1.

During photorespiration, rubisco uses __________ as a substrate.

Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

CO2 O2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate NADPH

Question 2 (2 points) 2.
In bright light, the pH of the thylakoid space
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

can become more acidic. can become more alkaline. stays the same; the pH of the thylakoid space never changes. can become neutral. None of the above

Question 3 (2 points) 3.
The portion of aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP per mole of glucose is
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. b. the citric acid cycle. c. glycolysis.

d. lactic acid fermentation. e. alcoholic fermentation. Score 2 / 2

Question 4 (2 points) 4.
For glycolysis to continue, all cells require
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

a respiratory chain. oxygen. mitochondria. chloroplasts. NAD+.

Question 5 (2 points) 5.
The plasma membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

increasing the number of cholesterol molecules present. closing protein channels. decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins present. replacing saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids. using fatty acids with longer tails.

Question 6 (2 points) 6.
Active transport is important because it can move molecules
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d.

from their high concentration to a lower concentration. from their low concentration to a higher concentration. that resist osmosis across the membrane. with less ATP than might otherwise be needed to move the molecules. e. by increasing their diffusion coefficient. Score 2 / 2

Question 7 (2 points) 7.
In glycolysis, the exergonic reaction 1,3-diphosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate is coupled to the reaction ADP + Pi ATP. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the reaction ADP + Pi ATP?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

The reaction never reaches equilibrium. The reaction is spontaneous. There is a large decrease in free energy. The reaction is endergonic. Temperature will not affect the rate constant of the reaction.

Question 8 (2 points) 8.
The change in free energy is related to a

Correct Student Response Response

Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

change in heat. change in entropy. change in pressure. Both a and b a, b, and c

Question 9 (2 points) 9.
What is the major distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus, whereas a eukaryotic cell does. b. A prokaryotic cell does not have DNA, whereas a eukaryotic cell does. c. Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells. d. Prokaryotic cells have not prospered, whereas eukaryotic cells are evolutionary "successes." e. Prokaryotic cells cannot obtain energy from their environment. Score 2 / 2

Question 10 (2 points) 10.

Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. have nuclei. b. have chloroplasts. c. are multicellular.

d. are prokaryotes. e. have flagella. Score 2 / 2

Question 11 (2 points) 11.

Roles of biological membranes in eukaryotic cells include which of the functions listed below?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

Separating a cell from its environment Selecting what goes into and out of the cell Maintaining a constant internal environment Communicating with adjacent cells All of the above

Question 12 (2 points) 12.

You look at the label on a container of margarine and see "hydrogenated vegetable oil." This means that during processing the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil was decreased. What is the result of decreasing the number of double bonds?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

The oil now has a lower melting point. The oil is now a solid at room temperature. There are more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains. The oil is now a derivative carbohydrate. The oil is now less likely to clog your arteries.

Question 13 (2 points) 13.

Which of the following monomer/polymer pairs is not correct?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

Monosaccharide/polysaccharide Amino acid/protein Triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer Nucleotide/DNA Nucleotide/RNA

Question 14 (2 points) 14.

The side chain of leucine is hydrophobic. In a folded protein, where would you expect to find leucine?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

In the interior of a cytoplasmic enzyme In the transmembrane portion of an integral membrane protein On the exterior of a cytoplasmic enzyme Both a and b Both a and c

Question 15 (2 points) 15.

The amino acids of the protein keratin are arranged in a helix. This secondary structure is stabilized by

Correct Student Response Response

Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

covalent bonds. peptide bonds. glycosidic linkages. polar bonds. hydrogen bonds.

Question 16 (2 points) 16.

In some prokaryotic organisms the plasma membrane folds to form an internal membrane system that is able to
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

carry on photosynthesis. engulf and phagocytize bacteria. synthesize proteins. propel the cell. hydrolyze carbohydrates to ATP.

Question 17 (2 points) 17.

Which statement about the nuclear envelope is true?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e.

It contains pores for the passage of large molecules. It is composed of two membranes. It contains ribosomes on the inner surface. Both a and b All of the above

Score 2 / 2

Question 18 (2 points) 18.

Biological membranes are composed of
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

nucleotides and nucleosides. enzymes, electron acceptors, and electron donors. fatty acids. monosaccharides. lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Question 19 (2 points) 19.

Which of the following molecules is the most likely to diffuse across a lipid bilayer membrane?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

Glucose Na+ A steroid A protein common in blood A peripheral protein

Question 20 (2 points) 20.

A patient is brought to the hospital severely dehydrated. An IV of normal saline is started immediately. Why doesn't the doctor order an IV of distilled water instead?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. An IV of distilled water would cause water to leave the cells, causing them to collapse. b. The patient needs the nutrients available in normal saline. c. An IV of distilled water would cause blood cells to swell and eventually burst. d. Normal saline is more economical than pure water. e. The distilled water may be contaminated by bacteria. Score 2 / 2

Question 21 (2 points) 21.

Which of the following determines the rate of a reaction?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

DELTA S DELTA G DELTA H The activation energy The overall change in free energy

Question 22 (2 points) 22.

Enzymatic reactions can become saturated as substrate concentration increases because
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. enzymes have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms attached to them.

b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

the concentration of substrate cannot increase any higher. substrates are inhibitors of enzymes. the activation energy of the reaction cannot be further lowered. there are a limited number of the enzyme molecules present.

Question 23 (2 points) 23.

The end product of glycolysis is
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

pyruvate. transported to the mitochondria under aerobic conditions. the starting point for the fermentation pathway. Both a and c a, b, and c

Question 24 (2 points) 24.

Which of the following is produced during the citric acid cycle?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

FAD Pyruvate Reduced electron carriers Lactic acid Water

Question 25 (2 points) 25.

Both newborn mammals and flowers of some species of philodendrons generate heat by uncoupling respiration. The uncoupling proteins are integral membrane proteins that form proton channels across the membrane. These uncoupling proteins carry out
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. facilitated diffusion of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane b. facilitated diffusion of protons across the outer mitochondrial membrane c. facilitated diffusion of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane in mammals and across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane in the flowers d. primary active transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane e. secondary active transport of protons across the plasma membrane Score 0 / 2

Question 26 (2 points) 26.

The oxidizing agent at the end of the respiratory chain is
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

O2. NAD+. ATP. FAD. ubiquinone.

Question 27 (2 points)

27.
A yeast cell with a mutation that disables its mitochondria
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

would be unable to use glucose to make ATP would be unable to burn fat to make ATP. would be unable to grow. would be unable to make ethanol. all of the above.

Question 28 (2 points) 28.

In some mammals, such as new born humans and hibernating animals, body temperature is raised by means of
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

the uncoupling of respiration by the protein thermogenin. an increase in the rate of glycolysis. shivering. leakage of hydrogen ions across the cell's plasma membrane. cytochrome reductase.

Question 29 (2 points) 29.

Use the following to answer questions 29-30: A suspension of algae is incubated in a flask in the presence of both light and CO2. When it is transferred to the dark, the reduction of 3-phosphogylcerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is blocked. Why does this reaction stop when the algae are placed in the dark?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

It requires CO2. It is an exergonic reaction. It requires ATP and NADPH + H+. It requires O2. Chlorophyll is not synthesized in the dark.

Question 30 (2 points) 30.

When the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is blocked, why does the concentration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) decline?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. Ribulose bisphosphate is synthesized from glyceraldehyde 3phosphate. b. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to glucose. c. Ribulose bisphosphate is used to synthesize 3-phosphoglycerate. d. Both a and b e. Both a and c Score 0 / 2

Question 31 (2 points) 31.

The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose is exergonic. However, if you dissolve sucrose in water and keep the solution overnight at room temperature, there is no detectable conversion to glucose and fructose. Why?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d.

The change in free energy of the reaction is positive. The activation energy of the reaction is high. The change in free energy of the reaction is negative. This is a condensation reaction.

e. The free energy of the products is higher than the free energy of the reactants. Score 0 / 2

Question 32 (2 points) 32.

The light reactions of photosynthesis
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

generate ATP and NADH generate ATP and water generate oxygen, ATP and NADPH generate carbon dioxide, water and ATP generate glycolate and carbon dioxide

Question 33 (2 points) 33.

Photosynthetic bacteria that have only photosystem I
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

probably evolved before cyanobacteria. cannot generate oxygen gas. generate ATP through cyclic photophosphorylation. all of the above. none of the above.

Question 34 (2 points)

34.
The enzyme PEP carboxylase
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

can trap CO2 even at relatively low CO2 concentrations. catalyzes the synthesis of RuBP. catalyzes the synthesis of 3PG. is found in the chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells. couples the synthesis of ATP to the diffusion of protons.

Question 35 (2 points) 35.

Photosynthesis and respiration have which of the following in common?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. In eukaryotes, both processes reside in specialized organelles. b. ATP synthesis in both processes relies on the chemiosmotic mechanism. c. Both use electron transport. d. Both require light. e. a, b, and c Score 2 / 2

Question 36 (2 points) 36.

Fireflies
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. release a considerable amount of energy as heat by uncoupling respiration from ATP synthesis.

b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

light up to signal danger. couple ATP hydrolysis to luciferin oxidation to release photons. are constantly converting light energy into chemical energy. have a short life cycle due to rapid depletion of ATP.

Question 37 (2 points) 37.

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. DNA has thymine, whereas RNA has uracil. b. DNA usually has two polynucleotide strands, whereas RNA usually has one strand. c. DNA has deoxyribose sugar, whereas RNA has ribose sugar. d. DNA is a polymer, whereas RNA is a monomer. e. In DNA, A pairs with T, whereas in RNA, A pairs with U. Score 2 / 2

Question 38 (2 points) 38.

Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air with less oxygen and more carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide comes from
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

hydrocarbons and the air. the citric acid cycle. glycolysis. waste products. All of the above

Question 39 (2 points) 39.

The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) destroys the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. What would you expect to be the effect of incubating isolated mitochondria in a solution of DNP?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. Oxygen would no longer be reduced to water. b. No ATP would be made during transport of electrons down the respiratory chain. c. Mitochondria would show a burst of increased ATP synthesis. d. Glycolysis would stop. e. Mitochondria would switch from glycolysis to fermentation. Score 2 / 2

Question 40 (2 points) 40.

During the fermentation of 1 molecule of glucose, the net production of ATP is _______ molecule(s).
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

1 2 3 6 8

Question 41 (2 points) 41.

More free energy is released during the citric acid cycle than during glycolysis, but only 1 mole of ATP is produced for each mole of acetyl CoA that enters the cycle. What happens to most of the remaining free energy that is produced during the citric acid cycle?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

It is used to synthesize GTP. It is used to reduce electron carriers. It is lost as heat. It is used to reduce pyruvate. It is converted to kinetic energy.

Question 42 (2 points) 42.

In human muscle cells, the fermentation process produces
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

lactic acid. 12 moles of ATP. pyruvic acid. an excessive amount of energy. None of the above

Question 43 (2 points) 43.

In order for glucose to be used as an energy source, it is necessary that
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. glucose be formed from fructose. b. glucose phosphate be formed from fructose phosphate.

c. glucose be degraded to carbon dioxide. d. two ATP molecules be invested in the system. e. None of the above Score 0 / 2

Question 44 (2 points) 44.

The chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. osmotic movement of water into an area of high solute concentration. b. the addition of protons to ADP and phosphate via enzymes. c. oxidative phosphorylation. d. a difference in H+ concentration on both sides of a membrane. e. None of the above Score 2 / 2

Question 45 (2 points) 45.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the beta hemoglobin gene that causes a hydrophobic amino acid, valine, to be substituted for a charged amino acid, glutamic acid. At low oxygen concentrations, sickle cell hemoglobin assembles to form long fibers, causing blood cells to take on a sickle shape. Which of the following statements is NOT true about sickle cell hemoglobin?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. Sickle cell hemoglobin has an altered primary structure compared to normal hemoglobin. b. Sickle cell hemoglobin has an altered quarternary structure compared to normal hemoglobin. c. A mutation that substitutes tryptophan, another hydrophobic amino acid, will also cause sickle cell anemia.

d. Sickle cell hemoglobin is unable to bind oxygen because it lacks heme. e. The mutant valine residue is on the surface of the 3-dimensional structure of hemoglobin, where it promotes protein-protein associations through hydrophobic interactions. Score 0 / 2

Question 46 (2 points) 46.

The enzyme rubisco is found in
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

chloroplasts. mitochondria. the cytoplasm. the nucleus. yeast.

Question 47 (2 points) 47.

The enzyme ATP synthase couples the synthesis of ATP to
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

the diffusion of protons. the reduction of NADP+. the excitation of chlorophyll. the reduction of chlorophyll. CO2 fixation.

Question 48 (2 points) 48.

The O2 gas produced during photosynthesis is derived from
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

CO2. glucose. water. carbon monoxide. bicarbonate ions.

Question 49 (2 points) 49.

Photosynthesis and respiration are linked through the
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

Calvin-Benson cycle. the citric acid cycle. glycolysis. Both a and c a, b, and c

Question 50 (2 points) 50.

Compared to long wavelength photons, short-wavelength photons have
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 2 / 2

an insignificant amount of energy. more energy. energy not available to plant cells. a ladder of energy. an equal amount of energy.

Question 51 (2 points) 51.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes. b. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have chemiosmotic ATP synthesis c. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA d. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts appear to have evolved from prokaryotic endosymbionts e. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have the citric acid cycle Score 2 / 2

Question 52 (2 points) 52.

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. Enzymes increase the rate of biological reactions by lowering the activation energy. b. Allosteric regulators bind to a different site on the enzyme than the active site. c. The rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions saturates at a maximal velocity as substrate concentrations increase.

d. All of the above. e. None of the above. Score 2 / 2

Question 53 (2 points) 53.

In plants, the reactions of glycolysis occur
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e. Score 0 / 2

in C3 plants only. in the mitochondria. in the chloroplasts. only in the presence of light. in the cytosol.

Question 54 (2 points) 54.

Three packages of seeds, of equal weight, are treated as follows: package A is left dry, in the dark. Package B is watered and germinated in the dark. Package C is watered and germinated in the light. In order from least to greatest, which group of seeds or seedlings will have the most carbon?
Correct Student Response Response Answer Choices

a. b. c. d. e.

A<B<C A = B < C (A and B have equal amounts of carbon) B<A<C A = B = C (all have equal amounts of carbon) A < B=C (B and C have equal amounts of carbon)