219
Fig. 7. Petrogenetic grid calculated in the FMAS system using Thermocalc. The PT paths are derived from the study of quartz-bearing rocks. See the text for discussion.
culated with a H2 O values of 0.3 and 0.5. In this case, the calculated spinel invariant point (910.5 kbar, 1050 C) is compatible with the experimental data of Hensen and Green (1973), Bertrand et al. (1991) and Harley and Motoyoshi (2000). These authors give the following conditions for the invariant point: 10.1 1 kbar at 1020 C, 9.5 1 kbar at 1030 C and 10.5 1 kbar at 1050 C, respectively. In quartz-bearing AlMg granulites, the earliest reaction is garnet + quartz ) orthopyroxene + sillimanite (Fig. 7). The conditions of crystallization during this early stage are estimated at around 9.5 11.5 kbar and 1000 C, using the calibration of the garnethypersthenesillimanitequartz equilibrium as a geobarometer (Bertrand et al., 1992); this result is in agreement with the TX diagram calculated by Thermocalc at a pressure of 10.5 kbar (Fig. 8A). At 10 kbar and low fO2 conditions, the metamorphic peak temperature is expressed by the association sapphirine quartz. Bertrand et al. (1991) show that this association is stable above 1050 C. This paragenesis can be formed due to the crossing of the univariant reaction orthopyroxene + sillimanite ) garnet + sapphirine + quartz (Fig. 8A). Orthopyroxenequartzsapphirine symplectites around garnet have only been observed in the quartzites of Tekhamalt, along with evidence for the divariantreaction orthopyroxene + sillimanite ) sapphirine +
quartz (Rahmani, 1992; Bertrand et al., 1992; Adjerid et al., 2002; Adjerid, 2002). These symplectites appear to develop in chemically distinct microdomains, since reaction products involving garnet are richer in iron than those lacking garnet (Fig. 8A). On the PT grid (Fig. 7), associations with sapphirine + quartz appear to the right of the [Sp] invariant point, thus reecting the highest temperatures attained in the granulites. During the sequence of early prograde reactions, garnet becomes enriched in iron (XMg decreasing from 0.64 to 0.50) and the Al2 O3 content of the orthopyroxene increases. The Al2 O3 content of sapphirine decreases in relation to a substitution of the type MgSi@AlAl (Ouzegane, 1987; Bertrand et al., 1992; Ouzegane et al., 2003). These observations, combined with thermodynamic calculations and the topological constraints, clearly demonstrate that the high-pressure stage (1011 kbar) is accompanied by a signicant increase in temperature (from 800 to 1050 C and Fig. 7) under isobaric conditions (Bertrand et al., 1992; Ouzegane and Boumaza, 1996). During formation of the sapphirine + quartz association, the temperature is extreme as shown by the low value of Kd between hypersthene and garnet (Kd: 2.061.99), the high Al2 O3 content of the orthopyroxene (which reaches 11.8%) and the high pyrope content in the garnet (maximum at 5055 mol%).
220
Fig. 8. TX pseudosections calculated in the FMASH system. Prograde paths for (A) quartz-bearing AlMg granulites and (B) corundum-bearing AlMg granulites according to their XMg bulk composition. See text for discussion.
Thermometry based on the FeMg exchange equilibrium and the solubility of alumina between garnet and orthopyroxene yields temperatures close to 970 70 C at 10 1.5 kbar (Bertrand et al., 1992). This is compatible with the association sapphirinequartz and the grids calculated by Thermocalc. In addition, the AlMg granulites of Ihouhaouene show reactions involving phlogopite at very-high-temperature (9001000 C) without partial melting in a liquid-absent KFMASH system (Mouri et al., 1993; Mouri, 1995). One of the hypotheses proposed by Mouri et al. (1996) to explain the stability of the phlogopite + quartz assemblage at very high temperaturewithout meltingis the presence of uorine, which stabilizes biotite under extreme granulite-facies conditions as shown by the experimental
work of Carrington and Harley (1995). Indeed, biotites in the AlMg granulites of In Ouzzal have high uorine contents attaining 24%. In AlMg granulites with corundum or spinel, the earliest reactions lead to the development of sapphirine in large crystals (110 cm). The corundum is separated from the orthopyroxene by a double corona of sapphirine armouring the corundum and sillimanite, thus suggesting the reaction orthopyroxene + corundum ) sapphirine + sillimanite (Ouzegane, 1987; Bertrand et al., 1992; Ouzegane et al., 2003). At 9 kbar, the association hypersthenecorundumsapphirinesillimanite provides temperatures of 795 C for magnesian assemblages and 850 C for assemblages richer in iron (Bertrand et al., 1992), which seems to indicate an increase in
221
temperature of 55 C under isobaric conditions. All the prograde reactions are characterized by equilibrium mineral growth and textures with triple points. A number of very rare prograde reactions (Ouzegane, 1987; Bertrand et al., 1992; Ouzegane et al., 2003) can proceed until the complete disappearance of corundum or spinel. These include the reactions: orthopyroxene + corundum ) garnet + sapphirine + sillimanite (Fig. 8B), garnet + corundum + spinel ) sapphirine and garnet + spinel)sapphirine+orthopyroxene. The prograde stage can also be recognized in the scapolite marbles of Ihouhaouene: in the system CaO- Al2 O3 SiO2 -Vapour (CASV), the growth of wollastonite takes place at the expense of calcite + quartz via the reaction calcite + quartz ) wollastonite + CO2 . This reaction occurs in response to an increase in temperature from 800 up to 1000 C at a pressure of around 1011 kbar (Benyahia, 1996; Ouzegane et al., 2002). In the banded iron formation of Ihouhaouene, the most extreme conditions of pressure and temperature are represented by the association corundumquartz, with equilibrium conditions estimated at 12 kbar and 1100 C (Guiraud et al., 1996). 4.2. Decompression stage All primary and intermediate associations developed during the prograde stage are destabilized during a metamorphic evolution characterized by a signicant drop in pressure down to 5 kbar (Ouzegane, 1987; Bertrand et al., 1992; Mouri et al., 1996; Ouzegane and Boumaza, 1996; Adjerid, 2002; Ouzegane et al., 2003). A PX diagram was constructed in the FMAS system using the program Thermocalc (Holland and Powell, 1998). This diagram proves particularly useful in describing the evolution of the various assemblages as a function of XMg in the rocks during a lowering of pressure. We xed an aH2 O value of 0.3 for the calculation of this diagram (Fig. 9), thus taking account of the low water activities encountered in granulite-facies rocks. Fig. 9 shows the successive parageneses found in AlMg granulites without garnet (XMg of the rock >0.80), granulites with garnet (XMg ranging between 0.50 and 0.80) and AlFe granulites (XMg : 0.300.40). In the most magnesian AlMg granulites with quartz (XMg >0.80, Fig. 9), the orthopyroxene, sillimanite and quartz are systematically isolated by a corona of cordierite, suggesting the reaction orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz ) cordierite. This reaction occurs at a pressure around 9 kbar at a temperature of 950 C. This is in agreement with the work of Annersten and Seifert (1981), who show that magnesian cordierite can be stable up to 11 kbar at 1000 C. However, with increasing iron in the system, this mineral can be stable up to 9 0.5 kbar. The reaction orthopyroxene + sillimanite ) sapphirine + cordierite, which occurs in
AlMg granulites with corundum (XMg of the rock can reach 0.96; Ouzegane et al., 2003) as well as in the quartz-free microdomains of AlMg granulites, indicates pressures similar to the preceding reaction. In Al Mg granulites richer in iron (XMg close to 0.80), the earliest divariant parageneses are represented by garnet sapphirinesillimanitequartz (Fig. 9). During the fall in pressure, reactions involving garnet, such as the divariant reaction garnet + sillimanite ) sapphirine + cordierite, take place before the crystallization of symplectites with cordierite-spinel (Fig. 9). In the corundum-bearing Al Mg granulites and the AlMg granulites with or without quartz, one of the latest reactions is orthopyroxene + sapphirine ) cordierite + spinel, which occurs at around 56 kbar (Fig. 9). In these AlMg granulites, various chemical microdomains appear reecting the dierent XMg in minerals. Thus, between 7 and 8 kbar, the reaction garnet + sillimanite ) cordierite + sapphirine is related to microdomains richer in iron than those involved in the reaction garnet ) orthopyroxene + cordierite + sapphirine. AlFe granulite textures indicate that the cordierite coronas and cordierite-spinel symplectites were formed by decompression via the following reactions: garnet + sillimanite + quartz ) cordierite, garnet + sillimanite ) cordierite + spinel, garnet + sillimanite ) cordierite + spinel + quartz. The latest-stage reaction occurs following the growth of cordierite at the expense of spinelquartz, in relation to a fall in temperature to 750 C at 56 kbar (Kienast and Ouzegane, 1987). The marbles of In Ouzzal allow us to constrain the role of uids such as CO2 during decompression. In the scapolite marbles, the decompression from 10 to 5 kbar is marked by the appearance of anorthite and calcite following the breakdown of meionite. The stability of parageneses with calcitequartzgrossularitemeionite anorthite provides evidence for XCO2 lower than 0.5 (Boureghda, 2000; Ouzegane et al., 2002). In the olivinespinel marbles, the reaction: 2 forsterite + 4 calcite + 2CO2 ) diopside + 3 dolomite takes place at XCO2 between 0.7 and 0.9 for temperatures close to 800900 C (Boureghda, 2000; Ouzegane et al., 2002). It appears clearly that the buering of XCO2 is internal, in relation to the onset of various reactions at dierent stages in the history of these rocks. Thus, CO2 is consumed during the prograde stage in the scapolite marbles by the reaction grossularite + CO2 ) 3 wollastonite + 2 calcite + meionite. On the other hand, CO2 is released during the late stages by the reaction meionite + 5 wollastonite ) 3 grossularite + 2 quartz + CO2 , at the same time as garnet coronas are developed in association with quartz (Benyahia, 1996; Ouzegane et al., 2002). As in the Archaean marbles of Antarctica (Fitzsimons and Harley, 1994), there is no exchange of CO2 between the surrounding charnockitic rocks and the marbles, the latter behaving like a closed system. This is in agreement with the very heterogeneous isotopic signatures of these marbles,
222
Fig. 9. PX pseudosection calculated in the FMASH system for quartz-bearing, quartz-free AlMg granulites and AlFe granulites. The decompression paths are drawn according to XMg bulk-rock composition. See the text for discussion.
which indicate they have preserved their pre-metamorphic features (Fourcade et al., 1996).
P (kbar)
5. Interpretation and conclusion The In Ouzzal terrane represents an Archaean block reactivated in the Paleoproterozoic, which enables us to investigate magmatic, metamorphic and structural features specic to the Archaean period and propose a model for the formation of very-high-temperature Paleoproterozoic granulites. 5.1. Archaean evolution (3.32.5 Ga) Archaean geodynamic evolution can be approached primarily owing to geochemical and geochronological data obtained on the granitic rocks. The sialic material of the In Ouzzal terrane was mostly formed during the early Archaean, as shown by the TDM model ages which are older than 3 Ga for all the felsic rocks of igneous origin (Allgre and Caby, 1972; Lancelot et al., 1976; e Ben Othman et al., 1984; Peucat et al., 1996). The oldest rocks dated in the In Ouzzal terrane are enderbitic orthogneisses of tonalitic and trondhjemitic composition sampled from the areas of Tin Tchik Tchik and Roccan,
which yield ages around 3.33.2 Ga (U/Pb zircon, Peucat et al., 1996). The isotopic data indicate that the igneous suites correspond to juvenile material. Such a sialic crust, made up of TTG and rocks of andesitic anity, was probably formed by accretion of island arcs in a scenario resembling that of present-day plate tectonics (Choukroune et al., 1997; De Wit, 1998). A new suite of TTG was emplaced at 2.7 Ga. The isotopic data on these TTG suggest the reworkingat least partial of an older crust (Nd model ages 3.3 Ga) that could have been formed during an earlier stage. Towards 2.65 Ga, A-type granites were emplaced with the chemical signatures of rift-related granites. The mac and ultramac granulites of In Hihaou, could also be of this age. Detrital zircons yielding ages of 2.7 Ga in the metasedimentary rocks and the formation of skarns at the contact between the marbles and the A-type granites (2.65 Ga, U/Pb zircon) make it possible to date the deposition of the metasedimentary formations at about this period. The presence of calc-alkaline granites of type CA1 and CA2, dated at 2.5 Ga (U/Pb zircon) reects the melting of a lower and middle crust showing a tonalitic anity acquired during the preceding stages and transformed into granulites (Peucat et al., 1996). The development of domes and basins structures during
223
homogeneous shortening at this stage ts with the model of deformation of the Archaean crust proposed by Bouhallier et al. (1995) and Choukroune et al. (1997) for the Dharwar Craton in India. 5.2. Extreme metamorphic conditions during the Paleoproterozoic (2 Ga) Because of the particular features displayed by the IOGU, we cannot apply the simple model of a metamorphic belt formed by continental collision as in modern mountain belts. The In Ouzzal terrane presents a number of particularities, including: very-high-temperature metamorphism up to 1100 C (Kienast et al., 1996; Guiraud et al., 1996; Ouzegane and Boumaza,
1996; Harley, 1998), limited partial melting despite the high temperatures involved, a style of deformation comparable with that observed in Dharwar type (India) Archaean cratons, the emplacement of syn-granulitefacies carbonatites with a very peculiar geochemistry, and the presence of anorthosites. The major question posed by the development of the In Ouzzal granulitic terrane during the Paleoproterozoic, with its extreme metamorphic conditions, concerns the heat source for this very-high-temperature event. Some other questions are linked, such as the relationships that might exist between anorthosites, carbonatites and the very-hightemperature metamorphism, as well as the regional tectonic style associated with the metamorphism. The syn-granulite-facies deformation of In Ouzzal provides
Fig. 10. Cartoons showing preferred models for the tectono-metamorphic evolution and emplacement of carbonatites subsequent to delamination of lithospheric thermal barrier and uprise of asthenosphere during an Eburnean event in the In Ouzzal granulitic terrane. Evolution of PT paths and characteristic parageneses are also shown.
224
evidence for a homogeneous NWSE shortening. The structures indicate a re-activation of Archaean vertical stretching of the domes and basins, marked by the vertical foliation observed in lithologies making up these structures. The accentuation of this stretching is compatible with a homogeneous shortening, trending NWSE on the regional scale, and accommodated by transpressive shear zone corridors. We suggest that an orogenic episode occurred at 2.12.0 Ga, during which the lower crust underwent homogeneous shortening. At the same time, there was an extreme heating event related to an upwelling of the asthenosphere (Fig. 10). The study of the Paleoproterozoic granulite-facies metamorphism of In Ouzzal indicates a clockwise PT path with an increase of temperature at constant pressure (8001050 C, 1011 kbar), followed by an isothermal evolution with a signicant fall in pressure (95 kbar). Based on these metamorphic data, we propose an evolution for the In Ouzzal terrane in three principal episodes or stages (Fig. 10). The rst stage corresponds to a continuation of Archaean domes and basins tectonics, which became accentuated with time. During this stage, the block must undergo both shortening and thickening (Fig. 10, stage 1). The metamorphic evolution results in an increase of pressure (up to 10 kbar) for classical temperatures in the granulite-facies at the base of the crust (700800 C). From the metamorphic point of view, the following stage (Fig. 10, stage 2) is of fundamental importance, since during this episode the In Ouzzal lower crust underwent a strong reheating leading to extreme temperatures (up to 1100 C) at constant pressure or in slight decompression. Such temperatures, even at the base of the crust, imply a considerable heat contribution from depth, most probably linked to an upwelling of the asthenosphere contemporary with an important delamination of the lithospheric mantle. To bring the lower crust at T > 1000 C, this could be a result of frontal hypercollision that could remove completely the lithospheric mantle bringing the asthenosphere (1300 C) close to the Moho (Black and Ligeois, 1993). However, the crust became dehye drated during several periods of Archaean melting. As a result, the crust is no longer fertile and cannot undergo signicant partial melting. Since heat is no longer taken up by the formation of granites, the temperature is not buered to a maximum value by melting processes around 700 C or 800 C. Therefore, heat will be able to diuse without any hindrance and lead to extreme conditions of metamorphism (this mechanism was already suggested by Vielzeuf et al., 1990). As illustrated on Fig. 10, stage 3 represents the set of phenomena preceding the exhumation of the oro-
genic belt. Indeed, such an important upwelling of the asthenosphere associated with greatly enhanced heat ow is generally accompanied by extensional tectonics. Although the importance of this extension is dicult to assess in the In Ouzzal terrane, it may be expressed by the emplacement of anorthosites and carbonatites related to shear zones channelling the ascent of CO2 -rich uids characteristic of the mantle. Thus, the extreme metamorphic temperatures as well as the presence of anorthosites and carbonatites would represent the eects of a phenomenon whose timing remains to be dened. However, a thermal anomaly of this magnitude is evidently unstable, which necessarily implies a return to a more normal regime characterized by a fall in temperature coupled with decompression. This stage of decompression, recorded in all the In Ouzzal formations, could correspond to the stress relaxation and isostatic re-equilibration that accompanies the recovery of the lithospheric mantle during the post-collisional postorogenic quieter conditions, leading back to the reestablishement of a thick cratonic lithosphere and thus to the thermal equilibrium state (Black and Ligeois, 1993), that will protect the In Ouzzal tere rane during the Pan-African orogeny.
Acknowledgements We are indebted to J.P. Ligeois and M. De Wit for e detailed and constructive reviews. M.S.N. Carpenter and J. Boissonnas are thanked for improving the English. This work was nanced by cooperative programme between the Universities of Algiers (USTHB), and Paris 7 (00 MDU 476 Hritage burnen et structuration e e e pan-africaine du Hoggar: tude gologique et gophye e e sique), and by ORGM in Algeria for logistic support during eld work. We are also extremely grateful for the support of ICESA project.
References
Acef, K., Ouzegane, K., Kienast, J.R., 2001. Archean alkaline charnockitic gneisses in the In Ouzzal granulitic Unit West Hoggar, Algeria: evidence of pyrochlore and chevkinite. Special Abstract Issue, EUG XI Strasbourg, France 571. Ackermand, D., Seifert, F., Schreyer, W., 1975. Instability of sapphirine at high pressures. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 50, 7992. Adjerid, Z., 2002. Traitement dimages (MEB) et quilibre des e ractions dans les granulites de trs haute temprature de lIn e e e Ouzzal (Hoggar, Algrie): exemple de la dstabilisation du grenat, e e de la biotite et de losumilite. Unpublished Magister U.S.T.H.B., Alger, Algerie, 150 p. Adjerid, Z., Ouzegane, K., Godard, G., Kienast, J.R., 2002. Les paragenses quartzsaphirinespinelle, lautre vidence dun e a e mtamorphisme extreme en temprature, au cours de lvolution e e e
K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227 de lunit granulitique de lIn Ouzzal. Hoggar Occidental, Algrie. e e 20 me Runion des Sciences de la Terre, Nantes, France 45. e e Ait Djafer, S., 1996. Relation cristallisation fusion et cheminement pression temprature dans les migmatites de lIn Ouzzal NW e Hoggar. Unpublished Magister, U.S.T.H.B., Alger, Algrie, 188 p., e unpublished. Ait Djafer, S., Ouzegane, K., 1998. Fusion partielle et relation de phases dans les granulites AlFe hercynitequartz dIhouhaoua ene, In Ouzzal, Ouest Hoggar. Bulletin du Service de la Carte gologique de lAlgrie 9, 4367. e At-Djafer, S., Ouzegane, K. Ligeois, J.P., Kienast, J.R., in prepa e ration. Petrology and geochemistry of archean anorthositic complexes from the In Ouzzal granulitic terrane (NW Hoggar, Algeria). Allgre, C., Caby, R., 1972. Chronologie absolue du Prcambrien de e e lAhaggar occidental. Comptes Rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences, e Paris 275, 20952098. Anderson, J.L., 1983. Proterozoic anorogenic granite plutonism of North America. In: Medaris, L.G., Byers, C.W., Mickelson, D.M., Shanks, W.C. (Eds.), Proterozoic Geology: Selected Papers from an International Proterozoic Symposium, vol. 161. Geological Society America, pp. 133154. Annersten, N., Seifert, F., 1981. Stability of the assemblage orthopyroxenesillimanitequartz in the system MgOFeOAl2 O3 SiO2 H2 O. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 77, 158165. Arndt, N.T., 1998. Magmatisme ultrabasique et basique au Prcambe rien. In: Hagemann, R., Treuil, M. (Eds.), Introduction la a gochimie et ses applications. CEA. e Ashwal, L.D., 1993. Anorthosites. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 422 p. Attoum, A., 1983. Etude gologique et structurale des mylonites Pane africaines et des minralisations aurifres associes dans le secteur e e e de Tirek Hoggar, Algrie. Thse 3me cycle Montpellier, France e e e 98. Badani-Djebloun, A., 1998. Ptrologie, cheminement pressione temprature et gochimie des formations ferrifres hercynite e e e a quartzcorindon et ferrosilite de lunit granulitique de lIn Ouzzal e NW Hoggar. Unpublished Magister, U.S.T.H.B. Alger, Alger, e 128 p. Badani-Djebloun, A., Ait Djafer, S., Ouzegane, K., Kienast, J.R., 2000. Ptrologie et gochimie des formations ferrifres de lunit e e e e e granulitique de lIn Ouzzal NW Hoggar. 18me Runion des e Sciences de la Terre, Paris, France 73. Barker, F., 1979. Trondhjemite: denition, environment and hypothesis of origin. In: Barker, F. (Ed.), Trondhjemites, Dacites and Related Rocks. Amsterdam, Elsevier, pp. 112. Bendaoud, A., Ouzegane, K., Kienast, J.R., 2001. The Archaean basic and ultrabasic rocks of the In Ouzzal granulitic Unit Western Hoggar, Algeria. Special Abstract Issue, EUG XI Strasbourg, France 570. Bendaoud, A., Ouzegane, K., Kienast, J.R., 2002. Mise envidence e dune srie komatiitique de type Munro dans la rgion dIn Hihaou e e In Ouzzal, Hoggar Occidental, Algrie. 20 me Runion des e e e Sciences de la Terre Nantes, France 63. Ben Othman, D., Polv, M., Allegre, C.J., 1984. NdSr isotopic e composition of granulites and constraints on the evolution of the lower continental crust. Nature 307, 510515. Benyahia, O., 1996. Les granulites silicates calciques dum^le In a o Ouzzal NW Hoggar: Minralogie gochimie et relation de phases. e e Unpublished Magister, U.S.T.H.B., Alger, Algrie, 110 p. e Benyahia-Boumaza, S., Ouzegane, K., Godard, G., Kienast, J.R., in preparation. Petrology of musgravitesapphirinepyrochlore bearing AlMgCa granulites from Alouki area (In Ouzzal terrane, NW Hoggar, Algeria). Bernard-Griths, J., Peucat, J.J., Fourcade, S., Kienast, J.R., Ouzegane, K., 1988. Origin and evolution of a 2 Ga old syenite carbonatite complex Ihouhaouene, Ahaggar. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 100, 339348.
225
Bernard-Griths, J., Fourcade, S., Kienast, J.R., Peucat, J.J., Martineau, F., Rahmani, A., 1996. Geochemistry and isotope Sr, Nd, O study of AlMg granulites from the In Ouzzal Archaean block Hoggar, Algeria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 709 724. Bertrand, P., Ellis, D.J., Green, D.H., 1991. The stability of sapphirinequartz and hypersthenequartz assemblages: an experimental investigation of the system FeOMgOAl2 O3 SiO2 under H2 O and CO2 conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 108, 5571. Bertrand, P., Ouzegane, K., Kienast, J.R., 1992. PTX relationships in the Precambrian AlMg rich granulites from In Ouzzal, Hoggar, Algeria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 10, 1731. Black, R., Ligeois, J.P., 1993. Cratons, mobile belts, alkaline rocks e and continental lithospheric mantle: the Pan-African testimony. Journal of Geological Society of London 150, 8998. Black, R., Latouche, L., Ligeois, J.P., Caby, R., Bertrand, J.M., 1994. e Pan-African displaced terranes in the Tuareg shield (central Sahara). Geology 22, 641644. Bonin, B., Azzouni-Sekkal, A., Bussy, F., Fellag, S., 1998. Alkali calcic and alkaline post-orogenic (PO) granite magmatism: petrologic constraints and geodynamic settings. Lithos 45, 4570. Bouhallier, H., Choukroune, P., Ballvre, M., 1993. Diapirism, e bulk homogeneous shortening and transcurrent shearing in the Archaean Dharwar craton: the Holenarsipur area, southern India. Precambrian Research 63, 4358. Bouhallier, H., Chardon, D., Choukroune, P., 1995. Strains patterns in Archaean domes-and-basin structures: The Dharwar craton Karnataka, South India. Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters 135, 57 76. Boumaza, S., 1996. Ptrologie dun nodule migmatitique saphirine e a dIn Hihaou In Ouzzal, Hoggar occidental: diusion chimique et comparaison avec les granulites AlMg de lencaissant. Unpublished Magister, U.S.T.H.B., Alger, Algrie, 200 p. e Boumaza-Benyahia, S., Ouzegane, K., Fialin, M., Kienast, J.R., 2001. Occurrence of Musgravite, an unusual beryllium oxide, in the calcsilicates granulites from In Ouzzal. Special Abstract Issue, EUG XI Strasbourg, France 571. Boureghda, N., 2000. Ptrographie, minralogie et thermobaromtrie e e e des marbres de lunit granulitique de lIn Ouzzal Ouest Hoggar. e Unpublished Magister U.S.T.H.B., Alger, Algrie, 154 p. e Boynton, W.V., 1984. Cosmochemistry of the rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In: Henderson, P. (Ed.), Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Elsevier, pp. 63107. Caby, R., 1970. La chaine Pharusienne dans le NW de lAhaggar Central Sahara, Algrie: sa place dans lorogense du Precambrien e e suprieur en Afrique. Thse de Doctorat dEtat, Montpellier, e e Publication de la Direction des Mines et de la Gologie, Alger, 47, e 289 p. Caby, R., 1996. A review of the In Ouzzal granulitic terrane, Tuareg shield, Algeria: its signicance within the Pan-African TransSaharan Belt. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 659666. Caby, R., Moni, P., 2003. Multiple subduction and dierential e exhumation of Western Hoggar (southwest Algeria): new structural, petrological and geochronological evidence. Journal of African Earth Sciences, this issue. Carrington, D.P., Harley, S.L., 1995. Partial melting and phase relations in high grade metapelites: an experimental petrogenetic grid in the KFMAH system. Contributions to Mineralogy Petrology 120, 270291. Carpena, J., Kienast, J.R., Ouzegane, K., Jehanno, C., 1988. Apatites from In Ouzzal carbonatites NW Hoggar: the nal thermal history of an Archean basement. Geological Society of American Bulletin 100, 12371248. Choukroune, P., Ludden, J.N., Chardon, D., Calvert, A.J., Bouhallier, H., 1997. Archaean growth and tectonic processes: a comparaison of the Superior province, Canada and the Dharwar Craton, India.
226
K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227 Helal, B., 1987. Etude ptrographique etgochronologique dune e e quartzite ferrifre de lArchen du bouclier Touareg In Ouzzal, e e Algrie. D.E.A Paris VI, 76 p. e Hensen, B.J., Green, D.H., 1973. Experimental study of the stability of cordierite and garnet in pelitic compositions at high pressures and temperaratures. III. Synthesis of experimental data and geological applications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 38, 151166. Holland, T.J.B., Powell, R., 1998. An internally-consistent thermodynamique data set for phases of petrological interest. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 309343. Kienast, J.R., Ouzegane, K., 1987. Polymetamorphic AlMg rich parageneses in Archean rocks from Hoggar, Algeria. In: Kinnaird, J., Bowden, P. (Eds.), African Geology Reviews, vol. 22. Wiley, J, pp. 5779. Kienast, J.R., Fourcade, S., Guiraud, M., Hensen, B.J., Ouzegane, K. (Eds.), 1996. Special Issue on the In Ouzzal Granulite Unit, Hoggar, Algeria Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 659808. Lancelot, J.R., Vitrac, A., Allegre, C.J., 1976. Uranium and lead isotopic dating with grain-by grain zircon analysis: a study of a complex geological history with a single rock. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 29, 357366. Lassel, K., 1990. Les gneiss charnockitiques du socle archen de lIn e Ouzzal. Ptrologie, isotopes stables et inclusions uides. D.E.A e Paris VII, France 70 p. Le Fur, Y., 1966. Nouvelles observations sur la structure de lantcambrien du Hoggar nord occidental, rgion dIn Hihaou. e e Thse de troisme cycle, Nancy, France. e e Lelubre, M., 1952. Recherches sur la gologie de lAhaggar central et e occidental, Sahara central. Thse dEtat, Paris, tome 1, 354 p., tome 2, 385 p. Ligeois, J.P., Navez, J., Hertogen, J., Black, R., 1998. Contrasting e origin of post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic versus alkaline and peralkaline granitoids. The use of sliding normalization. Lithos 45, 128. McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.S., Ringwood, A.E., Jagoutz, E., Hofmann, A.W., 1992. Potassium, rubidium, and cesium in the Earth and Moon and the evolution of the mantle of the Earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 10011012. Mouri, H., 1995. Relations de phases thoriques et naturelles dans le e systme KFMASH: exemple des granulites AlMg dIhouhaouene e M^le In Ouzzal, Hoggar, Algrie. Thse de Doctorat de lUnivero e e sit Paris VII, France, 210 p. e Mouri, H., Guiraud, M., Kienast, J.R., 1993. AlMg granulites of Ihouhaouene, Hoggar, Algeria: an example of phase relationships in the KFMASH system and melt absent equilibria. Comptes Rendus de l Acadmie des Sciences Paris 316, 15651572. e Mouri, H., Guiraud, M., Hensen, B.J., 1996. Petrology of phlogopite sapphirinebearing AlMg granulites from Ihouhaouene Mole In Ouzzal-Hoggar Algeria: an example of phlogopite stable at high temperature. Journal of metamorphic Geology 14, 725 738. Moussine-Pouchkine, A., Bertrand-Sarfati, J., Ball, E., Caby, R., 1988. Les sries sdimentaires et volcaniques anorogniques e e e protrozoques impliques dans la cha^ne Pan-Africaine: la rgion e e e de lAdrar Ahnet, NW Hoggar, Algrie. Journal of African Earth e Sciences 7, 5775. Ouzegane, K., 1987. Les granulites AlMg et les carbonatites dans la srie de lIn Ouzzal NW Hoggar, Algrie. Nature et volution de la e e e cro^te continentale profonde pendant larchen. Thse dEtat, u e e Paris VII, France, 433 p. Ouzegane, K., Boumaza, S., 1996. An example of very high temperature metamorphism: orthopyroxenesillimanitegarnet, sapphirinequartz, and spinelquartz. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 693708. Ouzegane, K., Kienast, J.R., 1996. Nature et volution des sries e e mtamorphiques de trs haute temprature delUnit Granulitique e e e e
In: Burg, J.P., Ford, M. (Eds.), Orogeny Through Time, vol. 121. Geological Society, pp. 6398. Special Publication. Clarke, G.L., Norman, A.R., 1993. Generation of pseudotachyllite under granulite facies conditions and its preservation during cooling. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 11, 319335. Condie, K.C., 1997. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution. Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann. 282 p. Creaser, R.A., Price, R.C., Wormald, R.J., 1991. A-type granites revisited: assessment of a residual-source model. Geology 19, 163 166. De Wit, M.J., 1998. On Archean granites, greenstones, cratons and tectonics: does the evidence demand a verdict? Precambrian Research 91, 181226. Djemai, S., 1996. Les pyrigarnites et les granulites alumineuses ^ dAmesmessa, MOle In Ouzzal, Hoggar: Relations de phases et dformation. Unpublished Magister U.S.T.H.B., Alger, Algrie, e e 210 p. Eby, G.N., 1992. Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitods: petrogenesis and tectonic implication. Geology 20, 641644. Eriksson, K.A., Krapez, B., Fralick, P.W., 1997. Sedimentological aspects. In: De Wit, M., Ashwal, L.D. (Eds.), Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, vol. 35, pp. 3354. Fettous, H., 2001. Les cisaillements lithosphriques en conditions e anhydres et hydates: exemple du Hoggar-Algrie. Magister, e e Unpublished USTHB, Alger, Algrie, 220 p. e Fitzsimons, I.C.W., Harley, S.L., 1994. Garnet coronas in scapolite wollastonite calc-silicates from East Antarctica: the application and limitations of activity corrected grids. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 12, 761777. Fourcade, S., Kienast, J.R., Ouzegane, K., 1996. Metasomatic eects related to channeled uid streaming through deep crust: fenites and associated carbonatites In Ouzzal Proterozoic granulites, Hoggar, Algeria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 763 781. Giraud, P., 1961. Les charnockites et les roches associes au suggarien e facis In Ouzzal, Sahara central. Bulletin de la Socit Gologa e e e e ique de France 3, 165170. Goscombe, B., 1992. High-grade reworking of central Australian granulites: metamorphic evolution of the Arunta complex. Journal of Petrology 33, 917962. Gruau, G., Tourpin, S., Fourcade, S., Blais, S., 1992. Loss of isotopic Nd, O and chemical REE memory during metamorphism of komatiites: new evidences from eastern Finland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 112, 6682. Guiraud, M., Kienast, J.R., Ouzegane, K., 1996. Corundumquartz bearing assemblage in the Ihouhaouene area In Ouzzal, Algeria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 755761. Haddoum, H., 1992. Etude structurale des terrains archensdu m^le In e o Ouzzal Hoggar occidental, Algrie. Unpublished Thse de Doctoe e rat dtat U.S.T.H.B., Alger, Algrie, 214 p. e e Haddoum, H., Choukroune, P., Peucat, J.J., 1994. Structural evolution of the Precambrian In Ouzzal massif, Central Sahara, Algeria. Precambrian Research 65, 155166. Hadj-Kaddour, Z., Ligeois, J.P., Demaie, D., Caby, R., 1998. The e alkalineperalkaline granitic post-collisional Tin Zebane dyke swarm (Pan-African Tuareg shield, Algeria): prevalent mantle signature and late agpaitic dierentiation. Lithos 45, 223243. Harley, S.L., 1998. On the occurrence and characterization of ultrahigh-temperature crustal metamorphism. In: Treolar, P.J., O Brien, P.J. (Eds.), What Drives Metamorphism and Metamorphic Reactions?, vol. 138. Geological Society, pp. 81107. Special Publication. Harley, S.L., Motoyoshi, Y., 2000. Al zoning in orthopyroxene in a sapphirine quartzite: evidence for >1200 C UHT metamorphism in the Napier complex, Antarctica, and implications for the entropy of sapphirine. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 138, 293307.
K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227 de lIn Ouzzal Ouest Hoggar. Bulletin du Service Gologique de e lAlgrie 7, 133157. e Ouzegane, K., Fourcade, S., Kienast, J.R., Javoy, M., 1988. New carbonatites complexes in the archean In Ouzzal nucleus Ahaggar, Algeria. Mineralogical and geochimical data. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 98, 277292. Ouzegane, K., Djemai, S., Guiraud, M., 1996. Gedrite garnet sillimanite bearing granulites from Amesmessa area, south In Ouzzal, Hoggar, Algeria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 739753. Ouzegane, K., Benyahia, O., Boureghda, N., Kienast, J.R., 2002. Petrology of Archean marbles from the In Ouzzal granulitic terrane western Hoggar, Algeria: an example of calcitequartzscapolite and calcitedolomite parageneses at very high temperatures. In: Sixth International Conference On the Geology of the Arab World, Cairo, Egypt, p. 19. Ouzegane, K., Guiraud, M., Kienast, J.R., 2003. Prograde and retrograde evolution in high temperature corundum granulites. FMAS and KFMASH systems from In Ouzzal terrane, NW Hoggar, Algeria. Journal of Petrology 44, 517545. Peucat, J.J., Capdevila, R., Drareni, A., Choukroune, P., Fanning, M., Bernard-Griths, J., Fourcade, S., 1996. Major and trace element geochemistry and isotope Sr, Nd, Pb, O systematics of an Archaean basement involved in a 2.0 Ga VHT 1000 C metamorphic event: In Ouzzal massif, Hoggar, Algeria. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 667692.
227
Picciotto, E., Ledent, D., Lay, C., 1965. Etude gochronologique de e quelques roches du socle cristallophyllien du Hoggar Sahara central. Actes 151e Colloque Interne C.N.R.S. Gochronologie e absolue, pp. 277289. Rahmani, A., 1992. Ptrologie et gochimie de la serie granulitique du e e massif du Khanfous In Ouzzal, Hoggar, Algrie. Doctorat de e lUniversit Paris VI, France, 204 p. e Robinson, P., Jae, H.W., 1969. Chemographic exploration of amphibole assemblages from central Massachussets and Southwest New Hamphshire. Mineral Society America Special Paper 2, 251274. Semiani, A., 1995. Mtallognie de la zone de cisaillement aurifre este e ouzzalienne: structure, ptrologie et gochimie des gisements dor e e de Tirek-Amesmessa Hoggar occidental, Algrie. Thse Doctorat e e de lUniversit de Rennes I, France, 262 p. e Spear, F.S., 1982. Phase equilibria of amphibolites from the Post Pond volcanics, Mt Cube quadrangle, Vermont. Journal of Petrology 23, 383426. Spear, F.S., 1993. Metamorphic phase equilibria and pressure temperaturetime paths. In: Monograph Series. Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea, Michigan, USA. 799 p. Sylvester, P.J., 1994. Archean granite plutons. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Archean Crustal Evolution, vol. 11. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 261 314. Vielzeuf, D., Clemens, J.D., Pin, C., Moinet, E., 1990. Granites, granulites, and crustal dierentiation. In: Vielzeuf, D., Vidal, Ph. (Eds.), Granulites and Crustal Evolution. NATO, pp. 5985.

A Review of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic Evolution in Ouzzal 2003

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

A Review of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic Evolution in Ouzzal 2003

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227 www.elsevier.

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

2. Principal lithological types

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

K. Ouzegane et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 37 (2003) 207227

Você também pode gostar